An toàn lương thực cấp hộ gia đình vùng tứ giác Long Xuyên đồng bằng sông Cửu Long

BQ CIAO Dl)C VA DAO T~O
TRUONG Di~I HOC KINH Tl~ THANH PHO HO CHi 1\UNH

------------------------------------

DE TAI

NGHIEN

cuu KHOA HOC CAP BQ

AN TOAN LUONG THUC
.

cAP HO GIA DINH
VUNG TU GIAC LONG XUYEN
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--DONG BANG SONG CUU LONG
l\Ll SO: B99-22-50

Chu rihi~m: ThS. NGUYEN THl SONG AN

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TP. HCl\110- 2001


Ml)C Ll)C

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DANH Ml)C BANG, HINH VA Sd 80 ................................................ 3

-

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Gldl THIJ;U ......................................................................................... 5
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CHlJdNG I Cd Sd L Y THUYET VE AN NINH LlJdNG THl)'C VA
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.....
TINH HINH AN NINH LlidNG THl)'C d VII;T NAM ......................... 8
I.Co so

ly thuyet ve

an ninh Iuong tht,tc .............................................................. 8

II. Tong quan ve tlnh hlnh an ninh Iuong thl,ic Vi$t Nam .................................. 16
,...,

....,..

...

,

CHlJdNG 2 TONG QUAN VE AN NINH LlidNG THl)'C VUNG TV
GIAC LONG XUYEN -AN, GIANG ................................................. 21
I.

Tong quan ve dieu ki$n tl,i nhien kinh te xa hQi Tlnh an giang ................. 21

II. Tlnh hlnh an ninh Iuong tht,tc tlnh an giang .................................................. 27

CHlJdNG 3 Ket qua khao sat tlnh hlnh an ninh hldng thvc h9 gia
dlnh vung Tu giac long xuyen -an giang ................................... 32
I. NQi dung, qui mo va phuong phap khao sat phi'm tich ................................. 32
II.Cac ket qua khao sat: ................................................................................... 41

Chu'dng 4 Phan Tich cac nhan to anh hu'ong den anlt h9 gia dlnh
vung tu giac long xuyen -an giang ........................................... 48
•

I. Phan tfch anh hUang cua tlnh tr~ng kinh te den muc an ............................. 49
II. Phi'm tich anh huCing cua trinh do hoc van , qui mo nhi'm khau den muc an .50
Ill. Phi'm tfch anh huCing cua muc trang b! tai san va tinh tr~ng quy dat nang
dA'
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52
ng h oA
1~p en muc an ......................................................................................... .
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lv. Phan tfch anh hVCing cua thu nh$p den muc an ......................................... 59
• t'1c h an

• h h vong
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• c h"1t••
• h"Q d"'
. an................................ 6.::1.
cua
1eu cua
en muc
V . Ph an
v

VI. Phan tfch tlnh trc;1ng vay mlfQn cua hQ anh hlfong den muc an ................. 66
VII. Phan tfch anh hVCing cua co cau dinh dL!Bng d6n muc an ........................ 68

CHU'dNG 5 DINH HU'ONG CAC GIAI PHAP AN NINH LU'dNG THl)'C
"'
.,
"'
,
,
"
HQ GIA DINH d VUNG TU GIAC LONG XUYEN .......................... 72

-

I. Nh6m giai phap nang cao nh$n thl:c cua nang dan va cong dong ve dinh
dVong va an ninh Iuong thl,fc ........................................................................... 73
II. Nh6m giai phap nang cao nang ll,fc kinh te cua nang h9 nh~m gia tang thu
nh$p va cai thi$n muc song nang dan(; an giang va vung ttl giac long xuyen73
Ill. Nh6m giai phap tc;1o dieu ki$n va mai truong cho non; dt'm phat trien kinh

te gia tang thu nh$p ......................................................................................... 78

KET LU~N ........................................................................................ 87

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DANH Ml)C BANG, HINH VA

'""'

Sd fJO

Hl:'\H 1.1: CAc eAcH TIEP CAN AN NINI-1 LVdNG THl,JC ........................................................................................ 9
HlNH 1.2 :MOl LIEN Ht GIUA NGUON Ll,JC CUA HO GIA Ell:-BANG 1.1: TINH TR~NG SAN XUAT LVdNGTHl/C TRl TR~ KEO DAI (1955-1987) ................................................ 17
B..i.SG 1.2: TlNH HINH AN NINH LVdNG THl,JC TRONG s,\N XUAT TlJ 1989 - 1999 ............................................... 18
BANG 1.3: TlNH HlNH AKLT THEO CHI TIEU CALORIE NA:-..!1992

0 VIETNAM(% H(>) .................................... 20

BANG 2.1: Toe ElO TAi'G TRL'ONG KINH TE CUA TINH AN GIANG GIAI ElO~N 1996-2000 ................................... 23

HlNH 2.1: CHUYEN D!CH coCA u KINH TE cu A T!NH ANG GIANG 1991-1999 ······························ ...................... 23
BANG 2.2: CO CAU NGASH NQNG NGHitP CUA TINH AN GIANG GIAI ElOAN 1996-2000 ..................................... 24
BANG 2.3: KET QUA EliEU TRA HO NGHEO TINH AN GIANG NAM 2000 ······························································ 25
BANG 2.4: MOT s6 cHI TIEu cHu YEU cuA HO NGHEo TINH AN GIANG NAM 2000 ............................................ 26
BANG 2.5: TINH HINH SA:-< XUAT LVdNGTHl,JC CUA TINH AN GIANG 1989- 1999 ........................................... 28
Hl:-;H 2.3: SAN Lt.fO!':G u:o:-;G THL'C VA THQC sl:-;H QUAN TRONG GIAI ElO;\N 1989-1999 .................................. 28
BANG 2.6: Dt; BAO TIEU DUNG LVdNG THy'C 2000-2010 .................................................................................. 28
BANG 2. 7: TiNH HiNH A;\ NINH LL'dNG THL'C THEO CHi TH~C CALO SA~! 1998 CUA AN GIANG .......................... 30
SO ElO 2.4: TlNH HlNH AN NINH LL'dNG THtJC THEO CHI TIEU C.-\L0;>.;..\~1 1998 CUA AN GIANG .......................... 31
BANG 3.1: TONG HOPCAC MAU EliEU TRA THEOT]NH TR;\i'G KINH TE CUA NQNG HO ........................................ 33
BA:-.BANG 3.3: TONG HOPCAC MAU EliEU TRA THEO MUC AN CUA NQNG HO ··························································· 34
BANG 3.4: ToNG HOP cAc BIEN PHAN TICH ..................................................................................................... 40
HlNH 3.2. TlNH HlNH PHAN BO ElAT Eli\1 ........................................................................................................... 44
HlNH 3.3. MUC E>AT BlNH QUAN CUA HO & BlNH QUAN ElAU NGVCH, PHAN THEO MUC E>O c6 E>AT ..................... 45
HlNH 3.4. TlNH HlNH CAC CHI TIEU THEO MUC E>O c6 ElAT CUA HQ ......•............................................................ 45
HlNH 3.5: TINH HlNHTHIEU AN GIUA cAc HO NGHEO VA KHQNG NGHEO .......................................................... 46
BANG 4.1: PHAN BO VA Tl Lt HO NGHEO PHAN THEO MUC AN .......................................................................... 49
HlNH 4.2: GIAO DI,JC, NHAN KHAU, VA Tl Lg PHI,J THUQC GlUA CAC NH6M M(/C AN .......................................... 51
HINH 4.3. T6NG DitNT!CH ElAT VA E>AT BINH QUAN ElAU NGtJOi, THEOTlNH TR.A.NG NGHEO ............................. 53
HlNH 4.4: TINH HINH THIEU AN GlU A cAc HO c6 ElAT VA KH6NG E>A T.. ............................................................ 54
HINH4.5: TINH HINH THIEU AN CUA cAc H¢ NGHEO KH0NG ElAT.......................................•.............................. 54
HINH 4.6 TINH TR.A.NG CAM BAN ElAT ················ ·····························································•································ 57

