GRAMMAR + BÀI TẬP THỨC GIẢ ĐỊNH (câu điều KIỆN WISH )

THỨC GIẢ ĐỊNH
Phân loại:
- Trong Tiếng Anh, thức giả định được chia thành 2 loại:
a. Giả định hiện tại: được cấu tạo bằng cách V không chia đối với các ngôi (có nghĩa là tất cả các ngôi, V
đều ở dạng (do))
o She learns English well. (câu trần thuật thông báo thông tin)
o God save you. (thức giả định ở hiện tại)
- Dùng để chỉ: cầu nguyện, chúc tụng, yêu cầu, đề nghị.
o God save you! (Lạy chúa phù hộ cho chúng con)
o God bless the Queen! (Giả định hiện tại chỉ sự cầu xin)
o Long live the British Communist Party! (chỉ sự cầu mong chúc tụng)
o All the students be present here. (chỉ sự yêu cầu)
b. Giả định quá khứ
- Người ta gọi thức giả định quá khứ dựa vào hình thái thì ở quá khứ chứ không có nghĩa là hành động
xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Ex:
I wish I knew her.
She says as if she was living on the moon.
I’d rather you had met me yesterday.
- Giả định quá khứ được dùng ở nhiều mẫu câu trong tiếng anh để chỉ các ý nghĩa khác nhau:
o Lời khuyên
o Ước nguyện (ngược thực tế hoặc quá khứ)
o Điều kiện (ngược thực tế hoặc quá khứ)
o So sánh (ngược thực tế hoặc quá khứ)
Ex:
She wishes she were a teacher. (She is a farmer)
=> giả định quá khứ ngược với hiện tại.
If she were here, she would be angry.
It is high time you told her the truth.
- Đối với 1 câu có sử dụng thức giả định, ta phải xác định được V nào trong câu dùng thức giả định.
I.

Thức giả định ở MĐ phụ tân ngữ sau V “to wish” (có nghĩa là “to wish” không phải là thức giả
định mà là động từ thường; V sau “to wish” mới là V ở giả định)
1. Những mẫu câu sau đi với “wish” không phải là thức giả định
 To wish for st: ước mong điều gì (có thể trở thành hiện thực)
I wish for a life without care and want. (không lo lắng, không mong muốn)
We wish for a perfect knowledge of the 3 exam subjects.
 To wish sb N: chúc ai đó điều gì
On the occasion of New Year I wish you good health and happiness.
 To wish to do st: cầu mong được làm gì (có thể trở thành hiện thực)
I wish to have a stable job and a happy life.
 To wish sb to do/not to do: mong ai làm gì/đừng làm gì (cầu mong có thể trở thành
hiện thực)
I wish you to study English well as English will be your means of work. In other words,
English will be your bread winner. (cần câu cơm)
2. Những mẫu câu sau đi với “wish” phải là thức giả định
o Đã là V dùng ở MĐTN sau “to wish” là V dùng ở thức giả định. Dùng ở thì nào, chỉ ý nghĩa gì, tùy
thuộc vào mỗi mẫu câu như dưới dây:


 S + to wish (ở hiện tại, quá khứ nhưng không cần quan tâm) + MĐ (giả định – you
would): chỉ ý nghĩa đề nghị ai đó làm gì theo cách nói lịch sự
I wish you would open the door. (It is dark)
 S + to wish + MĐTN (giả định – S would do)
 Mong ai đó làm gì nhưng người ta có làm hay không thuộc quyền quyết định của
họ, người nói không có quyền bắt buộc.
I wish she would go to the cinema with me tonight.
He wishes I would marry him.
 Dùng khi người ta không hài lòng với một thực tế ở hiện tại, mong muốn có sự
thay đổi nhưng không làm được vì điều đó nằm ngoài khả năng của con người
I wish it would rain. (chán thời tiết nắng)

We wish it would stop raining.
 S + to wish + S + QK không xác định (giả định)
 Dùng để chỉ ước nguyện điều gì ngược với thực tế hiện tại hoặc ước nguyện điều
gì những không bao giờ thành hiện thực
I don’t know her address. (thực tế) => I wish I knew her address.
She wished she were 10 cm taller. (thực tế cao 140cm)
o Nếu trong câu có sử dụng “to be”, người ta dùng “to be” ở quá khứ số
nhiều (were) hơn là dạng số ít (was)
We wish it were (was) Sunday today. (thực tế là Saturday)
o Nếu thức giả định chỉ ước nguyện khả năng làm được điều gì ngược thực
tế hiện tại dùng V khuyết thiếu “can” ở dạng quá khứ “could” chỉ khả
năng làm được
I wish I could fly like a bird.
We wish we could speak English as well you (do).
o Like ≠ as (giống như là)
 Like (giới từ) + N
 As (liên từ) + MĐ
She can sing like a professional (n).
You must do as you were taught.
(Trong AE, người ta dùng “as” như 1 giới từ & 1 liên từ.
o Like/Unlike (giới từ): luôn luôn đứng đầu câu
Like my friends, I am good at majors but unlike them, I’m good at
music.
 S + to wish + MĐTN (S + QKTD) (giả định)
 Chỉ ước nguyện ngược với điều gì đang xảy ra ở thời điểm hiện tại
Thực tế: She is living in Nam Dinh. It is a boring city.
Giả định: She wishes she was living in some more exciting city, not Nam
Dinh.
o Tính từ "some” là adj có thể dùng được cả với N đếm được số nhiều
(some cats) và N không đếm được (some money) nhưng khi “some” đi

với N đếm được ở số ít, nó chỉ ý nghĩa “nào đó” (N chưa xác định)
I wish for a seat in some college in North.
o Riêng với trường hợp này, “to be” dùng với thì QKTD ta không được chia
ở dạng số nhiều (were) với các ngôi “I, he, she, it” mà phải chia ở số ít.


