DSpace at VNU: Effects of using wastewater as nutrient sources on soil chemical properties in peri-urban agricultural systems

VNU ỉo u rn a l of Science, F.arth Sciences 24 (2008) 87-95

Effects of using wastewater as nutrient sources on soil
chemical properties in peri-urban agricultural systems
N g u y e n M a n h K h a i1'4, P h a m T h a n h T u a n 2, N g u y e n C o n g V in h 3, I n g rid O b o r n 4
Coỉỉcgc of Science, VNU

1

2 Department o f Environmental Impact Asscssmcnt and Appraisal,
M inistry o/N aturaỉ Resources and Environmcnt ( MONRE)
’ Soils and Fertiỉizers ỉnstitutc
4 Department of Soil Sãcnces and Environment,

Sĩocdish University of Agriadturaỉ Scicnccs (SLU)
Kcccivod 27 M ay 2008; rcccivcd in rcviscd ío rm 5 July 2008

A bstract. R cu sing d o m estic w a stc w n te r for irrigation and a p p ly in g bio so lid s as a íertiliser in crop
p ro d u ctio n a rc com m on practiccs in pcri-u rban arcas of V ietnam . T his stu d y investigatcs thc cffects
o f u sin g d o m cstic w a stc w ater in ficld cxpcrim cnts on riu v iso ls soils in pcri-urban arcas of l ỉanoi
an d N am D inh cities. VVe co m p a rc d long-tcrm (30-50 ycars) w a sto w ater-irrig atcd ricc-dom inated
íarm in g sy stem s. U sing w a stc w a tc r for irrigation signiíicantly affcctcd pl 1, electrical conductivity
(KC), exchan g eablc K a n d N a a n d rc v ersc aqun rí$/rt-digestiblc (Rcv Aq R cịị) co p p c r (Cu), lcad (Pb)
an d zinc (Zn) in the in v e stig a tc d a rc a s com pared \vith con troi plots irrigntcd using riv er w atcr.
ĩh c rc w crc n o sig n iíican t cffccts o f w astcw atcr irrigation o n th c NI I .N O .vextrnctablc íraction of
c ad m iu m (C d) and o th c r trac c m ctals, but th c r.D T A -extractable íraction of C u # Pb a n d Zn w as
sig n iíican tly in crcascd.
Kci/ĩOữrds: SF. A sia; hcnvy m ctals; irrigation; p a d d y soils; tracc elem onts

1. Introduction

The advantagos of reusing w astew ater arc
that it providcs a convcnient disposal of
w aste products and has the beneíicial aspects
of ad d in g valuable plant nutrients and
organic m atter to soil. Purthcrm ore, the reusc
of w astow atcr for irrigation as a íertiliser
source is a com m on and popular practice,
cspocially in pcri-urban aroas. W astowater is
often the only source of w atcr for irrigation.
Evon in arcas vvhere w astew ater is not the
solc vvater source for agricultural irrigation,
íarm crs still proíor using sew age for irrigation
by rcason of its nutritivc valuc, vvhich ređuccs
expcnditurc on chcm ical ícrtilisers [10,17].

Urbanisation and industrialisation are
leading to pro d u ctio n of a h u g c volum e of
eííluents in m any countries. Industrial,
agricultural and dom estic cffluents such as
biosolids and w astow ater are eith er d u m p cd
on land or used for irrigation an d íertilisation
purposes, vvhich creates both o p p o rtunitics
and problem s [24].

* Corrosponding author. Tcl.: 84-4*5583306.
K-mail: khainm ểvnu.vn

87

Ngm/cn Maiĩh Khni ctnl. / VNU Ịountnl o f Science, Eartlt Sciences 24 (2008) 87-95

88

Hovvever, as vvastes are products of
hum an society, onhancod concentrations of
potential toxic substances including traco
m etals are generally ío und in waste\vater,
w hich m ay lim it the long-term usc of
effluents for agricultural p u rp o ses due to the
likclihood of phytotoxicity, hoalth and
envừonm ental effects (1, 14]. Anothcr
problem
of
w astcw atcr
disposal
on
agricultural land is tho potentially phytotoxic
naturc of organic vvastes, m ainly as a result of
com bination of íactors such as high salinity or
excess of am m onium ions, organic com pounds
or low m olccular w eight íatty acids, vvhich
e.g. m ay inhibit soed germ ination | 6 , 10].
If the content of trace m ctals increascs
above a ccrtain critical concentration due to
theừ accum ulation in soil, this can have
negative environm ental effccts, which can

includc negative effccts on soil biota and
honce on m icrobial and íaunal activity [7ị.