3


HINH 4.7: TlNH TRANG THIEU AN cuA cAc HO CAM BAN

E> ..\T .......................................................................... 57

HINH 4.8: TINH TR,:-,.NG THIEU AN cuA cAc H() ~;GHEo CAM s,\N

E>,\T ............................................................... 58

HlNH 4.9: Tl TRQNG THU NHAP PHI NONG NGHIEP cuA cAc NH6M HO .............................................................. 63
BANG 4.2: CHI DONG G6P C6NG fCH VA QUA:'-~ HE XA H(H, PHAN THEO TlNH TRANG NGHEO ............................. 65
B ..\NG 4.3: CHI E>6NG G6P CONG fCH VA QUAN H~ XA HOI, PHAN THEO MUC AN ................................................ 65

4.10:

HlNH

CAC KHOAN CHI CONG fCH CUA CAC ~IUC AN KHAC NH:\U .............................................................. 66

B ..\NG 4.4: NO NAN, PHA:-l THEO TINH TRANG :--.:GHEO ............................................................•.......................... 67
BANG 4.5: NO NAN, PHAN THEO MUC AN········································································································· 67
HINH 4.11: NO BlNH QUAN E>AU NGUCH CUA CAC NH6M :VIL'C AN ...................•...................................•.............. 67
BANG

4.6: TY L~ CALORIE C6 TRONG TUNG BuA AN PHAN THEO :VIUC AN ...................•.................................... 68

HINH 4.12: TY L~ CALORIE C6 TRONG TU:\G SuA AN PHAN THEO MVC AN ...................•.................................... 69

Br\:-.:G 4. 7: T6NG HOP c..\c BIEN PHAN TfcH ............................................................................................•........ 71
LlJOC E>6

5.1: SU PHAN H6A TRONG SAN xlJXT LCA CUA i\ONG HO YUNG TU GIAC LONG XUYEN THEO E>IEU K!E:-i

Tl,f NHIEN VA KH}, NANG KI:-.IH TE Cl:A :-<6:---:G HQ ...............................•...................................................•. 77

LVOC E>6 5.2: CAC HO,\T E>QNG KINH TE KHAC CUA NONG HO THEO E>IEU KIEN Tl,f NHIEN VA KHA NANG KINH TE
CUA :-101'\G HQ ········································································································································ 78
HlNH

5.3: So E>6 CHUYEN GIAO KY THUAT VA VON CHO N01'\G DAN NGHEO .••.•..........•......•.................••............ 80

HlNH 5.4: ........................................................................................................................................................ 81
HINH 5.5: VONG LAN QUAN NGHEO KH6 .......................................................................................•.•.......•....... 81

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4


GIOI THI~U

Trong thai d~i chung ta, con nguoi da lam dUc;lc nhieu dieu ky di~u trong
nhieu ITnh vtjc nhU: vO trt,J, hang khong, di~n tV, tin hQC .... Tuy nhien, c6 mot Van
de rat Cd ban va thiet thtjC, QEln lien VOi Stj song CUa hang tram tri~U ngUoi tren
trai dat van chua dUc;lc khac phl,IC, d6 Ia an ninh IUdng thtjc. 8ieu tuang nhU
nghjch ly ay l~i Ia m<)t stj th?t. Theo s6 li~u cua FAO, the gidi hi~n nay c6 tren

800 tri~u nguoi thu<)c nhung nuoc dang ph'H trien thuong xuyen d6i IUdng thl,!c
va suy dinh duang nghiem trong, trong d6 c6 200 tri~u Ia tre em. Hang nam the
gioi c6 khoang ·13 tri~u tre em duoi 5 tuoi b! chet vl thieu dinh dvang t6i thieu do
n~n d6i keo dai. Trung blnh hi~n nay, cu 5 nguoi thu<)c the gioi thu ba c6 1 nguoi

b! d6i nghiem trong.
Tlnh tr~ng thieu IUdng tht,Jc tht,Jc pham dan den thieu dinh dUBng c6 anh
huang rat ldn den kha nang lao d<)ng, nang suat lao d<)ng, the ltjc, tam v6c cua

con nguoi, d?c bi~t thieu IUdng tht,Jc, thtJc pham trong thai

ky

bao thai va nhung

nam dau CUa CUQC doi phat trien trf tu~ CUa tre em se de l~i nhO'ng h?u qua rat
n?ng ne. NhU v?y, tlnh tr~ng thieu IUdng t~~c thl,!c pham c6 anh hUang to ldn
den tiem nang trf llfc va the llfc cua con nguoi. Tv d6 n6 anh huang den kha
nang t~o ra thu nh?p cho gia dlnh, cho xa hc)i va kha nang phat trien ben vung
cua xa h<)i.
Do d6, trong nhieu th$p ky qua, an ninh ILfdng tht,Jc luon Ia van de buc xuc
cua tat ca cac quoc gia tren the gidi, d?c bi$t Ia cac nude dang phat trien. Tim
kiem giai phap dam bao an ninh IUdng thtJc cho tat ca moi nguoi ·khong chi Ia
m6i quan tam hang dau cua cac quae gia ngheo ma n6 da tra thanh van de thai
Stj mang tfnh toEm cau. Nhieu sach bao, nhieu to chuc va ca nhan, nhieu CUQC
h<)i thfw quae gia va quae te da thUong xuyen de c?p va thfw lu?n ve chUdng
trinh an ninh IVdng thl,fc quae gia va toan cau. Tu d6 he;> da rut ra m<)t ket lu~n het
sue c6 y nghTa d6 Ia: giai quyet kip thai van de IVdng thl,fc Ia trung tam cua moi
co gang hi$n nay de phat trien kinh te xa h9i m<)t each ben vO'ng.
Cung chia se voi quan diem tren, t~i Hc)i nghj thUQng dinh LUdng thl,fc the
gioi to chuc tc;ti Rome (Italy) vao thang 11/1996 voi 186 quoc gia va lanh tho
tham dl!, voi sv c6 m?t cua hdn 1oo nguoi dung dau Nha nuoc va Chinh phu,
Trvang doan 8c;ti bieu Vi$t Nam - Ph6 Thu tuong Tran 8uc LVdng (nay Ia Chu

5


tich nude CHXHCN Vi~t Nam) da nhan m<;mh: "86i ngheo Ia nguyen nhfm chinh

dm tro Slf phat trien kinh te, Ia yeu to tn)'c tiep anh hUang den Slf mat on dinh
chinh tri, an ninh va Ia nguyen nhan rat kh6 khac phl,IC tac dong xau den vi~c
b~w

v$ thien nhien, giu gln mai truong sinh thai''.

d

Vi~t Nam, sau hem 1o nam tht,tc hi$n dlfong loi doi moi cua 8Emg va

Chinh phu, san xuat nang nghi~p n6i chung va san xuat lUong tht.Jc n6i rieng da
c6 bUoc phat trien nhanh, lien tl,IC va tlfong doi on djnh. San xuat nang nghi~p
tang truong nhanh vdi toe do blnh qutm 4.3%/nam. Tv nam 1988 den nay, san
ILf<;jng lUong tht,tc (g90, nga, s~n) lien tvc tang voi muc hon 1 tri~u tan/nam, toe
do tang blnh quan Ia 5%, gap 2 lan muc tang dan so. Nam 2000 san IU<;1ng lUong
tht.Jc d9t tren 34 tri~u tan, blnh quan Iuong tht,fc dau nguoi d9t gEm 450 kg. Nho
v$y hEw het dan cU da c6 du lUong tht.Jc de dung. San xuat cac lo9i tht.Jc pham,
nhu rau, qua, ca, thit, ... cOng tang nhanh dap ung co ban nhu

cEw tieu dung trong

nude va c6 dlf de xuat khau. Sau doi mdi, Vi~t Nam tU mot nlfoc thieu lUong tht.Jc
phai nh$p khau hang nam tro thanh mot trong nhung nude xuat khau g90 chu
yeu tren the gidi vdi soiU<;1ng lUong tht,tc xuat khau tren 3 tri~u tan/nam.
An ninh Iuong tht,tc

a nude

ta dang dLfQc thiet l$p va da d9t dU<;1c nhung

thanh cang to lon tren nhieu mvc tieu. Tuy nhien, vi~c dam baa an ninh Iuong
tht,tc van con nhieu h9n che, nhat Ia kha nang tiep c$n lUong tht,tc cua moi tang
lop dan cV con thap va khang dong deu. Do kha nang tiep c$n lUong tht.Jc cua
cac hQ gia dlnh con h9n che nen tren tht,tc te hi~n nay t9i Vi~t Nam van con tren
17% ho d6i va tren 40% tre em duoi 5 tuoi suy dinh duong. Muc tieu dung blnh
quan nhieu lo9i tht.Jc pham con thap so vdi the gidi. Mot bo ph?n dan

cu c6 muc

tieu dung lUong tht,tc tht,tc pham qua thap (dlfdi 2100 kcal/ngay), bap benh va c6