I wish I were (was) at home now.
I wish I was staying at home.
 S + to wish + MĐTN (S + QKHT) (giả định)
 Dùng để chỉ ước nguyện ngược với thực tế đã xảy ra trong quá khứ (chỉ ân hận,
nuối tiếc về 1 điều gì đó đã xảy ra trong quá khứ)
She married 5 years ago. He is a violent man.
=> She wishes she hadn’t married him. (ân hận quá khứ)
She failed the exam as she was lazy last term.
 She wishes she had worked harder last term.
 S + to wish + MĐTN (S + QKHTTD)
 Ước điều gì ngược với thực tế đang xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Thực tế:
He was kissing another woman when his wife saw him.
Giả định:
He wished he hadn’t been kissing another woman when his wife
saw him.
I wish I hadn’t been speeding up when the police stopped me.
NOTE: Muốn xác định V dùng ở thì nào của thức giả định ở MĐTN, ta phải xác
định: ý nghĩa, phạm trù thời gian hành động xảy ra để quyết định V ở thì nào.
EXERCISES
Bài 1: Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc:
1. I wish he ……………. here now. (be)

15. She wishes that she ……………. at home now. (be)

2. She wishes you ……………. better. (feel)

16. I wish I ……………. the news. (hear)

3. I wish that you ……………. here yesterday. (be)

17. You wish that he ……………. you last week. (help)

4. I wish he ……………. he work tonight. (finish)

18. I wish I ……………. the subject more interesting.
(find)

5. We wish you ……………. tomorrow. (come)
6. She wishes she ……………. the window last night.
(open)
7. I wish you ……………. earlier yesterday. (leave)
8. We wish they ……………. with us last weekend.
(come)
9. They wish he ……………. with them the next day.
(come)
10. They wish we ……………. them some food
yesterday. (give)
11. We wish you ……………. yesterday. (arrive)
12. I wish I ……………. the answers. (not lose)
13. You wish you ……………. what to do last year.
(know)
14. I wish that he ……………. us next year. (visit)

19. He always wishes he ……………. rich. (be)
20. The boy wishes that he ……………. the
competition the next day. (win)
21. I wish the weather ……………. warmer now. (be)
22. They wish he ……………. them next week.
(telephone)
23. He wishes you ……………. him in the future.
(help)
24. She wishes the mail ……………. soon. (come)
25. They wish she ……………. the arrangements for
the meeting next week. (make)
26. We wish they ……………. or we will miss the bus.
(hurry)
27. You wish the door …………….. (open)
28. He wishes he ……………. us the book. (show)


29. They wish we ……………. for them. (wait)
30. I wish you ……………. to me. (to write)
31. She wishes you ……………. her. (to join)
32. He wishes he ……………. ready. (to be)
33. She wishes she ……………. how to sing. (to know)
34. They wish it ……………. warmer. (to be)
35. Does he wish he ……………. younger? (to be)
36. She wishes she ……………. the arrangements
earlier. (make)
37. They wish they ……………. the appointment. (not
forget)
38. We wish it ……………. yesterday. (not snow)
39. We always wish we ……………. fluent in other

languages. (be)
40. I wish I ……………. near my school. ( live)
41. I wish I ……………. her address. ( know)
42. I wish I ……………. taller. (be )
43. I wish I ……………..her now. (meet)
44. I wish he ………………….here tomorrow. (not
leave)
45. She wishes she …………..her homework last night.
(finish)
46. I wish they ………….here last Sunday. (come)
47. I wish they …………….us last week. (visit)
48. She wishes she …………… her holiday at the
seaside last weekend. ( spend)
49. I wish the weather ……………….hot yesterday. (be
not)
50. I wish I …………………a doctor when I grow
up. ( be )
51. They wish it …………………..tomorrow. (not rain)
Bài 2: Chọn đáp án đúng để hoàn thành câu sau.
1. I wish I (have/ has/ had) a lot of interesting book.

52. We wish we ….……………. a test next Tuesday.
(not have)
53. I wish it ………………….. fine on the party next
week. (be)
54. I wish tomorrow ………………a beautiful day. (be)
55. I wish I (go)……………………………. to the movie
with you.
56. I wish I (have)……………………………………… day off.
57. I wish I (study)…………………………… Latin instead

of Greek.
58. I wish I (not/ spend)………………………………. so
much money.
59. I wish the weather (be) …………..…………….warm,
so we could go swimming.
60. I wish I (ask)…………………………….………. him how
to get there.
61. I wish I (not stay)………….……………….. at home.
62. I wish I (not/ buy) …………….……………..that book.
63. I wish I (not/ see) ……………….…………….him.
64. I wish I (not/ call)……………….………………. him a
liar.
65. I don’t have time to go to “High Quality Good Fair
“. I wish I (go) ………there.
66. The weather is very hot. I wish it (be)
………………………… cooler.
67. We seldom write to her. I wish we (write)
………………… to her more often.
68. John doesn’t know how to swim. He wishes he
(can) ………………..…… swim.
69. John doesn’t buy the book. She wishes she (buy)
……………………..… it.
70. Mai doesn’t pass the exam. She wishes she
(study) ……………..…… harder.
71. We will not go to Ha Long Bay next week. I wish
we (go) …………… there.
72. It is raining now. I wish it (stop) ………………………
raining soon.
73. My parents are not in now. I wish they (be)
……….……at home with us now.

74. I know Nam will not lend me his car. I wish he
(lend). ……………… it to me.


2. I wish I (would meet/ met/ meet ) her tomorrow.
3. I wish I (was/ were/ am) your sister.
4. I wish they ( won/ had won/ would win) the match last Sunday
5. I wish they ( played/ playing/ play) soccer well.
6. She wishes she (will/ would/ can) come here to visit us.
7. I wish yesterday ( were /was/had been ) a better day.
8. I wish I (can speak/ could speak/ will speak) many languages
9. I wish tomorrow ( were/ will be/ would be) Sunday.
10. I wish I ( am/ was/ were) a movie star .
Bài 3: Tìm và sửa lỗi sai trong các câu sau.
1. She wish she could speak English well.

