KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP: ĐỊNH TUYẾN TRONG MẠNG CẢM BIẾN VÀ SO SÁNH MÔ PHỎNG

BQ GIAO DVC DAO T30
TRIreNG DAI HQC THANG LONG
-o0o--

CHUYEN DE TOT NGHIEP

DINH TUYEN TRONG MANG CAM
BIEN VA SO SANH BANG MO PIING

Gil° viOn htrang din : TS.Hoing Tryng Minh
Sinh vien tittle hi@ : Bei Tan Tung
MA sinh visa

: Al2776

Chuyen ngInh

: Mgng may finis - Viin thong

HA NQI - 2014


L61 NOI DAU
Ngay nay nhb ce nhOng lien be nhanh ch6ng trong khoa hoc vi ceding nghe sir
phat trier nhting mpg bao gem cic cam bien gia thinh re, tieu thu ft nang luting
vi da chtic nang di nhen duqc nhOng sir chit ding ke .Hien nay ngubi to dang top
twig trien kbai the mang cam bien de ap dung vio tong cuOc song hang ngiy. D6 11
cac vue ye y te, quan sir, m8i trubng, giao thong... Trong met Wang lai !thong xa,
cac img ding cos mpg cam bien se trer thinh met phAn !thong the thieu trong cuOc
song con ngtroi nett chting to phat huy dtrqc het cac diem manh ma khan phei mmig
Ili° ding c6 duqc nhu mang cam bien.

Tuy nhien mang cam (mg dang phai dOi met WA nit nhieu thach thirc, met trong
nhOng thich thirc len nhit d6 II ngute Ming luting bj gith han va Ichong the mp
nay rat nhieu nhi nghien cfru dang tep trung vio viec cii thien khit nang stl
dung hieu quit rang lucmg ci a mpg cam bien trong tung we khic nhau.Em de
thn hieu ve met s6 giao thtic djnh tuyin coo mpg cam bits nhu LEACH, GAF gift')
citi thien nhttng nhtrqc diem mitt the giao thitc truyen thong ring cao thlri gian sting
cue mung. Trong nOi dung tai lieu My em se giai thieu tong quan ve man cam bien
Idlong day (Wireless Sensor Network). Giao thirc vi cac phuong phip djnh My&
trong mang vai nhang tru va nhuqc diem de c6 the hieu re hon ve mpg cam bien dua
ra su ltra chon sing su6t pha hqp vai (mg dung cult mang de dirge tOi uu nat.
Di co the holm thinh dirge chuyen di tOt nghiep My, em da dirge hoc hat
nhftng kien thfrc qui bau tfr the they, c8 elm cua Trubng Dpi hoc Mang Long trong
suOt nam WW1 dal hoc .Em v6 ding biet on sir day d6, chi bito ten tinh cue cac they,
cac co trong thbi gian hoc Sp nay.
Em xin bity t6 long biet an ten TS.Hoang Trong Minh, they di ten tinh chi &to
vi djnh huOng cho em nghien cum di di nay.Thily di cho em nheng lbi lchuyen quan
trong trong suOt qua trinh hoin thenh chuyen di.
Cu6i cling, em xin cam an gia dinh vi ban be Von too dieu Iden thuon lqi, dOng
vien vi giitp der em trong suet thbi gian hoc tap, ming nhu qui trinh nghien ant, hoin
thinh chuyen di My.
Hi nOi, thing 12 nam 2013
Sinh ten
Bid Tien Tung


TOM TAT DO AN
Ngay nay oh& lien bO vtrqt bac trong khoa hqc va ceing nghe, mang cam bien a
fro thanh de tai nghien ciru !tong bong vi nhan duqc sq den b0 ding ke tong yid nam
qua.Mang cam bien la mang v8 tuyen bao g6m cac thiet N cam Men duqc phan b6 mOt
each ngiu nhien trong khong gian, nhim quan sat the hien twang vat ly , hay dieu hen

mai throng nhu nhiet dO, am thanh, star chin dung, ap suit, su chuyen dung, 8 nhilm
the vi tri 'chic nhau.
Su phat trien caa mpg cam bien ma diu la cac ling dung tong quan dOi vi du
nhu glum sat chi& tnemg. Tuy nhien bay gib mang cam bien con duqc sir dung trong
nhieu ltnh vuc din dung bao gam: quan sat m8i trubng sang, cham s6c sue khee, nha
to dOng hay dieu lchitin giao thong.
Cac con cam bien la cac thiet bi dien tfr nh6, thong thubng duce trang bj b0 thu
phut ve tuyen hoc cac thiet bi lchting day lchac, mOt b0 vi xir ly Who va mOt nguan
nAng lugng. Cac con cam bien nay ce lchi !tang thu thap, xt) lt va truyen thong thong
tin den cac not khac va ra the gith ben ngoai.
Mang cam Men la mOt linh we nit siu rung, chuyen de My se gieri thieu mOt
each khai quit nhit ve cac dac diem cart mpg cam lien va mOt so giao thirc dinh
tuyen trong mang cam bien.
DI in nAy gim co 4 diming:

Chuang 1: T6ng quan ye mang cam bien. Chuang My trinh bay nhttng khai
niem chung Whit ve WSN va dua ra caftu trim cos mang cam bien. D6ng thbi cling neu
ra cac img dung trong nhieu anh vuc cuOc song.
Chuang 2: M8 hinh !den trim mang cam bien. Cu the la tang vat 19, tang lien ket
clit lieu va cac giao thire dac trung ctia mang cam bien tong d6 c6 hai giao thirc dac
trung d6 la : (tong bO thEri gian va giao thirc vi tri.Chwmg nay cling la den de de di vao
dm hieu cite giao thin djnh tuyen trong lop mang b chuong 3.
Chuang 3: Dinh tuyen trong mpg cam lien. Chuang My phan loci cac giao
thirc dinh tuyen ra lam ba loci : trung tam dit lieu, phan cip vi djnh tuyin dua vao vi
tri dja bier la nghien elm hq cac giao thirc dinh tuyen LEACH.
Chuang 4:M8 phong va so simh 3 giao thirc djnh thy& Leach, Leach-C, Statclus.Sau khi m8 phi:mg se cho ra ket qua duqc bleu dien bing d6 thi va Si cling la
nhon xet va so sash ye 3 yin de de 11 Wing luang lieu thu , theri gian sang va luang g6i
tin eita mang d6i vii tang giao thirc.

MVC LVC
CHITONG 1. TONG QUAN MANG CAM BltN KHONG DAY

1

1.1 Gioi thieu

1

1.2 06 Ink mpg cum bien

2

1.2.1 Clic yiu to anh httimg din cciu Ink mgng cam Min

2

1.2.2 Girl thieu yi nut cam biln•

3

1.2.3 Ddc diem ctia aiu &tic mgng cam

7

1.2.4 Hai cdu tnic dOc trong ciza mgng cam bien

10
12

1.3 l'ing ding
1.11 Ong dung trong qua dot

13

1.12 Ong dung trong m6i :meow

14

1.13 Ong dung trong chdm soc sec Moe

16

1.3.4 Tv dOng hod gkz din); va dien ddn dung

16

1.3.5 Gicim sat vd dieu khiin cOng nghiep

18

1.4 Ket luen

19

CHMING 2. KAN TRUC MO HINH PHAN LOP CUA MANG CAM BItN120
2.1 Kien frac giao thitc ming