St.f chenh

l~ch

T6m l9i,

giQa cac vung, giQa thanh thi va nang than.

d Vi~t Nam, an ninh lUong tht,tc d cap quae gia bUoc dau da dlf<;1c

thiet l?p va d9t dlfc;Jc m¢t so thanh tt.Ju dang khich 1~. nhung kha nang tiep c?n
IVong thl,lc cua h¢ gia dlnh con nhieu h9n che, day Ia van de dUc;Jc 8ang va Nha
nvoc het sue quan tam tlm bi$n phap khac phvc. Trang baa cao chfnh tri 89i h¢i
8ang lan thu VIII da chi ro: "Ph~t trien nang nghi~p toan di$n huang vao dam
bao an ninh IVdng tht.Jc quae gia trong moi tlnh huang, tang nhanh nguon thl,lc
pham va rau qua, cai thi$n chat IVc;Jng bO'a an, giam suy dinh dUong". Ouan diem
phat trien nay da dVQC kh~ng djnh va dU<;1c Cl,l the h6a trong Nghj quyet so
06/NQ-TW 8¢ chfnh trj ngay 11/11/1998. Trude mat cOng nhU lfw dai van de an

6


ninh IVdng thtfc van Ia m9t trong nhung ml)C tieu quan trQng hang dElU cua Dang
va Nha nvoc ta lam cd sa de phat trien kinh te ben vung; on dinh chfnh tri xa h9i
va thl/C hi$n cong nghi$p h6a Va hi$n d9i h6a dat nVoc.
Xuat phat tV ml)c tieu tren, nham g6p phEm nang cao nh~n thuc ve an ninh
IVdng thtfc, dong thai tlm ra nhung giai phap h<;ip ly de d9t dV<;ic an ninh IVdng
thtfc mot each ben vung va t90 dieu ki$n cho mQi hQ gia dlnh deu c6 kha nang
tiep c~n IVdng thtfc, chung toi da chQn de tai: "An ninh IVdng thl/C cap hQ gia
dlnh vung Tv giac Long Xuyen". Chung toi chQn vung nghien cuu t9i vung Tu
giac Long Xuyen boi le, thea tai li$u ve Chl1dng trlnh an ninh IVdng thtfc - thtfc
pham quae gia den nam 2005, m~c du day Ia ndi san xuat lua g9o va c6 tiem
nang ldn nhat cua nude ta, nhung hi$n nay so h9 nang dan d6i ngheo, khong du
ILJdng thl/C thtfc pham t9i vung nay l9i Chiem ty trQng rat cao.
Mvc tieu nghien cvu:
(1) G6p phan lam sang to nh$n thuc, n()i dung va phVdng phap danh gia
an ninh IVdng thtJc cap hQ gia dlnh a Vi$t Nam
(2) Phan tfch thl/C tr9ng va cac nhan to anh huang den an ninh IVdng thtfc
cap hQ gia dlnh a vung Tu Giac Long Xuyen - Dong bang Song CCtu
Long.
(3) De xuat giaiphapnham dam baa an ninh ILJdng thtfc cap hQ gia dlnh

Cau hoi nghien cuu:
(1) Nh$n thuc the nao cho dung ve an ninh IVdng thtfc cap hQ gia dinh d Vi$t
Nam
(2) C6 hay khong tlnh tr9ng bat an ninh ILJdng thtfc cap h9 gia dinh ·a vung Tu
giac Long Xuyen?
(3) Nhan to nao anh hvang den tlnh hinh an ninh IVdng thtfc hQ gia dinh

a

vung Tv Giac Long Xuyen?
(4) Giai phapnao giup dam baa an ninh h..tdng thtfc ben vO'ng cho nong dan
vung Tv Giac Long Xuyen -Dong Bang Song CL!u Long?
Ket cau cua de tai baa gom:
(1) Gidi

thi~u

7


- -

I

(2) Chlidng 1: Cd so
IUdng thljc

-

ly

-

-

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

thuyet ve an ninh IUdng thljc va tlnh hlnh an ninh

aVi~t Nam.

(3) ChUdng 2: Tong quan ve an ninh IUdng thljc vung Tu Giac Long XuyenAn Giang
(4) Chlidng 3: Ket qua khao sat tinh hlnh an ninh IUdng tht,tc hQ gia dlnh

a

vung Tu giac Long Xuyen- An Giang
(5) ChLtdng 4: Philn tfch cac nhan to anh hUang den an ninh IUdng tht,!c he)
gia dlnh

avung Tv Giac Long Xuyen- An Giang.

(6) ChVdng 5: Dinh huang cac giai phap an ninh IVdng tht,tc he) gia dlnh vung
Tu giac Long Xuyen.

8


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CHVdNGI
Cd SO L YTHUYET VE AN NINH LVdNG THl}C
VA T1NH H1NH AN NINH LVdNG THl}C 0 VI~T NAM

I.Cd

Sd L y THUYET VE AN NINH LVdNG THl)'C

1. Nh~n thuc chung

ve an ninh lu'dng thljc

Ve m~t nh$n thuc, tV nhieu nam nay cac quae gia va cac to chuc Quae te
van dung cvm W "Food Security" de chi "An Ninh LtJcing Thl,fc". Tuy nhien, W
"Security" vva c6 nghTa Ia "An Toan" vva c6 nghTa Ia "An Ninh". Thea cac nha
khoa hQc, cvm W "Food Security" can dLJccJ ban sau:
Thu nhat, khac voi san pham thong thlfong, ILJcJng thljc luon luon Ia nhu
yeu pham t6i thiet so mot cua tat ca mQi ngL16i, mQi thanh vien thuoc cong dong
xa hoi

d tat ca cac

miac khong phan bi$t tuoi tac, gidi tinh, ton giao, Chung toe,

khong phfm bi$t trlnh do kinh te, van h6a. LLJcJng tht,fc khong chi mang noi dung
kinh te, xa hoi ma con baa ham ca

y nghTa

chfnh tri, quae phong. Tren thljc te,

ILJcJng thtjc da tUng dL1
d nhieu

quae gia.

Thu hai, trong mot thai gian dai ho~t dong cho mvc tieu An Ninh LLtcJng
Thl,fc, ngvoi ta nh$n thay danh W "An Toan" thvong chi thuan tUy Ia khong c6 slf
co ho~c khong c6 ton h~i xay ra, ch~ng h~n nhv an toan lao dong, an toan giao
thong. Tuy nhien, () ph~m vi rong hcJn thuoc ITnh vvc chinh tri, xa hoi, quae
phong, do Slj khac nhau Ve muc dO, noi dung Va tinh chat phuc t~p CUa n6 ngLJoi
ta lc;ti n6i : An ninh Chfnh tri, An ninh Quae phong. Tren thl,fc te, van de h.JcJng
thljc c6 tam quan trQng chien IL1
d tat ca mQi quae gia, anh hLJdng den toan bO

tinh hinh xa h(>i, doi song chinh tri va ITnh vtjc quae phong. Do d6 dung tU "An
Ninh LlicJng Thl,fc" se bieu dc;tt dlt~c day du hdn

y nghTa thl,fc te cua n6.