9. I wish it stops raining now.

2. I wish it didn’t rained now.

10. I wish you are my sister.

3. I wish I was a doctor to save people.

11. She wishes she is the most beautiful girl in the
world.

4. I wish I have more time to look after my family.
5. He wishes it didn’t rain yesterday.

12. I wish Miss Brown will come here and stay with
us next week.

6. I wish my father gives up smoking in the near
future.

13. I wish I am at home with my family now.
14. I wish I could been there with you.

7. I wish I studied very well last year.

15. She wish she could go home now.

8. I wish you will come to my party next week.

Bài 4: Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng câu ước với “wish”.
1. I have to study hard.

5. She doesn’t join in the trip.

-> I wish ……………………………………….……………

-> I wish ……………………………………….……

2. We had a lot of homework yesterday.

6. I am not good at English.

->
I

wish
………………………………………………………………………

-> I wish ……………………………………….………

3. It is raining heavily.
->
I
……………………………………….………………………..
4. It was cold last night. .
-> I wish ……………………………………….……..
5. They work slowly.
-> I wish ……………………………………….…..…………

7. He studies badly.
-> I wish ……………………………………….………………..

wish

8. He doesn’t like playing sports.
-> I wish ……………………………………….…
9. I don’t have a computer.
-> I wish ……………………………..………….………
10. Today isn’t a holiday.


-> I wish ……………………………………….…………

-> I wish ………………………………………….……….

11. I can’t sing this song.

21. I don’t know more people.

-> I wish ………………………………………….…………

I wish………………………………………….……….

12. He was punished by his mother.

22. I don’t have a key.

-> I wish ……………………………………………………

 I wish………………………………………….……….

13. They won’t come here again.

23. Ann isn’t here.

-> I wish ………………………………………….…………

I wish………………………………………….……….

14. He won’t go swimming with me.

24. It is cold.

-> I wish …………………………………………………….

I wish………………………………………….……….

15. We didn’t understand them.

25. I live in a big city (I don’t like it).
I wish………………………………………….……….

-> We wish ………………………………………….……..

26. I can’t go to the party (and I like it).

16. I will be late for school.

I wish………………………………………….……….

-> I wish ………………………………………….……….

27. I have to work tomorrow (I like to stay in bed).

17. The bus was late today.

I wish………………………………………….……….

-> I wish ………………………………………….………..

28. I don’t get good marks.

18. She doesn’t like this place.

I wish………………………………………….……….

-> I wish ………………………………………….………

29. I’m not lying on a beautiful sunny beach.

19. These students talked too much in class.

I wish………………………………………….……….

-> I wish ………………………………………………….

30. Hoa and Ba won’t go fishing this weekend.

20. I can’t play basketball.

They

wish

………………………………………….……….

ĐÁP ÁN
Bài 1:
1. were

2. felt

3. had been

5. would come

6. had

9. would come

10. had given

11. had arrived

13. had known

14. would visit

15. were

17. had helped

18. found

21. were

7. had left

19. were

22. would telephone 23. would help

4. would finish
8. had come
12. had not lost

16. had heard
20. would win
24. would come

25. would make

26. would hurry

27. would open

28. had shown

29. would wait

30. would write

31. would join

32. were


33. knew

34. were

37. had not forgotten
41. knew

35. were

38. hadn't snowed
42. were

39.were

43. met

36. had made
40. Lived
44. wouldn’t leave

45. had finished

46. had come

47. had visit

48. had spent

49. weren’t hot

50. were

51. wouldn’t rain

52. wouldn’t have

53. would be

54. would be

Bài 2:

Bài 3:

Bài 4:

1. had

1. wish -> wishes

1. I wish I didn’t have to study.

2. would meet

2.rained -> rain

2. I wish we hadn’t had a lot of homework yesterday.

3. were

3. was -> were

3. I wish it didn’t rain heavily.

4. had won

4. have -> had

4. I wish it hadn’t been cold last night.

5. played

5. didn’t rain -> hadn’t rain 5. I wish they didn’t work slowly.

6. would

6. gives -> would give

5. I wish she joined in the trip.

7. had been

7. studied -> had studied

6. I wish I were good at English.

8. could speak

8. will -> would

7. I wish he didn’t studied badly.

9. would be

9. stops -> stopped

8. I wish he liked playing sports.

10. were

10. are -> were

9. I wish I had a computer.

11. is - were

10. I wish today were a holiday.

12. will -> would

11. I wish I could sing this song.

13. am -> were

12. I wish he hadn’t been punished by his mother.

14. been -> be

13. I wish they would come here again.

15. wish -> wishes

14. I wish I he would go swimming with me.
15. We wish we had understood them.
16. I wish I wouldn’t be late for school.
17. I wish the bus hadn’t been late today.
18. I wish she liked this place.
19. I wish these students hadn’t talked too much in class.
20. I wish I could play basketball.

II.
III.

Mẫu giả định với thành ngữ “If only” – ước gì, giá như mà
Thức giả định với mẫu câu có chủ ngữ giả là đại từ vô nhân xưng “It”


IV.

