Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology 9th edition martini test bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) The smallest stable units of matter are
1) _______
A) molecules.
B) neutrons.
C) atoms.
D) electrons.
E) protons.
2) The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has.
A) protons + neutrons
B) electrons
C) protons + electrons
D) protons
E) neutrons

2) _______

3) The "atomic weight" of an atom reflects the average number of
A) electrons.
B) protons.
C) protons + neutrons + electrons.
D) neutrons.
E) protons + neutrons.

3) _______

4) One mole of any element
A) has the same number of electrons.
B) has the same mass.
C) has the same weight.
D) has the same number of atoms.

E) All of the answers are correct.

4) _______

5) The nucleus of an atom consists of
A) protons + neutrons.
B) protons.
C) protons + electrons.
D) electrons.
E) neutrons.

5) _______

6) Isotopes of an element differ in the number of
A) neutrons in the nucleus.
B) electrons in energy shells.
C) electrons in the nucleus.
D) protons in the nucleus.
E) electron clouds.

6) _______

7) The mass number represents the number of
A) electrons in an ion.
B) protons + neutrons.
C) neutrons + electrons.
D) protons in an atom.
E) neutrons in an atom.

7) _______

8) The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons.

8) _______


A) 1

B) 2

C) 6

D) 8

E) 4

9) Radioisotopes have unstable
A) isotopes.
B) protons.
C) nuclei.
D) electron clouds.
E) ions.

9) _______

10) By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body?
A) sodium
B) sulfur
C) oxygen
D) potassium

E) carbon

10) ______

11) Indicate which of these lists contains only trace elements.
A) selenium, hydrogen, calcium
B) sulfur, chlorine, oxygen
C) cobalt, calcium, sodium
D) silicon, fluorine, tin
E) boron, oxygen, carbon

11) ______

12) The atomic number represents the number of
A) electrons in an atom.
B) neutrons in an atom.
C) protons in an atom.
D) chemical bonds the atom may form.
E) protons and neutrons in an atom.

12) ______

13) Helium (He) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it
A) is neutral in electrical charge.
B) will form a covalent bond with another He atom.
C) readily ionizes to react with other atoms.
D) lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable.
E) has a full outer electron shell.

13) ______

14) Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus?
A) argon
B) hydrogen
C) carbon

14) ______
D) helium

E) neon

15) By weight, which element is the second most abundant in the human body?
A) calcium
B) oxygen
C) hydrogen
D) nitrogen
E) carbon

15) ______

16) The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of ________ it has.
A) protons
B) electrons
C) neutrons
D) protons + neutrons

16) ______


E) protons + electrons

17) If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is
A) 12.
B) 16.
C) 18.
D) 8.
E) 26.

17) ______

18) If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a
neutral atom of this element contains
A) 6 protons.
B) 8 electrons.
C) 8 neutrons.
D) 6 protons and 8 electrons.
E) 6 protons and 8 neurons.

18) ______

19) The molecule NO is known as
A) nitrous oxide.
B) nitric oxide.
C) nitric oxygen.
D) noxious oxygen.
E) noxious oxide.

19) ______

20) The molecule CO2 is known as

20) ______

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

carbon monoxide.
carbonated oxygen.
carbonized oxygen.
carbon dioxide.
carbon oxide.

21) The molecule H2 is known as
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

21) ______

helium.
hydrohydrogen.
hydrogen.
hydroxide.
semi-water.

22) When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of

the opposite charges,
A) an ionic bond is formed.
B) a molecule is formed.
C) an ion is formed.
D) a hydrogen bond is formed.
E) a covalent bond is formed.

22) ______

23) Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect
magnesium to form ions with a charge of
A) +1.
B) -2.
C) +2.
D) -1.
E) either +2 or -2.

23) ______

24) Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false?
A) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the properties of water.

24) ______


B) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively
charged atoms.
C) Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules.
D) Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule.
E) Hydrogen bonds are important for holding large molecules together.