Furthermoro, tracc m etals can affect crop
grow th and quality, and thus pose risks for
hum an health [2, 6, 12]. Thereíorc, thc risk of
contam ination by trace m otals m ust bc
considcred vvhon wastcvvater is applicđ and
understanding of thc behaviour of m ctals in
thc
soil
is
essential
for
assessing
environinental risks of ap p lying w astew ater

in agro-ocosystem s.
T h e m ain objective (>f this papor w as to
q u an tiíy thc cffects of reuse of vvastowatcr as
n u tricn t sources by: (i) invcstigatúig the
effccts of long-term vvastcvvatcr ừ rigation on
soil pH , EC, organic carbon, total nitrogcn
and trace m etals (cadm ium (Cd), copper (Cu)y
lcad (Pb) and zinc (Zn)); (ii) invcstigating the
cííects
of
application
of
w astcw atcr,

espocially

as

rcgards

tracc

mctal

accum ulation and solubility.

2. M ate rials and m eth o d s
2.7. Locatiou of thc rcscarch arcas
Soil sam ples w cro collccted from periu rb an arcas in tvvo provinces of V ietnam ,
including Hanoi, N am Dinh (Table 1). Tho
sam p led arcas are locatod in dclta and
low land areas vvith a tropical m onsoon
clim ate. T he annual rainíall is 1500-2000 m m ,
and m orc than 50% of thc rainíall is
concentrated during Junc to A ugust. T he
m ean m onthly tem porature varies betvveen 17
and 29"c, w ith tho w arm cst pcriod from Junc
to A ugust and the coldest d u rin g Decombor
and January.

T able 1. D cscription of w a stc w a tc r (full-scale case s tu d ic s) in cx p e rim en ts on P luvisols in
p cri-u rb an arcas o f H anoi and N a m D inh citics, V ictnani
No.

Location

Soil irrig atc d by

Posỉtion

N am c

C ro p

A p p licatio n

S am p lin g tim c

1

Ilan o i
F luvisols

W astcw atcr

N: 20°57.52'
K: 105°49.68'

T rc a tm e n t

Ricc

Since 1960s

Ju n c 2004

R iver w ntcr

N: 20°58.12'
E: 105°48.15’

C e n tra l

Rice

W a stc w atcr

N: 20°44.93’
E: 106°20.98'

T re atm en t

Rice

R ivcr w atcr

N: 20°43.43'

Con troi

Rice

2

Ju n c 2004

N am D inh
F luvisols

E: 106o20.68’

Sincc 1980s

Ju n c 2004
Ju n c 2004


N^UI/CIÌ M anh Khai ct nị. / VNU Ịourtml o f Sãencc, ĩ.nrth Sciences 24 (2008) 87-95

2.2. Wastaoatcr irrigation in pcri-urban agriailtural
production systems
The sevvage ừ rig atio n study arcas are
located ừi u rb an rcgions dovvnstream from
Hanoi City and N am Dinh City. Tho soil
typcs arc Eutric Fluvisol at tho Hanoi site,
and H um i-E ndogleyic Fluvisol (Eutric) at tho
Nam Dinh sito according to tho World
Rcíorcnce Baso for Soil Resources. T he soils
are íertile and suitable for grow ing crops.
Rice has been th e m ain crop in these areas,
but therc is a ten d en cy of changing from rice
to vegotable p ro d u ctio n d u e to incrcasing
dcm and from the innor City m arkots of Hanoi
and Nam Dinh. At tho Hanoi site, sevvage
w atcr has been usod for irrigation since thc
1960s. Bocause o f vvater scarcity, agricultural