Mẫu câu giả định với một số adj mang ý nghĩa ngạc nhiên, buồn cười, lố bịch, ngu xuẩn, bực mình,
nhố nhăng, kì lạ
V.
Thức giả định trong mẫu câu xin phép ai đó làm gì theo cách nói lịch sự xã giao.
VI. Mẫu câu ước nguyện điều gì ngược với thực tế quá khứ: giá như mà
VII. Thức giả định ở MĐ điều kiện
1. Định Nghĩa Câu Điều Kiện
- Câu điều kiện dùng để nêu lên một giả thiết về một sự việc, mà sự việc đó chỉ có thể xảy ra khi điều
kiện được nói đến xảy ra. Câu điều kiện gồm có hai phần (hai mệnh đề):
o Mệnh đề nêu lên điều kiện (còn gọi là mệnh đề IF) là mệnh đề phụ hay mệnh đề điều kiện
o Mệnh đề nêu lên kết quả là mệnh đề chính. Ví dụ: If it rains - I will stay at home. Mệnh đề điều
kiện - mệnh đề chính (Nếu trời mưa - tôi sẽ ở nhà.
- Hai mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện có thể đổi chỗ cho nhau được: nếu mệnh đề chính đứng trước thì
giữa hai mệnh đề không cần dấu phẩy, ngược lại thì phải có dấu phẩy ở giữa. Ví dụ: You will pass the
exam if you work hard. (Bạn sẽ vượt qua kỳ thi nếu bạn học tập chăm chỉ.) => If you work hard, you
will pass the exam. (Nếu bạn học tập chăm chỉ, bạn sẽ vượt qua kỳ thi.)
- Các loại câu điều kiện:
Type

Forms

Usage

0

If + S + V(s,es), S+ V(s,es)/câu mệnh lệnh

1

If + S + V(s,es), S + Will/Can/shall...... + Vo

Đk có thể xảy ra ở hiẹn tại ỏ tương lai

2

If + S + V2/ Ved, S +would/ Could/ Should...+ Vo

Đk không có thật ở hiện tại

3

If + S + Had + V3/Ved, S + would/ could...+ have + V3/Ved

Đk không có thật trong quá khứ

Đk kết If + S + had + V3/Ved, S + would + Vo
hợp
A.
1.
-

Câu điều kiện loại I
Khái niệm về câu điều kiện loại 1
Câu điều kiện loại I còn được gọi là câu điều kiện có thực ở hiện tại.
Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
 Cấu trúc - Công thức câu điều kiện loại 1
If + S + V (hiện tại), S + will + V (nguyên mẫu)

-

Nói cách khác, ở câu điều kiện loại 1, mệnh đề IF dùng thì hiện tại đơn, mệnh đề chính dùng thì tương
lai đơn.
o Chủ ngữ 1 và chủ ngữ 2 có thể trùng nhau. Bổ ngữ có thể không có, tùy ý nghĩa của câu. Mệnh
đề IF và mệnh đề chính có thể đứng trước hay sau đều được.
o Trong câu điều kiện loại I, động từ của mệnh đề điều kiện chia ở thì hiện tại đơn, còn động từ
trong mệnh đề chính chia ở thì tương lai đơn.

Ví dụ:
-

If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you. (Nếu anh vào vườn của tôi, con chó của tôi sẽ cắn
anh đó.)
If it is sunny, I will go fishing. (Nếu trời nắng tốt, tôi sẽ đi câu cá.)


2. Cách dùng câu điều kiện loại 1:
- Câu điều kiện loại 1 còn có thể được gọi là câu điều kiện hiện tại có thể có thật. Ta sử dụng câu điều
kiện loại 1 để đặt ra một điều kiện có thể thực hiện được trong hiện tại và nêu kết quả có thể xảy ra.
B. Câu điều kiện loại II
1. Khái niệm về câu điều kiện loại 2:

- Câu điều kiện loại II còn được gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại.
- Điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai, điều kiện chỉ là một giả thiết, một ước muốn trái
ngược với thực trạng hiện tại.
 Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 2
If + S + V (quá khứ), S + would + V (nguyên mẫu)
-

Trong câu điều kiện loại II, động từ của mệnh đề điều kiện chia ở bàng thái cách (Past subjunctive),
hình thức chia động từ giống hệt như thì quá khư đơn, riêng động từ “to be” thì dùng “were” cho tất
cả các ngôi.

Ví dụ:
-

If I were a bird, I would be very happy. (Nếu tôi là một con chim, tôi sẽ rất hạnh phúc.) <= tôi không
thể là chim được.
- If I had a million USD, I would buy that car. (Nếu tôi có một triệu đô la, tôi sẽ mua chiếc xe đó.) <=
hiện tại tôi không có
C. Câu điều kiện loại III
1. Khái niệm về câu điều kiện loại 3:
- Câu điều kiện loại III là câu điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ.
- Điều kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ mang tính ước muốn trong quá khứ, một giả thiết trái
ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.
 Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3
If + S + had + P.P (quá khứ phân từ), S + would + have + P.P
-

Trong câu điều kiện loại III, động từ của mệnh đề điều kiện chia ở quá khứ phân từ, còn động từ của
mệnh đề chính chia ở điều kiện hoàn thành (perfect conditional).

Ví dụ:
-

If he had come to see me yesterday, I would have taken him to the movies. (Nếu hôm qua nó đến
thăm tôi thì tôi đã đưa nó đi xem phim rồi.)
If I hadn’t been absent yesterday, I would have met him. (Nếu hôm qua tôi không vắng mặt thì tôi đã
gặp mặt anh ta rồi.)

NÂNG CAO:
1. Câu Điều Kiện Diễn Tả Thói Quen Hoặc Một Sự Thật Hiển Nhiên
- Câu điều kiện này diễn tả một thói quen, một hành động thường xuyên xảy ra nếu điều kiện được đáp
ứng, hoặc diễn tả một sự thật hiễn nhiên, một kết quả tất yếu xảy ra.
- Cấu trúc: If + S + V (hiện tại), S + V (hiện tại)
- Tất cả động từ trong câu (mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề điều kiện) đều được chia ở thì hiện tại đơn.