20

2.1.1 lip wit 15,
2.1.2 Lop lien kit di, lieu viz thd tuc thorn nhdp mot

21
Throng

25

2.1.3 Thu tyc canh tranh

28

2.1.4 Thu tyc 'cep lich

29

2.1.5 Chu& thd tuc thiim nhap mei trttimg IEEE 802.15.4

31

2.2 Giao than diing thbi gian
2.2.1

Ddng ha ccic nut cam Min ye sit chin!: vise

34
36

2.2.2 Diing b¢ thiti gian trong mgng cam Nan

37

2.2.3 Giao thtiv clang bO' girth bin nh(m yit ben ph&

38

22.4 Giao thtiv eldng b() giily bin Wm vit bin nhdn

44

2.3 Giao thin vj trf
2.3.1

Dinh vj Ara vao mdc co then

48
48


2.3.2 Dinh vi dya vao vj tri tucmg doi

49

50

2.4 Ket
CHUONG 3. DfNH TUYEN TRONG MANG WSN

51

3.1 then thieu

51

3.2 Phiin loui vi so sfinh clic giao thirc dint( tuyen

53

3.3 Giao thirc dinh tuyen ngang hang

56

3.4 Giao that trung tam de lieu

56

3.4.1 Flooding va Gossiping

56

14.2 Giao that thitung lityng SPIN

57

14.3 Giao that gein tuyin lien tie MR (Sequential Assignment Routing)

59

3.4.4 Giao that khuich tan tritc trip (Dirrected Diffusion)

60

3.4.5 Giao thus chuyin dip gia tei thilu (MCFA)

60

3.5 Nhem giao thik Olin cap

60

15.1 Giao thac dinh tuyen plan cdp twang thich ndng ltivng thap

60

15.2 Leach-C: thanh lap cum tram cc sa

69

3.5.3 Leach-F: nham co dinh, lwin phien cluster-head

70

3.5.4 Giao that stat-cluster

73

3.5.5 Giao that Giao that nguang ring hem hieu qua

73

3.5.6 PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems)

73

3.6 Giao thirc dua ten vi tri

75

3.6.1 GO thuat chink xac theo dja ly (GAF : Geographic Adaptive Fidelity)

75

16.2 GEAR (Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing)

77

163 Kit 114n

78

CHU'ONG 4. M6 PRONG VA SO SANH GIAO Tait DJNH TUYEN
LEACH, LEACH-C, STAT-CLUS
4.1 T6ng quan ve NS2
4.1.1 Giai thieu vi NS2
4.1.2

Co c6u

to char NS2

4.2 Gil thiet m8 phong
4.2.1 Gici

79
79
79
79

82
82


4.2.2 aiu lenh chgy mo' phong :

83

4.3 Ket quit m6 phong vi nhO 'cot

86

4.3.1 Thai gian sting cia ccic nodes

86

4.3.2

Ming hrong

87

4.3.3

Diss lieu

88

4.14 Khi tang mar ndng hem len 11

89

4.15 Khi thay deli tpa (16 tram cc so

90

4.4 Isllgin xet
CHUONG 5. KET LUAN VA. DV MEN TRONG TUONG LAI

92
93

5.1 Thu duqc ket qua

93

5.2 Dv kien trong tiremg lai

93


DANH SACH BANG BLEU VA HiNH VE

Hinh 1.1.Ciu trim mang elm bide

3

Hinh 1.2.Ciu tao net cam biEn

4

Binh 1.3.Nfit mpg ththc hu Mica Mote

5

Hinh 1.4.Net mang EYES

5

Hinh 1.5.Ciu trim phing cea mang cam bian

10

Hinh 1.6.Ciu trim ting cea mang cam lien

11

Hinh 1.7.1:Ing dpg trong quill dui

14

Hinh 1.8.1:ing dung theo dei sv di chuyin dm dOng 4

15

Hinh 1.9.1Ung dung trong moi trutmg

16

Hinh 1.10.1Tng dung trong chith s6c sec khoe

16

Hinh 2.1.Kien frac giao thirc mpg dm bien

20

Fah 2.2.Khea djch bien de ASK

23

Hinh 2.3.Khea djch pha PSK

23

Hinh 2.4.Khea djch tin s6 FSK

24

Hinh 2.5.M8 hinh vimg zing det gifts chc net mang

25

Hinh 2.6.The tic LEACH

29

Hinh 2.7.The tic TRAMA

31

Hinh 2.8.Ciu tnic si8u khung

32

Hinh 2.9.Xlc djnh g6c den

Cult

am thanh 6 xa b?ri mOt day sensor

35

Hinh 2.10.D6ng bO ben phat/been nhon vet ben nhon/bOn nhen

38

Hinh 2.11.Hoat ding dm viec ding bO bon phatiben nhin

40

Hinh 2.12.LTS multihop phin b6

43

Hinh 2.13.Vi du ve RBS

45

Hinh 2.14.Chuyen dap poi du lieu vh chuyen di thin then gian

47

Hinh 3.1.Phan lohi giao thin djnh tuyen trong WSN

55

Hinh 3.2.Phin lohi va so sanh chc giao thirc djnh tuyin trong man WSN

56

Hinh 3.3.Truyen g6i trong Flooding

57

Hlnh 3.4.Ba tin !lieu bit tay dm SPIN

58

Hinh 3.5.Hoat dung ctia SPIN

58

Hinh 3.6.M8 hinh Leach

61

Hinh 3.7.Chc giao thee Leach cho chc mpg ltrei

62


Hinh 3.8.Thoi gian hien thj host dung cua Leach

63

Hinh 3.9. Ltru d6 qui trInh thiet lap

64

Hinh 3.10.Qu6 trinh hinh thAnh hai nh6m khic nhau trong yang LEACH

66

Hinh 3.11.Ltru d6 giai down On dinh

67

Hinh 3.12.Tucmg tac gifts nhieu cum.