Thu ba, g~n lien voi An Ninh LLtcJng Thl,fc Ia m¢t h$ thong dong b¢ cac
chinh sach kinh te, xa h¢i

cEln

dlt~c phoi h~p ch~t che tren toan cau cOng nhlt

trong tUng quoc gia dc:m le. Cac chinh sach nay rat da dc;tng bao gam chfnh sach
tai chfnh, dan so, dat dai, lao d¢ng, chinh sach dEIU

9

tu khoa hoc cong

ngh~, chfnh

sach t~o vi$c lam va thu nh~p. chfnh sach xa h¢i nhEm dq.o, .... Nhu v~y, "An Toan
LUong Thl,lc" kh6ng bao ham dU<;Jc day du n¢i dung nay.
· CGng vi ba le tren rna

w H¢i thao khoa hoc "Tien toi

An ninh Luong thl,fc

Ou6c gia va Toan cau" to chuc tq.i Ha n¢i thang 8 nam 1996, cac van ban dung
tieng Vi$t cung thong nhat dung chinh thuc c~,~m
cho cl)m

w "An Toan

w "An

Ninh Luong Thl,lc" thay

Luong Thl,lc". 8~c bi$t thong qua cac hc)i thao, h¢i nghj

quoc te, nh~n thuc ve An Ninh LUong Thl,lc ngay trong vi$c dung tU cGng ngay
cang dUQC hoan thi$n va chuan m l,/C hdn.

Hinh 1.1: Cac each tiep c~n an ninh Iuong thljc
Toan cau

(8K CAN)

Tfnh san co & 6n
dinh

cua nguon L T

Quae gia

quae gia
,

(BK BU)
Kha nang tiep c~n &
tieu dung LT
Cach tiep c~n

I

I

H(> gia dinh
I

T

I

...

(8K

·CAN

,

& 8U)

I
'
I

Sinh ke ben vung
Ca nhan
Nh~n thuc

Cap d(>

Tren the gidi, tiep c~n van de ANL T phat trien theo hUang chuyen tLt vi$c
quan tam den tfnh san c6 va on d!nh cua nguon cung IVG'ng thl,fc

o cap tong the

(toan cau, qu6c gia ho~c vung) vao th~p ky 70 sang kha nang tiep c~n va tieu
dung IUdng thl,fc 0 cap h¢ gia dinh va ca nhan vao th~p ky 80 rna tieu bieu cho
truong phai nay Ia nha Kinh te hQC nguoi An 8¢ Amartya Sen. 6ng cho rang tfnh
trq.ng bat ANL T xay ra khong phai do thieu IUdng thl,fc tLt phfa cung rna do ngU6i
tieu dung khong c6 kha nang tiep c~n du IUdng thl,lc rna hQ can. Kha nang tiep
c~n cua ca nhan hay h¢ gia dinh ph!) thu¢c vao nguon ll,fc kinh te cua hQ rna

quan trong nhat Ia tai san ke ca sue lao d¢ng, vi~c lam va thu nh?p. Trang
nhung nam gan day, dl,fa tren ly thuyet tiep c~n cua A.Sen, m¢t nh~n thuc r¢ng

hdn ve ANL T, thu hut sl,f chu

y cua the gidi d6 Ia trVong

phai sinh ke ben vung.

TrUong phai nay xem xet kha nang tiep c~n lUong thl,fc cua ca nhan hay h¢ gia
dlnh trong dai hq.n, c6 tfnh den yeu to thai gian. Kha nang tiep c~n Iuong thl,fc

10


khong chi phi) thUQC vao nguon ll,{C kinh te san CO CUa hQ gia dlnh ma COn phi)
thu¢c vao kha nang duy trl cac nguon lvc kinh te d6 de c6 the tiep c$n du ILJdng
thljc trong mQi luc mQi ndi ngay ca khi g~p rui ro bat ngo. Hay n6i khac di Ia hQ
gia dlnh phai c6 m9t sinh ke ben vQng.

0

Vi$t nam, khai ni$m ve an ninh ILidng thl/c chi dLfQc de c$p trong vai

nam trd l?i day. Do con kha mdi me nen vi$c tiep c$n van de nay chi mdi dung
l?i d cap de) quoc gia hay vung. Vi$c di SElU vao phan tfch cho nhQng cap de) nho
hdn chua du<;1c nghien cuu m¢t each hoan chinh.
Neu dung tren cap d¢ cua m¢t quoc gia hay m¢t vung nao d6, vi$c danh
gia tlnh hlnh an ninh ILtdng tht,tc thuong chi dt,ta tren khia C?nh cung ILtdng tht,tc Ia
chu yeu. Va nhli chung ta da biet, cung ILJdng thljc chi dam baa tfnh san sang va
tinh on djnh chu chUa the hi$n tinh tiep c$n IVdng tht,tc cua ngVoi tieu dung. Vi$c
cung cap du IVdng thljc va ngLJoi dan an du no Ia hai khia C?nh hoan toan khac
nhau, kh6ng the dong nhat. Vl the neu xet tren nhung cap d¢ nay, cho du c6 ket

lu$n Ia da dam baa an ninh IVcing thl,fc nhVng tht,tc chat tlnh tr?ng thieu an van
con ton t?i. Vl the ket qua cua nhung chinh sach an ninh IVdng tht,tc dVQc thljc
hi$n chva d?t dung nhv mong dQi.
Tuy nhien, neu xet den cap d¢ an ninh IVdng tht,tc cho tUng ca nhEtn, ngay
ca d nhQng nVdc phat trien cQng chVa the lam dVQC dieu nay do n6 doi hoi rat
nhieu cong sue va ton kern. Hdn nQa ket qua d?t du<;1c cung khong dam bao dap
ung dVQC d¢ chinh xac va tinh kinh te cua n6. Vl the, vdi dieu ki$n hi$n nay cua
Vi$t nam chung ta chVa the tiep c$n van de an ninh IVdng tht,tc tren cap d¢ ca
nhan.
Do c6 the tieu dung rieng m¢t so tht,tc pham nao d6 nhvng phan ldn cac
ca nhfm thVong chia se tht,tc pham chung vdi gia dlnh. Vl the tiep c?n van de
dinh dVBng -an ninh IVong tht,tc- tren cap de) he) gia dlnh Ia tVong doi thich hQp.
N6 phan anh phan nao dVQc tinh tiep c$n lvong tht,tc va tlnh hlnh an ninh lvong
tht,tc tht,tc te dien ra

a mot vung,

m¢t quoc gia va phan anh ti.Jong doi chinh xac

tlnh hlnh an toan dinh dLJBng cua tUng ca nhan. DT nhien, trong moth¢ gia dinh,
vdi mot ILJQng Iuong tht,tc tieu th1,1 nhat d!nh trong ngay, cac ca nhan c6 the tieu
th1,1 mot ILJQng IVong tht,tc khac nhau do d~c diem rieng cua tUng ca nhEm. Tuy
nhien dung tren cap do hQ gia dlnh Chung ta khong xet den Slj khac bi$t nay
Vi$t nam vdi hon 80% dan so song

o vung

n6ng th6n va chu yeu ho?t

dc)ng trong ITnh vt,tc n6ng nghi$p, ty 1$ ngheo d6i phan ldn cOng roi vao khu vt,tc