land has boen irrigated by sevvage from Kim
Nguu River, w hich runs thrọugh tho urban
arca to rural agricultural land [8, 9]. At the
Nam Dinh site, irrigation using vvastevvater
started in thc 1980s as a rosult of increasing
urbanisation. Tho sow agc m ainly com prises
dom cstic w ater but also includes vvastovvater
and dischargcs from industrial activities in
the urban areas |4, 20]. In N am Dinh, the soil
sam ples vvere takcn in the íields vvhore the
DANIDA-IWMI project on vvastevvater reuse
in agriculturc in V ietnam w as carried out [20].
2.3. Soil sampling stratcgy and sainplc prcparation
For assessment of the im pact of wastovvater,
soil sam ples w erc takcn from the topsoil (0-20
cm) of all stu d y sitcs in pcri-urban arcas of
Hanoi (n=4) and N am Dinh (n=8) u sing a soil
auger. At cvery sam p lin g point, 3 to 5 subsamplos w crc takon from approxim ately 250
m 2 and m ixed to obtain a bulk sam plc. Nonvvastewater irrigatcd soils ("natural" river
irrigation) w ere also sam plcd for com parison
(n=4 for Hanoi, an d n=8 for N am Dinh).

89

A íter air drym g at room tcm peraturo, thc
soil sam plos vvere ground and sievod to
rem ovc particlos > 2 m m , and then stored in
plastic bags. The soil sam plos w crc brought to
Sw edon (SLU) for analysis.
2.4. Soil analysis

Total N (Ntot) and total organic carbon
(TOC) vvas detorm incd on íinoly ground
sam plcs on a LECO CH N analyser (Lcco
CH N*CHN 932 analyser). Prior to the
analyses, tho sam plos worc trcatcd by 4M
HC1 (1:1 soil:solution ratio) for dissolution of
carbonates. T he soil EC and pH vvere
m oasurcd in deionisod H :0 (1:5 soil:solution
ratio), and pHcaci: vvas doterm inod aftcr
addition of 0.5M CaC l; [18]. Tho soil sam plcs
wcru cxtractod w ith IM N H jN O j for 2 hours
(1:2,5 soil:so!ution ratio) to quantiíy thc
exchangoablo and spociíically adsorbod
íraction of trace m ctals (i.c. Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn)
|3|. Potentially bioavailable metals wcro
extracted vvith 0.025 M (Na):EDTA (1:10
soilisolution ratio) for 1.5 h |19|. The reversc
acịua rcgia (3:1 HNO.;:HCl ratio)-digestible
ừaction (Rcv Aij Rcg) of C d ; Cu, Pb and Zn
w as extracted using a m ethod dcscribcd by
Stcvens et al. [18]. Aíter contriíugation,
íiltration an d dilution (if neccssary) m etal
concentrations
vvere
determ ined
by
inductivcly couplcd plasm a-m ass spoctrometry
(ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer ELAN 6100).
2.5. VVatcr sampling and ĩoatcr analysis
In N am Dinh and Hanoi, vvater samples

w ere colloctcd in su m m er 2004 from the Red
Rivèr and w astew ater channcls, which wcre
the irrigation sourcos at the study sites. The
pH and EC in these vvatcr sam ples vvere
dcterm ined
directly
after
sam pling.
Polyethylene bottles that had been pre-


N guyên Manh Khni et a i / VNU Ịounml of Science, Lnrth Sciences 24 (2008) 87-95

90

w ashed w ith acid and distilled w ater and
dricd wero used, and aíter sam pling, a few
drops of concentratcd HC1 vvere added prior
to chem ical analysis.
VVater sam ples vvcre analysed for thcừ
total concentrations of Ca, Cd, Cu, K, Mg, N,
p, Pb and Zn. O n e aliquot of the sam ples vvas
digested w ith boiling concentrated H N O 3
beíore determ ination of the total conccntration
of K by ílam e spectrom otry; Ca, Mg and Na,
by atom ic ad so rp tio n spcctrophotom etry
(AAS, Perkin Elm er 300); Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn
by ICP-MS, an d total p by H N O 3 digestion
followod by detcrm in atio n of PO 4-P w ith the
ascorbic acid m ethod [5]. Total N vvas

quantiíied as described elsevvhere [9Ị.

with the river vvater. Tho \vastow ator also had
signiíicantly
highcr
conccntrations
of
nutricnts and traco m ctals com parcd vvith the
river w ater. This indicatcd that non-treatcd
vvastcwater containod both nutrients that are
of value for irrigation of crops in agricultural
system s, and potontial toxic elem ents that can
aííect soil production capacity an d crop
quality. A com parison botweon w astew aters
in H anoi and N am Dinh show ed that the
conccntrations in Hanoi vvastevvater w ere
significar>tly higher for m ost elcm ents
included in the study (i.c. Cd, Cu, K, Na, N,„„
P1o1/ Pb, Zn).
3.2. Effccts o f applying ĩoastaoater on soil pH and
elcctrical conductivity

