Encyclopedia of internet technologies and applications

Encyclopedia of
Internet Technologies
and Applications
Mario Freire
University of Beira Interior, Portugal
Manuela Pereira
University of Beira Interior, Portugal

Information Science reference
Hershey • New York


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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of Internet technologies and applications / Mario Freire and Manuela Pereira, editors.
p. cm.
Summary: "This book is the single source for information on the world's greatest network, and provides a wealth of information for the average Internet
consumer, as well as for experts in the field of networking and Internet technologies. It provides the most thorough examination of Internet technologies
and applications for researchers in a variety of related fields"--Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-59140-993-9 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-59140-994-6 (ebook)
1. Internet--Encyclopedias. I. Freire, Mário Marques, 1969- II. Pereira, Manuela.
TK5105.875.I57E476 2007
004.67'803--dc22

2007024949

British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is original material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.


Editorial Advisory Board

Abbas Jamailipour
University of Sydney, Australia
Hussein Mouftah
University of Ottawa, Canada
Marc Antonini
CNRS, France
Michel Diaz
CNRS, France
Pascal Lorenz
University of Haute Alsace, France
Petre Dini
Cisco Systems, USA
Prosper Chemouil
France Telecom, France
Wolfgang Gentzsch
MCNC, USA


List of Contributors

Abdou, Alaa / United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE ............................................................. 702

Abuelma’atti, Omar / Liverpool John Moores University, UK .............................................................. 367
Al Zarooni, Sameera / United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE ............................................... 702
Alexiou, Antonios / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of
Patras, Greece ......................................................................................................................................711
Androulidakis, S. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece ......................................... 29
Antonellis, Dimitrios / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of
Patras, Greece ......................................................................................................................................711
Atmaca, Tülin / Institut National des Télécommunications, France....................................................... 653
Averweg, Udo / Information Services, eThekwini Municipality & University of KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa ......................................................................................................................................... 215
Babiarz, Rachel / France Telecom R&D Division, France ..................................................................... 263
Basicevic, Ilija / Faculty of Technology Sciences, Novisad, Serbia......................................................... 532
Baumgarten, Matthias / University of Ulster, Ireland .............................................................................. 66
Bedo, Jean-Sebastien / France Telecom R&D Division, France ............................................................ 263
Bertino, Elisa / Purdue University, USA .................................................................................................... 36
Bose, Indranil / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ................................................................... 663
Bosin, Andrea / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy .......................................................................... 52
Bouras, Christos / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras,
Greece .............................................................................................16, 165, 257, 316, 418, 425, 463, 711
Breslin, Peter / University of Ulster, Ireland ........................................................................................... 199
Burgess, Mark / Oslo University College, Norway ................................................................................... 79
Carvalho de Gouveia, Fabricio / Technical University of Berlin, Germany .......................................... 249
Chen, Thomas M. / Southern Methodist University, USA............................................................... 284, 647
Cheong Chu, Kin / Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Tsing Yi), Hong Kong .................... 192
Chiang, Chia-Chu / University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA............................................................ 551
Chlamtac, Imrich / CREATE-NET, Italy ................................................................................................. 331
Chodorek, Agnieszka / Kielce University of Technology, Poland .......................................................... 612
Chodorek, Robert R. / The AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland .................................. 242
Choi, Hongsik / Virginia Commonwealth University, USA ..................................................................... 346
Chun, Fong Man / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .............................................................. 663

Correia, N. S. C. / University of Algarve, Portugal......................................................................... 383, 593


Cripps, Helen / Edith Cowan University, Australia ................................................................................ 696
Curado, Marília / CISUC/DEI, Portugal ................................................................................................ 449
Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, Ireland ................................................... 66, 199, 323, 498, 505, 690
Czirkos, Zoltán / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest .................................. 353
Delgado Kloos, Carlos / University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain.................................................... 568, 600
Despotopoulos, Y. / NTUA, Greece.......................................................................................................... 456
Dessì, Nicoletta / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy ........................................................................ 52
Donoso, Yezid / Universidad del Norte, Colombia .................................................................................. 339
Doukoglou, T. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece ............................................... 29
Dutta, Ashutosh / Telcordia Technologies, USA...................................................................................... 360
El Guemhioui, Karim / University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada .................................................... 299
Encheva, Sylvia / Stord-Haugesund University College, Norway .......................................................... 539
Erwin, Geoff / Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa ................................................. 215
Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada ........................................................................................ 45
Fabregat, Ramón / Girona University, Spain.......................................................................................... 339
Fafali, P. / NTUA, Greece ......................................................................................................................... 456
Fensel, Dieter / DERI Innsbruck, Austria ................................................................................................ 519
Fergus, Paul / Liverpool John Moores University, UK ........................................................................... 367
Fernanda Michel, Neila / State University of Campinas, Brazil ............................................................ 626
Fernández Veiga, Manuel / Universidade de Vigo, Spain ...................................................................... 150
Ferrari, Elena / Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italy....................................................................... 36
Fu, Lixin / The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA ......................................................... 205
Gay, Gregory R. / University of Toronto, Canada .......................................................................... 179, 678
George, Alexandra / University of London, UK...................................................................................... 222
Giannaka, Eri / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras,
Greece .................................................................................................................................................. 165
Gkamas, Apostolos / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras,

Greece ............................................................................................................ 16, 257, 316, 418, 425, 463
Goodridge, Wayne / Barbados Community College, Barbados ............................................................. 432
Grazia Fugini, Maria / Politecnico di Milano, Italy ................................................................................. 52
Greenidge, Charles / University of the West Indies, Barbados ............................................................... 142
Gregori, Enrico / Italian National Research Council (CNR) – IIT, Italy ................................................ 331
Griffiths, Mark / Nottingham Trent University, UK ................................................................................ 228
Gritzalis, Stefanos / University of the Aegean, Greece ............................................................................411
Gumbleton, Gary / University of Ulster, Ireland .................................................................................... 505
Guo, Huaqun / Institute for Infocomm Research and National University of Singapore,
Singapore ......................................................................................................................................119, 391
Gutiérrez, Jairo A. / University of Auckland, New Zealand ................................................................... 583
Gutiérrez, Sergio / University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain ............................................................ 568, 600
Hanke, Henrik / University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany...................................................................... 684
Herrería-Alonso, Sergio / Universidade de Vigo, Spain ................................................................. 106, 150
Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest ........ 59, 86, 157, 277, 353
Hu, Wen-Chen / University of North Dakota, USA ................................................................................. 205
Hua, Winnie W. / CTS Inc., USA ..................................................................................................... 132, 269


