Tái định dạng địa lý kinh tế xã hội việt nam năm giá trị cốt lõi, một tầm nhìn và cách tiếp cận việt nam học, hướng tới lý nhân văn (2013) vũ như vân

TAIDINH DANG D|A LY KINH TE - XA HOI VIET NAM:
NAM GIA TRI COT LOI, MOT TAM NHIN VA CACH TIEP CAN
VIET NAM HOC, HITONG T O I D I A LY NHAN VAN
Va Nhu Van

1. Tarn nhin va each tiep can Vift Nam hoc
- Viet Nam bgc (Vielnamology) bay Ngbien ciru Viet Nam (Vietnamese Studies)
la nganh khoa bgc ngbien ciru da chieu ve Viet Nam Iheo: (i) cac chuyen nganh nhu
Hch sir, dia ly, ngdn ngir, van bgc, van hda, kinb le, xa hoi, mdi Irudng sinh thai...;
(ii) tinh lien nganh cua khu vyc bgc. Trong nha Irudng, nganh Viet Nam bgc nham
trang hi cho sinh vien nhirng kien Ihiirc dai cuomg ve khoa bgc xa hdi va nhan van,
dac biet cac kien Ihuc ca ban, he thdng, hien dai va Ihiet Ihyc ve Viet Nam bgc (va
ca tieng Viet trong Irudng hop sinh vien la ngudi nude ngoai), giup sinh vien sau
khi Idl nghiep cd kha nang di sau ngbien ciru va giang day Viet Nam bgc; hoac trd
Ihanh hudng din vien cho nganh du Hch. Vi$t Nam bgc ciing cung cap each tiep can
cac van de ve Viet Nam/lien quan den Viet Nam trong boat dgng ciia cac ca quan
ngoai giao, Id chire qude le, cac ca quan dai dien, van pbdng thuomg mai, cac id chirc
chinh phu va phi chinb phu d trong nude va ngoai lanb thd Viet Nam'.
Trong CO cau nganh Viet Nam bgc cd hai bd phan gan ket/tuang lac gifra Viet Nam
bgc trong nude (do cac nha khoa bgc Viet Nam Ihuc hien) va Viet Nam hoc ngoai
nude (chu yeu do cac nha khoa bgc nude ngoai thuc hien) dem lai each nhin loan
dien ban cho hoach dinh chien luge phat tricn va hdi nhap".
Hdi thao qudc le Viet Nam bgc Ian thu nhat nam 1998 lai Ha Ngi da gop phan
nang cao vi the cua cac Irung lam va Khoa Viet Nam hoc thudc Dai hoc Qudc gia
Ha Ngi va nhieu Irudng dai hoc trong nude, thu hut mot sd can bd khoa hoc cuan
tam va ddng dao sinh vien theo hoc chuyen nganh mdi nay.
- Su xuat hien Viet Nam bgc, ciing vdi lam nhin, phuang phap tiep can cung
nhu sir danh gia tich cue ciia .xa hdi, khicn chimg tdi, cac nha dia ly Viet Nam bat iiac
* TS.. Truong Dai hoc Supham Thai Nguyen.
1, 2. Hoi thao qudc te Viet Nam hoc Ian ba Viet Nam: Hdi nhgp vd phdt Irien, Nxb. Dai hoc
Quoc gia Ha Noi. 2008.

210


TAI DINH DANG DIA LY KINH TE - XA HOI VIET NAM.

nhir lai doi tirgng va nhicMn vu ciia dia 1>' kinb le - xa hdi Viet Nam theo tinh than
ddi -ndi tu duy. trirdc hel la tu day phat tr'ien gan vdi thuc lien dat nude.
Xct vc phuang dien Hch sir. dia ly k\ nh te - xa hdi Viet Nam khdi dau bang dia
- kirh te. vdi doi tirgng chii ycu la nghien ciru su phan bd san xuat. NhCtng nam 70
the ly XX. nhan thirc dugc vai tro quan trong cua cac van de xa hdi trong mdi quan
he true tiep vdi san xuat. dia - kinh te c6 them tiep vi ngu xd hdi; liic dau lien each
bang dau phay (kinh te, xa hdi). vc sau chuyen gach ngang (kinh te - xa hdi) va tdn
lai den nay.
Do cham ddi mdi, ddi tugng ciia dia ly kinh le - xa hdi triing hgp ngau nhien
vdi Jhien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, va dieu dd, vd hinh chung thudng bi nhan
nhlm la khoa bgc md la theo/cho chien luge dd, khien cho dia ly kinh te trd nen
ken: hip din cho ngudi bgc va "tiep thj" mdn bgc. Trong tinh hinh dd, mot sd nha
dia ly kinh te kien Iri tim kiem giai phap ddi mdi theo hudng lam phong phu
hanlhuc tl ban ngi ham nhan van cho cac van de kinh te - xa hdi dat nude; kbdng
Ihda man vdi nbCrng gi dat dugc, hg keu ggi lai dinh dang/tai cau true dia ly kinh le
- xa hdi Viet Nam bang sy Irg giiip tir tdm nhin va each tiep can tdng hap - lien
nganh Viet Nam hoc vai lai the han hdn nha mdi lien he hdi tiep da chieu do cd
each nhin tir trong ra (Vi^t Nam hoc trong nuac) kit hap vai each nhin tir ngoai vdo
(Viet Nam hoc ngodi nuac)\ May thay, each tilp can ay ve ngi ham lai gan gui vdi
phumg phap nghien ciru lien nganh - lien viing cua dia ly kinh te - xa hdi; va dieu
nay dien ra triing phiing vdi su kien Tdi dinh dgng dia - kinh te the giai do WB de
xult t^i Bdo cao Phdt triin thi giai nam 2009 cimg vdi Thuyet thuang mgi mai/Bia
- kirh ti mai cua Paul Krugman, mot hoc gia My, doat Giai thudng Ndbel vl kinb tl
bgc(2008)1

Cung cin ndi them, trong clu true phucmg phap luan dia ly kinh te - xa hdi
Viei Nam da cd mot sd khia canh mang tinh/mdlip ndi ham dia ly nhan van thdng
qua cac ndi dung dia ly dan cu, xa hdi, ben canh cac van de dia ly dan toe, dan sd,
quin cu, cu Iru vdn la nhinig vln dl co tinh tuyin thdng, cdn cd mot sd khia canh
vl sdnb kl, chit lugng cudc sing, cac gia tri van hda, van minh, nang luc the chat,
ban sic van hda cua ngudi Viet Nam trong canh Iranh va hdi nhap qudc te. Day la
nhihg ylu id sin sang cho su nhan van hoa phuang phap luan cung nhu tiep can hanh
dgni; va dugc coi nhu la tiln dk vat chat can va du cho vice lai dinh dang dia ly
1. Ding Van Phan va NNK. "Dia ly kinh tC- - xa hoi Viet Nam: Dien giai va hanh dong hudng
tc! dja ly hoc thong minh. sang tao". Hoi thao khoa hoc Cdc vdn de trong nghien cini vd
gang, ilgv dia ly. Dai hoc Quoc gia TP.H6 Chi Minh, 2012.
2. Bio ciio Phat iriln the gidi (WB), Tdi dinh dang dia - kinh le (Reshaping economic geograpln).
Nvb. \an hoa - Thong tin. Ha Noi. 2009.
211


VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU
kinh le - xa hdi va nhan van ddng Ihdi xay dyng mdi dia ly nhan van. Hudng di mdi
nay, ve mat ly luan, can dugc kien giai bang vi^c lam sang Id 5 gia In cdt Idi sau.
2. Nam gia trj cot Idi
2.1. Khdng gian tu nhien - lich su
La nen tang ciia dia ly Viet Nam, va ndi chung cua ca Viet Nam bgc, moi
Irudng ly nhien - Hch su Viet Nam dugc the hien trong bd ba khai niem Tu nhien Con ngudi - Xa hdi. Tudng chimg bd ba khai niem nay chi la su bieu dat/mo lip
nguyen lac phong thuy, nhung thuc ra la san pham ciia tuomg lac boat ddng ciia con
ngudi vdi ly nhien nham khai ihac tu li?u san xuat va sinh boat; khien cho cai tu
nhien nguyen so trd thanh cai tu nhien nhan lac. Bdi con ngudi va vi con ngudi, tu
nhien ban dau da mang dau an Hch su. Theo nghTa dd, nen tang tu nhien cac nghien
cuu ve dat nude, con ngudi Viet Nam ve ban chat la ly nhien - Hch su. Khdng c6 tu
nhien ly than nd, ciing nhu khdng cd Hch sir nim ngoai cai ndi tu nhien cua dat nude.
Ve mat lich su tu nhien, tir thdi lien Cambri cho den dau Cd sinh, khdi nen cd

sdng Chay trong pham vi lanh thd hien nay ciia viing niii phia BIC Viet Nam, ciing
vdi khdi nen cd Kon Tum tren Tay Nguyen da hign len khi lanh thd nude la liic dd
cdn la mdi viing nude menh mdng. Cac boat ddng dia kien tao sau dd, dac biet trong
thdi ky tan kien tao, ciing vdi cac boat ddng dul gay, nang syt, phun Irao macma,
din den sy thay ddi bg mat dia hinh, biln mot sd ban hinh nguyen cd thanh viing
ddi niii nhieu b$c, tir thap den Irung hinh va cao tren 2500m vdi mang ludi song
chay theo hudng chii dao tay bic - ddng nam; dan hi?n len cac hudng vdng cung,
hudng ddng blc - tay nam; lac dgng cua tao son Anpa - Hymalaya cdn lam bien ddi
canh quan dll nude mot each sau sic, tir canh quan cd chi tuyen sang canh quan cd a
chi tuyen va dn ddi, cudi ciing la canh quan chi tuyen hien dai.
vi tiin trinh lich sir xa hdi, lanh thd nude la ngay nay trai dai tren hai nghin
cay sd tir Lang Son din mui Ca Mau da dugc xay dyng tren mot qua trinh ban hai
nghin nam, nlu kl tir Au Lac la nha nude dau lien ciia chimg la xuat hien trong bien
nien sir dan toe. Cho din nha Ly, trong thdi ky dau cua nha nude phong kien tu chii,
lanh tho cua chiing la chi mdi quanb quIn d mien bac Hoanh Son va tir mien trjng
du sdng Hdng, sdng Ma va sdng Lam trd xudng. Nha Ly da dn dinh bien gidi ciia
Dai Viet vl phia ddng blc, ddng thdi md bd cdi cua nude la ve phia nam, den s5ng
Thach Han tinh Quang Tri ngay nay- Nha Trin bat dau kinh dinh mien lay bac va
miln lay Thanh Hda, Nghe An, ddng thdi md bd cdi vao den nui Hai Van va nha
1 Id tilp tuc phat Iriln vao din Quang Ngai. Nha Le d thinh thdi da dn dinh bien ^idi
miln lay va md mang them bd cdi vao den Binh Dinh .
1. Dao Duy Anh, Ddt nude Viet Nam qua cdc d(ri, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, 1996.

212


TAI DINH DANG DIA LY KINH T^ - XA H O I VIET NAM.

Tiep tiic su nghiep cua nha Le. ho Nguyen da phat trien lanh thd vao den Ha Tien
va Ca Mau, sat vdi vinh Ihai Ian, sau khi chiem cir bet ca nude Chiem Thanh va

mdi phan nude Chan Lap; dong thdi ho Nguyen da bat dau kinh dinh mien cao
ngu/en phia lay. Nhung lanh tho nude ta, do viec nha Mac cudp ngdi nha Le va do
viec hai hg Trinh Nguyen phan tranh da hi chia xe lam hai trong khoang hai the ky
rud. Do cudc khdi nghTa lay Son danh do ca hg Nguyen, bg Tnnb vdi nha Le, lanh
thd mdi cd dieu kien de thdng nhat trd lai trong pham vi rgng rai ban d thdi Le
so, 3ao quat ca dat lien va vimg nude rgng Idn tren Bien Ddng, gdm cac quan dao
Hoing Sa va Trudng Sa.
Tren ca sd nghien ciru cac tai lieu dia ly Hch su", ciing nhu cac ngudn thdng
tin lu lieu mdi nhat, khdng gian tu nhien - Hch su Vi^l Nam cd the dugc nhin nhan
mgtcach tdng quan nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, lanh thd nude ta la mot dam vi dia ly hoan chinb, nam d phia ddng
ban dao An Do Chi Na, d giira mot ben la dai nui xuomg sdng ciia phan ddng bd ban
dao tir mien nam Trung Qudc chay doc xudng nam theo hiiu ngan sdng Me Kdng,
mot ben la bien Ddng Hai vdi vinh Blc Bg d blc va vinh Thai Lan d nam.
Thir hai, don vi dia ly ay dugc cau tao tren su phan biet va sy phdi hgp ciia hai
mill ddi nhau, mien ddng bang chay dai theo dgc bien do nbirmg sdng Idn phat
nguyen tir dai niii xuang sdng bdi thanh, va mien nui cao chay dai theo trien phia
ddng ciia dai niii xuomg sdng va Hen tiep vdi mien ddng bing do mot dai trung du
gdiT nhung ddi va dll cao chan niii; su pham biet va su phdi hgp giira hai mien nhu
thI a dilu kien rll thuan Igi cho vi?c thanh lap mot khu vyc kinb le hoan chinb vdi
nhung ngudn lai san va nbimg nganh san xuat luy khac nhau ma bd sung lln nhau,
do dd cung la dilu kign thuan Igi cho sy thdng nhat chinh tri, tuc su kiln lap cua
nha nude thdng nhit, mac diu vl dilu kign cu dan thi nhirng miln cao do khac
nhai nhu tren da quy dinh sy tin lai ben canh nhau ciia nhilu chung toe va dan Idc
khac nhau.
Thir ba, lanh thd ly nIm dai theo bd phia ddng ciia An Do Chi Na va hi chia
clt Mnh nhilu khu vyc each nhau bdi nhumg nhanh ngang cua day niii xuomg sdng
noi :ren. nhung mdi mot khu vyc ly tu nd lai cung la mdi khu vyc dia ly hoan chinh
nhdvdi mot dai ddng blng, mot dai niii cao lien tiep nhau bdi mot dai trung du, do
do cung cd Ihl lam thanh mot khu vuc kinh le tuomg ddi hoan chinb. Nhu-ng khu

virc nho ly luy each nhau bdi nhimg nhanh niii ngang, nhimg lai thdng vdi nhau de
dang blng nhung deo thip va nhIt la bang dudng bien dgc theo bd, cho nen su ngan
each theo nhilu khu vuc nhu thI khong nhirng khdng ngan trd sy giao thdng va do
1. DioDuy Anh

Sdd.