2.6. Statistical analysis
Data from tho experim ents wero analyscd
using the G eneral Lincar Modcl (GLM)
procedure of M initab Softw are version 14.
T reatm ent m ean s w hich shovvòti signiíicant
differenccs at th e probability level of p<0.05
w ere com parcd using T ukey's pairw ise
comparison procedure. The sourco of irrigation

w ater w ithin sites (vvastcvvater and river
vvater) w as usod as a íactor in the m odel. Tho
statistical m odel used vvas ]/,j = ụ + a, + c ,j,
w here ụ is the m e a n value for all treatm ent, a,
the diíícrent betw con m ean valuo-' of
treatm cnt i w ith ovorall m ean, and e,j is the
random error.

A pplying
w astew ater
for irrigation
signiíicantly increased soil pH (pHn 20 an d
pH can:) at both s tu d y sites (H anoi an d N am
Dinh) (Tablo 3), probably d u c to w astcw ator
being m ore alkalino than rivcr vvater (Tablc
2). T he sim ilar cííoct w as obscrved for
electrical conductivity, w hich \vas highcr in
the vvastevvater troatm cnts than in the control
(river).
3.3. Effccts of applying ĩvastaoatcr on soil organic
carbon and total rtitroỊỊcn contcnts

Tho results of tho irrigation vvatcr analysis

Rcusc of vvastevvater for irrigation causod
an ừicrease in total organic carbon (TOC)
contcnt and total nitrogen (Nio,) in the soil at
both study sites (Fig. 1). Tho soils that had
reccived vvastevvater for irrigation had 1.68%
TO C and 0.19% N|0I at the Hanoi site and

2.67% TOC and 0.26% N,ci at the Nam Dinh
site. T he corresponding valucs for control
sam ples w erc 1.29% (TOC), 0.15% (Nuh) and

are presentod ừì Tablc 2. Tho pH and EC vvere

1.85%, (TOC), 0.21% (N,ot) for Hanoi and Nam

signiíicantly highcr in thc vvastevvater comparcxi

Dinh, respectivcly.

3. R esults
3.1. Irrigation watcr quality


Nguì/Cĩí M anh Khai ct aỉ. / VNU Ịũuntaỉ c f Science, Earth Sciences 24 (2008) 87-95

91

T ab le 2. VVatcr q u a lity o f th c R ed Rivcr w atcr an d w astew atcr u scd for irrigation in I Ianoi an d N a m Dinh.
D ifferent lcttcrs (a, b) d c n o tc signiíicant diffcrcnccs b etw een sources of irrigation w a tc r w ithin sitcs (P<0.05)

No

P aram o ter

1
2
3

4
5

pH
EC
T otal n itro g en (N IO|)
lo ta l p h o s p h o ru s (IV,)
P o tassiu m (K)

6

S odium (Nn)

7

C aỉcium (Ca)
M agnesium (M g)
Lcad (Pb)
Z inc (Zn)
C o p p e r (Cu)
C a d m iu m (C d)

8

9
10
11
12

N am Dinh

Red River
(n=4)
7.1“

U nits

d s m*1
mg ư

0.20*
4.1a
0.6a

m g i;1

I lanoi
W astcw ater
(n=5)

Red
R iver
(n=4)

YVastexvater

8.0b
0.82b
10.8b
2.0
6.8b

6.9“
0.21*
3.9“
0.5“
4.1“

7.9b
0.86b
19.2b
4.4b
12.8b

28.6“
54.6
142
2“
24“
18*

135.7b
54.3
12.4
3b
236b

m g l/1
m g i;1
m g l .'1
m g I.-'

3.1a
32.5a
46.7
12.5

85.5b
48.9

ng I.-'
ng L '

1*
32*
14*
0 .2 *

2

M8 L-'
L-'

10 .1

b
67b
42b
0.5b

(n=6)

82b
0.9b

0.5*

T able 3. Electric co n d u c tiv ity (KC, ỊiS cnV1), pl I, cxchangcablc Ca, M g, Na, K (IM NI Ỉ 4N O 3 extractablc; g k g '1)
in topsoỉl (0 - 2 0 cm ) sa m p le s from cx p erim cn ts vvỉth rcu se of w astcw atcr. I)iffcrcnt lcttcrs d e n o te signiíican t
d iffcrenccs betw een treatm en ts at thc s a m c sitc (P<0.05)

