Essentials of organizational behavior 11th edition robbins test bank

Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 11e (Robbins/Judge)
Chapter 2 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction
1) Which of the following answer choices is the best definition of attitude?
A) Attitudes indicate how one will react to a given event.
B) Attitudes are the yardstick by which one measures ones actions.
C) Attitudes are the emotional part of an evaluation of a person, object, or event.
D) Attitudes are evaluative statements of what one believes about something or someone.
E) Attitudes are a measure of how the worth of an object, person or event is evaluated.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Attitudes are defined as evaluative statements, either favorable or unfavorable,
about objects, people, or events. Although attitudes can indicate how people will react and
behave, this is not the definition encompassing all attitudes. Emotion and evaluation are facets of
types of attitudes.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13
Objective: Attitudes
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 1
2) The emotional, or feeling component of a person's attitude is called ________.
A) complex understanding
B) the cognitive component
C) the affective component
D) a complex attitude
E) the behavior component
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Affect is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude and is called the
affective component. Description of or belief in the way things are is the cognitive component of
attitude. The intention to behave in a certain way toward something describes the behavior
component of attitude. Complex understanding and a complex attitude are not components of
attitude as defined in OB.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14
Objective: Attitudes

Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 1

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3) Janice is spending the summer working as an intern writing copy for a local firm. Today
Janice's senior editor sent back some of Janice's work covered in red ink corrections. Up until
now, all of Janice's work had been corrected in green or blue ink. Janice is upset and worried that
her senior editor doesn't like her.
Which component of an attitude is not represented in the previous scenario?
A) the positive component
B) the cognitive component
C) the affective component
D) the negative component
E) the behavioral component
Answer: E
Explanation: E) In the example, Janice does not take action. Therefore, she does not demonstrate
the behavioral component of an attitude. Janice believes that her senior editor doesn't like her.
This judgement, or evaluation, demonstrates the cognitive component of an attitude. Janice is
upset. She has had an emotional reaction to the red ink on her work, which represents the
affective component of an attitude. Although an attitude can be positive or negative, these are not
considered components of an attitude as defined in OB.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Attitudes
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 1
4) The belief that "violence is wrong" is an evaluative statement. Such an opinion constitutes the

________ component of an attitude.
A) cognitive
B) affective
C) reflective
D) behavioral
E) reactive
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The cognitive component of an attitude is a description of, or belief in the way
things are, which is exemplified in the statement "violence is wrong". The affective component
of an attitude reveals the emotional reaction, and the behavioral component is how someone
behaves toward someone or something. There are no components of attitude called reflective or
reactive in OB.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Components of Attitudes
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 1

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5) Jan is a security officer. Jan believes that it is important to know exactly who is in the office at
any given time. She notices that some employees do not sign out of the office when they take
lunch, which makes it impossible to keep track of who is actually in the office. Jan becomes
frustrated with those employees. She makes note of them and reports them to their supervisors.
In the above scenario, what is the behavioral component of Jan's attitude to the employees who
did not sign out of the office?
A) Jan believes that it is important that she know exactly who is in the office at any given time.
B) Jan does not like that some employees do not sign out of the office when they take lunch.

C) Jan finds it impossible to keep track of who is actually in the office.
D) Jan becomes frustrated with those employees who do not sign out of the office.
E) Jan notes which employees leave the office without signing out, and reports them to their
supervisors.
Answer: E
Explanation: E) The behavioral component of an attitude is how someone behaves toward
someone or something. Jan's behavior was to note the employees and report them to supervisors.
The affective component of an attitude reveals the emotional reaction. Jan's belief that it is
important and her frustration are affective components. The cognitive component of an attitude is
a description of, or belief in the way things are. Her belief that it's impossible to keep the
building secure without knowing who signs out is a cognitive attitude.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Components of Attitudes
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 1
6) Which of the following is an example of an affective attitude?
A) Believing that you did a good job.
B) The observation that most dogs have four legs.
C) The opinion that it is never acceptable to steal.
D) Anger at being unfairly accused of a wrongdoing.
E) The avoidance of a restaurant where one once received bad service.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Affective attitudes reveal emotion, such as anger. Belief and opinions are
examples of cognitive or evaluative attitudes. Observation and avoidance are behaviors and are
facets of behavioral attitudes.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Components of Attitudes
Quest. Category: Application