25) The molecule O2 is known as
A) organic.

B) oxide.

25) ______
C) oxate

D) a salt

E) oxygen.

26) H2O is an example of a(n)
A) covalent formula.
B) ion.
C) glucose molecule.
D) compound.
E) ionic formula.
27) Which of the following is not a cation?
A) Ca2+
B) Na+

26) ______

27) ______
C) Cl-

D) K+

E) Mg2+

28) A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates
A) hydrophilic attraction.
B) chemical tension.
C) surface tension.
D) heat capacity.
E) static electricity.

28) ______

29) In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward
A) salt.
B) hydrogen ions.
C) buffers.
D) anions.
E) sodium.

29) ______

30) In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward
A) a negative terminal.
B) a positive terminal.
C) the bottom.
D) a pH terminal.
E) an organic terminal.

30) ______

31) The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by
A) the outermost electron shell.

B) the number of protons.
C) the mass of the nucleus.
D) the size of the atom.
E) the number of neutrons.

31) ______

32) Ions with a + charge are called
A) cations.
B) isotopes.
C) radicals.
D) positrons.

32) ______


E) anions.
33) The weakest bond between two atoms is the ________ bond.
A) ionic
B) hydrogen
C) covalent
D) polar
E) nonpolar

33) ______

34) When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form
A) hydrogen bonds.
B) cations.
C) anions.

D) covalent bonds.
E) ionic bonds.

34) ______

35) Ionic bonds are formed when
A) hydrogen forms bonds with negatively charged atoms.
B) an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.
C) atoms share electrons.
D) two or more atoms lose electrons at the same time.
E) a pair of electrons is shared unequally by two atoms.

35) ______

36) If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ occurs.
A) double covalent bond
B) polar covalent bond
C) triple covalent bond
D) single covalent bond
E) hydrogen bond

36) ______

37) Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons
A) will normally form cations.
B) frequently form hydrogen bonds.
C) will normally form anions.
D) are inert gases.
E) will form many compounds.

37) ______

38) Ions in an ionic molecule are held together due to
A) the presence of water molecules.
B) the sharing of electrons.
C) each electron orbiting all of the ions in the molecule.
D) the attraction of similar charges of the ions' protons.
E) the attraction of opposite electrical charges.

38) ______

39) An unequal sharing of electrons results in what type of chemical bonds?
A) hydrogen
B) ionic
C) covalent
D) polar covalent
E) peptide

39) ______

40) Sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of

a

neutral


sodium
atom?

40)

___
___

A) 2

B) 8

C) 4

D) 1

E) 3

41) Oxygen (atomic number 8) requires how many additional electrons to fill its outer electron
shell?
A) 8
B) 1
C) 2
D) 6
E) 4

41) ______

42) The formula for methane gas is CH4. What does the formula 4CH4 represent?

42) ______

A)

B)
C)
D)
E)

4 molecules, each containing a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms
a molecule with 4 carbon atoms and 16 hydrogen atoms
an inorganic compound with ionic bonds
a molecule with 4 carbon atoms
4 molecules, each containing a carbon and a hydrogen atom

43) In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the
________.
A) salt, ion
B) cation, anion
C) anion, cation
D) base, acid
E) acid, base

43) ______

44) In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms. The type of
bond that is formed is an example of a(n)
A) double divalent bond.
B) triple covalent bond.
C) single trivalent bond.
D) hydrogen bond.
E) polar covalent bond.

44) ______

45) In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means ________.
A) a calcium ion that has lost two electrons
B) a calcium ion that has lost two protons
C) a calcium ion that has gained two protons
D) two calcium atoms
E) a calcium ion that has gained two electrons

45) ______

46) Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell and chlorine atoms have seven. The
compound magnesium chloride would contain
A) 1 magnesium and 1 chlorine.
B) 1 magnesium and 2 chlorine.
C) 2 magnesium and 7 chlorine.
D) 2 magnesium and 1 chlorine.
E) impossible to tell without more information

46) ______

47) AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to
A) combustion.
B) replacement.
C) synthesis.
D) metabolism.
E) exchange.