Site
I la n o i
C on troi
VVastevvntcr
N a m D inh
C o n tro l
VVastevvator

E xchangeablo

EC1

pÈ 1*1120

pl

62.80“
102.75b

6.45*

6.70b

5.69a

78.25*
179.38b

5.99*

5.42*
5.71b

6.36b

ỉ 2CaC12

5.96b

K

Na

Ca

Mg

0.06a
0.16b

0.04a

0.09b

0.89

0.19

1.0 0

0 .2 2

0.06*

0.04*
0.170

1.55
1.60

0.18

0 .1 2

b

0 .2 1

1 p l ỉ in H ị O , ratio soiỉ: loatcr - ĩ: 5
2 p H in 0.05 M CnC.Ỉ2, ratìosoiỉ: soỉutioìì = 1:5
3 IM N ỉ I 4N O 3 extractable, ratio soil: solution = 1:2.5

3.0
S C o n tro l

s

2.5

ễ

2.0

I b

a T re a tm e n t
■
■

8

rb

1.5

3

Ị P

I I
T

I

1.0

05

1

I

0.0
Hanoi

Nam Dinh

Hanoi

Nam Dinh

Fig. 1. Lffcct of w a ste w a te r irrig atio n on soil chem ical properties, total o rg a n ic carbon (T O C %), total nitro g en
(Nịov %)• D ifferent lcttcrs d c n o te signiíicant diffcrcnccs betw ccn tre a tm c n t and control at th c sam e site (P<0.05).


Ngui/ai Manh Klmi et al. / VNU Ịourììnl oỊScicncc, F.nrtlỉ Sciences 24 (2008) 87-95

92

3.4. EJfects ofapplying umstcĩvatcr on trace mctal
conccntrations in soil

extractable) in vvastevvater-treated soils vvere
signiíicantly highcr than in control soils (no
difference for Cd). The N H 4N 03-extractcd
ÍTactions of C d, Cu, Pb and Zn constituted
only a sm all proportion of tho EDTAextracted íractions. Hovvevcr, thcro w as no
signiíicant diffcrenco betvvcon treatcd soils
and control soils in tho exchangeable
(NH^NO.ị) íraction of thcso metals (Table 4).
The
reason
of
this m ight
bo lovv
concentrations in com bination vvith a variation
bctvveen thc rcplicates.

The concentrations of reverse aqua regia
(Rev Aq ífcg)-digestible Cu, Pb and Zn in soils
receiving vvastevvater vverc signiíicantly
higher than those in soils receiving river
vvater. Thcre w as no signiíicant differencc in
Cd concentration (Rev Aq Rcg) bctvveen

vvastcvvatcr ừrigated soils and control soils
(Fig. 3). T he
potontially
bioavailablc
conccntrations of Cu, Pb and Zn (EDTA45
40 i
35

ì

D
ố
cn
cú
(r
cr
<
ồ
ír

140 Ị

:b

E3Control
r

HTreatment

a

120

í-

30
25

3m

20

II

15
10
5
0

O) 100 j
£
•*»»
80
c
N
co
cr
cr
<
40

illíl

Tb

ồ

cr

20 0

Hanoi

I

Nam Dinh

Nam Dinh

Hanoi
45 •

0.20

40 •
0.16

35 •
ơ)
E

0.12

30

-Q
O. 2 5 I

3
O)
Ề 0 08
£ĩ 0.04

cn
0 20
cr
< 15
>
ó 10
lỉ:

0.00

0

òẽ

5

Hanoi

Hanoi

Nam Dinh

Nam Dinh

Fig. 2. Effect of rcusc o f w a ste w ater on rcversc nqua rcgia (R ev A q Reg)-cxtractab le C đ, Cu, Pb an d /.n (m g k g '1)
conoentrations in soil. Diffcrcnt letters dcnotc significant differences bct woen trcatm ent and control at tho sam c sitc (P<0.05).
Tabie 4. Effect of w astew ater application on 0.025 M EDTA (m g kg ' 1 d w ) a n d IM N ỉ Ỉ 4N O 3 extractablc (m g kg 1 dvv)
tracc m ctals. Differcnt lottcrs den o te signiíicant differcnccs bct\vccn trca tm c n t and contro! at thc sam c sitc (P<0.05)
Si te
H an o i
C ontrol
T reatm ent
N am D in h
C ontrol
T reatm en t