213


VItT NAM HQC - KY \tV UQl THAO QU6C TE LAN THIJ TlT
do su thdng nhat kinh le va chinh In, ma trai lai la dieu kign thuan Igi cho sy dn dinh
tuomg ddi sdm cua lanh thd nha nude va cho sy phat trien deu dan theo lirng giai
do^n cua lanh thd ay.
Thu tu, khdng gian lanh thd nude ta la mot dan vi dia ly thdng nhat trong su
da dang gdm ba hgp phan: mien niii, ddng bang, bien, diing nhu dng cha da kbSng
dinh ca cau lanh thd nude la la tam san tir hdi nhdt phan dien; trong dd bien nude la
la Biln Ddng. Dd la ca sd tu nhien - Hch su cho cudc dau tranh de bao ve chii quyen,
quyen chii quyen va quyen tai phan tren viing lanh hai, tiep giap lanh hai, viing dac
quyen kinh le va viing them lye dia, trong dd cd hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trudng
Sa. Khdng gian ly nhien - Hch sii dd dugc khlng dinh trong Luat Bien Viet Nam
dugc Qudc hgi cdng bd Ihang 6/2012.
Thii- nam, Trong thdi dai loan cau hda va hdi nhap qudc le, khai niem khong
gian tu nhien - lich sir can dugc cap nhat hda bang quan nigm khdng gian "mem",
khdng gian "thdng minh", dugc dinh vi blng Iga dg viing phu sdng ciia v? tinh vien
thdng VINASAT cung nhu vi tri va vi the ciia la theo cac phan khiic trong ehuoi cung
loan cau'.
He luan quan trgng tir nhirng dilu trinh bay d tren la sy khlng dinh khdng gian
ly nhien - Hch su nude ta thdng nhIt trong da dang, kl thira ciia qua khu, vQ-ng tin
trong hign tai, phat trien trong tuomg lai.

2.2. Cuddn
- Cu dan la ngi dung cdt Idi trong hlu hit cac nghien cuu dia ly. Cdng trinh tieu
bilu theo hudng nghien cuu long hgp - lien nganh la lac phim Vdn hda vd cu dan
dong bdng sdng Hdng ciia GS. Vu Ty Lap va cac ddng nghigp^. Dudi gdc nhin dan sd
bgc, chu Ihl cu dan Viet Nam la mgt cgng ddng sd Idn vdi 86,9 tri^u ngudi (2010),
thudc nhdm nude cd dan sd ddng tren the gidi, nhumg phan bd khdng ddng deu giura
cac viing miln, giira cac khu vuc va dia phuang phii hgp vdi hoan canh mdi trujng
kinh le sinh thai nhan van.
Theo tinh loan ciia UNDP, dl cudc sdng thuan Igi, binh quan tren Ikm^, chi nen
cd tir 35 den 40 ngudi; vay ma mat do dan sd nude la nam 2010 la 263 ngudi/km ,
lire la gip khoang 6 - 7 lln "mat do chuin" Ihl gidi. Trong dieu kien dat ndng nghiep d
cac viing ddng blng cd ban, mat do dan sd cao cung la dieu kien khd khan cho tao
viec lam, bao ve mdi Irudng va phat trien ben vQ-ng.
1. Dang Van Phan va NNK,..., Sdd.
2. Vu Tu Lap va NNK, Van hda vd cu dan ddng being sdng Hdng, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa loi,
Ha Noi, 1991.
214


TAI Dlf^H DANG DIA LY KINH T^ - XA HOI V I E T NAM..

- Theo Du bao ciia Lien hop quoc, Vict Nam dang d thdi ky "ddn sd vdng",
keodai khoang 27 nam (tir nam 2008 va ket thuc vao nam 2035). Viec nIm bit ca
hdi nay de tao nen budc dot pha cho su phat trien cua dat nude la hel sire quan
trgng, nhung that khdng de dang. Nude ta da d sat ngudng dan sd gia. Ngay tir bay
gid, can day manh nghien ciru qua trinh gia hda d nude ta nham lam ca sd cho viec
xay dung va thuc thi chien luge qudc gia nham ddi phd vdi xu hudng gia hda dan sd
dier ra ngay cang nhanh, manh. Nhieu thach thirc ve co hdi dan sd vang cung nhu
ddn trudc dan sd gia dat ra ciing liic.
- Trong qua trinh Hch sir, nude ta thirdmg xuyen cd cac cudc di dan. Cac cudc

di din dau lien xuat phat tir cai ndi hinh thanh dan toe Viet d trung du phia bac,
lan Kudng phia ddng va sau dd xudng phia nam theo cac thdi ky Hch su. Cac cudc
tdng dieu Ira dan sd nam 1999 va nam 2009 cho thay, do su chuyen bien co cau
kinh te cho nen cac ludng chuyen cu cung cd nhirng thay ddi nhat dinh. Mien niii
va trung du Bac Bd trudc day nhap cu nhieu bom thi gid day bat dau cd bien lugng
xuai cu. Cac ludng di cu tir ddng bang sdng Hdng hudng vao Tay Nguyen, ddng
blng sdng COru Long va Ddng Nam Bg. Blc Trung Bd la vimg xuat cu Idn, chu
yeu hudng vao Tay Nguyen va Ddng Nam Bd. Nhirng tac ddng kinh le - xa hgi
ciia su chuyen cu rat phirc tap, da dang va lau dai, gay xao Iron ca cau dan cu d tat
ca cac vimg; ay la chua ndi den mot bd phan cu dan ngudi Viet Nam sinh sdng d
nude ngoai, va mgt bd phan ngudi nude ngoai nhap qudc deb Viet Nam ngay cang
ddng han.
- Trong qua trinh phat trien luc lugng san xuat, ddng thdi vdi sy thay ddi
cac mlu hinh quIn cu d cac viing, sy phat trien ciia cac dd thi, sy hinh thanh va
pha: triln mang ludi dilm dan cu trong pham vi ca nude, lirng budc hinh thanh
hg thong quIn cu thdng nhIt trong su da dang, nhung chii yeu gdm hai mau
hinh quIn cu ndng thdn (ddng blng - ven biln, mien niii) va mlu hinh quan cu
Iharh thi.
Qudn cu pho bien a ddng bdng, ven hiin pbin Idn la lang xa ngudi Viet. Vl
ngoii mao, lang xa truyin thdng d ding blng sdng Hdng dugc xay dymg tren nbii-ng
nin dll cao bom ddng rudng bao quanh. GiCra lang cd dinh thd thanh hoang - ngudi
cd cong dung lang. Ben canh dinh lang thindng cd chiia thd Phat, phia trudc chiia cd
gae chudng, tugng Quan Am Bd Tat, hien than cho dire tin uy nghiem, tram mac, ma
gan gui'.
Su khac biet trong quIn cu va cu trii d d6ng blng sdng Cihi Long khdng dem lai su
di bet, trai lai, dd la su da dang trong van hoa cu tni va van hda umg xir vdi tu nhien.
1. VJTuLapvaNNK

Sdd.

215


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU"

Xdm ap lay kenh rach lam tryc giao luu kinh le va xa hdi. Tren mgi phuomg dien
tam linh va thiel che lang xa - xdm ap hai ddng bang deu la nai luu tru va phat trien
cac gia tri van hda vat chat va linh than ciia dan toe.
Quan cu ddng blng ven bien mang tinh ludng nguyen; mat trong de gan vdi
ddng rudng de san xuat luomg thuc, vdi mai dinh, chiia chien, cay da, gieng n\iac,
vdi mg to, nha thd ddng hg; mat ngoai de ludn gin bd vdi lam mudi, lam mam,
nghe danh bat tdm ca ven bd, xa bd cd khi ca thang trdi ciia cac van chai tren cac
bai trieu cua sdng, ngoai bai. Con de tudng nhu chi la dk ngan man, chan lu, bao ve
ddng rudng, lang mac, lai la bieu tugng gan ket hg hang ddng tdc Irong/ngoai de;
ngudi lam rudng, ke chai ludi, cd khi ca hai nghe vao liic ndng nhan, tao nen net sinh
ke ven bien dac Ihii ciia Vigl Nam.
Qudn cu ndng thdn trung du - mien niii: Tiiy theo dac diem cac dan tdc va dja
phuang ma cac diem dan cu trung du - mien niii ciing cd ten ggi khac nhau: ban,
lang, budn, play, kon... Chi cd mgt sd dan tdc d reo thap (Tay, Niing, Thai, Mudng,...)
mdi cu trii tap trung thanh lang ban vdi vai chyc ndc nha, cdn ndi chung cac lang
ban viing cao thudng tuang ddi nhd, nha d rai rac (dac biet la lang ban cac dan
tgc H'mdng, Dao). Sinh kl chii ylu ciia ddng bao la canh lac nuang ray, rugng
bac thang, san xult luang thuc, chan nudi gia sue Idn, cham sdc rirng, cay an qua,
dugc li^u...
QuIn cu d Tay Nguyen that dgc dao. Budn lang ngudi Ba Na, Gia R.ai,
Xa Dang,... phin Idn dIu cd nha rdng d gifl-a lang, cd vai trd nhu dinh lang ciia
ngudi Viet d ddng blng, tugng trung cho sy thinh vugng va bieu lugng cho sy ket
ndi nua thi gidi tam linh hien hiru vdi nua ben kia day quyin nang, nen dugc dan
lang ddn tam doc sire xay d\tng hoanh trang, cham sdc chu dao.
Qudn cu a thanh thi, theo cac chOrng cir Hch siir thi thdi phong kien ty chii