-

Nếu diễn tả thói quen, trong mệnh đề chính thường xuất hiện thêm: often, usually, or always.
Ví dụ:
o I often drink milk if I do not sleep at night. (Tôi thường uống sữa nếu như tôi thức trắng đêm.)
o I usually walk to school if I have enough time. (Tôi thường đi bộ đến trường nếu tôi có thời
gian.)
o If you heat ice, it turns to water. (Nếu bạn làm nóng nước đá, nó sẽ chảy ra.)
o If we are cold, we shiver. (Nếu bị lạnh, chúng ta sẽ run lên.)
2. Câu điều kiện Hỗn hợp:
- Trong tiếng Anh có nhiều cách khác nhau được dùng diễn tả điều kiện trong mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện
với "If". Ngoài 3 loại chính nêu trên, một số loại sau cũng được sử dụng trong giao tiếp và ngôn ngữ
viết:
a. MĐ ĐK loại 3 (QKHT), MĐC loại 2 (would V) (phổ biến)

If I had gone Hanoi yesterday, I would not be at your party now.
If I had taken his advice, I would be rich now.
If he worked harder at school, he would be a student now. (He is not a student now)
b. MĐ ĐK loại 2(QKĐ), MĐC loại 3 (would have PII)
I speak English badly so I did badly at yesterday’s interview.
 If I spoke English well, I would have done it well.
3. Câu điều kiện ở dạng đảo.
- Trong tiếng Anh câu điều kiện loại 2/3, Type 2 và Type 3 thường được dùng ở dạng đảo.
Ví dụ:
o Were I the president, I would build more hospitals.
o Had I taken his advice, I would be rich now.
* Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện
3.1. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1: Should + S + Vo, S + Will +Vo
a. Nếu trong câu có “should” ở mệnh đề if, thì đảo “should” lên đầu câu
 If he should ring, I will tell him the news.  Should he ring, I will tell him the news.
b. Nếu trong câu không có “should”, chúng ta phải mượn “should”
 If he has free time, he’ll play tennis.  Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis.
 If she comes early, we’ll start.  Should she come early, we’ll start.
3.2. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2:
a. Were + S + to + Vo, S + Would + Vo
 If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book. => Were I to learn Russian, I would
read a Russian book
b. Với mẫu “If it weren’t for N, S would + Vo”: tách were khỏi weren’t sau đó đảo lên đầu câu để
nhấn mạnh => Were it not for…, S would Vo.
 If it weren’t for her parents, she would never return. => Were it not for her parents,
she would never return.
c. Với câu đk loại 2 có sử dụng “were”: đảo were lên đầu câu thay cho If.
 If I were you, I would give him a lesson. => Were I you, I would give him a lesson.
3.3. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3:
a. Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + V3/Ved

 If he had trained hard, he would have won the match. => Had he trained hard, he would
have won the match.


b. Had it not been for N, S would have V3. <=(dùng với mẫu câu If it hadn’t been for N, S would
have V3.)
 If it hadn’t been for the bad weather, we would have had a better holiday. => Had it not
been for the bad weather, we would have had a better holiday.
c. Were S to have V3, S would have V3. <=(If S were to have V3, S would have V3.)
 If she were to have signed the contract, she would have been put into prison. => Were
she to have signed the contract, she would have been put into prison.
NOTE: Thông thường trong bài thi gặp đảo từ ở dạng khó hơn: từ MĐ điều kiện có dùng “had
done” sang đảo từ dùng “were” ở đầu câu. Vì vậy trong qúa trình làm, ta phải biến đổi sang loại 3
đặc biệt (were to have done) sau đó mới đảo từ.
Ví dụ: If she had bought that house, she would have had much money last night.
=> If she were to have bought that house, she would have had much money last night.
=> Were she to have bought that house, she would have had much money last night.
* If not = Unless.
c. Unless cũng thường được dùng trong câu điều kiện, lúc đó Unless = If not.
Ví dụ:
a. Unless we start at once, we will be late.
b. If we don't start at once we will be late.
c. Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exams.
d. If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exams.
Câu điều kiện rút gọn
d. Là loại câu điều kiện trong đó thành phần của câu bị lược bỏ nhưng người ta vẫn hiểu đươc ý
nghĩa điều kiện. Ta thường gặp các mẫu câu rút gọn sau đây:
1. If + adj (It is)
a. If necessary, you must set off at once.
(= If it is necessary, you must set off at once.)

b. If rainy, stop working.
c. If cold, put on enough warm clothes.
2. If so, (nếu như vậy)
d. Dùng trong trường hợp trước đó phải có một câu, người ta dùng “If so” để tránh nhắc lại
câu trước đó.
i. She did not work for us. If so, what shall we do?
3. If + V3 (nếu bị)
e. Ở đây người ta lược bỏ S và “to be” của câu bị động.
i. If asked questions, you must say “No”.
(= If you are asked questions, you must say “No”.)
15 CẤU TRÚC DÙNG NHƯ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
Cấu trúc

Ví dụ

Cách dùng


1. “ Unless”: trừ
khi = “if…not”

2. “When”: khi

3. “ Suppose” /
“Supposing”: giả
sử

- If he does not get up early, he will be
late for school.
 Unless he gets up early, he will be late

for school
- If you like reading books, you will learn
many useful things in life
 When you like reading books, you will
learn many useful things in life
- Suppose he is right, his wife will be
wrong
- Supposing he hates you, what will you
do?