47) ______

48) The reaction N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3 is an example of a(n)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

48) ______

metabolic reaction.
decomposition reaction.
exchange reaction.
synthesis reaction.
enzyme reaction.

49) The reaction A + B + energy → AB is an example of a(n)
A) endergonic reaction.
B) exergonic reaction.
C) equilibrium reaction.
D) exchange reaction.
E) decomposition reaction.

49) ______

50) In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with
A) glucose, causing decomposition.
B) hydrogen, causing decomposition.
C) water, causing decomposition.
D) water, causing synthesis.
E) carbon, causing decomposition.

50) ______

51) Which one of the following statements is not correct about the reaction H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl?

51) ______

A) One molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms.
B) H2 and Cl2 are the reactants.
C) This reaction is easily reversible.
D) HCl is the product.
E) Two molecules of HCl are formed in the reaction.
52) In dehydration synthesis reactions, compounds
A) gain water molecules.
B) convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen.
C) gain electrons.
D) lose water molecules.
E) convert hydrogen and oxygen to water.

52) ______

53) In the reaction listed below, what coefficient needs to be added to balance the equation?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + ________ O2

53) ______

A) 4

B) 6

C) 8

D) 2

E) 10

54) Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be
A) exergonic.
B) thermonuclear.
C) neutral.
D) activated.
E) endergonic.

54) ______

55) All of the following are true concerning enzymes, except that they
A) function as biological catalysts.
B) lower the activation energy required for a reaction.
C) are consumed during the reaction.
D) affect only the rate of a chemical reaction.

55) ______


E) are proteins.
56) Compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are
called
A) enzymes.
B) inorganic compounds.
C) nutrients.

D) metabolites.
E) organic compounds.

56) ______

57) Each of the following is an example of an inorganic compound, except
A) carbohydrates.
B) bases.
C) salts.
D) acids.
E) water.

57) ______

58) Identify which of the following is both an anion and a compound:
A) Na+
B) HCO3C) ClD) NaCl

58) ______
E) K+

59) Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of
A) solutes.
B) electrolytes.
C) molecules that will dissociate when placed into water.
D) hydrophobic compounds.
E) hydrophilic compounds.

59) ______

60) During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions.
These ions can carry a current and so are called
A) electrolytes.
B) acids.
C) anions.
D) counterions.
E) cations.

60) ______

61) Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by
A) water's nonpolar nature.
B) hydration spheres.
C) hydrogen bonding.
D) free radicals.
E) heat capacity of water.

61) ______

62) An example of an inorganic substance is
A) water and carbon dioxide.
B) water.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) fructose.
E) glycerol.

62) ______

63) Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with
A) hydrophobic molecules.

B) water molecules.

63) ______


C) acids.
D) lipid molecules.
E) salts.
64) Which of the following statements about water is not correct?
A) It is composed of polar molecules.
B) It has a relatively low heat capacity.
C) It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body.
D) It contains hydrogen bonds.
E) It can dissolve many substances.

64) ______

65) Which property of water helps keeps body temperature stabilized?
A) thermal inertia
B) kinetic energy
C) surface tension
D) reactivity
E) lubrication

65) ______

66) Of the list below, which has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?
A) pH 1
B) pH 14
C) pH 7

D) pH 2

E) pH 10

66) ______

67) Which pH is closest to normal body pH?
A) pH 8
B) pH 4

E) pH 7

67) ______
C) pH 3

D) pH 2

68) A(n) ________ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) ________ releases hydrogen ions.
A) element; compound
B) molecule; acid
C) base; acid
D) compound; element
E) acid; base

68) ______

69) An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can
A) change the shape of large complex molecules, rendering them nonfunctional.
B) change body fluid pH.
C) disrupt tissue functions.

D) break chemical bonds.
E) All of the answers are correct.