dugc bill din la cac dd thi Thang Long - Ddng Dd - Ke Chg. Cac dd thi - tram dich
dugc hinh thanh, cd mgt sd cang mgt thdi ndi tieng sam uat nhu Phd Hien, Van Ddn,
Hdi An. Chinh sach trgng ndng, Crc thuang da ban che su phat trien dd thi. Chire
nang la trung tam chinb tri - hanh chinh lln at chirc nang trung tam kinb tl; cac ang
nghe, thi dan d vi tri yem the.
Nude ta dang d giai doan dIu cua qua trinh dd thi hda hien dai. Trinh do do ih
hoa thIp, mdi chi cd 29,6% dan sd sdng trong cac thanh phd, thi >^a, thi Iran (20)9)
Hien nay, ca nude da cd 755 dd thi. trong dd cd ban 100 thanh phd va thi xa. Do lb
la bilu tugng ciia nIn van minh, muc lieu phan dau den nam 2020. cu dan d( lb
phai dat tdi 43 - 45% dan sd. Mang ludi dd thi cIn dugc quy hoach khang t-ang
hien dai theo hudng phat trien xanh va ben virng.
216


TAI OINH DANG DIA LY KINH T^' - XA HOI V I ^ T NAM.

2.3. Sinh ke
- Sinh ke dugc hieu la each lam an de muu su sdng ciia ngudi dan, ndi rgng ra
la cich thirc tdn tai va phat trien ciia cdng ddng dan cu. Theo Nien gidm thong ke
nan 20H), 69,83% dan cu Viet Nam sdng d ndng thdn vdi sinh ke chii yeu la san
xua: ndng, lam nghiep, khai Ihac thuy san; chi cd 30,17% dan sd thanh thi vdi sinh
ke (hu yeu ciia dan cu boat ddng cdng nghiep dich vu".
Tinh den ngay 31/12/2009, co cau lao ddng tir 15 luoi trd len dang lam viec
thee nganh ndng nghiep va lam nghiep chiem 48,2%, thuy san 3,7%, cac nganh
cdng nghiep xay dung chi chiem 21,4%, boat ddng dich vu chilm 26,7%. Theo
tharh phan kinh te, 86,1% lao ddng thudc khu vuc ngoai nha nude, trong dd, 79,4%
la Lo dgng ca the; sd lao ddng thudc khu vuc nha nude chi chiem 10,5%; khu vuc
vdn nude ngoai 3,4%. Trong birc tranh kinh te da dang, nhieu mau ve cua dan cu
Vie: Nam, ndi len hai loai hinh sinh ke chii yeu sau day:
- Sinh ke cu ddn ndng thdn

Cu dan ndng thdn Viet Nam sinh sdng chu yeu bang nghe Irdng liia nude vdi
hinh thirc cu trii lieu bieu la lang thudn ndng. Cay liia dugc ngudi Viet cd thuan hda
each day khoang 6000 nam. Do anh hudng cua sy phan hda ciia khi hau ciing vdi
pha: trien thuy Igi va su dyng cac gidng liia ngan ngay, d nude la da hinh thanh ba
vy san xuat chinh la vy ddng xuan, vy he thu va vu miia. Cac tinh phia Bac cd mgt
vy (idng va mgt vy xuan, vy he thu va vu mua.
Su phan hda dia hinh va khi hau ciing dan tdi su da dang trong sinh ke cu dan
miei niii. Dai bd phan cu dan mien nui phat trien canh tac nuomg ray, rugng bac
tharg, chu yeu la Irdng cac cay luang thuc cd bat nhu liia, ngd, ke, dau, cac loai rau
cii cua va cay cdng nghiep. Cimg vdi phat trien nghe Irdng liia, ngudi dan phat trien
chai nudi trau, bd de lay sire keo; nudi Ign de lay thil va ngudn phan bdn; nudi gia
can, thuy cam lam ngudn thuc pham; ddng thdi phat trien nghe mgc, ren, sOra chira
ndng cy, xay dung nha d.
Sinh ke ndng nghiep keo theo su trao ddi hang hda dia phuang cd tinh lu cung
ly cap bang he thdng chg: chg tet, chg xuan, chg phien, chg chieu, chg hdm, chg
bop chg cdc, chg vd; ke ban, ngudi mua, trao qua ddi lai, chu yeu la mgt sd
thu: thiel yeu cho cudc sdng thudng nhat, hoac don gian la gom lien de di an
cuci, de gdp gid, viec hg, viec lang. Hang nam tren dat nude ta cd nhieu le
hoi mdi lan Id chirc le hdi thudng kem theo hoi chg bap dan ddng dao cac doanh
nghiep va ngudi dan. Dgc dao nhat la cac chg tren nga ba sdng, theo kenh rach d

1. Ngo Doan Vjnh, Phdi Irien - Dieu ki' dieu vd hi dn, Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Noi, 2010.

217


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QU6C T £ LAN THIJ TU

ddng blng sdng Cuu Long. Dgc theo bien gidi vdi cac nude lang gieng cdn loai
cap chg ben nay/ben kia qudc gidi. Lai cd ca chg mua may bdn rui dau xuan (Chg

Vieng, Nam Dinh); chg tinh (Chg tinh Kbau Vai - Ha Giang; Sapa, Bac Ha - Lao
Cai; Mgc Chau - Son La)...
Do dac diem thdi vy ciia nghe ndng la phai tap trung Idn ngudn lao ddn g vao
thdi ky gieo cay va thu hoach, ma xuat hien khai niem "ndng nhdn" sau viu cdy
trudc vy gat, ddng thdi vdi nghe chan nudi, nghe thii cdng, budn ban nhd. Tir dd
xuat bi^n cac lang nghe, lang chai ludi ciia sdng, ven bien. Ndi chung cd the coi
Idng nghe la cdng ddng sinh ke Iruyen thdng ciia cu dan ndng thdn; ngay nay dien
m^o lang que dang thay ddi manh me theo hudng xay dung ndng thdn mdi.
Do nang suai lao ddng thap, miia mang bap benh, thudng hi Ihien lai dich benh,
trong khi dan sd ngay mgt ddng, ddi sdng khd khan, phan Idn hg ndng dan chua
thoat ngheo ben viimg; mgt bd phan dan cu keo nhau vao thanh thi kiem thenn lien
bang lam Ihue, thu gom phe thai - cdn ggi la ddng ndt, mgt bd phan budn thung ban
met. Lai cdn chuyen ca lang keo nhau di dn may dau xuan de ghi an thanh hoang
lang xua lirng di an may ma lam nen ca nghiep (I).
- Sinh ke ciia cu ddn thanh thi
La mgt nude ndng nghiep, lai trai qua nhilu thang tram Hch su, ty Ig dian sd
thanh thi nude ta tinh den ngay 1/4/2009, mdi chiem 29,6%, mac dii mong mudn
nang ly 1? nay len 43-45% khoang nam 2020. Ty Ig nhd dan sd thanh thi, chire nang
cdng nghiep, dich vy khdng dii Idn, khien cho bg mat sinh ke dd thi trd nen nhieu
mau ve. Nhin tdng quan, cd the chia sinh ke ciia dan thanh thi thanh hai loai: Logi
hinh sinh ke ca cau va Logi hinh sinh ke phi ca edu.
+ Thudc logi hinh sinh ke ca edu, gdm:
Thir nhdt, boat ddng thuang mai dich vy la hinh thirc sinh ke cua dai bd phan
cu dan thanh thi, gom boat ddng budn ban, trao ddi hang hda dich vu giira do tlhi vdi
dd Ihi/dd thi vdi ndng thdn, vdi thi trudng qudc te, thdng qua he thdng dai Iw, cac
chg ban budn/ban le. Hau hel cac dd thi hanh chinh kinh le cap linh, thi xa deu cd
mgt bd phan dan cu sdng bang nghe budn ban, ciing vdi hg la nhumg ngudi lam thue,
lao cdng tap vy.
Dilu dang chii y la mgt bd phan Idn dan cu lam thuang mai nhd le vdi v d van
cira hang, cira hieu, sap hang, may va, sira chira nhd le, dich vu an udng. Mgt bd