11


nay. Dong thai cOng de thay ro tinh hinh an ninh Iuong thl,fc khong the chi dl/a
tren tfnh s§n c6 cua Iuong thl,fc rna con phv thu<)c nhieu vao tfnh tiep c?n lUong
thl/c cua ngLtoi dan nen d day chung toi t$p trung nghien cuu cho cac h9 nang
nghi$p
2. Khai ni~m an ninh lu'dng

th!c

Khai ni$m ANL T dLICJc chfnh thl:c dlfa ra trong H<)i nghi quae te ve ludng
thl/c to chuc landau tien tc;1i Rome ltalia nam 1974. Tv d6 den nay da c6 hdn 200
dinh nghTa khac nhau ve ANL T (S. Mazwell, 1998). Khai ni$m cua FAO dua ra
vao nhO'ng nam cua th$p ky 80 bao gam 3 yeu to co bEm sau: tinh s§n c6, tfnh
on dinh va tfnh tiep c$n ILfong thl,fc. Tren cd sd cau thanh khai ni$m an ninh
Iuong thl,fc do FAO dlfa ra, cck nude da can cu vao dieu ki$n cv the de llfa chQn
va bo sung cho phu hCJp vdi hoan canh kinh te- xa h<)i cua minh. Do v$y, khai
ni$m an ninh Iuong thl,fc c6 the c6 sl/ khac nhau giCfa cac quae gia tren the gidi.
Tuy nhien, khai ni$m dLICJc chap nh?n r<)ng rai nhat hi$n nay tren the gid! do
Ngan Hang The Gidi dLta ra nam 1986

1

:

"An ninh lUong thl/c

Ia

Sl/ cam baa cho

ta't ca mQi ngUoi trong mQi ftJc tiep c~n OU lUong th£/C can thief cho mc)t CUQC song
r.ang dc)ng va khoe mq.nh".
Hay n6i each khac, an ninh Iuong thtJc thlfc pham dLICJc hieu Ia so lu<;1ng
lUong thljc thljc pham c6 san du de cung cap, kha nang dieu phoi dap Ling day
du mQi nhu cau (j bat cu noi nao va bat cu luc nao, dieu ki$n va kha nang cua
nguoi dL1<;1c cung cap lUong thl,fc c6 the tiep nh$n lUong thljc khong c6 kh6 khan
gi.

0 m<)t khfa C<;lnh

khac an ninh Iuong thl,fc con can dLf<;jC the hi$n

d khfa C<;lnh

dam bao chat IL1<;1ng cua phan lUong thl,fc thljc pham du<;jc cung cap cho nglfoi
tiE;u dung, dam bao nhu cau dinh dvong khong chi trong dieu ki$n lao d<)ng
thvong nh$t rna ca cho vi$c duy tri va phat trien noi gi6ng. 86i vdi Vi$t Nam, khai
ni$m an ninh lUong thl,(c dL1C1C dua vao tV nam 1992 khi thl,fc hi$n dl,f an mauve
an ninh Iuong thl,fc do Chfnh phu Italy tai trCJ thong qua FAO. 8en nay qua ·nhieu
lan h¢i thao, xuat phcH tV yeu cau thl/C te, khai ni$m an ninh ltJdng thl/C l1 Vi$t
Nam dtJqc hieu gam c6 4 b¢ ph~n chfnh Ia :

1

uFood Security is access by all people at all time to enough food for an active and healthy

lite• (WB, 1986:1).

12


- San xuat du yeu cau h.Jong thlfc - thlfc pham cua xa hQi {tfnh san c6):
Vi$c cung cap day du lUong thl/C - thlfc pham d day vua phai quan tam Ve SO
1Uc;1ng, vua phai chu y den chat IU<;jng ngay cang tang cao cua xa h<)i.
- Cung cap lUong thl/C thl/C pharT. on d!nh (tinh on dinh): hoan thi$n h$
thong phan phoi va phat trien thj trUong de lUong thlfc thl/C pham den dU<;jc mQi
noi, mQi luc voi gia ca on djnh ngay ca trong tlnh huang xau nhat khi, c6 thien tai
xay ra.
- Kha nang kinh te de tiep c$n den lUong thlfc thl,(c pham (tfnh tiep c$n): Ia
kha nang thl,(c te de mQi ngVoi c6 the mua dU<;jc lUong thl,(c thl,lc pham toi thieu
nham duy tr] CUOC song cua hQ. Yeu to nay de c$p den phUong ke kiem song
nhU tai san cua hO (dat dai, lao dong, von ... ), vi$c lam va thu nh$p.
- V$ sinh an toan thl,lc pham Ia mot trong nhO'ng yeu to khang the thieu
dUc;1c cua khai ni$m an ninh lUong tht,tc quae gia. Yeu to nay de c$p den tieu

chuan v$ sinh, chat 1Vc;1ng can thiet de Iuong thl,lc thl,(c pham khang gay anh
hUdng xau den sue khoe cua ngUoi tieu dung.
3. Cac cap de) an ninh hidng tht,ic
An ninh lUong thl/C dU¢c chia ra cac cap do khac nhau baa gam:

1) Cap ca nhan:
An ninh lUong thl,lc cap ca nhan nham thoa man yeu cau lUong thl,(c thl,lc
pham dam baa v$ sinh, du chat dinh dU6ng phu h¢p voi tam sinh ly de c6 mot
CUQC song khoe m~mh, phat trien noi giong. An ninh lUong thl,(c cap ca nhan Ia
ket qua cuoi cung cua van de an ninh Iuong thl,lc, Ia tieu chf quan trQng danh gia
vi$c dam baa "quyen khang bi d6i" cua mQi thanh vien trong xa h9i. 8e c?p den
an ninh lUong thl,(c cap ca nhan can phai xem xet sl,( khac nhau giQa cac nh6m
nguoi khac nhau thea tuoi, gioi tfnh, khu vl,lc, nghe nghi$p, muc thu nh$p. 86 Ia

Sl,( khac nhau ve nhu cau tieu dung lUong thl,lc cua tre em va ngUoi gia, cua

nguoi lao dong n?ng va lao d¢ng nh~; giua nam va nO'; giO'a thanh thi va nang
than; giua nguoi giau, ngvoi ngheo ...
2) ·Cap h¢ gia dlnh:
An ninh lUong thl.fc cap hQ gia dlnh c6 vai tro quan trQng de dam baa an
ninh IVong thl.fc cho cap ca nhan. BBi

le gia dlnh Ia te baa cua xa h¢i, Ia m¢t

quan the rna cac thanh vien trong d6 c6 tfnh huyet thong song voi nhau thea moi
quan h$ nhat djnh. Nguon ll,lc, vi~c lam va thu nh$p Ia nhQng yeu to cau thanh
13


kha nang kinh te cua h<) trong vi$c tiep c$n ltJong tht.fc, thvc pham chu yeu ma
hQ can. NhtJ v$y, an ninh Iuong tht.fc h<) gia dlnh - cap kinh te va xa h<)i co ban
se Ia dieu ki$n can thiet de dam bao "Iuong tht.fc cho mQi nguoi"
3) Cap quae gia va cap vung:
An ninh ltJong tht.fc Ia St.f dam baa blnh on vi$c cung cf.p day du ltJong
tht.fc can thiet ve so luQng va chat ltJQng cho tieu dung cua tat ca mQi nguoi

a

mQi noi va trong mQi luc.

4. Cac ly thuyet cd ban ve an ninh h.tdng thl,l'c cap hQ gia dlnh
Trang phan nay, chung ta se diem qua mot vai net m<)t so quan diem ly
thuyet Ve Cck van de CO lien quan den kha nang tiep c$n cua h<) gia dlnh den
van de tieu dung ludng thl,fc th!,fc pham. 8au tien chung ta se de c$p den ly

thuyet cua Foster {1999) ve an ninh IVong th!,fc, trong d6 Foster de c$p den cac
yeu to gioi hc;m kha nang tieu dung cua h<) gia dlnh qua cong thuc sau:
Trj gia luQng Iuong tht.fc san xuai