68

Hinh 3.13.Giai doan chi dat cua Leach-C

70

Hinh 3.14.Can thiep cua nhem khic

71

HInh 3.15.The hien dtrqc clang ke cac Whom can thiep khi giao tiep vai cac cluster71
head
Hinh 3.16.Vi du ve lueri ito tong GAF

76

Hinh 3.17.Chuyin flip dial, de quy trong GEAR

78

Hinh 4.1.M8 phong NS, Icheri tao va thiet lap

79

Hinh 4.2.Lueng cac sir hen cho file tcl chay trong NS

81

Hinh 4.3.Ca ciu t6 chirc t he muc NS

82

Hinh 4.4.Topo mang 100 node m6 phong

83

HInh 4.5.Theri gian song cua the nodes d6i yeti mai giao thirc

86

Hinh 4.6.NAng luqng dui mang d6i veri mai giao thirc

87

Hinh 4.7.D0 lieu truyen colt mang 461 vii mai giao them

88


DANK SACH CAC Ti! VIET TAT
WSN

Wireless Sensor Network

ID

Identification

ADC

Analog to Digital Converter

RF

Radio frequency

MAC

Media Access Control

UTC

Coordinated Universal Time

GPS

Global Positioning System

LTS

Lightweight time synchronization protocol

RBS

Reference broadcast synchronization).

RSS

Received signal strength

TDOA

Time of arrival

AOA

Angle of arrival

TDOA

Time difference of arrival

RSSI

Receiver Signal Strength Indicator

PLF

Perceptive localization framework

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol

BS

BaseStation


Del Hnr Th5ng I.nng

Al 7776

Tian Ting

CHI O'NG 1. TONG QUAN MANG CAM BIEN KEIONG DAY
1.1 G161 thieu
Trong nhitng nom gin ctay, rit nhieu mang cam bien khong day da vi dang duqc
phit then vi then khai cho nhieu the irng dyng khic nhau nhu: theo d8i sly thay doi
cea mei trubng, !chi Mu, giim sit cic met ton van stir, phat hien vi do than viec tin
' , sinh hoc vi hoi hoc, chuin doin sly hang hoc cita may mac, thief
cong bang hat nhan
N, theo diu vi giim sit cic bic sy, benh nhan cling nhu quitn 19 thu6c trong the benh
vien,theo dai vi dieu lchien giao thong, cic phucrng lien xe c0...
Han nita vii sty tien be c8ng nghe gin day vi hei ty cea hg thong cic cong nghe
nhu Icy thu$t vi dien tu, cong nghe nano, giao flip khong day, cong nghe mach tich
hqp, vi mach phin cam hien, xir 19 vi tinh town tin hieu...da tao ra nhang con cam hien
c6 kich think nhe, da chtic !tang, gii thimh thip, cong suit lieu thy thip, layn tang lchi
nang img dyng rOng rai dui mang cam hien khong day.
MOt mang cam hien !thong day li met mang bao gem nhieu mit cam hien nhe c6
gii thimh thip, vi tieu thy Wing lucmg it, giao dip thong qua the ket n6i !thong day, c6
dua
nhiem vy cam hien, do doe, tinh win nhiim myc dick thu th$p, tip trung dit lieu
ra the quyet djnh town cyc ve mei trueng ty nhien .

a

Nherng not cam bien nhe bet My bao gom cic thinh
Cic 130 vi zit 19 rat nhe, b0 nhe glen han,b0 phin cam bien, be thu phit khong
day, nguan nuoi. Kich thu6c cua cic con cam bien nay thay dei tir to nhu hap giiy cho
den nhe nhu hat byi, thy thuetc vio tang irng ding.
Khi nghien cuu ye mang cam bien Wag day, met trong nhUng dic diem quan
tong vi then chat de li th&i gian song cea the con cam lien hay chinh la sly gi6i han
ve nitng luqng cea chting. Cic nut cam bien nay you ciu lieu thy cong suit thip. Cic
nit cam bien hoot dOng c6 gi6i han vi n6i chung la khong the thay the duqc ngu6n
cung cip. Do de, trong khi mang truyen thong tap trung vio dat duqc cic djch vy chit
luqng cao, thl the giao thirc mang cam bien phii tap trung diu lien vio bio town ding
suit.
Mang cam hien c6 met so dic diem sau:
+ CO 'chi Wing tlr t6 chirc.
+ Yeu ciu ft hoac khong c6 sy can thiep Oa con ngu&i.
+ Truyen thong ves tuyen vi truyen da buerc.
+ Trion khai so luqng lan tren pham vi rOng.
Chuyen de tat nghiep

1


Al777F

tai HQr Thing I.nng

Tign Time

+ Nang lugng, b0 nh6, !chi Wing xir ly c6 ham

+ Cau hlnh thin:mg xuyen thay d8i do m8i truirng hoc nut mpg.
+ Quang ba trong phi= vi hgp va djnh tuyen multihop.
Cac gi6i han ve mat nitng lugng, cong suit phat, b0 nh6 va cong suit tinh toan.
Chinh nhfing dac firth nay da dua ra nhftng chien luqc mei va nhang yeu ciu thay d6i
trong thiet Ice mpg cam bien.