phan nhd cdng nhan vien chirc luang thap, nhirng ngudi vc huu, nhung ngucri chd
viec... thudng phai kiem viec lam them nhu bao ve co quan, xi nghiep, chay xe 6m,
ban nude/ban ve xd sd d ben xe, ben lau.
218


TAI OINH DANG DIA LY KINH TE - XA HOI V I ^ T NAM...

Thir hai. ngudn sinh kc chu \cu I a lir(Tng thang thudc ve tang Idp cdng chirc,
vier chirc nha nude. Day la bg phan kha ddng, hien can bd cdng chirc nha nude cac
cap. an ninh, quan ddi, y te, giao due, djch vu cdng... Ngudn sinh sdng chu yeu cua
hg li lam cdng an luimg. Tuy nguon thu nhap dn dinh nhung ndi chung van rat thap,
ciing kha chat vat de nudi gia dinh va chu cap cho con bgc hanh. Do vay, ngoai sinh
ke 'chinh danh", hg van phai "Idm them", ddi khi chdn ngodi ddi han chdn trong,
kha lam lu, chiu nhieu rui ro. Trong dieu kien khung hoang kinh le, ddi sdng ciia cu
dan khu vuc nay khd khan, nhat la vdi nhimg ngudi lam viec lai cac xi nghiep qudc
doanh lam an thua Id.
Thir ba, dd la loai hinh sinh ke thudc thanh phan kinh te ca the, tu nhan, trudc
nay khdng lam viec trong cac co quan, xi nghiep qudc doanh. Hg da quen va thich
ling vdi CO che kinh te thi trudng. Mdi gia nhap khu vyc sinh ke nay la mgt bd phan
cdng chirc ve huu cdn sire khoe, nhirng ngudi that nghiep tam thdi chd xi nghiep
ddi mdi cdng nghe; lai nira la, mgt bg phan thanh nien tir ndng thdn len dd thi tim
kiln viec lam, mgt bd phan sinh vien Idl nghiep dai bgc, cao dang chua xin dugc
vi^c. Dd la ngudn nhan luc Ire, ddng, Ihugc "ddn so vdng" boat ddng du mgi ITnh
vyc phye vy cac cOra hang an udng, tap hda, van pbdng cdng ty, lam thue, lap vy, Irdng
Ire, lau don nha cua, rira xe, danh giay, ban hang rong; thu nhap ciing kha nhung
bap benh, nhieu riii ro.
Thir tu, do thanh thi nude ta thudng cd tinh nhi nguyen gdm hai bd phan cu
dan ngi thanh va cu dan ngoai thi/ven do. Sinh ke ciia ciia cu dan ven dd/ngoai thi
chu ylu la ndng nghiep, san xult luang thuc, thuc pham, cung d p rau, thil, sira, hoa

qua cho khu vuc ndi thi. Hoat ddng trao doi lip nap, sdi dgng ngay dem, lam xult
hi?rt cac hinh thuc dich vy dgc dao nhu "chg dem", "chg cdc", "chg chieu". Nhin
chung sinh kl cu dan khu vuc nay co thu nhap kha nhd sire tieu thy san pham ndng
nghiep va nhu clu lao ddng cho cac dich vu sinh boat ndi dd. Mgt bd phan ndng dan
viir^ ven dd, bi thu hdi dll cho cac khu cdng nghiep, lam mil di nguon sinh kl
ndng nghiep lau ddi, lai khdng cd co hdi chuyin ddi nghe nghiep, kbdng biet lam gi
kha:, bg quay vl vdi sinh kl truyin thing: nudi Ign, gia cam, budn ban nhd; ndi
chung ddi sdng rll khd khan, keo theo nhilu vln dk xa bdi nhirc nhdi, birc xuc.
Thir nam, nIn kinh tl thi trudng dem lai ca hdi sinh ke mdi cho cu dan thanh
thi,dd la dich vu cho thue nha (cho ngudi nude ngoai, cho sinh vien, cdng nhan tir
ndi^ thdn ra thanh thi lam viec...). D I tang them thu nhap mgt sd bd gia dinh md
quan an udng. trong xe qua ngay, qua dem. ban xd sd.
+ Thudc logi hinh sinh ki phi ca cau. la mgt bd phan nhd cu dan sdng trdi dat
d cic thimh thi. Gia nhap ddi quan vd nghl nghiep, vd gia cu dd cung cd mgt sd
ngidi an bam. khong chiu lao dgng, song dat deo, tham gia cac tieu cue xa hdi
219


Vl£T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THIJ TU^
du loai nhu hanh nghe ban dam, trgm cip, cd bac, nghien hut... Gan day xuat hien
mgt sd ngudi nude ngoai nhap cu trai phep vao lanh thd nude ta, lang thang that
nghiep, lam cho biirc tranh dd thi trd nen phirc tap di thudng. Nhan dien nhdm sinh
ke phi cau true ndi tren la khdng khd, nhung khd horn ca van la tim kiem giai phap
phii hgp, de cd the quan ly dd thi van minh va giiip hg trd ve vdi lao dgng cd ich
cho xa hdi.
2.4. Vdn hoa
Nen van hda nude ta cd be day hang nghin nam Hch su. Ve cdt each dd la nen
van hda ndng nghiep liia nude, bit dau each day 3000 nam. Nen van hda dd cd sire
manh tiep bien vdi van hda phuomg Ddng va phuang Tay, tren ca sd nen van minh
sdng Hdng rat ddi tu hao. Trong sy mudn mau mudn ve dd, cd the nhan ra mgt sd

gia tri sau day:
- Vdn hda nhi nguyen lang - nuac/qudc - gia Viet Nam
Lang xa Vigl Nam da xuat hien tir dau thdi dymg nude, cd the dugc coi la san
phIm ciia mgt nIn van minh liia nude. CJ cac viing trung du va ddng blng Bac Bd
ngudi Viet cd thudng dinh cu theo lirng dilm cu dan ddng due, trii phu. Lang xa
Vi?t Nam cung cd nhilu dang khac nhau ve loai hinh sinh ke: lang thuan ndng, lang
chai, lang budn, lang nghl... Tuy cd nhilu sic thai khac nhau, nhung nhin mgt each
tdng quat, lang xa Vi^t Nam truyin thdng van mang nhieu dac dilm chung; dd vira
la mgt cgng ddng cd kit chat chg, bin viimg va bao thii, vira la mgt cau triic phan
ling sau sic, cd the coi dd la rudng cgt lang/nudc - qude/gia (nudc/nha)'.
- Cdc gid tri phd bien mang tinh qudc gia
Thu nhdt, chii nghTa yeu nude - gia In lieu bilu cua van hda Viet Nam. CI day
Idng yeu nude khdng chi cdn la mgt thir tinh cam, lu ludng thuan tuy ma nd da trd
thanh mgt pham trii thieng lieng, vugt len y chi thudng nhat, trd thanh cac gia tri
tam linh dugc cdng ddng Idn vinh, ngudng md, phyng thd.
Thu hai, tinh thin cdng ddng, doan kit - mgt gia tri quan trgng cua van nda
Viet Nam. Do sdng trong mdi Irudng kinh tl lua nude va ciing vdi su phat trien ciia
nd, tinh cdng ddng ngay cang dugc cung cd. Dudi tryc lich hgp cua chu nghTa yeu
nude Viet Nam, ngudi Viet ciing nhau doan kit trong cdng cudc md mang va bao
ve bdcdi.
Thir ba, tinh thin lac quan. nhan nghTa - he gia tri van hda ndi trdi cua dan tdc
Viet Nam, dugc nhan len bdi chii nghTa yeu nude, Idng tu Idn/lu tin dan tgc, drgc