Thu nh$p va tai san c6

khong dap ung du nhu cau

tfnh thanh khoan cao

Nhu
ludng
h<)

cau
tht.fc

mua

Gia

Thu nh$p va tai san c6

cua

Iuong

tfnh thanh khoan cao

thl,fc

Gong thuc tren da the hi$n dtJQc tlnh hlnh an ninh Iuong tht.fc cap h¢ gia
dlnh. Khi ve trai ldn han ve phai thi h¢ d<;it dtJQc an ninh Iuong thl,fc, Cl,l the vdi
nhung h¢ c6 nhieu tai san han ho~c thu nh$p cao han, thl nhO'ng h<) nay c6 nhieu
kha nang dc;1t duQc tfnh an ninh Iuong thl,fc. Theo Foster, thu nh$p va tai san cua
h¢ duoc hlnh thanh bdi Slj ket hop cua nhieu yeu to nhV Ia: Giao di,IC, von, dat
dai, vi$c lam, sue khoe ... Ngoai ra, khi gia Iuong thl,fc giam cung c6 the gia tang
kha nang tiep c$n Iuong thtjc cua h¢.
Nhu v?y. thong qua vi$c chuyen doi c6ng thuc nhu tren, Foster da chuyen
van de an ninh Iuong tht.fc W vi$c nhan mc;1nh den khfa C<;inh san xuat Iuong thl!c
(cung Iuong thl!c) sang kha nang tiep c?n Iuong thtJc cua h¢. Trang d6 da the
hi~n ro anh hudng trvc tiep cua cac yeu to (thu nh$p, gia ca) den tlnh hlnh an

ninh Iuong thl!c cua h¢, va anh hudng gian tiep thong qua cac yeu

14

to nhu giao


------- ---

-

dt,JC, von, dat dai, vi$c lam, sue khoe ... De tnay ro hon anh hVong cua nhung yeu
to tren den van de an ninh IVong thl,fc cOng nhU kha nang tiep c$n IVong thl,fc
cua hQ, chung ta se tlm hieu cac lmh huang tren thong qua nhung nghien cuu ve
khia CC,lnh tiep c$n lUong thl,fc cua Bouis va Haddad (1990), Diskin (1995) ...
Trang nhung nghien cuu truck day ve khia c~mh tiep c$n lUong thl,fc, Bouis
va Haddad (1990), Diskin (1995), Riely (1999), cOng nhv Smith & Haddad

(2000) deu da dUa ra cac mo hlnh the hi$n moi lien h$ giua tieu dung lUong thl,fc
cua hQ gia dlnh VOi mQt

SO cac yeu to anh hUang nhU thu nh$p, dat dai, giao dt)C,

tai san, V.V. Cac yeu to nay c6 the tac d¢ng trl,fc tiep ho?c gian tiep den kha
nang tiep c$n va tieu dung IVong thl,fc cua h¢ gia dlnh qua cac kenh khac nhau.
Dieu nay c6 the dUThea Diskin (1995), trong ngEm hc;tn, hai yeu to chfnh quyet djnh trl,fc tiep
den kha nang tieu dung IVong thl,fc cua hQ gia dlnh Ia gia lUong thl,fc va thu nh$p.
Hon nua, thea ly thuyet hanh vi nguoi tieu dung thl khi thu nh$p tang, nguoi tieu
dung c6 kha nang tiep c$n va tieu dung Iuong thl,fc vdi so IU<;1ng ldn hon, da d9ng
hon. NgU<;jc IC,li, khi gia ca lUong thl,fc tang, vdi m¢t muc thu nh$p khong doi, kha
nang mua cua nguoi tieu dung doi vdi Iuong thl,fc giam, ngudi tieu dung c6
khuynh huang giam IU<;1ng tieu thv.
Tuy nhien, trong khi ve m?t ly thuyet thi phan ung cua nguoi tieu dung doi
vdi Sl/ thay doi cua gia ca hang tieu dung ve nguyen tac Chung Ia dung nhU tren
da n6i, chung ta can IUu y m¢t khia CC,iCh thl,fc

te Ia lUong thl,fc Ia mot m?t hang

d?c bi$t c6 vai tro thiet yeu doi vdi doi song. Do d6 d¢ co gian thea gia cua cau
doi voi lUong thl,fc thea gia Ia rat thap. 8ieu nay c6 nghia Ia vi$c tang gia lUong
thl,fc khong phai luon luon lam giam muc tieu dung Iuong thl,fc thea m¢t HI$ nhu
c6 the quan sat thay doi vdi cac hang hoa khac. NgUQc l9i, thong thuong de biw
dam muc tieu dung Iuong thl,fc, nguoi tieu dung c6 the cat giam bot cac hang
hoa khac .

•

15


-

-

-

------ ---- -

-

-

Hinh 1.2 : Moi lien h~ giaa nguon ll.jc cua hQ gia dinh va dinh du'ong
Tinh

tr~ng

dinh

duong (ca nhan)

Tinh

Tieu dung lueing

tr~ng

sue

khoe cua ca nhan

thtjc cua ca nhan

..

i

I

Tieu dung luQng

Phan chia llldng

Cham s6c sue

thtjc cua h9 gia

thvc giua cac

khoe, nude s~ch._

dlnh

thimh vien trong
h9

.A.

I
Gia ludng thlfc

Thu nh~p bang tien

Thvc pham tv

Trao doi thvc

san xuat

ph am

Cac nguon llfc cua h9 gia dlnh
Von, dat dai, nha xuong, lao
d(>ng, giao dl,IC,

V~t

nuoi, cay

trong,_

•

. Nguon: Bouis &Haddad (1990), Diskin (1995), Riely (1999),

va Smith & Haddad (2000)

Tuy nhien, ngoai cac yeu to ve thu nh$p va gia ca, trong dai h~n. thea
Diskin (1995), cac nguon ltjc cua he) gia dinh nhll: dat dai, lao dc)ng, giao dl,IC,
kinh nghi~m. von, V.V.

Ia

nhan to chinh tac dc)ng den kha nang tiep c~n llleing

thtJc cua he) gia dinh. Nguon ltjc cua he) gia dinh cang lon (c1,1 the dat dai, lao

16


---

--

---

--------

d9ng, von cua h9 cang nhieu), se lam gia tang kha nang tiep c~n Iuong tht,tc cua
h9,

w d6 dan

den tieu dung Iuong tht,tc cua h9 cang tang. TUong tt,t nhu v$y,

Rose (1999), Maxwell va Frankenberger (1995) cOng cho ding tai san cua h9 gia
dinh Ia nhan to quyet d[nh den kha nang tieu dung va so IU<;ing lUong tht,tc tieu

dung cua hQ. Trang d6, Maxwell and Frankenberger (1995) da chia tai san cua
h9 ra thanh nhieu lo9i nhU: tai san dung trong san xuat (dat dai, may m6c, c6ng
Ct.} lao dQng, SUC V$t, ... ), tai san dlj trQ (vang, b9c, nha cua, tien m~t, ... ), nguon

nhan lt,tc (SUC lao dQng, giao dl}C, SUC khoe, ... ), Va nhQng moi quan h$ xa hQi.
Han nQa, thea Josson va Toole (1991 ), thUong nhQng h9 gia dlnh

d vao tlnh

tr9ng thieu lUong tht,tc Ia nhung hQ c6 ft tai san.
T6m l9i, nhieu tac gia khi nghien cuu ve an ninh Iuong tht,(c da chi ra m9t
so yeu to anh hUdng den kha nang tiep c$n lUong tht,tc cua h9 nhU trong ngan
hq.n Ia gia IUdng thtfc va thu nh~p cua h¢, trong dai hq.n Ia cac nguon ltfc cua h¢.

Khung phan tfch
Chfnh sach cua chfnh phu
8ieu ki$n tl/ nhien-kinh te. /-

xa h9i
• ·I . ... '-...·

. - - - - / ,...---,lr--------, ~.--Nguon lt,tc
(tai san)

.

Kha nang tiep

.,

c$n cua h9

_y

Sinh ke h9 gia dlnh
l.t.

ANLT h9 gia dlnh

17

Co h9i vi$c lam
va thu nh~p


5. Cac chi tieu cd

•

5.1

bim de danh gia muc d9 an ninh hidng thtjc

0 cap d9 quoc gia va vung

C6 2 nh6m chi tieu co ban:
a.