1.2 C.Iu trfic mang cam bign
1.2.1 Cdc yiu to" dnh hurting din cdu trac mom cdm bun
Cac ciu trec hien nay cho mang Internet va man ad hoc khong day lchting
dimg duqcho mang cam hien kh8ng day, do mOt s6 15 , do sau:
➢ S6 lugng cac nut cam bien trong mang cam hien c6 the ion gip nhieu lin s6
lugng nut trong mpg ad hoc.
➢ Cac nut cam bien bi 16i.

a

➢ Ciu tic mpg cam bien thay d6i kha thtrimg xuyen.
➢ Cac nut cam bien chti yeu sir dtmg truyen thong kieu quang ba, trong khi hiu
het cac mpg ad hoc diu dtra tren viec truyen diem-diem.
➢ Cac nut cam bien bj gi6i han ye riling lugng, Icha riling firth town va b0 nh6.
➢ Cac nut cam hien c6 the khong c6 so nhon long town ciu (globalidentification)
(ID) vl chting c6 mOt so luqng len mio dau va mOt so lugng len cac nut cam
'nen.
Do v$y, ciu tnic !twig moi se:
➢ Ket hop yin de nimg lugng vi !chit Wing (firth tuyen.
➢ Tich hop da lieu va giao thirc
➢ Truyen nang lugng hieu qua qua cac phtrong lien khong day.
➢ Chia se nhiem vo gran cac nut lan c$n.
➢ Cac nut cam lien duqc phen b6 trong mOt sensor field nhu hinh (1.1). MOi mOt
nut cam hien ce khit fling thu dial) der lieu vi dinh tuyen lei den cac sink.

Chuyen di tot nghiep

2


A17776

Plait lane Thing I.nng

Tien Wing

I Sink t
o Mit dm bitm
* SIddin
0 Treeing dm ban

Ngizbi skim

Hinh 1. Lau Thic ?ming cam biin

Dit lieu duqc djnh tuyen 13i den cat sink b?ri met cAu trim da diem nhu hinh ve
tren. Cac sink c6 the giao tiep van cac nut quitn It nhiem At (task manager node) qua
mpg Internet hoac ye tinh.
Sink 11 met thvc the, tui d6 th8ng tin duqc yeu citu . Sink c6 the la thvc the ben
tong mpg (la met nth cam bien ) hoac ngoiti ming. Thvc the ngoli mpg ce the 11
met thiet bj thvc sv vi dv nhu may tinh zilch tay ma tuong tac vai mpg cam bien,
hoac cling don than chi la met gateway ma n6i Arai mang khitc lan hon nhu Internet
nai ma cac you cAu thvc sv doi yea cac th8ng tin thy tie met vai nut cam bien trong
mung.

1.2.2 Glerri thitu ye wit aim biin:
a.Ciu to cda nit slim Min nhw mu:
Mai not cam bien ducrc cau thinh bei 4 thinh phAn co ban nhu ar hinh (1 2)•
don vj cam bien (a sensing unit), don vi zu ly (a processing unit), don vj truyin dan (a
transceiver unit) va be nguOn (a power unit). Ngoiti ra c6 the c6 them nhUng thilnh
phAn khic thy thuOc vio tang ling dung nhu 11 he thong djnh vj (location finding
system), bO phat ngu6n (power generator) va bO Oen di dOng (mobilizer).