1. Dang Van Phan va NNK,..., Sdd.
220


TAI DjNH DANG DIA LY KINH T^ - XA HOI V I ^ T NAM...

thu thach qua hang nghin nam Hch sii ung phd vdi Ihien tai, dich benh nhiet ddi du

loai vdi ngoai xam, de bao ve que huomg dat nude.
Thir tu, tinh than can cii, chiu dung gian khd - mgt gia tri van hda quy bau cua
dan tdc Viet Nam. Cd dugc linh than ay la do su ket linh ciia chii nghTa yeu nude;
chii nghTa yeu nude la true gia In tich hgp de san sinh ra cac gia In van hda dao dire:
dire tinh can cii, chiu dung gian khd, by sinh cua dan tgc Vigl Nam.
- Gid tri vdn hda nhdn logi
Nen van hda Viet Nam rat ddi lu bao vi cd sy cdng hien cho nen van hda nhan
loai vdi Danh nhan van hda the gidi, Anh biing giai pbdng dan tdc Hd Chi Minh
(18'20-1969); Danh nhan van hda the gidi Nguyen Trai (1380-1442); va hai vi ludng
lirng danh thi gidi TrIn Hung Dao (1228-1300), Vd Nguyen Giap.
Vugt tren tam qudc gia, nhieu gia tri van hda vat Ihl, phi vat Ihl cua Viet Nam
cdng hien cho nen van hda nhan loai. Minh chimg cho nhan dinh dd la cac quylt
dinh ciia UNESCO cdng nhan gia tri van hda vat the ciia nhan loai nhu Cd dd Hui,
Phd cd Hdi An, Thdnh dia My San, Hodng thanh Thdng Long - Hd Ngi, Thdnh Nhd
Ho. Ddng gdp vao kho lang di san van hda phi vat thi ciia nhan loai la: Nha nhgc
cung dinh Hue, Quan ho Bac Ninh, Ca trii, Hat Xoan Phd Thg... Viet Nam cd siic
hiit khach du Hch the gidi vdi di san thien nhien ndi tilng nhu Vinh Hg Long, Dong
Phong Nha - Ke Bdng. Cdng vien dia chat todn edu - Cao nguyen dd Ddng Vdn Ha Giang; nam 2010, vinh Ha Long dugc vinh danh la mgt trong 7 ky quan mdi ciia
the gidi.
Chua bet, khach du Hch nude ngoai den Viet Nam dIu quy trgng Idng hieu
khach, nu cudi mgc mac chan thanh ciia ngudi Vigl; hg bi cudn hiit bdi ve dep cua
cac bai bien Ha Long, Cat Ba, Nha Trang, Vung Tau, cac thanh phd du Hch hap dan:
Sa Pa, Da Lat, Nha Trang, Hue, Ha Ndi... hg cung sumg sd trudc hire tranh rugng
b$c thang tho mdng Sa Pa, Mudng Khuomg, Hoang Su Phi, Cao nguyen Ddng Van Ha Giang. Am thuc thuan Viet cung dugc khach du Hch qudc te danh gia cao.
- Gid tri dia - vdn hda bien
Nha van hda Tran Nggc Them cho rang, mgt dan tdc dugc coi la cd van hda
bier khi van hda bien la mgt thanh Id hum co khdng the thieu ciia vdn van hda dan
tdc. Dieu dd dat dugc khi hdi du bdn dieu kien: (1) Khu vuc sinh tdn nhd bien dii
1dm de cgng ddng biet den va thira nhan; (2) Cu dan sdng tren bien dii ddng de trd
nen mgt luc lugng quan trgng khdng the xem thudng cua cdng ddng; (3) Ddng gdp

kinh te - xa hgi ciia nghe bien du nhieu de cdng ddng biet den va thira nhan; va
(4) Chu the ay tdn lai trong khdng gian ay vdi nhumg ddng gdp ay mgt thdi gian du dai
de va thanh tniyen thdng va di vao tam thirc cdng ddng. Ddi chieu vdi cac Ueu chi tren,
221


VlfT NAM HQC - KY YEU H Q I THAO QU6C TE LAN THlT TU

Vi?t Nam la nude cd van hda biln. Nin van hda biln ay trong ddng chay ciia thdi
dai, sg la nIn van hda biln hign dai, giau ban sic dan tdc .
- Gid tri vdn hda - chinh tri/dia - chinh tri
Nhirng kit qua nghien cuu dia ly nhan van cho thiy, Viet Nam cd nIn van hda
dia chinh tri rll dac sic. Trong chiln tranh chdng ngoai xam ngudi Viet lly yeu
danh manh, lly nhan nghTa thing hung tan, kien quylt bao ve dgc lap lu chii, tneo
linh thin loan dan doan kit mudn ngudi nhu mgt, bill danh va danh thing de bac ve
Td qudc, "gigc den nhd dan bd cung danh". Trong ddi ndi lly dan lam gdc, mgi \iec
do dan, vi dan, d nai dan. Trong ddi ngoai, ngudi Viet khoan dung, coi trgng tinh
nghTa thuy chung, trudc sau trgn ven. Viet Nam sin sang lam ban, ddi tac tin cay
cua cac qudc gia, cac dan tgc, la thanh vien cd trach nhi?m ciia cdng ddng the gidi.
Hien nay trudc dan tdc ta la nguy ca viing nude Biln Ddng thudc chu quyen b: de
dga va dang lln chilm mgt each chii y, phi dao ly va phi dao due, ngang nhien ohu
nhan su that Hch su chii quyIn cung nhu Cdng udc qudc tl va cac hiep dinh da ky ket.
Nin chinh tri cua dan tgc Vi^l Nam la nIn chinh In cd van hda, coi trong Jao
ly, chinh nghTa, dl cao cac gia tri dao diirc trong xu ly cac vln dk lien quan din ving
biln thugc chu quyln. Dan tgc ta trgng cdng ly, yeu hda binh va tu do, khdng khuai
phyc. Chan ly hanh dgng cua dan tgc ta la Khdng cd gi quy han doc lap tic do, tha
by sinh tit ca chir khdng khdng chiu mil nude, khdng lam nd le. Mgi van de ve
Biln Ddng thugc lanh thd bit kha xam ph^im dIu thyc hi?n trong khudn khd luat
Biin Vi^t Nam 2012, Cdng uac qudc ti vi biin UNCLOS-82/DOC, va tiln tdi cac
quan h? rang huge COC. Ca dan tgc ta phIn dIu din nam 2020, Vi?t Nam fhai

manh len vl biln ca vl qudc phdng, an ninh, kinh tl va mdi trudng; ciing vdi ASEAN
phIn dIu din nam 2015 trd thanh Cgng ddng hda binh, on dinh, phat triln va lliinh
vugng^.
2.5. Sinh thdi - nhan vdn
Sinh thai nhan van la nganh khoa bgc hien dai, dugc hinh thanh tren nen lang
kiln thirc dugc tich luy va phat triln vl cac khai niem sinh thai bgc, gdm cac he
sinh thai vi md va vT md tren Trai DII kit hgp vdi cac ITnh vuc nghien ciru rhan
van. Mgt so nha khoa bgc da ggi sinh thai nhan van la nganh khoa bgc nghien ciru
su "sdng cdn" cua su sdng tren Trai D i l l Sy tac ddng qua lai giira cac quan the
1. Dang Van Phan va NNK,..., Sdd.
2 Vu Nhu Van "Chien luac Biln Dong: Mot each nhin tir triet ly phat Uien ben \mg". Hdi
' nghi Thdng tin vd dinh vi vi su phdi triin kinh li hiin Viet Nam (REV/COM VINA 2(07),
NxbKH&kT,HaNoi,2007.
3. Nguyen Hoang Tri, .Sinh thdi nhdn van (Con ngudi vd Mdi Inixmg), Nxb. Giao due. Ha Nci, 20( 1.
222