Nh6m chl tieu

ve kinh te:

1) Tdng cung: Ia tong s6 IVdng thlfc san sang cung cap trong m<)t thoi gian nhat
dlnh (nam, quy, thang) bao gam (1) S61u<;ing Iuong thl/C dV<;1C san xuat ra sau
khi da tru di so hao hL,Jt, lam giong (2) S6 lu<;1ng nh$p khau (neu c6) (3) So
lu<;1ng xuat khau.
2) San lcJqng lcidng thL/c ho~c th6c hang nam binh quan dau ngcJoi

3) Tdng cau !Udng thLjc: gam

>
>
>

Nhu cau an cua toan xa h<)i
Nhu cau Iuong thlfc dung cho chan nuoi
Nhu cau IVdng thljc cho nganh cong nghi$p che .

4) Muc lcio·ng thL/C binh quan dau ngUOi: (g<;J.O hc~c th6c) phan anh nhc;ty ben muc
d9 dap Ling nhu cau cua toan xa h(li. 8ay Ia chi tieu quan trQng hang dau khi
xem xet, danh gia tlnh hlnh an ninh Iuong thl/c

a Vi$t nam vl tren thlfc te, lua

g<;~o Chiem khoang 90% trong Cd cau Iuong thl/C ve tinh b(>t, tat ca cac loc;ti

khac nhu ngo, khoai, san, ... chi chiem gan 10%.
b.

Nh6m chl tieu

ve xa hQi

1) Ty I~ ngcJoi nghec trong xa h9i: cho thay muc song thljc te cua xa h<)i. Tren
thl/c te, chl tieu nay du<;1c xac dinh theo 2 each (1) Muc thu nh$p binh quan
dau ngvoi hang thang trong h¢ gia dlnh thap han ngvong ngheo d6i (tinh theo
IV<;1ng cau IL!dng thl/C toi thieu nhan voi muc gia IVdng thl/c) (2) Muc tieu dung
Calo binh quEm hang ngay trong h¢ gia dinh de phan loc;ti ra tUng muc : d6i,
thieu d6i, c6 nguy cd d6i.
2) Ty I~ suy dinh dUong cua tre em va phi/ ml c6 thai: Bay Ia hai nh6m nglfoi
trong xa h<)i c6 nguy cd suy dinh duong cao nhat va c6 anh huang lon den sl!
phat trien lau dai cua the ll/C, tri ll/C va vi$C gitJ gln noi giong.

18


0 cap hQ gia dinh va ca nhan

5.2

C6 3 chi tieu co bEm:

1) Mtlc thu nh~p blnh quan dEw ngUoi
2) Mtlc chi tieu luang tht/c tht/c pha"m binh quan aau nguai tfnh bang tien
3) Muc tieu dung Calorie binh quan aau nguai (thea don
dllc;IC cung cap

vi

trnh Kcal/ngtJoi/ngay)

w ltJong thl/C thl/C pham Ia chi tieu de danh gia tinh hinh dinh

dtJong cua quoc gia, dong thai cOng ph?m anh r6 muc song, chat ltlc;ing doi
song cua nhim dim.
'....

,....,

"

-

"

II. TONG QUAN VE TINH HINH AN NINH LVdNG THtjC VII;T NAM
1. An ninh h.idng tht,tc trong san xuat h.idng tht,tc- tht,tc ph~m
Tho'i

ky tru6c aoi m6i (Tru6c

1989):

Net bao trum Ia tinh tr;;mg bat an ILfcJng thljc trien mien do san xuat ILfcJng
tht,ic, d~C bi$t do san xuat lua Q?O keo dai trong tri tr$.

Bang 1.1: Tinh tr(,lng san xuat lu'dng tht,tc tri tr~ keo dai (1955-1987)
I
Nam
San ILJc;ing th6c

San ILJQng LT
I
binh quan
(kg/ngLJoi) i blnh quan (kg/nglfoi)

I

I

I

I
I

( 1)

I

(2)

(3)

1955

276,9

243,3

1974

276,0

242,0

1978

238,5

190,4

1987

280,8

241,8

Nguon: Tong eve Th6ng

Thai

ky sau

ke

aoi moi (1989 ae'n nay):

Trang suot 32 nam (1955-1987), san lllc;ing lua binh quan khong tang,

.

th$m chi lc;1i giam. Han nua, tuy Ia ntJoc nong nghiep truyen thong nhllng Viet
Nam phai nh$p hang nam tren dLJoi m<)t tri$u tan ltJdng thl,lc, nam nh$p
1 ,5 trieu tan.

19

ky hJc toi


-------------

Trang giai do<;tn nay dan so tang nhanh, W 64,8 tri$u dan ca nvoc nam
1989 len tren 77 tri$u nam 2000 nhVng muc tang cua san xuat IVdng thljc nhanh
hon gap ba IEtn so voi dan so. Thljc te, tong san ILJc;mg lUong thljc W 21,5 tri$u
tan nam 1989 len tren 34 trieu tan nam 2000, tang 59,2%.

20


Bang 1.2: T1nh h1nh an ninh ILidng thljc trong san xuat tu 1989- 1999
Dun vj t£nh : tri~u nguiJi, ngim tan, kglnguui
Nam

Dfm

so·

San/Uflng

san ILfqng

llfdng thlfc

lua

I
1

I

san ILfqng /Lf
San/Liflngth6c

thlfc binh quan

binh quan

(5)

(6)

( 1)

{2)

(3)

(4)

1989

64,8

21.515,6

18.996,3

332

293

1990

66,2

21.488,5

19.225,2

324

290

1991

67,8

21.989,5

19.621,9

I

325

291

1992

69,4

24.214,6

21.590.3

I

349

311

1993

71,0

25.501,7

22.836.6

I

359

314

1994

72,5

26.198,5

23.528.3

361

324

373

336

388

350

1995

74,0

27.570,9

21.963.7

I
1

I

;

1996

75,4

29.218,5

26.396.7

i

'
I

1997

75.8

30.618,1

27.523.9 !

404

363

1998

76.1

31.853,9

29.141.7

419

383

449

411

135,2

140,3

1999

76,3

34.253,9

31.393.8

99/89(%)

117,7

159,2

165,2

i

i
I

I

Nguon : Nien giam tho'ng ke Vi?t Nam nam 1999 & SO" li~u KT - XH 12 tinh DB Song Citu
Long 1995-1999 ciia Cvc Tho'ng Ke tinh Can Tho

Theo Chuang trlnh an ninh Iuong thl,!c - thl,!c pham quae gia den nam
2005, dan so

nuac ta

vao nam 2005 se Ia khoimg 90 tri$u ngLJoi, voi ILJc;1ng tieu

dung hang nam moi ngLJoi 144 kg g<;lO, 30 kg th[t ca, 150 qua trung, 20 kg

duong, 1oo kg rau,

1oo kg qua, de dc;1t muc dinh dLJong 2100-2300

kcal/ngLJoi/ngay thl nhu

d1U

lUong thl,fc an cua toan xa h¢i vao nam 2005 se Ia

20 tri~u tan quy th6c, 4-5 tri~u tan lUong thl,fc lam thuc an chan nuoi, 1,5 tri$u
tan lam nguyen li$u cho cong nghi~p che bien, 2 tri$u tan. NhLJ v?y t6ng so nhu
cau ve lUong thl,fc trong nLioc den nam 2005 se vao khoang 28 tri~u tan quy
th6c. Neu ke ca hao ht,Jt trong san xuat, danh dl,f tnJ va neu can thl tiep tt,Jc xuat
khau khoang 8 tri$u tan quy th6c ... thi t6ng nhu cau se Ia 36-37 tri$u tan quy
21


th6c. Tu nay den nam 2005, neu nude ta giCt dll<;jc muc de) tang truang Iuong
thLjc 1 tri~U tan m<)t nam nhu trong 10 nam VUa qua thl ml,IC tieu ve SO lu<;jng ke
tren khong may kh6 khan.
T6m l?i, ve m~t san xuat, hi$n nay Vi$t Nam c6 du kha nang dam baa an
riinh Iuong thlfc quae gia de day mc,1nh xuat khau. Hay n6i each khac, dudi g6c
de) ve tfnh san c6 cua Iuong thLjc thLjc pham, tren blnh di~n quae gia, Vi~t Nam
da d?t du<;jc an ninh Iuong thlfc. Van de con l1;1i Ia tuy thu9c vao khau phan phoi
va nhat Ia kha nang tiep c?n Iuong thlfc trong khau tieu dung.
2. An ninh hidng thtjc trong phan phoi.