LO: 1

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7) The theory of cognitive dissonance was proposed by ________.
A) Maslow
B) Festinger
C) Hofstede
D) Skinner
E) Pavlov
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In the 1960s, Leon Festinger argued that attitudes follow behavior. Festinger
argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will therefore
attempt to reduce it. They will seek a stable state, which is a minimum of dissonance. Maslow,
Hofstede, Skinner, and Pavlov all made other contributions to OB.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 2
8) According to Festinger, people will seek a(n) ________.
A) variable state with variable dissonance
B) stable state with maximal dissonance
C) unstable state with maximal dissonance
D) unstable state with minimal dissonance
E) stable state with minimal dissonance
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that
individuals will therefore attempt to reduce it. They will seek a stable state, which is a minimum

of dissonance. People do not seek variable or unstable states because they would be
uncomfortable.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 2

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9) "Dissonance" means ________.
A) reactance
B) constance
C) resistance
D) consistency
E) inconsistency
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Cognitive dissonance is defined as any incompatibility, or inconsistency, an
individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.
Reactance is an emotional reaction to pressure. Constance and consistency is to continue and not
interrupt. Resistance is to avoid.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 2
10) Leon Festinger argued that ________ follow(s) ________.
A) behavior; job satisfaction
B) behavior; attitude

C) attitudes; behavior
D) attitudes; job satisfaction
E) job satisfaction; behavior
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In the late 1960s, a review of the research challenged the assumed effect of
attitudes on behavior. One researcher—Leon Festinger—argued that attitudes follow behavior.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 2
11) Festinger argued that dissonance is ________. Therefore, people will attempt to reduce it.
A) monotonous
B) confounding
C) physically painful
D) exhausting
E) uncomfortable
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that
individuals will therefore attempt to reduce it. They will seek a stable state, which is a minimum
of dissonance.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 2

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12) Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes results
in ________.
A) organizational dissonance

B) cognitive dissonance
C) attitudinal clarification
D) values clarification
E) affective reactance
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Cognitive dissonance is defined as any incompatibility an individual might
perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Organizational
dissonance, attitudinal clarification, values clarification, and affective reactance are not types of
attitude or behavior in OB.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 2
13) Jo is a courier, delivering parcels throughout the metropolitan area. Although she considers
herself law abiding, she often breaks the speed limit while making her deliveries. Which of the
following statements does not reflect a likely response to the conflict between her attitude and
her behavior?
A) "It's not a problem that I speed a little bit; it's not much over the limit, and everyone else
speeds some."
B) "The speed limits are just too low around here; anyone driving at a reasonable speed will
break them."
C) "This speeding is irresponsible. From now on I am observing the speed limits."
D) "I've got to drive fast sometimes, otherwise I will not make all my deliveries and I'll lose
clients."
E) "It's wrong to break even minor laws, but I'll probably keep speeding anyway."
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Jo seeing speeding as wrong and not providing a reason to continue does not
logically fit into a method of reducing cognitive dissonance. Jo is able to justify her speeding just
a little bit and still feel comfortable. Jo justifies her speeding because the limits are too low. Jo's
cognitive dissonance is too strong, so she quits speeding. Jo reduces the dissonance by

rationalizing her need to speed.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 15
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 2