TAI DINH DANG DIA LY KINH T^ - XA HOI V I ^ T NAM...

ngucTi va cac qua trinh tu nhien trong qua khir va bien lai la bai hgc quy gia giup
con ngudi nhan ra hudng di trong moi quan he hai hda, than thien vdi thien nhien.
Bieu hien sinh ddng la cac md hinh phat trien kinh te va bao ve mdi trudng nhu
nong - lam nghiep - ngu nghiep ket hgp, VAC (vudm - ao - chudng), VACR (vuan ao - chudng - rirng) theo cac viing sinh thai khac nhau, sy bien ddng cua cac khu du
IrQ- sinh quyen, cac vimg nhay cam tren bien de kiem chung su dien bien mdi trudng
trudc tac dgng kinh le cua con ngudi, cua sy bien ddi khi hau, nude bien dang trong
Ihl ky XXL
Cac nha nghien ciru thudc IPCC dudng nhu nhat tri cho rang 90% nguyen nhan
bien ddi khi hau la do con ngudi; con ngudi phai chiu trach nhiem khac phyc bang
su nd lire lirng thanh vien va cdng ddng. 10% nguyen nhan cdn lai mdi la bat dinh,
khd ludng, ddi hdi phai cd chien luge tranh ne, giam thieu va thich irng', ^. 0 day,

each tiep can he thdng cd vai tro quan trgng trong nghien ciru cac van de dia ly nhan
van bang viec ap dung rgng rai cac ket qua lien nganh mang linh tdng hgp, ma san
pham nghien ciru thiel thuc nhat la md hinh hda dy bao su van ddng cua cac yeu td
sinh thai trong mdi trudng dia ly nhan van vdi muc dich cudi ciing la dia - sinh thai
nhan van phai la cdng cy quan trgng, h&u hieu cho viec tim kiem cac giai phap sinh
thai vi myc dich tang trudng xanh va phat trien ben virng^.
3. Hudng toi dia ly nhan van
- Nguyen tdc hanh ddng hu&ng tai tdi dinh dgng/tdi edu triic khdng gian dia ly
nhdn vdn
Nguyen lac chi dao hanh dgng cho sy lua chgn thdng minh, tiep can sang tao
trong thuc lien Id chirc khdng gian dia ly nhan van la: (1) Dam bao sy loan ven dat
nude, tao lap su gan ket cac yeu td tu nhien, con ngudi, mdi trudng va cac the che
trong mgt khdng gian thdng nhIt; (2) Dam bao gan ket ca 3 chieu theo chudi cac gia
In: Kbdng gian lanh tho qudc gia/Ngudn luc con nglrdi/Tai nguyen mdi Irudng.
Khdng gian 3 chilu dd dugc bilu hien bang su ket hop Igi the cung nhu vi the cua
cac bd phan hgp thanh dat nude: mien nui, ddng bdng, bien - ddo, viing trai, viing
nuac vd thim luc dia; (3) Ngay tir bay gid, hien cdn chua mudn, phai linh tdi cac
giai phap chii ddng irng phd vdi nguy co lac ddng cua bien ddi khi hau, nude bien
dang; (4) Muc dich hanh ddng ciia dia ly nhan van la phat trien xanh va ben virng
cho dit nude; (5) Do linh phirc tap va rgng Idn cua van de, ngi dung dia ly nhan van

1. Dang Van Phan va NNK

Sdd.

2. Ngu)'en Hoang Tri. Sinh thai nhdn vein (Con nginri vd Mdi truong), Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi. 2001.
3. Vu Nlur Van

Sdd.

223


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THIJ TU'
Vi?t Nam gdm cac vln de vl khdng gian, con ngudi va van hda vdi each tiep can cd
linh nguyen tic la tdng hgp - lien nganh, hay ndi khac di la each tiep can dgng va md.
cac nguyen tic neu tren dugc van dyng dk kiln giai mgt sd van de quan trgng sau day:
- Cap nhdt hda/nhdn vdn hda dia ly kinh te - xd hoi Viet Nam
La mgt trong ba bd phan hgp thanh dia ly Viet Nam (Ca sd dia ly Viet Nam/
Dia ly ly nhien Viet Nam, Dia ly kinh tl - xa hdi Vigl Nam), Dia ly kinh le - xa hgi
Viet Nam hien nay dugc nghien cihi va giang day trong nha trudng phd thdng va
dai hgc. Ma nganh dia ly Viet Nam (gom Dia ly kinh te - xa hgi Viet Nam, Dia ly
du Hch Viet Nam) cd vai trd quan trgng trong to chue lanh thd kinh te - xa hdi cung
nhu giao dye nhan sinh quan/lhe gidi quan cho the h^ Ire.
Tir each tilp can Vi?t Narh hgc, Dia ly kinh tl - xa hdi Vigl Nam cd Ihl dugc
nhdn vdn hda blng viec tich hgp cac ndi dung vl chiln luge phat triln con ngudi
(HDI), nhimg danh gia mdi vl con ngudi Vifl Nam thdng qua/dya vao cac kit qua
Tdng dilu tra dan so va nha d, Tong dilu tra va ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, va cac dieu tra
xa hgi hgc. Rit quan trgng la phai tich hgp cac gia tri dia van hda, cac vimg van hda
nhlm lam phong phii han cac gia tri dia ly nhan van khi danh gia ve mdi trudng dia ly
tu nhien, ngudn lye con ngudi, cac vimg lanh thd kinh tl nganh va lanh thd, cd tinh tdi
tim nhin Viet Nam din nam 2030/2050, trong bdi canh chung loan clu hda va hgi
nh|ip qudc tl ciia thdi dai'. Hg qua tit ylu la s\r chuyin dgng tir Dia ly kinh te - xa
hgi Vi?t Nam sang Dia ly kinh tl, xa hgi va nhan van Vigl Nam, ndi each khac, dd
chinh la su tai dinh dang/tai clu true Dia ly kinh tl - xa hgi - nhan van Vi?l Nam.
- Xay dimg mai Dia ly nhdn vdn Vi^t Nam
Ciing vdi vigc xult ban Tir diin Dia ly nhdn vdn va Tap chi Dia ly nhdn vdn,
boat dgng cua Trung tam Dia ly nhan van thugc Trung tam Khoa hgc xa hdi va
Nhan van Qudc gia nay la Vign Khoa hgc xa hgi Vigl Nam, da thu bill sy chu y cua
gidi dia ly nude nha vl cac vln dl van hda, xa hdi va mdi trudng sdng cua ngudi