ED TA -extractable
Cu

Zn

Cd

8.21a

1.85*

0 .1 1 2

9.53b

2.9 7b

N I l 4NO_rCxtractable
Pb

Cu

Zn

Cd

Pb

a

7.18a

0.002

0.150

0.0059

0.004

0.105a

8.89b

0.004

0.205

0.0076

0.007

10.99a 1.63*

0 .1 2 0

b

11.10*

0.009

0 .12 0

0.0093

0 .0 11

12.65b

0.126b

15.32b

0.006

0.180

0.0125

0.038

1.75b


N guì/ai Manh Khai et ni. / VNU Ịountal o f Science, Larth Sciences 24 (200S) 87-95

4. D iscussion
Analyses of soil sam plcs collected to
assoss the im pacts of sew agc irrigation on the
irrigated agricultural soils of p eri-urban areas
of Hanoi and N am Dinh cities show ed that
reuso of m unicip al vvastevvater for irrigation
had signiíicantly incrcased both TOC and Nioi
in soils. This íind in g is in agreem ont vvith
previous studies w h ere wastevvatcr irrigation
had becn show n to increase soil organic c
and N [15]. Hovvover, a potential h a /a rd to
peri-urban crop pro d u ctio n vvas revealcd duc
to the accum ulation of trace m etals in
íigricultural soils irrigatod vvith sovvagc.
M unicipal vvastevvater contains a variety
of inorganic substances from dom estic and
industrial sources, including a num bor of
potontially toxic elcm cnts such as arsenic
(As), cadm ium (Cd), chrom ium (Cr), coppcr
(Cu), m ercury (Hg), load (Pb), zinc (Zn), ctc.

Ị 16). According to tho annual rep o rt on the
environm ental statu s of Viotnam m ad e by
VEPA Ị22|, íhesc potential toxic elem ents are
com m only presont in dom ostic vvastevvater of
m any cities in V ietnam . Even if potontial toxic
clcm ents in w astow ater are not prescnt in
conccntrations likoly to dircctly aííect
hum ans and thus liinit thcir agricultural use,
thoy socm to be hig h cr than in n atu ral river
vvater, vvhich w ould
contam inate tho
agricultural soils in the long-term . As a rcsult,
tho concentrations of tracc inotals (Cu, Pb and
Zn) in thc vvastevvater-irrigated soils vvere
signiíicantly highor th an in control soils,
indicating that th e application of vvastevvater
had cnrichcd the soil vvith trace m etals. Liu ct
al. (2005) studied tho impact of sevvago irrigation
on trace m etal contam ination in Beijing and
reported that thc trace m ctals vvcro enrichcd
in thc soil du o to sevvage irrig atio n [11]. This

93

w as also íound in earlicr publications about
effccts of sowago irrigation on soils [13, 21].
The application of w astcw ater m the periurban sites of Hanoi and Nam Dữứi citics
incrcased soil pH by approxim ately 0.3 units
com parod w ith the non-w astcw ator irrigatcd
sites. Prcvious researches |8, 23] have

indicated that tho vvastevvater applied for
irrigation at Hanoi and Nam Dinh sitcs is in
m ost cases ncutral to alkaline (Ó.5-8.5). The
prcsont study also íound that the pH w as
signiíicantly highor for w astew ator com pared
with natural river vvator (Table 2). In
addition, the highor conccntration of cations
such as Na and K in w astcw atcr lod to an
incrcaso in EC and cxchangoablo Na and K in
soils irrigatcd vvith vvastewatcr. The high pH
of soils irrigatod w ith vvastevvater might
reduce the m obility of thc trace metals
accum ulatod in these soils.

5. C onclusions
Reuse of w astew atcr as nutricnt sourcos
has becomo com m on practico in Vietnam,
espccially in peri-urban areas. The rcusc of
thesc nutrionts had somo bcncíicial eííects on
soil íertility, such as increased total organic
carbon and nitrogen. This study íound that
both organic carbon con ten t and total nitrogen
vverc im proved (ừicreased) in soils treated
vvith wastcwater. Hovvever, thesc bcncfits wcre
lừnitod by tho presence of some potential toxic
traco m otals in w astew atcr. It vvas concluded
that tho reuse of w astow atcr for ừrigation
incrcascd soil pH , EC, TOC, Nloi and total
concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb. The EDTAextractable íraction of Cd, Cu and Zn was
signiíicantly higher for w astcw atcr-irrigated

soils.