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14) Sheila works for a manufacturer of styrofoam trays for school lunches. Last year her son
came home from school and told her that the trays she makes go straight to the landfill where
they sit for hundreds of years without ever biodegrading. Although this information bothers
Sheila, she does not look for another job because she enjoys her very high salary.
Which dissonance moderating factor is illustrated by this example?
A) Dissonance is reduced because of the sense of control by the individual.
B) Dissonance is reduced because of the importance to the individual.
C) There is no dissonance moderating factor in the example.
D) Dissonance is increased because of the sense of control by the individual.
E) High dissonance is tolerated because of a high reward.
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Shiela tolerates her dislike for this aspect of her job because she is given a high
reward in the form of a high salary. Shiela does not feel like she can control what the company
does with the trays. Control doesn't increase or reduce the dissonance. Although the information
bothers Shiela and she considers it important, she is not able to reduce the dissonance.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Attitudes
Quest. Category: Application

LO: 2
Mrs. Jonas believes strongly that it is important that worker's rights be respected, and that one of
the more important ways of doing this is to ensure that all workers be properly documented. She
is supervising a contracting company that is building a new warehouse for her company. While
doing this she discovers that many of the workers employed by the contractor are undocumented
aliens working for well below minimum wage.
15) Mrs. Jonas is likely experiencing ________.
A) cognitive dissonance
B) unresolved anger
C) ethical evasion
D) uncertainty avoidance
E) social pressure
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Because there is a contradiction in what Mrs. Jonas is feeling and the situation
in which she finds herself, she is experiencing cognitive dissonance, any incompatibility an
individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. The
example doesn't say that Mrs. Jonas is experiencing anger or social pressure. Not knowing what
Mrs. Jonas will do, we cannot say whether she will avoid the ethical decisions.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 2

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16) Mrs. Jonas comes to you for an explanation of why she is so uncomfortable. You would refer
her to the theories of ________.

A) Hofstede
B) Maslow
C) Skinner
D) Festinger
E) Surber
Answer: D
Explanation: D) In the 1960s Festinger coined the term cognitive dissonance, any
incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior
and attitudes. Hofstede, Maslow, Skinner, and Surber made other contributions to OB, but not
cognitive dissonance.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 2
17) Mrs. Jonas can be expected to relieve the discomfort she is experiencing by doing the
following except ________.
A) deciding this issue is unimportant
B) rationalizing that it is not her problem since she is not the contractor
C) attempting to stop the contractor using undocumented workers
D) coming to accept that using undocumented workers does not harm workers' rights
E) terminating the contract as it is against her attitude
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Research has generally concluded that people do seek consistency among their
attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. They either alter the attitudes or the
behavior, or they develop a rationalization for the discrepancy. Each of these answers is an
example of how Mrs. Jonas either alters her attitude or behavior.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance

Quest. Category: Application
LO: 2

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18) In this situation Mrs. Jonas has a(n) ________ that is in conflict with a(n) ________.
A) behavior; behavior
B) attitude; attitude
C) social need; social interest
D) social need; social need
E) attitude; behavior
Answer: E
Explanation: E) The belief in workers' rights represents Mrs. Jonas' attitude, which comes into
direct conflict with her behavior of contracting illegal workers. Her behavior is not conflicting
with another behavior, nor are two attitudes conflicting represented in this example. Social need
and interest are not a part of the attitude equation.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 2
19) It is safe to say that this wouldn't be a problem if Mrs. Jonas was ________.
A) a worker rather than a supervisor
B) working for the construction company
C) more of an ethical character
D) an undocumented worker
E) indifferent to workers' rights
Answer: E

Explanation: E) It is Mrs. Jonas' attitude that workers' rights are important that establishes the
conflict. It would not matter what professional position Mrs. Jonas held; if her attitude was the
same, she would continue to have the conflict. Mrs. Jonas is an ethical character, which helps to
establish the conflict.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 2

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20) Festinger proposed that the desire to reduce dissonance is determined by three moderating
factors including the ________.
A) values of the elements creating the dissonance
B) degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over the elements
C) degree of positive affect the person has toward the behavior
D) fact that values and attitudes will vary over the short term
E) awareness that dissonance exists
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Festinger proposed that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on moderating
factors, including the importance of the elements creating it, the degree of influence we believe
we have over it, and the rewards of dissonance. Festinger does not mention the values of the
elements or the degree of positive affect toward the behavior. Values and attitudes will vary, but
don't reduce dissonance. Awareness of dissonance doesn't mean that dissonance will be reduced.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15
Objective: Cognitive Dissonance
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional

LO: 2
21) Cameron loves her job as a data programmer, but her co-worker Blake, is very challenging.
Blake often loses his temper over aspects of shared projects that neither of them can control.
When discussing projects in Cameron's work station, Blake plays with her office supplies,
rearranges her desk, and leaves snack and food crumbs. Worst of all, Blake always takes the
portion of a project that is the easiest, leaving Cameron to work harder and longer hours.
Which of the following is not an effective method for handling Cameron's problems with Blake?
A) Cameron should invite Blake to lunch and directly confront him with her feelings.
B) Cameron should invite Blake to coffee to clarify if there are any misunderstandings.
C) Cameron should simply ignore Blake and his behavior.
D) Cameron should make a point of going to Blake's work station and leaving a mess.
E) Cameron should ask a manager to help divide the work load for the next project.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Although tempting, retaliation will only escalate the situation. Cameron should
not engage in Blake's petty behavior by messing up his work station. A direct and conciliatory
approach is the first step to try, as well as seeing the problem from the other person's point of
view. If unable to solve the problem, the next best thing to do is to ignore it. Involving
management is a last resort, but can be done if there is a positive solution in mind, such as evenly
dividing the work.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Attitudes
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 2

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22) The attitude-behavior relationship is likely to be much stronger if the attitude ________.

A) refers to something that the individual has direct personal experience with
B) must be defended against the attitudes of society at large
C) is perceived to be of little importance
D) is related to organizational structure
E) is not regularly discussed and examined
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Behavior is hard to predict based on responses by those who have no
experience in the type of behavior being evaluated. Experience is important to the attitudebehavior relationship. Having to defend an attitude against all of society would create dissonance
and weaken the relationship. If the attitude isn't important or discussed, neither will the behavior
be important, nor the attitude-behavior relationship strong. Relationship to organizational
structure often creates discrepancies in the attitude-behavior relationship.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16
Objective: Attitude-Behavior Relationship
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 2
23) Which of the following is not a moderating variable of the attitude-behavior relationship?
A) direct experience
B) correspondence to behavior
C) power
D) accessibility
E) importance
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The most powerful moderators of the attitudes relationship are the importance
of the attitude, its correspondence to behavior, its accessibility, the presence of social pressures,
and whether a person has direct experience with the attitude.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 2

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24) What refers to a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an evaluation of its
characteristics?
A) job satisfaction
B) job involvement
C) job stability
D) organizational commitment
E) social investment
Answer: A
Explanation: A) When people speak of employee attitudes, they usually mean job satisfaction,
which describes a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics.
A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive feelings about his or her job, while a
person with a low level holds negative feelings.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16
Objective: Job Satisfaction
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3
25) Job satisfaction is best described as ________.
A) a result
B) a value
C) an attitude
D) causing high performance
E) a valued discipline
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Job satisfaction is categorized as one of the major job attitudes in OB. Although
job satisfaction can be a result or a value, it isn't described as such in OB. Positive job
satisfaction can cause high performance, but this does not describe all job satisfaction. Job
satisfaction is not a discipline.

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16
Objective: Job Satisfaction
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3

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26) Employees' beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their
competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is termed as
________.
A) psychological empowerment
B) organizational commitment
C) perceived organizational support
D) employee engagement
E) job satisfaction
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Employees' beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work
environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is
termed as psychological empowerment.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3
27) The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and
considers his or her performance as being important to self-worth is ________.
A) job satisfaction
B) job involvement
C) job stability
D) organizational commitment

E) social embeddedness
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Job involvement measures the degree to which people identify psychologically
with their job and consider their perceived performance level important to self-worth. Employees
with a high level of job involvement strongly identify with and really care about the kind of work
they do.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16
Objective: Job Involvement
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3

