The science of nutrition 4th edition thompson manore vaughan chapter 18
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Chapter 18 Lecture
Chapter 18:
Nutrition Through the Life
Cycle:
Childhood and Adolescence
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Toddlers
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Age 12 months to 36 months
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Rapid growth rate of infancy begins to slow
Gain 5.5 to 7.5 inches, average 9 to 11 pounds
Higher energy expended for increased activity levels
Increased nutrient needs are based on their larger body size
Toddlers (cont.)
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Macronutrients:
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Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) varies according to the toddler's age,
body weight, and level of activity
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30−40% of total kcal from fat
1.1 grams of protein per kg body weight
130 grams carbohydrates per day (most of the carbohydrates should be
complex)
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14 grams fiber per 1,000 kcal/day
Toddlers (cont.)
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Micronutrients:
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Ensure adequate intake of the micronutrients obtained from fruits and
vegetables, including: vitamins A, C, E, calcium, iron, zinc, potassium
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Vitamin D supplements recommended for some children
Until age 2, drink whole milk for calcium
Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutrient deficiency in young
children
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Toddlers (cont.)
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As toddlers become more active, they lose more fluids through sweat
An active toddler may need more fluids
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nutritious Food Choices
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Most are able to match intake with needs
Healthful variety of food available
Food should not be forced on a child
Frequent, small meals for small stomach
Developmentally appropriate foods
Small portions, limited healthful alternatives
Role modeling is important
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Allergy Watch
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Continue to watch for common food allergies: wheat, peanuts, cow's milk, soy,
citrus, egg whites, seafood
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Introduce one new food at a time and monitor for allergic reactions
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Vegetarian Families
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Eggs and dairy: part of a healthful diet
Vegan diet may be low in protein, minerals (calcium, iron, zinc), vitamins (D and
B12)
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High fiber may impair iron and zinc absorption and promote a premature sense of
"fullness" at mealtimes
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Fortified foods and supplement use to ensure adequate nutrition
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Preschool and School-Age Children
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Growth slows: average gain 2–4 in./year
Encourage physical activity
EER varies according to age, body weight, and level of activity.
From age 4 through 8, values for most nutrients increase
Sexual maturation begins ages of 8 and 9: DRI values are separately defined for
boys and girls beginning at age 9
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Macronutrients
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Total fat intake should gradually drop to a level closer to adult fat intake
25−35% of total energy from fat
130 grams carbohydrate per day
14 grams fiber per 1,000 kcal
0.95 grams protein per kg body weight
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Micronutrients
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Consuming adequate fruits and vegetables in the diet continues to be a concern
(vitamins A, C, and E, fiber and potassium)
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"Milk displacement"—low-calcium diets also tend to be low in other nutrients
RDAs for iron and zinc also increase
If fluoride is not available in municipal water supply, fluoride supplements may be
needed
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Fluid
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Children: about 5 to 8 cups of beverages each day, including water
Exact amount depends on activity and weather
Beverages should be free of caffeine and added sugars
USDA Daily Food Plan meets the nutrient requirements for preschoolers
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nutrition-Related Concerns
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Nutritious food choices
Iron-deficiency anemia
Food insecurity and hunger
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Nutritious Food Choices
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Peer pressure encourages unhealthful food choices
Body image plays an important role
Families who plan, prepare, and eat meals together are more successful at
promoting good food choices
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Frequent family meals reduce the risk for disordered eating, substance abuse, and
depression
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
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Higher among children from Mexican-American and low-income families
Children with very poor appetites or erratic eating behaviors may need iron
supplements
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If left untreated, iron-deficiency anemia can lead to behavioral, cognitive, motor
delays, and impaired immunity
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Food Insecurity and Hunger
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16 million children faced with food hunger and insecurity
Without adequate breakfast, children can't concentrate or pay attention
Impaired nutrient status can blunt children's immune responses.
Psychosocial health associated with food insecurity
Government and private programs can provide nutrition benefits
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Role of School Attendance
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School breakfasts: optimize nutrient intake and avoid behavioral and learning
problems from hunger in the classroom
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No monitoring for adequacy of food eaten
Soft drinks and snack foods in school
School lunches: what's actually eaten (not planned/served) tends to be higher in fat
Options to entice healthful selections
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Adolescents
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Adolescence continues to 18 years
Puberty: secondary sexual characteristics develop; capacity for reproduction
During this developmental phase, they may be less responsive to parental guidance
Most adolescents navigate the challenges into mature and healthy adults
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Adolescents (cont.)
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Growth spurts begin at age 10−11 for girls,
12−13 for boys
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Average 20−25% increase in height
Average girl reaches almost full height by the onset of menstruation (menarche);
boys can continue to grow during early adulthood
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Skeletal growth ceases closure of the epiphyseal plates
Weight and body composition also change
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Macronutrients
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EER for adolescents is based on gender, age, activity level, height, and weight
25−35% of total energy from fat
≤10% of total energy from saturated fat
45−65% of kcal from carbohydrates
0.85 grams protein per kg body weight
26−38 grams of fiber per day
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