Huang, Yu-An / National Chi Nan University, Taiwan ........................................................................... 696
Kagklis, D. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece ............................................ 29, 185
Kamthan, Pankaj / Concordia University, Canada .......................................................................... 23, 640
Karamolegkos, Pantelis N. / Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece ......................................................................................... 72, 456
Karnouskos, Stamatis / SAP Research, Germany .................................................................................. 633
Kim, Byungjip / Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea .......................................112
Kim, Kyungbaek / University of California, Irvine, USA ................................................................112, 172
Kok, Trina / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore ........................................................ 670
Kovács, Ferenc / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest ........................... 157, 277
Lambrinoudakis, Costas / University of the Aegean, Greece .................................................................411

Lee, Heejo / Korea University, South Korea ............................................................................................ 606
Lee, Kyeongja / Ecole Centrale de Lille, France .................................................................................... 100
Lee, Sheng-Chien / University of Florida, USA ...................................................................................... 205
Lewis, John / University of Liverpool, UK .............................................................................................. 702
Li, Tonghong / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain ..................................................................... 490
Liberati, Diego / Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerche, Italy ..................................................................... 52
Lin, Chad / Curtin University of Technology, Australia .......................................................................... 696
Liotta, Antonio / University of Essex, UK ............................................................................................... 525
López-García, Cándido / Universidade de Vigo, Spain.................................................................. 106, 150
Luís Saldanha da Fonseca, Nelson / State University of Campinas, Brazil....................................... 1, 626
Magedanz, Thomas / Technical University of Berlin, Germany ............................................................. 249
Mara de Araújo Espíndula Lima, Michele / Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil ........................ 1
McLaughlin, Kevin / University of Ulster, Ireland ................................................................................. 199
Medeiros, M. C. R. / University of Algarve, Portugal .................................................................... 383, 593
Melliar-Smith, P. M. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA ................................................... 558
Mellouk, Abdelhamid / LISSI/SCTIC, University of Paris XII – Val de Marne, France ............................ 7
Merabti, Madjid / Liverpool John Moores University, UK .................................................................... 367
Minogiannis, N. / NTUA, Greece............................................................................................................. 456
Miorandi, Daniele / CREATE-NET, Italy ................................................................................................ 331
Mirri, Silvia / University of Bologna, Italy...................................................................................... 179, 678
Moser, L. E. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA ................................................................. 558
Mulvenna, Maurice / University of Ulster, Ireland ................................................................................... 66
Neumann, Alf / University of Cologne, Germany ................................................................................... 684
Ngoh, Lek-Heng / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore ...............................119, 391, 670
Nguyen, Viet Hung / Institut National des Télécommunications, France............................................... 653
Nogueira, António / University of Aveiro / Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal............... 305
Nugent, Chris / University of Ulster, Ireland ............................................................................................ 66
O’Kane, Padraig / University of Ulster, Ireland ..................................................................................... 690
Oredope, Adetola / University of Essex, UK ........................................................................................... 525
Orosz, Mihály / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest ..................................... 157

Pacheco, António / Instituto Superior Técnico – UTL, Portugal ............................................................ 305
Palaniappan, Sellappan / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia ............................ 93


Pardede, Raymond / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest............................... 86
Pardo, Abelardo / University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain.............................................................. 568, 600
Park, Daeyeon / Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea................................112, 172
Park, Kuen / Korea University, South Korea........................................................................................... 606
Parke, Adrian / Nottingham Trent University, UK................................................................................... 228
Patikis, G. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece...................................................... 29
Patikis, Yiorgos / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A, Greece............................................ 185
Patrikakis, Charalampos / Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, NTUA, Greece........................................................................................................... 72, 456
Perego, Andrea / Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italy...................................................................... 36
Pes, Barbara / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy............................................................................. 52
Peter, Hadrian / University of the West Indies, Barbados................................................................ 142, 432
Petkov, Don / Eastern Connecticut State University, USA....................................................................... 215
Piero Zarri, Gian / Université Paris IV, France........................................................................................ 36
Popovic, Miroslav / Faculty of Technology Sciences, Novisad, Serbia.................................................... 532
Predoiu, Livia / University of Mannheim, Germany................................................................................ 512
Primpas, Dimitris / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras,
Greece............................................................................................................. 16, 257, 316, 418, 425, 463
Prior, Rui / Institute of Telecommunications – University of Porto, Portugal......................................... 473
Protonotarios, Emmanuel / Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, NTUA, Greece................................................................................................................... 72
Radaideh, Moh’d A. / HR General Directorate, UAE............................................................................. 702
Rahmani, Ahmed / Ecole Centrale de Lille, France................................................................................ 100
Ramadani, Ylber / Athabasca University, Canada.................................................................................... 45
Raptis, Lampros / National Technical University of Athens, Greece...................................................... 185
Richly, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest...................................... 277

Rincón, David / Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain........................................................... 483
Robertson, William / Dalhousie University, Canada.............................................................................. 432
Rodríguez Pérez, Miguel / Universidade de Vigo, Spain................................................................ 106, 150
Roman, Dumitru / DERI Innsbruck, Austria........................................................................................... 519
Saha, Debashis / Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Calcutta, India................................................. 619
Sallent, Sebastià / Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain....................................................... 483
Salomoni, Paola / University of Bologna, Italy................................................................................ 179, 678
Salvador, Paulo / University of Aveiro / Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal.................... 305
Santos, Vitor / Microsoft, Portugal........................................................................................................... 126
São Mamede, Henrique / Universidade Aberta, Portugal...................................................................... 126
Sardar, Bhaskar / Jadavpur University, India......................................................................................... 619
Sargento, Susana / Institute of Telecommunications – University of Aveiro, Portugal............................ 473
Scalabrino, Nicola / CREATE-NET and Italian National Research Council (CNR) – IIT, Italy.............. 331
Seah, Winston K. G. / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore................................................ 441, 670
Seng, Wong Kok / Multimedia University, Malaysia................................................................................. 93
Shan, Tony C. / Bank of America, USA............................................................................................ 132, 269
Sher, Muhammad / Technical University of Berlin, Germany................................................................. 249
Siddiqui, Farhan / Wayne State University, USA..................................................................... 291, 398, 575