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28) In her work in the publishing industry, Vera seeks out new authors who she considers
promising. In the past two years she has found a number of new writers whose work she thought
was exceptional, and immersed herself in the task of helping them shape their manuscripts for
submission to her managers for publishing. Although she was extremely proud of the results,
none of the authors she worked with were chosen for publication. Vera believes that the decision
not to publish these authors was based on personal rivalries within management, rather than the
quality of her writers' work. She is extremely frustrated, dreads coming into work each morning,
and is seriously thinking of resigning.
How can Vera's job attitudes best be described?
A) low job satisfaction and low job involvement
B) low job satisfaction and high job involvement
C) high job satisfaction and low job involvement
D) high job satisfaction and high job involvement
E) low organizational commitment
Answer: B

Explanation: B) Vera is feeling negative toward her job resulting in low job satisfaction, even
though she believes that she has invested tremendously in the organization and is important to it,
showing a high job involvement. Vera's negative feelings reveal a low job satisfaction rating.
Vera showed dedication to her organization as she prepared her writers.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Job Satisfaction and Job Involvement
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 3
29) Which of the following is not considered a major job attitude by OB researchers?
A) job satisfaction
B) positive personality
C) organizational commitment
D) employee engagement
E) job involvement
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A positive personality isn't considered a major job attitude in OB. A positive
feeling about one's job as indicated in job satisfaction is considered a major job attitude.
Organizational commitment, the degree to which a person identifies with the organization, and
job involvement, the degree to which a person identifies with the job and participates in it, are
both considered major job attitudes, as is employee engagement, a person's involvement with the
job
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16
Objective: Major Job Attitudes
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3

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30) Organizational commitment is defined as ________.
A) the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization they work for and its goals
B) an employee's belief that the organization they work for will go to considerable lengths to
ensure that its employees are treated fairly
C) the degree to which an employee's sense of fulfillment and self worth is related to their job
D) the amount of effort an employee will make in order to keep or advance their position in an
organization
E) the degree to which an employee believes their work impacts their organization
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and
its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization is organizational commitment.
Perceived organizational support (POS) is an employee's belief that the organization they work
for will go to considerable lengths to ensure that its employees are treated fairly. Job
involvement is the degree to which an employee's sense of fulfillment and self worth is related to
their job. Psychological empowerment is the degree to which an employee believes their work
impacts their organization.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17
Objective: Organizational Commitment
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3
31) ________ is an emotional attachment to the organization and a belief in its values.
A) Affective commitment
B) Continuance commitment
C) Normative commitment
D) Positive commitment
E) Negative commitment
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Affective commitment is an emotional attachment to the organization and a
belief in its values. For example, a Petco employee may be affectively committed to the

company because of its involvement with animals.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3

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32) Which dimension to organizational commitment is reflected in the perceived economic value
of remaining with an organization compared to leaving it?
A) general organizational commitment
B) affective commitment
C) continuance commitment
D) normative commitment
E) incremental commitment
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Continuance commitment is the perceived economic value of remaining with an
organization.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3
33) ________ is an obligation to remain with the organization for moral or ethical reasons.
A) Negative commitment
B) Positive commitment
C) Affective commitment
D) Normative commitment
E) Continuance commitment
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Normative commitment is an obligation to remain with the organization for

moral or ethical reasons. An employee spearheading a new initiative may remain with an
employer because he feels he would "leave the employer in the lurch" if he left.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3
34) Jane is committed to her employer because she is paid well and feels it would hurt her family
to quit. This is indicative of ________.
A) affective commitment
B) normative commitment
C) continuance commitment
D) positive commitment
E) negative commitment
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Continuance commitment is the perceived economic value of remaining with an
organization. An employee may be committed to an employer because she is paid well and feels
it would hurt her family to quit.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3

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35) Neville feels obligated to remain with his company on account of the resources they have
invested in training him. This example is indicative of ________.
A) normative commitment
B) continuance commitment
C) affective commitment