Vi?l Naml E^ia ly nhan van dugc dua vao giang d^y tai mgt sd trudng cao ding va
dai hgc. Nam 2010 dugc ghi nhan/danh dIu blng sy kien dang nhd dd la Hdi thao
khoa hgc qudc tl Dia ly Ddng Nam A Id chirc lai Ha Ndi (thang 11/2010) vdi lieu
dl Su thay doi khdng gian, nai chdn vd vdn hda chdu A (Understanding the Space,
Place and Cultures ofAsia)\ Cung cd Ihl bilu lieu dl nay la Dia ly nhan van chau A.
Tuy nhien, xet vl ban chit, dia ly nhan van vdi lu each la mdi khoa hgc day du
1. Dang Van Phan va NNK,..., Sdd.
2. Nguyen Ngoc Tuin, Tir diin thudt ngu dia ly nhdn vdn, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, 2003.
3. Hoi thao Khoa hoc quoc te Dia ly Dong Nam A lan thir X: Su thay ddi khdng gian. nai chdn
vd van hda chdu A, Nxb. DHSP, 2010.
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TAI DINH DANG DIA LY KINH T^ - XA H 6 | V I ^ T NAM...

thi nhirng gi dat dugc mdi la su tap hgp nhumg hieu biet ve dan cu gdm ddn sd hgc,
ddn tdc hgc; cdn khai niem sinh ke dugc hieu la boat ddng kinh te - giai doan hau
sink kelphdi sinh tir sinh ke chir chua phai la boat ddng lai san xuat su sdng Iruyen
thdng; ndi dung van hoa ung xir vdi mdi trudng - van hda san xuat, van hda tam
linh. tdn giao van d vi tri thir yeu. Viec ket ndi cac su kien neu tren nham luan chimg
cho cac he luan/nhan thirc chung lai chinh la su can thiel phai xay dymg mdi Dia ly
nhan van Viet Nam vdi gdc nhin da chieu khdng gian, lich sir, cu ddn vd vdn hda.
Tdm lai Dia ly nhan van Viet Nam hien dang d giai doan khdi phat vdi cac
van de dia ly nhan van han la giai doa.n cua mgt khoa hgc chin chan vdi ddi lugng,
nhiem vu cu the, xac dinh. Dieu rat ly thii la trong khi ndi ham cua Dia ly nhan van
Vie: Nam chua dugc lam rd, ngudi ta van cdng nhan cd su tdn tai mgt Dia ly nhan
van Viet Nam/Trung tam Dia ly nhan van/Tir dien Dia ly nhan van; nhieu khi ddng
nghTa ndi ham nhan van vdi chii nghTa nhan dao, nhan loai hgc'. Thiel nghT da din
liie Kay dung Dia ly nhan van Viet Nam nhu mgt khoa hgc phai sinh thudc chuyen
nganh Dia ly hgc Viet Nam. Giai phap can co cho van de nay cd the tham khao cdch

tiep can tdng hgp - lien ngdnh cua Vi^t Nam hgc (Viet Nam bgc dugc bilu rgng ca
trorg nude va ngoai nude) trong mgt tam nhin rgng Idn, ddng thdi tham khao thanh
tim ciia Dia ly nhan van the gidi".
Vi^c hinh thanh Dia ly nhan van Vi^t Nam can dugc xay dung blng viec to
hgp cac gia tri cdt Idi cua Dia ly kinh le - xa hdi Vi^t Nam va Vi^t Nam hgc, tdi
ihi&i gdm 5 hgp phIn: KH()NG GIAN/LICH SU/CU'DAN/SINH KE/VAN HOA.
Md hgp phan can dugc trinh bay bang ngdn ngiir dia ly nhan van nhlm the bi^n
sinh ddng mdi tuomg tac lien nganh khdng gian - con ngudi - van hda mgt each
thdng minh va sang lao. Theo dd, ve ly luan, Dia ly nhan van Viet Nam cd tinh tdng
hgp Tu nhien - Con ngudi - Xa hdi - Van hda, ve mat thuc lien, dd la Dia ly nhan
van hanh ddng vi muc dich phat trien xanh va ben vumg dat nude.
4. Ket luan va de xuat
Nhung ngi dung co ban ndi tren can dugc van dung trong nghien cim cung nhu
giarg day trong nha truomg tren ca sd tdn trgng ba nguyen tac: Thir nhdt, phuang
pha3 luan nhan thirc dua tren each tiep can tdng hgp - lien nganh/lien viing Viet Nam
hoc trong dd nhan manh cau triic va logich phat trien cua he cac khai niem cdt Idi:
khdng gian - Hch sir - cu dan - sinh ke - van hda - sinh thai; Thir hai, nhan van hda Dia
ly kinh tc - xa hdi Viet Nam la xu the tat yeu, lam nen tang khoa hgc de lai dinh
dang/tiii cau true dia ly kinh te - xa hgi theo hudng dia ly kinh te - xa hdi - van hda 1. Nguyen Ngoc Tuan. Tir dien thudt ngu dia ly nhdn vdn. Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, 2003.
2. Varf. I. Ikimey. EncyclofX'dia of Human Geography. Florida State University, 1956 - GP4 2006.

225


VlfcT NAM HQC - KY YEU H Q I THAO QU6C Tt LAN THlTTlT
sinh thai; Thir ba, xay dung mdi Dia ly nhan van Viet Nam nhu la mgt phan he ciia
Dia ly hgc theo tinh thin mgt khoa hgc hanh ddng, gdp phan xiing dang trong su
nghiep cdng nghigp hda, hien dai hda dat nude. Tren dudng hdi nhap va phat trien
bin vijmg, nhiem vy tai dinh dang/tai ca clu Dia ly kinh le - xa hgi Viet Nam va xay
dung mdi Dia ly nhan van Vigl Nam la nhigm vy khdng it khd khan nhumg hua h?n

nhilu dilu ky digu ve ly luan cung nhu thuc tiln'.
Tai lifu tham khao
1.

Dao Duy Anh, Ddt nude Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, Nxb. Thuan Hda, 1996.

2. Bao cao Phat triln thi gidi 2009 (WB). Tdi dinh dgng dia - kinh ti (Reshaping economic
geography), Nxb. Van hda -Thdng tin. Ha Ngi.
3. Hgi thao Khoa hgc quoc tl Dia ly Ddng Nam A lan thu X: Su thay ddi khdng gian, nai
chon vd vdn hda chdu A, Nxb. DHSP, 2010.
4. Hgi thao qudc tl Vi?t Nam hgc lln ba, Vi^t Nam: Hgi nhgp vd phdt trien, Nxb. DHQG
Ha Ngi, 2008.
5. Vu Tu Lap va NNK, Vdn hda vd cu ddn ddng bdng song Hdng, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Ngi,
1991.
6. Dang Van Phan va NNK, "Dia ly kinh te - xS hgi Vi?t Nam: Dien giai va hanh dgng hudng
tdi dia ly hgc thdng minh, sang tao", Hgi thao khoa hgc Cdc vdn di trong nghien ciru
vd gidng day dia ly, DHQG TP.HCM, 2012.
7. Nguyen Hoang Tri, Sinh thdi nhdn vdn (Con ngudi vd Mdi trucmg), Nxb. Giao dye,
Ha Ngi, 2001.
8. Nguyen Nggc TuIn, Tir diin thudt ngir dfa ly nhdn vdn, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Ngi, 2003.
9. VU Nhu Van, "Chiln luge Biln Ddng: Mgt each nhin tir trilt ly phat trien ben vimg",
Hgi nghi Thdng tin vd dinh vi vi suphdt triin kinh ti biin Viet Nam (REV/COMVINA
2007), Nxb KH&KT, Ha Ngi, 2007.
10. Ngo Doan Vinh, Phdt triin - Diiu ky di^u vd bidn, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi, 2010.
11. Warf, I. Barney, Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Florida State University, 1956 GP4 2006.
12. WEBSITE: IChiin luge phdt trien ben viing ciia Viet Nam.

1. Ngo Doan Vinh, Phdt trien - Diiu ky dieu vd bi dn, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2010.
226