Smyth, Elaine / University of Ulster, Ireland........................................................................................... 498
Stamos, Kostas / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras,
Greece............................................................................................................. 16, 257, 316, 418, 425, 463
Stojmenovic, Milica / Carleton University, Canada................................................................................ 545
Suárez González, Andrés / Universidade de Vigo, Spain........................................................................ 150
Tally, Gregg W. / SPARTA, Inc., USA....................................................................................................... 284
Tan, Hwee-Xian / National University of Singapore, Singapore............................................................. 441
Tegze, Dávid / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest.......................................... 86
Toguyeni, Armand / Ecole Centrale de Lille, France.............................................................................. 100
Toma, Ioan / DERI Innsbruck, Austria..................................................................................................... 519

Tracey, Gary / University of Ulster, Ireland............................................................................................. 199
Tsiatsos, Thrasyvoulos / Aristoleian University of Thessaloniki and Research Academic Computer
Technology Institute, Greece................................................................................................................. 165
Tumin, Sharil / University of Bergen, Norway......................................................................................... 539
Valadas, Rui / University of Aveiro / Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal......................... 305
Vlachos, Kyriakos / University of Patras, Greece.................................................................................. 375
Wong, K. Daniel / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia....................................... 360
Wong, Wai-Choong / National University of Singapore, Singapore.........................................119, 391, 670
Wong, Yew-Fai / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore.................................................. 670
Yahaya, Nor Adnan / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia.................................... 93
Yang, Hung-Jen / National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan........................................................ 205
Yang, Seung S. / Virginia State University, USA...................................................................................... 346
Zeadally, Sherali / University of the District of Columbia, USA............................................. 291, 398, 575
Zhang, Daqing / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore..................................................................119
Zhdanova, Anna V. / University of Surrey, UK........................................................................................ 512
Zheng, Song / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore......................................................................119
Zhou, Shi / University College London, UK..................................................................................... 407, 469
Ziviani, Artur / National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Brazil..................................... 235


Contents
by Volume

Active Queue Management / Michele Mara de Araújo Espíndula Lima and
Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca..................................................................................................................1
Adaptive Routing Quality of Service Algorithms for Internet’s Irregular Traffic /
Abdelhamid Mellouk.......................................................................................................................................7
Adaptive Transmission of Multimedia Data over the Internet / Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas,
Dimitris Primpas, and Kostas Stamos..........................................................................................................16
Addressing the Credibility of Web Applications / Pankaj Kamthan............................................................23

ADSL2+ Technology / D. Kagklis, S. Androulidakis, G. Patikis, and T. Doukoglou...................................29
Advanced Techniques for Web Content Filtering / Elisa Bertino, Elena Ferrari, Andrea Perego,
and Gian Piero Zarri....................................................................................................................................36
Agent-Based Web Services / Larbi Esmahi and Ylber Ramadani................................................................45
ALBA Cooperative Environment for Scientific Experiments / Andrea Bosin, Nicoletta Dessì,
Maria Grazia Fugini, Diego Liberati, and Barbara Pes..............................................................................52
Analysis of TCP-Friendly Protocols for Media Streaming / Gábor Hosszú and Dávid Tegze.....................59
Autonomic Computing / Kevin Curran, Maurice Mulvenna, Chris Nugent, and Matthias Baumgarten....66
Autonomic Networking / Pantelis N. Karamolegkos, Charalampos Patrikakis, and
Emmanuel Protonotarios..............................................................................................................................72
Cfengine Configuration Management Agent / Mark Burgess.......................................................................79
Clustering Model of the Application-Level Multicast, A / Gábor Hosszú and Raymond Pardede..............86
Collaborative Support for Graphical-Based Design Tools / Wong Kok Seng, Sellappan Palaniappan,
and Nor Adnan Yahaya.................................................................................................................................93


Comparison of Multipath Schemes for Hybrid Models in MPLS / Kyeongja Lee, Armand Toguyeni,
and Ahmed Rahmani ..................................................................................................................................100
Congestion Control in Multicast Networks / Miguel Rodríguez Perez, Cándido López-García,
and Sergio Herrería-Alonso .......................................................................................................................106
Content-Aware Caching for Cooperative Transcoding Proxies / Kyungbaek Kim, Byungjip Kim, and
Daeyeon Park.............................................................................................................................................112
Context-Aware Service Discovery in Ubiquitous Computing / Huaqun Guo, Daqing Zhang,
Lek-Heng Ngoh, Song Zheng, and Wai-Choong Wong ..............................................................................119
Creative Information Systems / Vitor Santos and Henrique São Mamede ................................................126
Data Caching in Web Applications / Tony C. Shan and Winnie W. Hua ....................................................132
Data Extraction from Deep Web Sites / Hadrian Peter and Charles Greenidge ......................................142
Differentiated Services Architecture, The / Sergio Herrería Alonso, Manuel Fernández Veiga,
Andrés Suárez González, Miguel Rodríguez Pérez, and Cándido López-García ......................................150
DNS-Based Allocation of Multicast Addresses / Mihály Orosz, Gábor Hosszú, and Ferenc Kovács ......157

E-Collaboration Concepts, Systems, and Applications / Christos Bouras, Eri Giannaka, and
Thrasyvoulos Tsiatsos ................................................................................................................................165
Efficient and Scalable Client-Clustering for Proxy Cache / Kyungbaek Kim and Daeyeon Park .............172
E-Learning / Gregory R. Gay, Paola Salomoni, and Silvia Mirri .............................................................179
Ethernet to the Doorstep of Metropolitan Area Networks / Lampros Raptis, Dimitrios Kagklis,
and Yiorgos Patikis ....................................................................................................................................185
Extend the Building Automation System through Internet / Kin Cheong Chu ..........................................192
Hackers, Hacking, and Eavesdropping / Kevin Curran, Peter Breslin, Kevin McLaughlin, and
Gary Tracey ...............................................................................................................................................199
Handheld Computing and Palm OS Programming for Mobile Commerce / Wen-Chen Hu, Lixin Fu,
Hung-Jen Yang, and Sheng-Chien Lee ......................................................................................................205
Impact of Portal Technologies on Executive Information Systems / Udo Averweg, Geoff Erwin,
and Don Petkov ..........................................................................................................................................215
Intellectual Property and the Internet / Alexandra George ........................................................................222
Internet Gambling / Mark Griffiths and Adrian Parke ..............................................................................228
Internet Measurements / Artur Ziviani .......................................................................................................235