Nguì/en Manh Khai ct al. / VNU Ịounĩal ọf Science, Enrth Sciences 24 (2008) 87-95

94

Reíerences

[10] V.
La za ro va, T.
A sano,
C h allcn g es
of
S u stain ab lc irrỉgation w ith rccyclcd vvatcr, in V.

[1] B.J. Allovvay, 'Ih c origin of hoavy m ctals in soils,
in Hcavì/ mctnỉs in Soils, C h ap m an & Hall,
Lon don, 1995, 38-57.
[2] s.p . D atta, 5.1). Young, P red ictin g m etal u p tak e
an d risk to th c h u m a n food chain from lcaf
v cgctablcs grovvn o n soils a m en d e d by longterm a p p lica tio n o f sew a g c sludgc, Water A ir and
[3] B.E. D avics, J.M . Lear, N.J. Levvis, Plant
availability o f h cav y m etals in soils, in Poỉỉutant
and

fatc

in

Press, L ondon N ew York, 2005, 1-30.
[11] W .H . Liu, J.z. / h a o , z .v . O u y a n g , I.. S o d e rlu n d ,
G .H . Liư, Im pacts o f scw a g c irrigation o n h eav y
m etal distrib u tio n and co n tam in atio n in Beiịing,
C hina, r.ìíviroìnncnt Intcmntioìiaỉ 31 (2005) 805.
[12] R.J. M ahler, J.A.

Soiỉ Pollutioìi 163 (2005) 119.

transport

L azarova, A. Bahrỉ, Wntcr rcuse Ịor irrigation,
Agriculture, lntĩdscapes and l'urf Grnss, CRC

ecosystems,

Blackwell

Ryan, T. R eed, C a d m iu m

sulíatc applỉcation to sludge-amended soỉls L.
Effect on yiclci an d ca d m iu m av a ila b iỉity to
p lan ts, Science o f the Totaỉ Lnvirom ncnt 67 (1987)

117.

Scientiíic P u blishers, O xíord, 1987, 267-275.
[4] T.T. D uong, M. Coste, A. Feurtet-M azel, D.K.

[13] F. M ap a n d a, K.N. M angvvayana, J. N y a m a n g a ra ,

Dang, c . Gold, Y.S. Park, A. Boudou, Impact of

K.E. Giller, ìTie cffcct o f long-term irrig atio n

u rb an p o ỉlu tio n from th c H anoi area on benthic

u sin g w a ste w a tc r on hcavy m ctal co n tcn ts of

d iato m c o m m u n itie s collccted from the Red,
N h u c an d T olich rivers (V ietnam ), Hydrobiologia

soils u n d c r vogctablcs in Ila ra rc , Z im b ab w e,

563 (2(X)6) 201.
[5] A.D.

r.aton,

I..S.

C lesceri,

A.E.

G rcenberg,

Agriculture Ecosỵstcìĩts & Lìĩvironm cnt 107 (2005)
151.
[14] s.p . M cC rath, r,ffccts of hcavy m ctals from

Standard Methods for E xam im tion o f Watcr and

sew a g e slu d g c on soil m icrobes in ag ric u ltu ral

W(iỉ>tcĩuatcr, A m erican Public H ealth Association,

ecosystem s, ỉn S.M. Ross, Toxic Metals hi Soit-

YVashington, 1995,1-124.
[6] 13. E U Iam ouri, A. I ỉa n d o u í, M. M ekrane, M.

Pỉmits systeins, John W iley & Son, VVcst Susscx,

T ouzani,

A.

B enchokroun,

K hana,

K.