69) ______

70) A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is
A) basic.
B) in equilibrium.
C) acidic.
D) alkaline.
E) neutral.

70) ______

71) The chemical notation that indicates concentration is represented as
A) ||.
B) ().
C) <>.
D) [ ].

E) {}.

72) If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is
A) acidic.
B) alkaline.
C) neutral.

E) a buffer.

73) Which pH of the following is the most acidic?

71) ______

72) ______
D) a salt.

73) ______


A) pH 3

B) pH 2

C) pH 1

D) pH 6

E) pH 4

74) Which pH of the following is the least acidic?
A) pH 6
B) pH 4
C) pH 2

D) pH 3

E) pH 1

74) ______

75) An important buffer in body fluids is
A) H2O.

75) ______

B) NaOH.
C) NaCl.
D) NaHCO3.
E) HCl.
76) Which of the following substances would be most acidic?
A) stomach secretions, pH = 1
B) urine, pH = 6
C) lemon juice, pH = 2
D) tomato juice, pH = 4
E) white wine, pH = 3

76) ______

77) Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is
A) 1.0.
B) 4.5.
C) 6.0.
D) 2.3.

77) ______
E) 12.0.

78) Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance
with a pH of 4?
A) A pH of 4 is greater.

B) A pH of 5 is greater.
C) They are both equal; 4 and 5 are relative values.
D) pH 9, if you mixed the solutions.
E) There is not enough information to determine.

78) ______

79) In the body, inorganic compounds
A) are structural components of cells.
B) can make up proteins.
C) can serve as buffers.
D) are metabolized for cellular energy.
E) are made from organic compounds.

79) ______

80) When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions
and anions. This compound would be
A) a strong base.
B) a weak base.
C) a weak acid.
D) a salt.
E) a strong acid.

80) ______

81) When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na 2HPO4, the pH of the

81) ______

solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the
compound Na2HPO4, except
A) Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.
B) Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer.
C) Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl.


D) Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH.
E) Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid.
82) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as
A) salts.
B) inorganic molecules.
C) organic molecules.
D) acids.
E) bases.

82) ______

83) A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of
A) atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of.
B) elements that form at high pH.
C) atoms that function in the body.
D) amino acids in a globular protein.
E) elements that occur in a salt.

83) ______

84) Artificial sweeteners
A) are usually not broken down by the body.
B) are always some form of carbohydrate.

C) provide the same number of calories as an equivalent amount of sucrose.
D) are naturally similar to sugars.
E) are inorganic sugar substitutes.

84) ______

85) Fructose is
A) a carbohydrate.
B) a hexose.
C) found in male reproductive fluids.
D) an isomer of glucose.
E) All of the answers are correct.

85) ______

86) Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called
A) isotopes.
B) isozymes.
C) isomoles.
D) isotypes.
E) isomers.

86) ______

87) The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is
A) protein.
B) sucrose.
C) glucose.

87) ______

D) caffeine.

E) vitamins.

88) A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is
A) lactose.
B) sucrose.
C) fructose.
D) cellulose.
E) glycogen.

88) ______

89) The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio
is defined as a
A) carbohydrate.
B) lipid.

89) ______


C) protein.
D) saturated fat.
E) nucleic acid.
90) An example of an organic substance is:
A) sodium chloride
B) nitric oxide
C) carbonic acid
D) sucrose
E) oxygen

90) ______

91) Carbohydrate molecules
A) form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes.
B) are composed of C, H, O, and N atoms.
C) contain the genetic information found in cells.
D) are the body's most readily available source of energy.
E) are the building blocks of cellular membranes.

91) ______

92) When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,
A) two new monosaccharides are formed.
B) a disaccharide is formed.
C) hydrolysis occurs.
D) a polysaccharide is formed.
E) a starch is formed.

92) ______

93) To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be ________ to/from from
monomers. This process is called ________.
A) added; hydrolysis
B) removed; crenation
C) added; denaturation
D) removed; dehydration synthesis
E) added; ionization

93) ______

94) Lipids
A) form essential structural components of cells.
B) cushion organs against shocks.
C) help to maintain body temperature.
D) provide a significant energy reserve.
E) All of the answers are correct.