IP Multicasting / Robert R. Chodorek ........................................................................................................242
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for Emerging All-IP Networks / Muhammad Sher,
Fabricio Carvalho de Gouveia, and Thomas Magedanz ...........................................................................249
IPv6 Protocol, The / Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas, and Kostas Stamos ..........257
Issues and Applications of Internet Traffic Modelling / Rachel Babiarz and Jean-Sebastien Bedo .........263
Java Web Application Frameworks / Tony C. Shan and Winnie W. Hua ...................................................269
Light-Weight Content-Based Search for File Sharing Systems / Gábor Richly, Gábor Hosszú, and
Ferenc Kovács............................................................................................................................................277
Malicious Software / Thomas M. Chen and Gregg W. Tally......................................................................284
Mobility Protocols / Sherali Zeadally and Farhan Siddiqui .....................................................................291
Model-Driven Engineering of Distributed Applications / Karim El Guemhioui .......................................299
Modeling IP Traffic Behavior through Markovian Models / António Nogueira, Paulo Salvador,

Rui Valadas, and António Pacheco ............................................................................................................305
Multicast of Multimedia Data / Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas, and
Kostas Stamos ............................................................................................................................................316
Multimedia for Mobile Devices / Kevin Curran........................................................................................323
Multimedia Internet Applications over WiMAX Networks: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges /
Nicola Scalabrino, Daniele Miorandi, Enrico Gregori, and Imrich Chlamtac .........................................331
Network Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms in Multicast Transmission / Yezid Donoso
and Ramón Fabregat ................................................................................................................................339
Network Survivability in Optical Networks with IP Prospective / Hongsik Choi and Seung S. Yang ......346
Network-Based Intrusion Detection / Gábor Hosszú and Zoltán Czirkos .................................................353
Network-Layer Mobility Protocols for IPv6-Based Networks / K. Daniel Wong and Ashutosh Dutta.....360
Networked Appliances and Home Networking: Internetworking the Home / Madjid Merabti,
Paul Fergus, and Omar Abuelma’atti........................................................................................................367
Optical Burst Switching / Kyriakos Vlachos .............................................................................................375
Optical Network Survivability / N. S. C. Correia and M. C. R. Medeiros.................................................383
Optimizing Inter-Domain Internet Multicast / Huaqun Guo, Lek-Heng Ngoh, and Wai-Choong Wong ...391


Performance of Mobility Protocols / Sherali Zeadally and Farhan Siddiqui ............................................398
Positive-Feedback Preference Model of the Internet Topology / Shi Zhou ...............................................407
Privacy in the Digital World / Stefanos Gritzalis and Costas Lambrinoudakis.........................................411
Quality of Service and Service Level Agreements / Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas,
Dimitris Primpas, and Kostas Stamos .......................................................................................................418
Quality of Service Architectures / Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas,
and Kostas Stamos .....................................................................................................................................425
Quality of Service by Way of Path Selection Policy / Wayne Goodridge, Hadrian Peter, and
William Robertson......................................................................................................................................432
Quality of Service in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks / Winston K. G. Seah and Hwee-Xian Tan ....................441
Quality of Service Routing / Marília Curado ............................................................................................449
Rate Adaptation Mechanisms for Multimedia Streaming / Charalampos Patrikakis, P. Fafali,

Pantelis N. Karamolegkos, Y. Despotopoulos, and N. Minogiannis ..........................................................456
Real-Time Protocols (RTP/RTCP) / Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas,
and Kostas Stamos .....................................................................................................................................463
Rich-Club Phenomenon of the Internet Topology / Shi Zhou ....................................................................469
Scalable Reservation-Based QoS Architecture (SRBQ) / Rui Prior and Susana Sargento.......................473
Scaling Properties of Network Traffic / David Rincón and Sebastià Sallent ............................................483
Seamless Multi-Hop Handover in IPv6-Based Hybrid Wireless Networks / Tonghong Li .......................490
Security Issues with Wi-Fi Networks / Kevin Curran and Elaine Smyth ..................................................498
Semantic Web, The / Kevin Curran and Gary Gumbleton ........................................................................505
Semantic Web Languages and Ontologies / Livia Predoiu and Anna V. Zhdanova ..................................512
Semantic Web Services: A Technology for Service-Oriented Computing / Dumitru Roman,
Ioan Toma, and Dieter Fensel....................................................................................................................519
Service Provisioning in the IP Multimedia Subsystem / Adetola Oredope and Antonio Liotta ................525
Session Initiation Protocol / Ilija Basicevic and Miroslav Popovic...........................................................532
Sharing Protected Web Resources / Sylvia Encheva and Sharil Tumin .....................................................539
Social and P2P Networks on the Internet / Milica Stojmenovic ................................................................545


Software Modernization of Legacy Systems for Web Services Interoperability / Chia-Chu Chiang .......551
Speech-Enabled Web, The / L. E. Moser and P. M. Melliar-Smith............................................................558
Standards in Asynchronous E-Learning Systems / Sergio Gutiérrez, Abelardo Pardo, and
Carlos Delgado Kloos................................................................................................................................568
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) / Farhan Siddiqui and Sherali Zeadally .........................575
Survey: Pricing Ubiquitous Network Services / Jairo A. Gutiérrez ..........................................................583
Survivability Mechanisms of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching / M. C. R. Medeiros and
N. S. C. Correia ..........................................................................................................................................593
Swarm Intelligence Applications for the Internet / Sergio Gutiérrez, Abelardo Pardo, and
Carlos Delgado Kloos................................................................................................................................600
Taxonomy of Online Game Security, A / Kuen Park and Heejo Lee.........................................................606
TCP and TCP-Friendly Protocols / Agnieszka Chodorek ..........................................................................612

TCP Enhancements for Mobile Internet / Bhaskar Sardar and Debashis Saha ........................................619
TCP for High-Speed Networks / Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca and Neila Fernanda Michel ...........626
Towards Autonomic Infrastructures via Mobile Agents and Active Networks / Stamatis Karnouskos ....633
Towards Formulation of Principles for Engineering Web Applications / Pankaj Kamthan ......................640
Traffic Control / Thomas M. Chen .............................................................................................................647
Transporting TDM Service on Metropolitan Bus-Based Optical Packet Switching Networks /
Viet Hung Nguyen and Tülin Atmaca .........................................................................................................653
Voice Over Internet Protocol: A New Paradigm in Voice Communication / Indranil Bose and
Fong Man Chun .........................................................................................................................................663
Waking Up Sensor Networks / Yew-Fai Wong, Trina Kok, Lek-Heng Ngoh, Wai-Choong Wong,
and Winston K. G. Seah .............................................................................................................................670
Web Accessibility / Gregory R. Gay, Paola Salomoni, and Silvia Mirri ...................................................678
Web Mining: A Conceptual Overview on Intelligent Information Retrieval Systems / Henrik Hanke
and Alf Neumann........................................................................................................................................684
Web Services / Kevin Curran and Padraig O’Kane ..................................................................................690
Web-Based Commerce Applications: Adoption and Evaluation / Chad Lin, Helen Cripps, and
Yu-An Huang ..............................................................................................................................................696