D) positive commitment
E) negative commitment
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Normative commitment is an obligation to remain with the organization for
moral or ethical reasons.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 3
36) Which dimension of organizational commitment describes an employee who is "tethered" to
an employer simply because there isn't anything better available?
A) general organizational commitment
B) affective commitment
C) normative commitment
D) continuance commitment
E) incremental commitment
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Continuance commitment is the perceived economic value of remaining with an
organization. Rather than an allegiance (affective commitment) or an obligation (normative
commitment) to an employer, a continuance commitment describes an employee "tethered" to an
employer simply because there isn't anything better available.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3
37) Of the following attitudes, the best predictor of turnover is ________.
A) pay
B) supervision
C) organizational commitment
D) cognitive dissonance
E) affective dissonance

Answer: C
Explanation: C) Research evidence demonstrates negative relationships between organizational
commitment and both absenteeism and turnover. Pay, supervision, cognitive dissonance, and
affective dissonance are not attitudes.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17
Objective: Organizational Commitment
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3

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38) The following answer choices are quotes from employees about their job at Healthy Eating, a
chain of health food stores. Which quote most likely comes from an employee who has a great
deal of organizational commitment?
A) "I am a great believer in the importance of a healthy diet, so I'm glad I am working for a
company that is trying to make simple, healthy food available to all."
B) "I like the fact that in my role as a buyer for Healthy Eating I get to make choices about which
food is good enough for us to sell."
C) "Even though I only work in the produce department for now, it's good to know that the
suggestions I make about how the store could be improved are heard and considered by my
managers."
D) "The challenging nature of the work and the thoughtful and generous way they treat their staff
has made Healthy Eating the best place I have ever worked."
E) "With the benefits it provides, it is vital for me to keep my job. In fact, I will stay with
Healthy Eating for as long as I possibly can."
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and
its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization is organizational commitment.

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 3
39) ________ is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their
contribution and cares about their well-being.
A) Psychological empowerment
B) Employee engagement
C) Perceived organizational support
D) Organizational commitment
E) Job involvement
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Perceived organizational support (POS) is the degree to which employees
believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. Research
shows that people perceive their organization as supportive when rewards are deemed fair, when
employees have a voice in decisions, and when they see their supervisors as supportive.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3

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40) Guillermo's wife was recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Guillermo had to take a
considerable amount of time off work to care for their children, and he was late in completing his
portion of a large project. Guillermo never feared that his job was in jeopardy because of his
absences or his delay in completion of work.
Name the major job attitude relative to the above stated example.
A) psychological empowerment

B) perceived organizational support
C) organizational commitment
D) employee engagement
E) job involvement
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Guillermo believed that his organization would be supportive through his times
of stress. This major job attitude is called perceived organizational support. The belief and sense
that a person has an affect in the work environment is psychological empowerment.
Organizational commitment, the degree to which a person identifies with the organization, and
job involvement, the degree to which a person identifies with the job and participates in it, are
both considered major job attitudes, as is employee engagement, a person's involvement with the
job, but these were not what calmed Guillermo's fears.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Major Job Attitudes
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 3
41) Bryan Eusebius has a positive attitude toward his organization. He feels the management
treats all employees fairly in matters concerning rewards, takes into account employees'
opinions, and overall, is highly supportive. Bryan's attitude toward his employing organization is
indicative of ________.
A) psychological empowerment
B) employee engagement
C) perceived organizational support
D) core self evaluations
E) organizational citizenship
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Perceived organizational support (POS) is the degree to which employees
believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. Research
shows that people perceive their organization as supportive when rewards are deemed fair, when

employees have a voice in decisions, and when they see their supervisors as supportive.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 3

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42) In the context of employee engagement, it is observed that the highly engaged employees
feel a deep connection to their company. Disengaged employees ________.
A) feel disconnected, portraying deviant behavior at work place
B) put in efforts to be as good as engaged employees
C) continue working without affecting the turnover
D) put time but no attention into their work
E) engage in productive activities to prove their worth
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Highly engaged employees have a passion for their work and feel a deep
connection to their company; disengaged employees have essentially checked out—putting time
but not energy or attention into their work.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3
43) An individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work he/she
performs is known as ________.
A) employee engagement
B) job involvement
C) loyalty
D) job satisfaction