94) ______

95) A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be
A) polyunsaturated.
B) hydrogenated.
C) saturated.
D) monounsaturated.
E) carboxylated.

95) ______

96) Alaska Natives have a lower incidence of heart disease even though their diets are high in fat
and cholesterol. This may be due to the large amount of ________ in their diets.
A) vitamins
B) prostaglandins
C) omega-3 fatty acids

96) ______


D) triglycerides
E) oleic acid

97) Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?
A) 3 glycerol molecules
B) 3 glycerol molecules and 3 fatty acid molecules
C) 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule
D) 1 glycerol molecule
E) 3 fatty acid molecules

97) ______

98) A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of
A) proteins.
B) glycogen.
C) sex hormones and plasma membranes.
D) sex hormones.
E) plasma membranes.

98) ______

99) Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of
A) cholesterol.
B) prostaglandins.
C) monoglycerides.
D) triglycerides.
E) phospholipids.

99) ______

100) Lipids that are produced by nearly every tissue in the body and act as local regulators are the
A) phospholipids.
B) glycolipids.

C) steroids.
D) monoglycerides.
E) prostaglandins.

100) _____

101) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of
A) structural lipids.
B) lipid drugs.
C) dietary fats.
D) prostaglandins.
E) steroids.

101) _____

102) A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is
A) polyunsaturated.
B) saturated.
C) denatured.
D) dehydrated.
E) unsaturated.

102) _____

103) Lipids are composed of fatty acids and
A) polypeptides.
B) glycerol.
C) amino acids.
D) monosaccharides.
E) sugars.

103) _____


104) The monomers of protein are
A) fatty acids.
B) nitrogen base.
C) glucose.
D) nucleotides.
E) amino acids.
105) Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.
A) carboxyl
B) amino
C) neutral

104) _____

105) _____
D) reactant

E) active

106) You would expect a peptide bond to link
A) two simple sugars.
B) two nucleotides.
C) a sugar and a peptide.
D) two amino acids.
E) a peptide and a fatty acid.

106) _____

107) Each amino acid differs from another in the
A) size of the amino group.
B) number of carboxyl groups.
C) number of peptide bonds in the molecule.
D) nature of the side chain.
E) number of central carbon atoms.

107) _____

108) The term ________ means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.
A) saturation
B) monoreactive
C) inertia
D) activation
E) specificity

108) _____

109) A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called ________.
A) a polypeptide chain
B) fibrous or globular
C) nucleic acid
D) an R group
E) an isozyme

109) _____

110) The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of ________ protein structure.
A) tertiary

B) quaternary
C) pentanary
D) secondary
E) primary

110) _____

111) Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is ________
structure.
A) quaternary
B) tertiary
C) pentagonal
D) secondary
E) primary

111) _____


112) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and
A) lipids.
B) inorganic compounds.
C) carbohydrates.
D) fatty acids.
E) nucleic acids.

112) _____

113) Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?
A) -COOH
B) -OH

C) -AMO

113) _____
D) -NH2

E) -PO3

114) The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction occurs at
A) synthesis.
B) saturation limit.
C) hydrolysis.
D) reversible.
E) dehydration.

114) _____

115) How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function?
A) The enzyme would not be able to function.
B) The enzyme would function more quickly.
C) The enzyme's function would not be altered.
D) The enzyme would function more slowly.
E) The enzyme would cease to function after reaching a maximum rate.

115) _____

116) An example of an organic substance is:
A) lipid and protein
B) nucleic acid
C) lipid, nucleic acid, and protein
D) lipid

E) protein

116) _____

117) Molecules that store and process genetic information are the
A) lipids.
B) steroids.
C) nucleic acids.
D) carbohydrates.
E) proteins.