Web-Based Information Systems in Construction Industry: A Case Study for Healthcare Projects /
Alaa Abdou, John Lewis, Moh’d A. Radaideh, and Sameera Al Zarooni ..................................................702
Wi-Fi Technology / Antonios Alexiou, Dimitrios Antonellis, and Christos Bouras ..................................711


xv

Preface

Before the invention of the World Wide Web, computer communications were mainly associated with the data
transmission and reception among computers. The invention of the Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, led to a

deep change of this paradigm, imposing the share of information over the data transmission. After the invention
of the Web, Internet refers to the global information system that is logically linked through a global unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) and is able to support communications using the Transmission
Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) architecture and/or other IP-compatible protocols, and provides,
uses or makes accessible information and communication services world wide.
The World Wide Web, also known as WWW, Web or W3, represents the greatest networked repository of
human knowledge accessible worldwide. The Web contains billions of objects and documents, which may be
accessed by hundreds of million of users around the world and it became indispensable for people, institutions
or organizations. The search of information in the current Web is based on the use of robust and practical applications known as search engines and directories. However, the fast and unorganized growth of the Web is
making difficult to locate, share, access, present or maintain on-line trustful contents for an increasing number
of users. Difficulties in the search of web contents are associated to the use of non-structured, sometimes heterogeneous information, and to the ambiguity of Web content. Thus, one of the limitations of the current Web
is the lack of structure of its documents and the information contained in them. Besides, information overload
and poor aggregation of contents make the current Web inadequate for automatic transfers of information. As
a consequence, the current Web may evolve for a new generation Web called Semantic Web, in which data and
services are understandable and usable not only by humans but also by computers. Moreover, in the future, the
Semantic Web may further evolve to a Sentient Web, which is a further new generation of Web with capabilities
for sentience.
If, by one hand, the invention of the Web led to the fact that the TCP/IP architecture, which is the support of
Internet, is being used in applications for which it was not designed for, by other hand, a large number of new applications have been developed, which led to the rise of new communication protocols that have been incorporated
into the TCP/IP architecture. Besides scientific and technological challenges in the development of Web and its
evolution, in the framework of W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), in order to explore all its potential, research
and development activities have also been observed towards the development of new multimedia applications
over the Internet and towards the ubiquity and autonomic systems. The development of these new applications
and systems, by their side, require the research of new protocols and technologies, or the integration of existing
technologies used in other fields. A strong research effort is also observed in the transport and network layers in
order to cope with mobility, guarantee the quality of service or security and privacy for networked applications,
and new forms of group communications in the scenario of the exhaustion of the address space at network layer.
Besides, intense research activities also have been observed for the discovery of new solutions that led to an
increase of the link bandwidth and the throughput of routers and switches.
The functioning principle of Internet is based on the client-server paradigm, in which the client has an active
role and the server has a passive role answering to the queries made by the client. Besides the research activities that are being carried out in each layer of the TCP/IP architecture, it may be also observed intense research

xvi

activities towards a new kind of networks, called peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. The term P2P refers to a class
of systems and applications that use distributed resources to execute some function in a decentralized way, in
which each machine may act as a client or a server. Although P2P networks present some problems regarding
security and legality, they represent the most advanced stage, in terms of scalability and fault tolerance, in the
evolution of distribution multimedia services.
The purpose of the Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications is to provide a written compendium for the dissemination of knowledge and to improve our understanding in the area of Internet technologies
and applications. The encyclopedia presents carefully selected articles from 232 submission proposals, after a
double blind review process. It also provides a compendium of terms, definitions and explanation of concepts,
technologies, applications, issues and trends in the area of Internet technologies and applications.
The projected audience is broad, ranging from simple Internet users (Internet consumers), which would like
to learn more about Internet, to experts working in the areas of networking and Internet technologies and applications. This encyclopedia will be of particular interest to teachers, researchers, scholars and professionals
working in these areas, who may require access to the most current information, about concepts, technologies,
applications, issues and trends in these areas. The encyclopedia also serves as a reference for engineers, consultants, IT professionals, managers, and others interested in the latest knowledge on Internet technologies and
applications.

Mario Freire and Manuela Pereira
Editors


xvii

Acknowledgment

The editors thank all the authors who submitted valuable articles to the encyclopedia and are also grateful to the
members of the editorial advisory board and to the reviewers. Without their support, the organization of such
a high-quality encyclopedia would not have been possible. The editors are also indebted to many individuals

and organizations that made possible this encyclopedia, namely to IGI Global and University of Beira Interior,
Portugal.


xviii

About the Editors

Mário Freire received a 5-year BS degree (licentiate) in electrical engineering and an MSc in systems and automation (1992 and 1994, respectively), from the University of Coimbra, Portugal. He received a PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (2000). He is an associate professor of
computer science at the University of Beira Interior and is the leader of the Network and Multimedia Computing
Group. Presently, he is the head of the Department of Computer Science of University of Beira Interior, where
he is also director of the PhD programme in computer science and engineering and teaches courses at the MSc
and PhD levels on network architectures and protocols and multimedia networks. His main research interests
include: high-speed networks, network security, Web technologies and applications, and medical informatics.
He was the co-editor of two books in the LNCS book series of Springer, co-editor of three proceedings in IEEE
Computer Society Press, and has authored or co-authored around 100 papers in international refereed journals
and conferences. He served as a technical program committee member for some tens of international conferences.
He was the general chair of IEEE HSNMC2003, general co-chair of ECUMN2004, the TPC chair of ICN2005,
the TPC co-chair of ICIW2006, co-chair of IS2006 and IS2007, track co-chair of the ACM SAC 2007 and ACM
SAC 2008, general co-chair of GOBS2007 and of HPC-Bio2007. He is also an associate editor of the Wiley
journal Security and Communication Networks, a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Computer
Systems, Networks and Communications, a member of the editorial board of the IEEE Communications Surveys
and Tutorials, a member of the editorial review board of the International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking, and a member of the editorial advisory board of the IGI Advances in Business Data
Communications and Networking (ABDCN) book series. He also served as a guest editor of a Feature Topic on
“Security in Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks” of IEEE Communications Magazine (February 2008) and a
guest editor of the special issue on “Service, Security and Data Management for Ubiquitous Computing” of the
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing (Second Issue of 2008). He is a licensed professional engineer by the Order of Engineers – Informatics Engineering College (Portugal) and he is a member of
IEEE Computer Society and IEEE Communications Society, a member of the ACM (Association for Computing
Machinery) and of the Internet Society. He is also the chair of IEEE Computer Society – Portugal Chapter.
Manuela Pereira received a 5-year BS degree (licentiate) in mathematics and computer science in 1994 and an