E) psychological empowerment
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A new concept is employee engagement, an individual's involvement with,
satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for, the work he/she does. Highly engaged employees have a
passion for their work and feel a deep connection to their company; disengaged employees have
essentially checked out—putting time but not energy or attention into their work.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3
44) Which of the following statements is true about the major job attitudes?
A) They are highly distinct from one another.
B) They are generally resistant to change.
C) They tend to overlap one another.
D) They are not correlated to one another.
E) They are culture-specific.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Evidence suggests that job attitudes are highly related. There is some
distinctiveness among them, but they overlap greatly, for various reasons including the
employee's personality.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 3

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45) Which of the following is the best method for measuring job satisfaction?
A) a single global rating system of 1 to 5 (highly satisfied to highly dissatisfied)
B) the summation of satisfaction of various job facets to reveal an overall score

C) job satisfaction is too broad of a term and there is no good way to measure it
D) the single global rating system and the job facets score are equally accurate
E) the length of time an employee stays on the job and is engaged
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Single global rating system and job facets scoring are two popular approaches
to measuring job satisfaction. Research indicates that one method is essentially as valid as the
other. Although job satisfaction is a broad term, it is perhaps this simplicity which makes it easy
to measure. The length of time an employee stays on the job isn't necessarily an indicator of job
satisfaction.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19
Objective: Measuring Job Satisfaction
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 4
46) Which of the following statements is true about measuring job satisfaction?
A) The simplistic approach of the single global rating system leads to greater inaccuracies.
B) The single global rating method isn't very time consuming.
C) Problem identification and resolution takes more time with the summation of job facets
method.
D) The essence of satisfaction cannot be captured through a single question.
E) The more complex and intricate the measurement method, the better the results.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Both the single global rating system as well as the summation of job facets are
equally valid. This is one of those rare instances in which simplicity seems to work as well as
complexity. The best explanation is that the concept of job satisfaction is so broad a single
question captures its essence. The summation of job facets may also leave out some important
data. Both methods are helpful. The single global rating method isn't very time consuming, thus
freeing time for other tasks, and the summation of job facets helps managers zero in on problems
and deal with them faster and more accurately.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional

LO: 4

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47) Which of the following statements is not a finding from independent studies conducted
among workers in the U.S. and other developed countries over the past 30 years?
A) Most workers are satisfied with their jobs overall.
B) U.S. trends are generally applicable to other developed countries.
C) Employees tend to be most satisfied by the work itself.
D) Rate of pay is strongly correlated with job satisfaction for almost all workers.
E) Employees tend to be least satisfied with pay and promotion opportunities.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Once an individual reaches a level of comfortable living (in the United States,
that occurs at about $40,000 a year, depending on the region and family size), the relationship
between pay and job satisfaction virtually disappears. Research indicates that most workers are
satisfied in their jobs and with the work itself. It is true that U.S. trends are applicable in other
countries and that employees are least satisfied with pay in job satisfaction polls.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19
Objective: Measuring Job Satisfaction
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 4
48) In which of the following categories do people report lower levels of satisfaction?
A) pay
B) coworkers
C) the work itself
D) overall job
E) supervisors
Answer: A

Explanation: A) people are, on average, satisfied with their jobs overall, with the work itself,
and with their supervisors and co-workers. However, they tend to be less satisfied with their pay
and with promotion opportunities.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19
Objective: Measuring Job Satisfaction
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 4

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49) Which major job-satisfaction facet is most strongly correlated with high levels of overall job
satisfaction?
A) work flexibility
B) pay
C) social context of the workplace
D) supervision
E) transparency
Answer: C
Explanation: C) There is a strong correspondence between how well people enjoy the social
context of their work place and how satisfied they are overall. Interdependence, feedback, social
support, and interaction with co-workers outside the work place are strongly related to job
satisfaction even after accounting for characteristics of the work itself.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 5
50) Once an individual reaches a level of comfortable living, the relationship between pay and
job satisfaction ________.
A) becomes stronger