Thai ky trUoc do"i moi (TrUoc 1989):
Chfnh sach d<)c quyen phan phoi Iuong thl/C theo kieu bao cap dan den

tinh tr(;1ng "cam ch<;j ngan song", luu thong tri tr~. lang phf ghe gam, san xuat b!
kim ham, an ninh Iuong thlfc khong bao dam.

Thcfi ky sau d6i m6i (1989 den nay):
8?c diem noi b?t cua an ninh Iuong thLjc trong khElU phan phoi a thai ky
nay Ia: (1) Theo co che "tl,f do kinh doanh Iuong thl,fc" vdi sl,f tham gia cua nhieu
thanh phfm kinh te lam cho th! truong Iuong thl,fc nang dong han, h~ thong phEm
phoi Iuong thlfc dam bao nhanh chong va c6 hi~u qua hem (2) Ke

w nam

1989,

c6 hai h~ thong phan phoi Iuong thLjc trong nude Ia h~ thong tieu thl,l n<)i d!a,
trong d6 dam bao v?n chuyen Iuong thl/C den tat ca mQi nguoi tieu dung trong
nude a mQi noi, mQi luc va h~ thong tieu thl,l xuat khau, trong d6 dam bao cung
cap g1;1o theo nhu cau cua khach hang nude ngoai m<)t each hi~u qua (3) Cd che
gia ca Iuong thl/C v?n d<)ng theo quan h~ cung cau cua thi truong c6 SL/ huang
d~m cua nha nude thong qua nhCtng bi~n phap kinh te (l?p kho dlf tnJ quae gia,

quy dt,! trO' luu thong ... ) de dieu tiet cung cau, gia ca va dam biw quyen lc;1i cho
nguoi san xuat. Vdi nhO'ng doi nidi trong co che luu thong va phan phoi ludng
thlfc nhu tren,ve co ban chung ta da dam bao du<;jc an ninh Iuong thlfc quae gia
ve m~t phan phoi.

22


3. Thl.jc tr~ng tiep c~n ltidng thl.jc va dinh du'Bng
Bang 3 cho thay blnh qufm ca

nuoc

ovi~t nam

c6 khoang m9t nua s6 h9 gia dinh

chua dam bao dUQc an ninh lvdng thl}c (c6 muc dinh dvong dvoi 21 oo
cal/ngvoi/ngay). 8~c bi~t Ia 8ong bang song Cuu Long 6 trong tlnh trc;mg bat an
ninh ILidng thljc nghiem trQng nhat. Tuy dan dEw cac vung ve san IUqng IUdng
thljC blnh qufm va Chiem hau het xuat khau g$0 ca nu'OC nhu'ng 8ong bang song
Cuu Long 1$i Ia vung c6 ty I~ h9 gia dinh bat an ninh lvdng thlfc cao nhat.
Bang 1.3: Tinh hinh ANL T thea chi tieu Calorie nam 1992

·~
g
{1)

Vung nui & trung du phia

oVi~t Nam (% H9)

I

ouai

1500-

1500

-1799

(2)
3,9

I

{3)

I

7,9

18001

!
I
I
I

Tren

ouc1i

2400

2100

(5)

(6)

(7)

17,5

22,4

48,3

29,3

23,5

19,9

29,4

50,7

16,5

22,0

51,5

28,0

12,3

29,7

-2099
(4)

I
I
I

I

2100-2400

I

I
I
I
I

I

I

sac

9,6

17,6

8ong bang song Hong

13,2

17,3

21,0

Khu Bon cu

7,8

7,3

14,6

Tay nguyen

I

9,6

I

20,5

II

23,6

16,6

29,7

53,7

21,1

20,0

31,6

48,2

28,5

21,0

25,2

53,8

21,4

21,2

34,3

45,5

'

I
\
I

Duyen hai mien Trung

9,0

18,1

86ng Nam b¢

7,7

17,6

88 song CL!u Long

8,7

15,2

I

!
;

I

I
I

Sinh quan ca nude
Nguon : Van phong dl/ an an ninh lUong thl/c quc·c gia 1996

An ninh Iuong thl/c dUqc tiep c~n thea nhieu g6c d¢ khac nhau
ft) yeu cau 6?n djnh nguon lUong thL/C qu6c gia den vi?c td chtJc cung
cfip m¢t each 6n djnh s6 IUqng va cha't IUqng Iuong thl/c cho c¢ng
dong den nay an ninh Iuong thifc auqc coi trQng bai nang life kinh te
cua ngUoi dfm trong tiep c~n voi nguon lUong thl/C. Cac nguon ll/C
kinh t8, Cd hQi vi?c lam Va thu nh~p cua n6ng dan trong nen kinh te
thi truang dong vai tro chu ye'u cho chie'n luqc an ninh IUdng thl/c ben
vang i!J Vi?t nam hi?n nay.

23


CHVdNG 2
,...?

..._

'

,

,

TONG QUAN VE AN NINH LVdNG THtjC VUNG TU GIAC
LONG XUYEN- AN GIANG

Vung tV giac Long Xuyen (TGLX) Ia m<)t trong nhung ndi c6 san IL1<;1ng
IL1<;1ng thlfc va nang suat lua 16'n nhat 8ong bang Song Cuu Long (8BSCL) cOng
nhll ca nll6'c, ngoai ra n6 con dlf<;1c xem Ia ndi c6 nen kinh te da d~mg va nang
d¢ng cua vung 8BSCL, tuy nhien thieu an van Ia m<)t trong nhung van de n6i b~t

0

khu Vl/C nay. La ndi tiep giap v6'i Campuchia nam

0

ba tay song H~u chq.y

thang ra bien Kien Giang, TGLX chiem gan tron hai tinh An giang va Kien Giang
c6 di$n tich toan vung Ia 504.300 Ha, trong d6 thanh ph6 Long Xuyen Ia trung
tam tai chfnh thlfdng mq.i cua khu vt;c, nam o phia 86ng cua tlnh An Giang. V6i
han 70% di$n tich nam trong vung TGLX, An Giang gan nhlf phan anh day du
nhung net d~c thu cua vung ve dieu ki$n tl/ nhien, kinh te, xa h<)i d?c bi$t Ia

o

khu Vl/C nang than An giang ndi dLJQC m$nh danh Ia Vlja lua chfnh cua Nam be)
v6'i nang suat lua dq.t cao nhat trong s6 cac tlnh thanh cua khu Vl/C 8BSCL.
Do d~c diem de tai nghien cuu ve tinh hinh an u6ng cua he) gia dinh doi
hoi thong tin khao sat phai dLIQC ghi chep va kiem tra Ch~t che, dong thai can CO
slf ho tr<;1 tfch cvc tU phfa chfnh quyen d!a phvong. Hon nua, do nhung hq.n che
ve m~t thai gian cOng nhll kha nang tai chinh, nen mau nghien cuu khong the

mo r¢ng het phq.m vi cua vung TGLX rna chi c6 the chon dq.i di$n m<)t s6 khu
Vl/C dien hlnh de tien hanh khao sat. Do An Giang Ia khu Vl/C trung tam cua vung
TGLX, lq.i mang day du cac net d~c trung cd b~m cua vung, nen trong nghien cuu
nay chu yeu t$p trung khao sat o Tinh An giang.
,...,

I.

-

,,..,

,_

-

"'

_,

- -

TONG QUAN VE DIEU KII;N Tt)' NHIEN KINH TE XA HOI

.,

TINH AN GIANG
1. Ve dfeu ki~n

tll nhien.

Tinh An Giang thu¢c 8BSCL, nam giua song Tien va song H~u. Phfa
Dong Bac giap tinh Dong Thap, Tay Nam giap t1nh Kien Giang, Dong Nam giap

24