Chuyen de tot nghiep

3


Al 7776 —Phi Tian 'fling

nal 14nr Thang i.nng

HO thief dinh nj

Don si rim biOn
rim biOn

ADC

BO Phan di 4+14

Dorn sit 13;.
lit it

Don vi truyen dan

Bothuphit

Luti

B+ gain

Bo phat nmOn

Minh 1.2.Cau tgo nut cam bien

Cac don vj earn bien (sensing units) bao g6m cam bien va 1,0 chuyen doi tuong
tv-s6. Dva tren nhftng hien tuqng quan sit duqc, tin hieu Wang tv Mo ra bfri sensor
duqc chuyin sang tin hieu so beng b0 ADC, sau d6 duqc dua vao b0 xer ly. Dan vi xir
1S, thutmg duqc ket hqp v6i b0 luu trft nhe (storage unit), quyet djnh cac thit tuc lam
cho cac net ket hqp yeti nhau de thvc hien the nhiem vu djnh sAn. Phin thu phat v8
tuyen ket noSi cac nut do mang.
MOt trong s6 the phin quan tong that ciut mOt nit mang cam lien la bet nguon.
Cac b0 ngu6n thuerng duqc h6 try boi the be phOn loc nhu la to bao Wing luqng mjtt
trai. Ngoai ra cling c6 nhftng thenh phin phu lchic phv thuOc vao tong ling dung. Hiu
het cac ki °mot djnh tuyen va the nhiem va cam bien cis mang deu yeu cau c6 do
chinh the cao ye vj tri. Cac be phi') di dOng d8i lic can phiti djch chuyen cac nut cam
hien khi can thiet de thvc hien the nhiem vu di An djnh. Tit ca nhftng thinh phin thy
can phai phft hqp v6i ldch 0 tang module. Ngoai kich cdr ra cac nut cam hien con mOt
s6 rang buOc nghiem ngat khac, nhu la phai lieu thu rat it Wing lucmg, hops dOng 6 mot
dO cao, c6 gia thanh thip, c6 the qr hot dOng, va thich bien v6i sv hien d6i cia mai
tnremg.

Chuyen de tat nghiep

4

Al 7778 -Rid Tan Wing_

Dei 1-hr Thing I.nng

b. MOt so lopi nut mpg:

Hinh 1.3.Ntit "King thuac hp Mica Mote

Ho nut inking nay nom trong clir an nghien ciru Mkt trutrng dai hoc california tCY
co& nem 1990, sir dung vi xir 19 cita Anne!, su dung he ditu hanh TinyOS.

Giao di.
kit cim

tart
Ames nvei
Amen da

'in
ara
SO*
Des led

Hinh 1.4.Ntit ngng EYES
Nig mpg nay phitt trien tai mOt to chim cita chau au trong dv an s* dung nang
Wong hieu quit cita mang cam hien - Energy efficient sensor network (EYES). Nit
mang sir dung vi dieu lchien MSP 430 clia Texas, cd khe riling ket nei them cam hien.
Nit mpg nay sir dung vi dieu khien CC1010 cita chipcon, tich hop thiet N troy& din

vo toy& vi cam bien nhiet do

c. Vi xtr 19
Vi xir lt la thiet bj quan bong nhit trong nut mang cam hien khong day, thqc hien
thu thap dit lieu HI cac not, sau de xt1 lt truck khi girl di, va nhan da . lieu tar cac nut
khic. Nguyen nhan nd ducat lira chon trong cac he theng nhang la mem deo trong ket
neli yeti cac thiet bj lchic nhu thiet bj cam hien, tieu thy Jiang ltrqng thip nhir lchi nang
chuyen sang the do nge khi de chi co mOt phlin caa vi dieu lchien hoot dOng, hon nita

Chuyen de tot nghiep

5


Dal I-Inr Thing I.nng

Al 777h -Rid Tan Wing

thutmg c6 b0 nh6 tich hqp ngay ten b0 vi xir 19. MOt dtic diem rat duqc ngutri lop
trinh ye'u thich la khi tiling lop trinh bang ng6n net bOc cao (C, C++).
B6i v$y khi xay dung nut mung viec xem zit hieu suet cim vi xir 1St, hieu qua nang
Itrqng va gia thanh la rat quan trcmg.
d. Bi) oh&
Dirge sir dung de km tit de lieu thu tt7 cac nut cam Bien, hoc goi de lieu tir the
nut khae, ce 2 loci kien true b0 nh6 11: kien true havard va ld'en true von newman,
diem khic nhau ells 2 kien true nay la trong Id& true havard thi by nh6 der lieu va
chuong trinh tach biet nhau khi de de lieu thutmg dirge hira trong RAM can chuong
frith dtrqc chira trong ROM hotic b0 nhe FLASH, con trong kien true von newman thi
de lieu va chuong trinh dirge km cling v6i nhau, thin:mg la tren RAM, nhugc diem dm
n6 la dit lieu se bj mitt khi tit ngu6n, bOi vtiy chuong trinh hottc he dieu himh thuang