B) turns positive
C) virtually disappears
D) becomes negative
E) weakens, but only slightly
Answer: C
Explanation: C) For people who are poor or who live in poor countries, pay does correlate with
job satisfaction and overall happiness. But once an individual reaches a level of comfortable
living (in the United States, that occurs at about $40,000 a year, depending on the region and
family size), the relationship between pay and job satisfaction virtually disappears. People who
earn $80,000 are, on average, no happier with their jobs than those who earn closer to $40,000.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 5

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51) Charles makes $24,000 a year. Ana makes $40,000 a year. Ellis makes $75,000 a year. Adam
makes $75,000 a year. Shonali makes $30,000 a year.
Which of the following is not a true statement about the usual correlation between pay and job
satisfaction?
A) Charles is less likely to be satisfied with his job than Adam.
B) Ana is as likely to be as satisfied with her job as Ellis.
C) Ellis and Adam are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than Shonali.
D) Charles is less likely to be satisfied with his job than Shonali.
E) Shonali is as likely to be satisfied with her job as Charles.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Research shows that once a person earns a comfortable living at $40,000 in the
U.S. the correlation between pay and job satisfaction disappears, making Ana, Ellis, and Adam

all likely to be equally satisfied with their jobs. For those earning under $40,000 a year, pay is
related to job satisfaction, making Charles likely to be less satisfied than Adam. Since Charles
and Shonali both earn under $40,000 they are likely to be equally dissatisfied.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Job Satisfaction in the U.S.
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 5
52) Ramiro has been a forklift driver for the local grocery store for six years. He earns $32,000 a
year. He works with a nice crew. He plays softball with his coworkers on the weekends. They
also volunteer together at the local food bank during the holidays, and socialize with their
families at summer picnics. Ramiro is highly satisfied with his job.
Which of the following is the most probable cause of Ramiro's high job satisfaction?
A) pay
B) promotion
C) high stress
D) social context
E) work itself
Answer: D
Explanation: D) There is a strong correspondence between how well people enjoy the social
context of their work place and how satisfied they are overall. Ramiro is very active with his
coworkers, which leads to his job satisfaction. Ramiro's pay is under $40,000 which would, in
general, indicate a less comfortable lifestyle and lower level of satisfaction. Ramiro has been
doing the same thing for six years, indicating little promotion or stress. The work itself is
repetitive and would not usually indicate a high level of satisfaction.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: Job Satisfaction in the U.S.
Quest. Category: Application
LO: 5

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53) Compared to people who have a negative core self-evaluation, people who have a positive
core self-evaluation ________.
A) are less satisfied with their jobs
B) see their work as less challenging
C) see their work as less fulfilling
D) are less likely to gravitate toward challenging jobs
E) are less likely to give up when confronting difficulties
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Those with negative core self-evaluations are more likely to give up when
confronting difficulties. Research has shown that people who have positive core self-evaluation,
who believe in their inner worth and basic competence, are more satisfied with their jobs than
those with negative core self-evaluations. Not only do they see their work as more fulfilling and
challenging, they are more likely to gravitate toward challenging jobs in the first place.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21
Objective: Core Self-Evaluation
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 5
54) Employees with positive core self-evaluations believe in their inner worth and basic
competence, and are more satisfied with their jobs than those with negative core self-evaluations.
This concept helps us understand that ________.
A) job satisfaction depends on the psychological engagement of the employee
B) employees should continuously evaluate their level of satisfaction
C) job conditions influence job satisfaction
D) personality also plays a role in job satisfaction
E) organizational commitment is an important aspect of job satisfaction

Answer: D
Explanation: D) Job satisfaction is not just about job conditions. Personality also plays a role.
Research has shown that people who have positive core self-evaluations—who believe in their
inner worth and basic competence—are more satisfied with their jobs than those with negative
core self-evaluations.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21
Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional
LO: 5

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