U sc

w a ste w atcr

of

K hallayoune,
for

T.
crop

p ro d u ctio n u n d c r arid and salinc conditions:
Yield an d h y g icn ic q u ality o f thc crop and soil
c o n tam in atio n s, Watcr Science and Technology 33
(1996) 327.
[7] K.E. G iller, E. W ittcr/ s.p . M cG rath, Toxicity of
h cav y m c ta ls to m icm o rg an ism s and m icrobial

1996, 247-274.
[15] C .T. M onnctt, R.B. Kcncau, c . Iỉa g e d o rn ,
F.ffects of dom cstic vvaste-vvater sp ra y irrig atio n
o n dcnitriíication rates, Ịo untnl o f Ị.ĩĩviroìĩììĩCìĩtiĩl
Q uaỉitỵ 24 (1995) 940.
[16] M. M uchuw eti, J.w . Birkott, F. C hin y an g a, R.
y.vauya, M .ỉ). S crim shaw / J.N. l.cster, Ilc a v y
m ctal

contcnt

of

vegetables

irrig atcd

w ith

m ix tu rcs of w a stc w atcr and scw a g c slu d g c in

proccsscs in ag ricu ltu ral soils: a revievv, Soiỉ

Z im babw e:

Bioỉogy mid Biochcìtĩistry 30 (1998) 1389.

Agricuỉturc, Ecosystans & rĩrvirvỉĩĩnent 112 (2(X)6) 41.

Im plications

for

hum an

hcalth,

[8] M.I I. I lo a n g F agerstrom , T. Yem, P.Q. Ha, V.D.
T u an, c . V alhcd, K. K vam m e, Y. N yberg,

[17] M.B. P escod, Wnstcioatcr treatỉnent and usc hì

C h ara ctcriz atio n and d iag n o sis o f rural-urban
in teríacc ía rm in g in th c T u Liem and T h an h Tri

Rom c, 1992.
[18] D. S tcvcns, M. Sm art, c . C oxcns, B. Z arcin as# G.

districts of llanoi City, Vỉctnam, International

Barry, T. C ockỉey, M. M cl.aughlin, C SỈR O l,nnd

Ịoum al ủ f Sustainabỉe Agriculturc Sustaiìuìbiỉity 3

(ììĩd Wnter’s Mcthods M anual, ACIAR and CS1RO
L and and VVater, 2003.

(2006) 177.
[9] N.M . Khai, P.Q. Ma, I. O born, N u tricn t flow s in
sm all-scaỉe

íĩgricuỉturc, Fcxxl and A g ricu ltu rc O rg an izatio n .

p cri-u rb an

vcgetable

íarm in g

sy stem s in S o u th e ast Asia - a case stu d y in
Ilan o i, A gricuỉturc, Ecoaysteĩns & Environment
122 (2007) 192.

[19] T. Strcck, J. Richtcr, llc a v y m etal d isp lacem cn t
in

a

san d y

M easurem ents

soil
an d

at

thc

íicld

scalc,

p aram cteriz atio n

l,
of

sorption, Ịounw ỉ of EìiviroìììĩĩCììtnì Quaỉity 26
(1997) 49.


Nguyên Manh Khai ct nỉ. Ị VNU Ịounĩíil ủ f Science, Earth Sciences 24 (2008) 87-95

120] D.T. T rang, IM). C am , w . v an d cr H ock, K.T.
Vinh, N .v . I lo a, A. D alsgaard, Low risk for
h elm in th

in íectio n

in

w asto w ater-fcd

ricc

cultivatỉon in Vietnam, lounial o f Wíìtcr and
Health 4 (2006) 321.

95

M in istry of N atu ral rcso u rces an d R nvironm ent,
I Ianoi, 2004 (in V ietnam csc).
[23] N .c .

Vinh, N.D. M inh, S tu d y o n cffect of

w a ste w a te r irrigation o n soil a n d ricc in N am

[21] X.J. YVang, K rig ing an d h ea v y m etal pollution

Dinh, In: ProccedÌHg o f scientipc resc(ìrch o f
Natkmaỉ bĩstìtute fo r Soiỉ and
Fertiỉizer,

asscssm cnt in w a ste w a te r irrig atc d agricultural

A gricultural P ubỉish H o u se, H anoỉ, 2005, 567-

soil of B eiịings ea ste rn ía rm in g regions, Ịounuil

580 (in Viotnam ese).

of Eìíviraumcnttìỉ Scicnce and Health l’art A 33
(1998) 1057.

[24] R.K. Y adav, 13. G oyal# U.K. S harm a, S.K. Dubey,

p.s. M inhas,

P ost-irrigation im p act o f do m cstic

[22] VLPA, Vietĩìíììti cn virơ nm m ì monỉtor 2003 - Watcr,

so w ag c effluent on co m p o sitio n of soils, crops

V ietnam H nvironm ont P ro tect A gency, V ietnam

an d g ro u n d vvatcr - a casc stu d y , L nvironm att
International 28 (2002) 481.