4. “ Provided
that”: miễn là
“ Providing
that”: miễn là

- We accepted your job application form
provided that you have good
qualifications

5. “ Assuming: giả
sử

- Assuming they have a lot of money,
they will invest the capital in business

6. “Without”:
không có =
“if…not”

- If my friend doesn’t help me, I can not

complete my Math homework
 Without my friend’s help, I can not
complete my Math homework

7. “On condition
that”: với điều kiện
là

- She will help you on condition that you
are kind to her

8. “Câu mệnh lệnh
+ and”

9. “So long as” =
“as long as”: hễ
mà, chừng nào mà
10. “In case”: trong
trường hợp
11. “Even if”: thậm
chí, nếu như

- If you learn English, you will become a
good English teacher
some day
 Learn English and you will become a
good English teacher
some day
- She will return home and live happily
with him so long as he stops drinking

wine
- In case I forget, please remind me of
that
- Even if we had been invited to the
party , we could not have come because
we were very busy

12. “As if, as
though”: như thể
là

- He looked as if he had run 15 miles
- She dressed as though it was winter
even in the summer

13. “But for”: nếu

- If she hadn’t assisted me, I should not

- “ Unless” dùng để thay thế cho “If + not”
trong mệnh đề phụ

- “ When” dùng để thay thế cho “If ” trong
mệnh đề phụ
- “ Suppose” / “Supposing”: dùng để thay thế
cho “If ” trong mệnh đề phụ

- “ Provided that” / “ Providing that” dùng
để thay thế cho “If ” trong mệnh đề phụ

- “ Assuming” dùng để thay thế cho “If ”
trong mệnh đề phụ
- “ Without” dùng để thay thế cho “If + not”
trong mệnh đề phụ. Nhưng sau nó ta dùng
1 cụm từ chứ không dùng 1 mệnh đề
- “ on condition that ” dùng để thay thế cho
“If ” trong mệnh đề phụ
- “ Câu mệnh lệnh + and” dùng để thay thế
cho “If ” trong mệnh đề phụ.

- “ so long as” dùng để thay thế cho “If ”
trong mệnh đề phụ.
- “ In case” dùng để thay thế cho “If ” trong
mệnh đề phụ.
- “ Even if” dùng mang tính chất nhấn mạnh
hơn “if”
- Chỉ dùng trong câu ĐK loại 2 và 3 thay thế
cho “if”, nếu V là “to be” thì chia bình
thường như QK đơn, không dùng hết
“were”
- “ But for” dùng để thay thế cho “If+ not”


không vì, nếu
không có

14. “If only”: Ước
gì

15. “Otherwise”:

nếu không

have completed my plans
 But for her assistance, I should not
have completed my plans
- If only out teacher comes to see us now
- If only he will take my advice, I will be
very happy
- If only she were at home

trong mệnh đề phụ. Nhưng sau nó ta dùng
1 cụm từ chứ không dùng 1 mệnh đề
- Dùng với thì HTĐ hoặc TLĐ để diễn tả sự
hy vọng
- Dùng với thì QKĐ để chỉ 1 điều ước không
xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai

- If only he had worked harder, he could
- Dùng với thì QKHT để diễn tả 1 điều ước
have passed the last matriculation( ky thi ko xảy ra ở QK
tuyen vao dai hoc)
- “ Otherwise” dùng để thay thế cho “If +
not” trong mệnh đề phụ. Tuy nhiên nó lại
- If he is not at home before 11p.m, he
đứng trước MĐ chính, MĐ phụ bỏ “if “và
will be locked out
“not” đi
 He must be at home before 11p.m;
otherwise he will be locked out
- Nếu mệnh đề phụ chỉ có V là “to be” thì ta

phải thêm vào trước nó V khuyết thiếu
- Her director paid her good salary;
mang nghĩa sao cho phù hợp với câu ở MĐ
otherwise she wouldn’t work longer
phụ đó
- If her director didn’t pay her good
salary, she wouldn’t work longer
- Trước “otherwise” là dấu chấm phẩy chứ
ko phải là dấu phẩy như bình thường
REVISION OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

I- Choose the most suitable tense
1- I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treats / will treat / treated me like that, I am / will
be / would be extremely angry.
2- If you help / helped me with this exercise, I will do / would do the same for you one day.
3- According to the timetable, if the train leaves / left on time, we will / would arrive at 5.30.
4- If it is / will be fine tomorrow, we go / will go to the coast.
5- If we find / found a taxi, we will get / would get there before the play starts.
6- It’s quite simple really. If you take / will take / took these tablets every day, then you lose / will
lose / lost / would lose weight.
7- I don’t like this flat. I think I will be / I am / I’d be happier if I lived / live / will live /would live in a
house in the country.
8- I can’t play football, but I’m sure that if I will do / do / did, I play / will play / would play a lot better
than anyone in this awful team.
9- I phone / will phone / phone you tonight, are you / will you be / would you be in?
10- Why didn’t you tell me? – If you told / had told me, I had / would have helpedyou.
11- If Bill didn’t stea l/ hadn’t stolen the car, he weren’t / wouldn’t be / hadn’t beenin prison now.


12- If Ann weren’t driving / didn’t drive / hadn’t driven so fast, her car didn’t crash /wouldn’t

crash / wouldn’t have crashed into a tree.
13- Let me give some advice. If you smoked / would smoke / had smoked less, youdidn’t feel / wouldn’t
feel / wouldn’t have felt tired.
14- What bad luck! If Alan didn’t fall / hadn’t fallen / wouldn’t fall over, he won / would win / would have
won the race.
15- If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/had been able/would have been able to come.
16- I’m sure your letter hasn’t arrived yet. If it came/had come, I’m sure I noticed/hadnoticed/would
have noticed it.
17- We have a suggestion to make. How do you feel/would you feel if weoffered/would offer/had
offered you the job of assistant manager.
18- If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/had paid you back next week.
19- I wish Peter doesn’t live/didn’t live/wouldn’t live so far away from the town center. We’ll have to
take a taxi.
20- I feel rather cold. I wish I brought/had brought my pullover with me.
21- I wish you tell/had told/told me about the test. I haven’t done my revision.
22- I’m sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish I come/came/had come/wouldcome.
23- I like my new boss but I wish she gave/would give/could give me some more responsibility.
24- Having a lovely time in Brighton, I wish you are/were/had been here. Love, Mary.
25- A cheque is all right, but I’d rather you pay/paid me cash.
26- If only I have/had/would have a screwdriver with me.
27- If you want to catch the last train, it’s time you leave/left
28- I’d rather you don’t tell/didn’t tell anyone about our conversation.
29- It’s high time you learn/learned to look after yourself.
30- Jean thinks that everyone likes her. If only she knows/knew what people say behind her back.
II- Put each verb in bracket into a suitable tense
123456789101112131415161718-

It’s a pity you missed the party. If you (come)…….you (meet)………….. my friend from Hungary.
If we (have)……..some tools, we (be)……….able to repair the car, but we haven’t had any with us.
Thank you for your help. If you (not help)………me, I (not pass)……….the examination.