117) _____

118) An amino acid is to a protein as ________ is to a nucleic acid.
A) a purine
B) a nucleotide
C) a proton
D) a neutron
E) a protein

118) _____

119) A nucleotide consists of
A) a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.
B) a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
C) a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
D) a five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.
E) a five-carbon sugar and phosphate group.

119) _____

120) According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with
the base
A) uracil.
B) thymine.
C) adenine.
D) cytosine.
E) guanine.

120) _____

121) Adenine and guanine are
A) nucleotides represented by A and G.
B) purines represented by T and C.
C) purines represented by A and G.
D) pyrimidines represented by A and G.
E) pyrimidines represented by T and C.

121) _____

122) The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that
A) DNA contains pyrimidines but not purines.
B) RNA contains pyrimidines but not purines.
C) RNA contains purines but not pyrimidines.
D) the backbone of RNA contains ribose.
E) DNA contains purines but not pyrimidines.

122) _____

123) The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is
A) DNA.
B) adenosine triphosphate.
C) adenosine monophosphate.
D) RNA.
E) adenosine diphosphate.

123) _____

124) A high-energy bond in ATP is present
A) between the first and second phosphate group.
B) between the second and third phosphate group.
C) between adenine and a phosphate group.
D) between adenine and ribose.
E) between phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3.

124) _____

125) The phosphorylation of adenosine forms
A) 2ATP.
B) ribose.
C) ATP.

125) _____
D) ADP.

E) AMP.

126) Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP.
A) adenosine diphosphate

B) deoxyribonucleic acid
C) adenine
D) adenosine triphosphate
E) ribose

126) _____

127) AMP + P →
A) ADP

127) _____
B) DNA

C) 2ADP

D) ATP

E) adenine

128) The average time between synthesis and breakdown is known as the ________ time.
A) anabolism
B) metabolism
C) turnover
D) specificity
E) catabolism

128) _____


129) Muscle proteins are destroyed after 17 days and then replaced. This is an example of

A) disease.
B) surveillance.
C) specificity.
D) metabolic turnover.
E) surface tension.

129) _____

130) Continuous breakdown and replacement of cellular molecules is termed
A) metabolic turnover.
B) metabolism.
C) organic chemistry
D) anabolic turnover.
E) catabolic turnover.

130) _____

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
131) A(n) ________ is a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind.
131) ____________
132) The center of an atom is called the ________.

132) ____________

133) Electrons whirl around the center of the atom at high speed, forming a(n) ________.

133) ____________

134) Electrons in an atom occupy an orderly series of electron shells or ________.

134) ____________

135) The actual mass of an atom is known as its ________ ________.

135) ____________

136) Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but
different numbers of neutrons, are called ________.

136) ____________

137) The ________ of a radioactive substance is the time required for 50 percent of a given
amount of radioisotope to decay.

137) ____________

138) Ions with a positive charge are called ________.

138) ____________

139) Ions with a negative charge are called ________.

139) ____________

140) Kinetic energy is stored as ________ energy when a spring is stretched.

140) ____________

141) Chemical reactions that release energy are called ________.

141) ____________

142) Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called ________.

142) ____________

143) The three familiar states of matter are solids, liquids, and ________.

143) ____________

144) Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by ________.

144) ____________

145) In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called a(n)
________.

145) ____________

146) Compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called ________
molecules.

146) ____________


147) Compounds that do not usually contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called
________ molecules.

147) ____________

148) A(n) ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute.

148) ____________

149) Soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions will conduct an electric current are called
________.

149) ____________

150) Molecules that do not readily interact with water are called ________.

150) ____________

151) The ________ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
expressed in moles per liter.

151) ____________

152) All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________.

152) ____________

153) In water, phospholipids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside
called ________.

153) ____________

154) Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological
membranes are called ________.

154) ____________

155) Individual steroids differ in the ________ attached to the carbon rings.

155) ____________

156) The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called ________.

156) ____________

157) The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine.

157) ____________

158) The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are ________ and cytosine.