MSc in computational mathematics in 1999, both from the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. She received
a PhD in signal and image processing (Groupe CREATIVE du laboratoire I3S, CNRS/UNSA) from the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France (2004). She is an assistant professor with the Department of Computer
Science of the University of Beira Interior, Portugal, and a member of the Network and Multimedia Computing
Group. Presently, she is the vice-head of the Department of Computer Science, where she is also director of the
MSc programme in computer science and engineering and teaches courses on multimedia technologies, image
communication, and multimedia processing and communication. Her main research interests include: multiple
description coding, joint source/channel coding, image and video coding, wavelet analysis, information theory,
image segmentation and real-time video streaming. She served or serves as a technical program committee
member for several international conferences in the areas of multimedia and communications.




Active Queue Management
Michele Mara de Araújo Espíndula Lima
Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca
State University of Campinas, Brazil

IntroductIon

BAcKGround

Congestion is the state of a network in which the offered load exceeds the network capacity for a certain
period of time. Under congestion conditions, network
performance deteriorates; resources are wasted, delays
and jitters increase, and predictability of services is
reduced. Moreover, the occurrence of congestion almost always results in the degradation of the quality
of service to end users.
In order to avoid congestion, the transmission control protocol (TCP) modifies the transmission rate as a

function of the estimated available bandwidth. The idea
is to probe the available bandwidth and then adjust the
transmission rate accordingly. Such adjustment is governed by the reception of acknowledgements (ACKs)
sent by the receiver upon the reception of a packet.
When an ACK is received, the congestion window is
increased; this continues until a packet loss is detected.
If three ACKs for the same packet are received, the next
packet in sequence is considered lost and the transmission window is reduced to half of its size. Moreover,
upon expiration of a period of time set for the reception of the acknowledgment of a packet, the packet is
retransmitted (Retransmission TimeOut, RTO). The
transmission window is then drastically reduced to a
single packet, and the TCP sender is forced to enter
in its initial phase. When congestion is intense, bursts
of losses occur, the number of RTO’s increases, and
consequently, the performance of TCP degrades.
Although powerful and necessary to prevent network
collapse, the congestion control mechanism of the TCP
is not sufficient to avoid congestion. Since TCP sources
exert a limited control of the network and unresponsive
flows, which do not slow down their sending rates
when congestion occurs, may be present, the efficacy
of end-to-end congestion control also relies on queue
mechanisms at the routers.

The simplest scheme for routers to manage queue
length is called tail drop. With this mechanism, arriving packets are admitted into queues as long as there
is empty space. When the number of packets arriving
during a certain period of time exceeds the available
buffer space, overflow occurs, and packets are lost.
Tail drop present two major drawbacks: (1) a small

set of flows can monopolize the queue, while packets
from others will be dropped; (2) it is detrimental to
bursty traffic. These two drawbacks can also lead
to the global synchronization problem, which is the
synchronization of packet loss from most of the flows,
with the consequent reduction in window size and a
potentially low network utilization. Under tail drop,
queues at the routers are generally full, which yields
high loss rates, as well as long delays.
To overcome these problems, packets should be
dropped randomly for notifying end nodes about the
beginning of congestion; these nodes can then reduce
their transmission rate before queue overflows occur.
The congestion control mechanism that allows routers
to control when and which packets should be dropped
is called active queue management (AQM). The main
action of AQM is the early notification of incipient
congestion by dropping/marking of packets.

AQM oBJEctIVES
In order to use buffer space efficiently, AQM policies
must achieve certain objectives. Global synchronization
must be avoided by selective discard of packets, as well
as by limiting the number of flows affected.
The loss of packets belonging to specific flows under
the same network conditions should be proportional to
the queue utilization of those flows. Furthermore, even

Copyright © 2008, IGI Global, distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.

A


Active Queue Management

when multiple losses in the same flow are unavoidable, AQM policies should minimize the occurrence
of bursts of losses so that the number of RTO’s can
be reduced.
Hollot, Misra, Towsley, and Gong (2002) have
formulated additional performance goals for AQM
policies: efficient queue utilization, assurance of low
delay, and delay variation. Efficient queue use means
that unnecessary periods of overflow and emptiness
will be avoided. The former results in loss of packets, undesired retransmissions, and the penalization
of bursty traffic, whereas the latter leads to buffer
underutilization. Low delay values are a result of the
queue lengths, although such a situation can lead to
link underutilization. Moreover, queue size variations
should be avoided to prevent jitter, which is detrimental
to certain real time applications.
AQM policies should also be robust and keep the
queue length stable, despite unfavorable network condition such as variations in RTT and traffic fluctuation.
Moreover, they must be simple to avoid unnecessary
overhead in packet processing.

AQM PoLIcIES BASEd on rEd
Various algorithms have been proposed to overcome
the drawbacks of RED. The adaptive random early drop
algorithm, ARED, (Feng, Kandlur, Saha, & Shin, 1999)
provides a dynamic setting of RED parameter values.