It’s a beautiful house, and I (buy)……….it if I (have)………the money, but I can’t afford it.
I can’t imagine what I (do)………..with the money if I (win) ……….the football pools or a lottery.
Mark isn’t a serious athlete. If he (train)…………harder, he (be)…….quite a good runner.
If Claire (listen)………to her mother, she (not marry)……….David in the first place.
It rained every day in our holiday. If we (not take)………..the TV with us, we (not have) anything to do.
Jim is so untidy! If he (buy)………some new clothes, he (not look) so bad.
I wish I(have)…….. the money to buy some new clothes, but I can’t afford it at the moment.
I wish the government (do)………something about the air pollution in this city.
I’m getting really soaked! I wish I (not forget)………..my umbrella.
That was a lovely meal, but I wish I (not eat) ……….so much.
Come on children! It’s time you (be)………..in bed.
Actually, I’d rather you (not smoke)………..in here.
Suppose you (see)………..a ghost, what would you do?
I’m so annoyed about my car accident. If only I (be)………… more careful!
I’d rather you (not put)………your coffee on the top of the book.


III- Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown
2. 1- I didn’t have an umbrella with me so I got wet.
I wouldn’t……………………………
3. 2- I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone.
Unless………………………………..
4. 3- In the snowy weather we don’t go to school.
If………………………………………
5. 4- Without Jack’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to move this table.
If…………………
6. 5- You drink too much coffee, that’s why you can’t sleep.
If you………………………..
7. 6- Make me some coffee, and I’ll give you some sweets.
If……………………………..

8. 7- If you hadn’t told me about Sue’s hair, I wouldn’t have noticed her.
Unless……….
9. 8- If you see Peter, tell him he should be here at 8 00.
Should…………………………
10. 9- I wouldn’t accept if you asked me to marry you.
If you were…………………………
11. 10- What would you do if there were an earthquake?
Supposing……………………
12. 11- If you do the shopping, I’ll cook lunch.
You………………………………………….
13. 12-What would you do if you found some buried treasure?
If you were……………..
14. 13- If Paul hadn’t been interested, the project would have been abandoned.
But for….
15. 14- If by any chance you find my wallet, could you let me know?
If you happen……..
16. 15- I might be late. If so, start without me.
If I……………………………………………
17. 16- The fire was brought under control thanks to the night watch-man.
If it hadn’t…...
18. 17- Dick is in prison because a detective recognized him.
If a…………………………...
19. 18- If you want my advice, I’d think twice about buying a car like that.
If I…………….
20. 19- If the painting is finished by Saturday, we’ll pay you extra.
Finish…………………
21. 20- Getting up early makes me feel hungry.
If …………………………………………..
22. 21- Please don’t eat in the classroom.
I’d rather……………………………………

23. 22- I think we should leave now.
I think it’s time……………………………….
24. 23- What a pity we ate all the food.
If only we…………………………………………..
25. 24- It’s a shame we don’t have a TV.
I wish………………………………………………
IV- Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the word in the capital
1. 1- If you do have any free time, could you give me a ring?
2. 2- We won’t go away if the weather is bad.
3. 3- I didn’t have the money, so I didn’t buy a new suit.
4. 4- If you hurry up, you won’t be late.
5. 5- If they offered you the job, would you accept?
6. 6- If you are in London by any chance, come and see me.
7. 7- Without you, I would have given up years ago.
8. 8- Please take a seat, and I’ll inquire for you.
9. 9- Don’t take this job if you don’t really want it.
10. 10- I wasn’t tall enough to reach the shelf.
11. 11- If the ship sank, what would you do?
12. 12- If you should notice what’s on at the cinema, let me know.
13. 13- If you hadn’t encouraged me, I would have given up.
14. 14- I don’t have any money, so I can’t lend you any.
15. 15- But for Helen, the play would be a flop.
V- Choose the best option

SHOULD
UNLESS
WOULD
GOING
WERE
HAPPEN

BEEN
WILL
UNLESS
TALLER
WERE
HAPPEN
BUT
IF
WERE


1- It would have been a much more serious accident………..fast at the time.
A- had she been driving

B- was she driving

C- she had driven

D- she drove

2- Can I borrow your car for this evening? – Sure, but Nora’s using it right now. If she ….. it back, you are
welcome to borrow it.
A- brought

B- would bring

C- will bring D- brings

3- I didn’t get home until well after midnight last night. Otherwise, I……..your call.
A- returned

B- had returned C- would return

D- would have returned

4- If energy………inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different.
A- is

B- will be

C- were

D- would be

5- We………..the game if we’d had a few more minutes.
A_ might have won

B- won

C- had won

D- will win

6- I………Alan with me if I had known you and he didn’t get along with each other.
A_ hadn’t brought

B- didn’t bring

C- wouldn’t have brought

D- won’t bring

7- The lecturer last night didn’t know what he was talking about, but if Dr. Mason………,
I would have listened carefully.
A- had been lecturing

B- was lecturing

C- would lecture

D- lectured

8- If you………to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now.
A- listen

B- will listen C- had listened

D- listened

9- ………….. interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it.
A- Were I

B- Should I

C- I was

D- If I am

10- If I………the same problems you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.
A- have

B- would have C- had had

D- should have

11- I…………you sooner had someone told me you were in hospital.
A- would have visited

B- visited

C- had visited

D- visit

C- I have needed

D- I should need

12- ……….more help, I could call my neighbor.
A- Needed

B- Should I need

13- ………..then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.