158) ____________

159) The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a
_______ base.

159) ____________

160) A(n) ________ is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy.

160) ____________

161) In the process of ________ a phosphate group is transferred to a molecule.

161) ____________

162) The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and ________.

162) ____________

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
163) The element sulfur has an atomic number of 16 and mass number of 32. How many neutrons are in the
nucleus of a sulfur atom? If sulfur forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, how many hydrogen atoms can
bond to one sulfur atom?
164) What role do buffer systems play in the human body?
165) Blood has a very narrow normal pH range but urine has a very broad normal pH range. What does that
indicate about the physiology of pH?
166) Explain the role of water molecules in polysaccharide formation.
167) How does the DNA molecule control the appearance and function of a cell?


1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)

15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)

45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)

C
D
C
D
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
C
E
B
E
D
C
E
B
D
C
A

C
B
E
D
C
C
D
A
A
A
B
D
B
B
D
E
D
D
C
A
B
B
A
B
C
D
A
C
C

52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
60)
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)
70)
71)
72)
73)
74)
75)
76)
77)
78)
79)
80)

81)
82)
83)
84)
85)
86)
87)
88)
89)
90)
91)
92)
93)
94)
95)
96)
97)
98)
99)
100)
101)
102)
103)

D
B
A
C
D
A

B
D
A
B
A
B
B
A
B
E
C
E
E
D
B
C
E
D
A
E
A
C
E
A
C
A
A
E
E
C

E
A
D
D
B
D
E
A
C
C
C
D
E
A
B
B


104)
105)
106)
107)
108)
109)
110)
111)
112)
113)
114)
115)

116)
117)
118)
119)
120)
121)
122)
123)
124)
125)
126)
127)
128)
129)
130)
131)
132)
133)
134)
135)
136)
137)
138)
139)
140)
141)
142)
143)
144)
145)

146)
147)
148)
149)
150)
151)
152)
153)
154)
155)

E
E
D
D
E
D
D
A
C
D
B
A
C
C
B
C
E
C
D

B
E
E
D
A
C
D
A
element
nucleus
electron cloud
energy levels
atomic weight
isotopes
half-life
cations
anions
potential
exergonic
endergonic
gases
enzymes
pathway
organic
inorganic
solution
electrolytes
hydrophobic
pH
carboxylic acid group

micelles
phospholipids
side chains


156)
157)
158)
159)
160)
161)
162)
163)

deoxyribose
adenine
thymine
nitrogenous
high-energy bond
phosphorylation
energy
The number of neutrons in an atom is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number. Thus, sulfur has 32 - 16
= 16 neutrons. The atomic number indicates the number of protons, so a neutral sulfur atom contains 16 protons
plus 16 electrons to balance the protons electrically. The electrons would be distributed as follows: 2 in the first
electron shell, 8 in the second, and the remaining 6 in the third. To achieve a full 8 electrons in the third (outermost)
electron shell, the sulfur atom can accept 2 electrons in an ionic bond or can share 2 electrons in a covalent bond.
Because hydrogen atoms can share one electron in a covalent bond, the sulfur atom can form two covalent bonds
with hydrogen, one with each of two hydrogen atoms. In chemical notation, this is H 2S.

164) Buffer systems help maintain pH within normal limits by removing or replacing hydrogen ions as needed.

165) Homeostasis requires that the pH of body fluids be maintained almost constant to avoid disruptions of healthy
function. To accomplish this, the urinary system eliminates or retains hydrogen ion as needed. These actions cause
the pH of urine to vary widely, depending on whether there is too much or not enough hydrogen ion in the body.
166) Water molecules are removed in the dehydration synthesis of polysaccharides.
167) The DNA molecule controls the synthesis of enzymes and structural proteins. By controlling the synthesis of
structural proteins, the DNA is able to influence the physical appearance of a cell. By controlling the production of
enzymes, the DNA is able to control all aspects of cellular metabolism and thus control the activity and biological
functions of the cell.