The underlying idea behind is to determine when RED
should be more or less aggressive. With a small number
of active flows, RED should be more conservative to
avoid link underutilization, but when this number is
high, RED should be more aggressive.
A second algorithm is flow random early drop
(FRED) (Lin & Morris, 1997), which was designed
principally to reduce RED unfairness. FRED indicates
the existence of congestion by marking/dropping
packets from flows, which have a larger number of
packets in queue.
A third algorithm, flow proportional queuing (FPQ)
(Morris, 2000), deals with problems involving a large
number of active flows. FPQ tries to maintain loss rates
fixed by varying the RTT proportionally to the number
of active flows, as well as by keeping the queue length
proportional to the number of active flows.

rEd PoLIcY
The random early detection policy (RED) (Floyd &
Jacobson, 1993) estimates average queue size and
compares it to two thresholds. If the average queue
size is less than the lower threshold, no packets are
marked or dropped, but in the interstice, arriving
packets are marked/dropped according to a certain
probability. Above the upper threshold all arriving
packets are dropped. RED was originally proposed to
avoid congestion, ensure an upper bound on average
queue size, avert global synchronization, and prevent
bias against bursty traffic. The Internet engineering task

force (IETF) recommends RED as the AQM policy to
be deployed on the Internet.
Although simple and relatively efficient, RED
reaches its optimal operational point only when threshold values are correctly defined. If not, RED may perform even worse than the traditional Tail Drop policy.
Moreover, with a large number of flows, RED reacts
slowly to sudden variations in queue length, and fails
to mark/drop packets proportionally. Another drawback
of RED is unfairness, as it is biased against short-lived
TCP flows (i.e., flows with small windows).



AQM PoLIcIES BASEd
on oPtIMIZAtIon tHEorY
In general, AQM policies based on optimization theory
represent the control of congestion as an optimization
problem widely known as Kelly’s system problem
(Kelly, Maulloo, & Tan, 1998). In this approach, a utility
function value is associated with each flow, and the utility
function of the system as a whole maximized, subject to
link capacity constraints. Congestion control schemes
try to reach optimum or suboptimum solutions to this
maximization problem (Basar & Srikant, 2003).
In the Kelly’s approach, source rates are seen as
primal variables whereas congestion measures functions as dual variables; a primal-dual problem is then
formulated so that aggregate source utility is maximized.
In the primal problem, source rates are dynamically
adapted on the basis of route costs, and links are selected
according to their offered load (Kunniyur & Srikant,
2004). On the other hand, in the dual problem, their

costs are adapted on the basis of link rates. Source
rates are then determined by route costs and source
parameters (Low, 2003; Srikant, 2004). Primal-dual
algorithms involve dynamic adaptations of links at the


Active Queue Management

Figure 1. System for congestion control

user end (Paganini, Wang, Doyle, & Low, 2005). In this
case, source dynamics are similar to those of primal
algorithms, although the link dynamics are similar to
those of dual algorithms.
Special policies have been proposed for implementing approaches based on optimizations theory. One solution for the primal problem is the use of a virtual queue
with a lower capacity than that of the corresponding
real queue. The idea here is to drop packets from the
real queue when the virtual queue overflows. Gibbens
and Kelly (1999) used a static virtual queue, whereas
Kunniyur et al. (2004) used a dynamic one, with size
and capacity varying as a function of the characteristics
of the arriving flow, to develop the adaptive virtual
queue (AVQ) AQM policy.
The random exponential marking policy (REM),
which has been presented as the solution for the dual
problem formulation (Athuraliya, Low, Li, & Yin,
2001), expresses measures of congestion as costs,
which are calculated for each link on the basis of local
information. Sources are then informed of these costs
when their packets are dropped/marked. One possible

policy for the solution of the dual-primal problem is
E-RED (Basar et al., 2003).

AQM PoLIcIES BASEd
on controL tHEorY
AQM policies based on control theory consider the
feedback, which exists in congestion control systems.

A

In such systems, transmission rates of the sources are
adjusted according to the level of congestion. This level,
in turn, is determined by the queue occupancy (Figure
1). Controllers are responsible for determining the appropriate values for the minimum rate of drop/mark
probability, which will ensure maximum transmission
rates as well as the stabilization of the queue size, regardless of network conditions (Srikant, 2004).
The great majority of AQM policies based on
control theory have used classical controllers such
as proportional (P), integral (I), proportional-integral
(PI), proportional-derivative (PD), or proportionalintegral-derivative (PID) controllers. Some of them
are discussed next.
Loss-ratio-based RED (LRED) is an AQM policy
developed using a controller of type P (Wang, Li, Hou,
Sohraby, & Lin, 2004). This policy dynamically adjusts
the mark/drop probability value as a function of the
loss rate in conjunction with queue length.
The dynamic RED (DRED) policy tries to stabilize
the queue size in the neighborhood of a reference value
independent of the number of active flows (Aweya,
Ouellette, & Montuno, 2001). To achieve such a goal,

DRED adjusts the dropping probability as a function of
the difference between the queue level and the queue
reference level. Although presented as a proportional
controller, it is actually an integral controller.
The proportional integrator (PI) AQM controller
used the TCP dynamic model presented by Hollot et
al. (2002) to simplify the control model. Its design
concentrates on the nominal behavior (low frequency)



Active Queue Management

of window dynamics so that the high frequency residual
can be determined. The procedure involves simplification to isolate the contribution of the delay of the
residuals, which is treated as an unmodeled dynamic.
In this approach, the controller ensures stability of the
system by stabilizing the residual.
Among the proposals for AQM policies that use
proportional-integral-derivative controller are VCR
AQM (Park, Lim, Park, & Choi, 2004), Receding
Horizon AQM (RHA–AQM) (Kim & Low, 2002), and
the one presented in Agrawal and Granelli (2004). The
VCR AQM policy (Park et al., 2004) was designed to
stabilize both the input rate and the queue length at their
approximate target levels. It uses the notion of a virtual
target value, as originally presented in AVQ policy. The
difference between them is that AVQ uses a virtual
queue, while VCR uses virtual rates. The RHA-AQM
policy explicitly compensates for delays in congestion

measure by using a memory control structure. Finally,
in Agrawal et al. (2004), a linear quadratic regulator is
used to design a robust PID controller.
A PD AQM with goals similar to the ones of DRED
has been presented by Sun, Chen, Ko, Chan, Zukerman, and Chan (2003). The difference is that DRED is
based on the instantaneous queue length whereas the
PD controller is based on the average queue length.
As does DRED, this PD policy has its parameters
determined empirically.
Modern control theory has also been used to design AQM controllers. Some controller designs use
feedback compensation, but only a few use optimal or
robust control (Fengyuan, Chuang, Xunhe, & Fubao,
2002; Lima, Fonseca, & Geromel 2004; Yan, Gao, &
Ozbay, 2005).
Heying, Baohong, and Wenhua (2003) used feedback compensation techniques to derive the algorithm
called proportional integral-based series compensation,
and the positional feedback compensation (PIP AQM).
The idea is to choose appropriate feedback compensation parameters so that they help achieve system desired
performance.
Most of AQM policies based on control theory use
only current information about the dynamics of the
queue and do not explicitly compensate for long delays. The novelty of the H2-AQM policy presented by
Lima et al. (2004) is the use of non-rational controllers.
Furthermore, stability and performance objectives are
expressed as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) so that
the parameters of the controller can be computed by


solving a single convex problem. Although the model
used to derive H2-AQM was the same model used to

derive PI AQM, the plant used in the H2-AQM design
represents the congestion in greater detail. Moreover,
the policy considered the equilibrium that maximizes
the throughput and minimizes the packet loss.
The algorithm based on sliding mode variable
structure control (SMVS) constitutes the basis for the
variable structure AQM (Fengyuan et al., 2002). The
structure of SMVS control is not constant, but is varied during the control process so that the controller is
insensitive to system dynamic parameters. VS-AQM
is another AQM policy based on SMVS control (Yan
et al., 2005). The difference is that VS-AQM was designed considering a non-linear model of the congestion
control system.