A- Had I known

B- Did I know

C- If I know

D- If I would know

14- I didn’t know you were asleep. Otherwise, I…………..so much noise when I came in.
A- didn’t make

B- wouldn’t have made

c- won’t make D- don’t make

15- When I stopped talking, Sam finished my sentence for me as though he………… my mind.
A- would read

D- had read

C- reads

D- can read

16- If you………., I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to watch TV, but I didn’t
want to bother you.
A- had studied

B- studied

C- hadn’t been studying

D- didn’t study

17- I wish I………..you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
A- can lend

B- could lend C- would lend D- will lend

18- “Are you lost?” – “I think so. I wish we………..the map with us today.”
A- were bringing

B- brought

C- had brought

D- would bring

19- If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I…………..in a bank.
A- work

B- will work

C- have worked

D- would be working

20- What………..today if you hadn’t come here this weekend?” – “I guess I’d be putting on extra hours at my
office.”
A- did you do - can you do

C- will you be doing

D- would you be doing

------------------------------------------------------Bài tập 1: Chia động từ trong ngoặc theo đúng dạng
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Bring him another if he (not/like) __________this one.
She (be) angry if she (hear) __________this tomorrow.
Unless you are more careful, you (have)__________ an accident.
If you (like)__________, I (get) __________you a job in this company.
If grandmother (be) 5 years younger, she (play) __________some games.
If he sun (stop)__________ shinning, there (be)__________ no light on earth.
If I (be) __________a millionaire, I (live) __________on Mars.

Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu theo gợi ý
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now.  If I………………………………….
If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop.But for………………………………………
If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it. If I ………………………………………
I only come if they invite me. Unless……………………….

He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam. If he………………………………………………
His sister sent her money, so he continued to study. But for…………………………………………


7. The park is over there, only 5 minutes’ walk. If you walk……………………………….
8. In case it rains, we’ll stay at home  If it……………………………..
Bài tập 3: Sửa các câu sai sau:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Should anyone rang, could you take a message?
Were the customers not complained, nothing would have been done.
Was I a bird, I would fly.
Unless you don’t have a good command of English, you won't be able to work for this company.
Were they live in Australia now, they would go swimming.

IV. BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ
Bài tập 1: Viết lại câu sau dựa vào từ cho sẵn:
1. I'll buy a new hat. I'll give it to you.

6. Because she missed the bus, she was late.

If______________________________.

If______________________________.

2.

Today isn't Sunnday. The pupils can't go
swimming.

7. Peter doesn't study hard, so he can't get good
marks.

If______________________________.

If______________________________.

3. He wasn't here. He didn't have a lot of fun.

8. My sister is absent from her class because she
has a terrible headache.

If______________________________.
4. My brother will have anough money. He will buy
a bicycle.

If______________________________.
9. Windy didn't come, so we cancelled the meeting.

If______________________________.

If______________________________.

5. He didn't have time. He didn't read this novel.

10. He was angry, so he didn't say anything.

If______________________________.

If______________________________.

Bài tập 2: Chia động từ trong ngoặc
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

If it had not rained, we (go)_______ camping.
If he (speak)_______ more slowly, I could have understood him.
What_______you (do)_______ if you were a mokey?
If he had listened carefully, he (perform)_______well in his examination.
If I find your book, I (give)_______ it to you.
If you came with us, you (have)_______ a good time.
If I (not/miss)_______ the bus, I could have come early.
If I took a trip this summer, I (go)_______ to DatLat.
If he (not/steal)_______ the wallet, he (not/be)_______ in prison now.
If they (invite)_______ yesterday, I (be)_______ is a good day tomorrow.
We (go)_______ swimming if it (be)_______ a good day tomorrow.
If the weather (be)_______ nice last day, I (go)_______ for a walk.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

My dog always barks if he (hear)_______ anything unusual.
If he (not/ do)_______ come soon, I'm not going to wait.
If the phone (ring)_______, can you answer it?
If it rains this evening, I (not/will)_______ go out.
If she (come)_______, she will ghe a surprise.
If we had had enough money, we (buy)_______ that house.

Đáp án:
Bài 1:
1.
Bring him another if he
doesn’t like this one.
2.
She will be angry if she
hears this tomorrow.
3. Unless you are more careful,
you will have an accident.
4. If you like, I will get you a
job in this company.
5. If grandmother were 5 years
younger, she would play some

games.
6. If the sun stopped shinning,
there would be no light on
earth.
7.
If I were a millionaire, I
would live on Mars.

Bài 2:
1. I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now.
 If I had eaten lunch, I wouldn’t feel hungry now.
2. If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop.
 But for rain, we would have a better crop.
3. If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it.
 If I were you, I wouldn’t buy it.
 Unless they invite me, I won’t come.
5. He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam.
 If he had revised all his lessons, he wouldn’t have failed the exam.
6. His sister sent her money, so he continued to study.
 But for his sister’s money, he wouldn’t have continued to study.
7. The park is over there, only 5 minutes’ walk.
 If you walk to the park, it will take you 5 minutes.
8. In case it rains, we’ll stay at home
 If it rains, we’ll stay at home.

VIII. Dùng ở MĐTN sau 1 số V
IX. Thức giả định với “would rather”, “would sooner”

Bài 3:
1. Rang  ring

2. Were  had
3. Was  were
4. You don’t have 
you have
5. Were they live 
were they to live