FuturE And EMErGInG trEndS
Recently, several variants of TCP for high-speed networks have been proposed to overcome the scalability
deficiency of TCP-Reno, which is not capable to take
advantage of the huge bandwidth availability in high
capacity links. One of the questions that needs to be
addressed is whether these TCP variants are effective
when deployed in networks with AQM mechanisms
at the routers. Another open problem is the design of
AQM policies for such variants.

concLuSIon
Under conditions of congestion, the performance of
a network deteriorates; resources are wasted, delays
and jitters increase, and the predictability of network
services is reduced. Therefore, minimization of congestion and its consequences is of paramount importance
in the efficacy of a network. This text introduced
mechanisms, which can be used to control congestion using active queue management. The purpose of

these mechanisms is the early notification of incipient
congestion by dropping/marking packets so that TCP
senders can reduce their transmission rate before queue
overflows and sustained packet losses occur. RED, the
AQM policy recommended by the IETF for deployment
on the Internet, presents various drawbacks, including
difficulty in the tuning of parameters. Various other
policies based on heuristics have been proposed to


Active Queue Management

overcome this problem. Nevertheless, these studies
neither assure that an equilibrium point can be reached
nor guarantee stability of queue length. In the past few
years, significant progress has been made towards
a precise mathematical modeling for the control of
congestion. This has led to the development of AQM
policies, which do ensure stability in the neighborhood of an equilibrium point. Results indicate that this
non-heuristic mathematical approach is very useful in
improving existing control and feedback mechanisms,
as well as in making them scalable to networks that
operate at very high speeds.

rEFErEncES
Agrawal, D., & Granelli, F. (2004). Redesigning an
active queue management system. In Proceedings of
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Vol.
2, pp. 702-706).

tures, and Protocols for Computer Communications
(pp. 277-285). ACM Press.
Hollot, C. V., Misra, V., Towsley, D., & Gong, W.
(2002). Analysis and design of controllers for AQM
routers supporting TCP flows. IEEE Transaction on
Automatic Control, 47(6), 945-959.
Kelly, F., Maulloo, A., & Tan, D. (1998). Rate control
in communication networks: Shadow prices, proportional fairness, and stability. Journal of the Operational
Research Society, 49, 237-252.
Kim, K. B., & Low, S. H. (2002). Analysis and design
of AQM for stabilizing TCP. California Institute of
Technology, Tech. Rep. CSTR:2002.009, 03 2002.
Kunniyur, S. S., & Srikant, R. (2004). Analysis and
design of an adaptive virtual queue algorithm for active queue management. IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking, 4, 286-299.

Athuraliya, S., Low, S., Li, V., & Yin, Q. (2001).
REM: Active queue management. IEEE Networks,
15(3), 48-53.

Lima, M. M. de A. E., Fonseca, N. L. S., & Geromel,
J. C. (2004). An optimal active queue management
controller. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications 2004 (pp. 2261-2266).

Aweya, J., Ouellette, M., & Montuno, D. Y. (2001). A
control theoretic approach to active queue management.
Computer Networks, 36(2), 203-235.

Lin, D., & Morris, R. (1997). Dynamics of random
early detection. Proceedings of SIGCOMM’97 (pp.

127-137).

Basar, S. L., & Srikant, T. (2003). Controlling the Internet: A survey and some new results. In Proceedings
of the 42nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control,
3(12), 3048-3057.

Low, S. H. (2003). A duality model of TCP and queue
management algorithms. IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking, 11(4), 525-536.

Feng, W., Kandlur, D. D., Saha, D., & Shin, K. G. (1999).
A self-configuring RED gateway. In Proceedings of
IEEE INFOCOM 1999 (Vol. 3, pp. 1320-1328).
Fengyuan, R., Chuang, L., Xunhe, Y., & Fubao, X. S.
W. (2002). A robust active queue management algorithm based on sliding mode variable structure control.
In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2002 (Vol. 1, pp.
13-20).
Floyd S., & Jacobson, V. (1993). Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance. IEEE/ACM
Transactions on Networking, 1(4), 397-413.
Heying, Z., Baohong, L., & Wenhua, D. (2003). Design
of a robust active queue management algorithm based
on feedback compensation. In Proceedings of the 2003
Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architec-

Morris, R. (2000). Scalable TCP congestion control. In
Proceedings of INFOCOM 2000 (pp. 1176-1183).
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Active Queue Management

Sun, J., Chen, G., & Ko, K. T., Chan, S., & Zukerman, M.
(2003). PD-controller: A new active queue management
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KEY tErMS

Active Queue Management (AQM): Congestion
control mechanism for the early notification of incipient
congestion pursued by dropping/marking packets.
Congestion: State of the network characterized
by the demand of traffic transmission exceeding its
transport capacity.
Congestion Avoidance: Traffic control mechanisms that attempt to avert the occurrence of network
congestion.



Congestion Control: Traffic control mechanisms
that remedy the consequences of congestion problems
that have already occurred.
Congestion Window: Range of packets that can
be transmitted by a sender without leading to network
congestion.
Global Synchronization Problem: A phenomenon
that happens when most of active TCP flows lose
packets, reducing their sending rates, which can lead
to network underutilization.
Random Early Detection Policy (RED): An AQM
policy recommended by the Internet task engineering
force for deployment on the Internet.
Round Trip Time: Time elapsed between the
transmission of a packet and the reception of the corresponding acknowledgement.
Tail Drop: A policy, which admits packet into the
router buffer whenever there is available space.
Transmission Window: Range of packets that can
be transmitted by a sender.