duqc luu tra ten ROM, EEPROM, hoc b0 nh6 flash ( gin tuang to nhu EEPROM).
Yeu eau kich thuOc b0 nh6 va Wing lugng lieu thu tuang ling vOi yeu eau ye di lieu
cua ling dung eM nut mpg.
e. Thiit bj giao dip
La thiet bj duge sir dung de trao d6i de lieu gifts cac nut don v6i nhau, trong d6
moi true:mg kitting day 11 duqc ua dung hcrn ca, do co the la song vo tuyen, truyen
thong quang, song sieu am, al trutmg cling duct sir dung trong mOt vai ling dung dtIc
biet. Trong d6 s6ng vo tuyen cung Dip dii thong 16n voi the dO di lieu cao pith hqp
nhit cho hau het cac ling dung cim mpg thong day. Trong dO cac nut yeu eau ca chirc
nang nthim va truyen de lieu (dieu chi, gill dieu che, lchuech dui, lqc, trOn ...) sau de
chuyen luting bit, byte ho(te khung thinh song vo tuyen, thong thuong 2 thiet bj nay
thubng dirge kit hqp thinh mOt thiet bj duy nhat, bei vOy thutrng thi tai mOt thai diem
thong the thtrc hien dring then vita truyen vire nhOn de lieu, ma truyen va nh#n se dirge
luan phien nhau dirge dieu Ichien bOi he dieu himh nhong.

a

Khi lira chqn thiet bi truyen nhan can Itru y viii dtIc diem sau:
rding phuc vu cho 16p ten (MAC), cho phep lop nay dieu !chi& goi
de lieu
✓ Tiet hem rding lugng vi sir dung nang lugng hieu quit do Ming lugng
tieu thu nhieu nhitt tong nut mong la do viec truyen nh3n vo tuyen.
✓ Tan s6 s6ng mang vi da kenh truyin tong tnty&t nhen phii phu hqp vei
yeu cau eM ling dung.
•

Chuyen d tot nghtep


Al 77Th -Rill Tian Wing

Del Hey Thing I.nng

✓ Ric do da lieu Wang Ong v6i tin s6 song mang v8 bang tin cling v6i
viec dieu the va ma hOtt du lieu, tOc dO nay cO the thay d6i bang dieu the
holtc thay d6i toe dO ctia ky tv.
✓ Dieu the va ma hed

f. Cam Min
CO rat nhieu loai cam bien, tity vao loci (mg dyng tong mkutg cam bien ma ta ceo
cfic cam bien twang ling, that:mg la dva vito kieu host dOng dm cam bien, tich eve- thy
dOng, pham vi giam sat ... /tang Itrong tieu thy, gia thanh va kich thuerc. Thuerng thi
viec lira chyn cam hien Ichong phtic tap nhu b0 nh6 va vi air lt.
g. Nguen nuoi
Lit thitnh phan cot yeu cua mang cam bien, tong de 2 van de can quan tam li 'chi
Wing luu ter vi cung cap nang lugng va Icha ruing thay the ngu6n.Thuting thi nguOn
day thuting li pin, vi !chi rang thay the tong net mpg la kh8ng the do dja hinh hien
khai va se nut mang len, do v$y phiti chqn nguem on djnh co lcha rang host dOng phi
hqp v&i ye'u cau cua ling dung vi m8i trubng host dOng.
,

h. Phin mom
He dieu hanh nhimg, dieu Ichien vi bio ve truy cop tai nguyen vi quan lt cho phep
phep ngtrei dimg cling nhu h8 trq thi kinh xir IY vi giao tiep gifta citc qui trinh. Tuy
nhien chirc Ming chit yeu la thi hinh lenh, bat vay he thong Ichong you cau quit nhieu
tai nguyen de h8 trq nhu met he dieu hitnh holm thien.
Han nfta he dieu hinh cho mpg cam bien khong day con c6 the h8 trq nhang tay
chon cho he thong, then hinh la quan ly su dung riling Itremg hieu qui, quan ly vi dieu
Ichien the thanh phan ngosi vi: cam bien, thiet bj vo tuyen, djnh that Bei v$y you cau
cho by dieu hanh cho mpg nhimg la caw trOc don gian vi ho trq quitn 11 nang luqng

ma Ichang ten nhieu tai nguyen he thong nhu b0 nhe vi thin gian xir

1.2.3 DOc diem cilia cdu franc myng aimblew
Nhu tren ta di biet 4c diem dm mpg cam bien la bao gOm met s6 limn len
cic nut cam bien, cac net cam bien c6 giOi hsn vi rang buec ve tai nguyen biet lit
Ming lucmg rat Wait khe. Do do, du true mpg mei co dac diem rat khac v6i cic mpg
truyen thong. Sau day ta se phan tich met s6 4c diem not Wit tong mpg cam bien
nhu sau:

Chuyen

tdt nghiOp

7


Hai Hor Thing Long

Al 777A -MI Tan Thng

• IChi Wing chju 161 (fault tolerance):

MOt s6 cic nut cim bien c6 the Wong hoot dOng era do thieu ning lucmg, do
nhftng hu h6ng vet 19 hok do inh huing cia m8i truting. Khi nAng chju 18i the hien a
viec mong van hoot dOng blnh thuing, duy tri nhftng chic nAng mia no ngay ci khi
mot so nut mong khong hoot dOng.
• Khi nAng me rOng:
Khi nghien cuu met hien tuong, s6 Wong cic nut cam bien duqc then khai ce the
den hang tram nghln nut, phi thuk vio ding img dong con so nay c6 the vuqt qui
hang trieu. Do d6 cau frac mpg mai phii c6 khi Wing ma rOng de c6 thE lim viec vii

s6 lugng 1&n cic nut nay.
• Gii thrinh sin xuat :
Vi cic numg cam bien bao gOm met s6 Itrog 16n cic nut cim bien nen chi phi con
m6i nut rat quan Mpg trong viec dieu chinh chi phi cirri toin mong. Neu chi phi coca
toin Truing dat han viec then khai sensor theo kieu truyen th6ng, nhu vey mong Ichong
co gii thinh hqp lt. Do voy, chi phi cia m8i nut cam bien phii gift 6 mire thap.
• Ring butjc ve phan cung :
VI s6 lucmg cic nut trong mpg rat nhieu nen the nut cam bien can phii c6 cic
ring buOc ve phan cung nhu sau : Kich tuck phii nhi, tieu the nth% lucmg thap, c6
khi nang hoot d'Ong 6 nhftng nol c6 mot dO cao, chi phi sin xuat thip, c6 khi ning to
tri vi hoot dOng !thong can c6 ngutri kiem soar, thich nghi v6i mei truing.
• Mai throng hoot dung:
Cic nit cim bien duqc thiet lip day dk, rat gin hok troc tiep ben trong cic hien
Prang de quan sit. Vi the, cherig thuang lim viec mi kh8ng can Om sit a nhing
vimg xa x8i. Cluing c6 the lim viec 6 ben trong cic may moc lan, 6 dueri day bien,
hok trong nhftng vimg 8 nhiem h6a hoc hok sinh hqc, a gia dinh hok nhftng tea nhi
16n.
• Phucmg tien truyen din :

(3 nhftng mpg cam bien multihop, cic nut duqc ket non bang nhftng phucmg tien
khang day. Cic dutmg ket nen nay c6 the to nen boi song vo tuyen, Wing ngooi hoc
nhftng phuang tien quang hqc. De thiet lip so hoot dOng th6ng nhat cia nhftng mpg
nay, cic phuong tien truyen din phii duce chop phii phi hqp tren toin the glen. Hien
tai nhieu phin cung dui the nut cam hien doa vio thiet ke mach RF. Nhftng thiet bj
cim bien !tang Iuqng thap ding b0 thu phit v8 tuyen 1 kenh RF hoot den a tin s6
Chuyen tot nghiep


Dal

Thng Long

Al 7776 -Rni Tien Tang

916MHz. Met each Ichic ma cac nut trong mang giao tiep vai nhau bang Wing
ngoai. Thiet ke may thu phat vo tuyen dimg hong ngoai thi gia thinh re vi de ding
han. Ca hai loci hung ngoai va quang deu yeu eau be phat va thu ram trong pham vi
nhin thiy, the la c6 the truyen anh sang cho nhau dirge.
• Cau hinh mpg cam hien (network topology):
Trong mang cam hien, hang tram den hang nghin nut dirge trien khai teal twang
cam bien. Chung dirge trien khai trong yang hang chuc feet cim nthi nut. Mat de cac
nut c6 the len tai 20 nut/m3. Do so lugng cac nut cam hien rat lbn nen can phai thiet
lap met au hinh On djnh. Chting ta c6 the kiem tra cac van de lien quan den viee duy
tri va thay doi ciu Hit 6 3 pha sau:
➢ Pha tien then khai vi trien lchai• cac nut cam bien c6 the dat len xen hofte xip
theo tat ti,r tren tnr&ng cam bien. Chang c6 the dupe trien khai bang each thi tir
may bay xueng, ten lira, hoc c6 the do con ngtrai hoc robot dSt tang cai met.
➢ Pha h3u trien khai: sau !chi thin khai, nhitng sv thay dei eau hinh phu thuec vio
viec thay d6i vi tri cac nut cam hien, Ichit Ming dal trang thai Ichong ket not (phu
thuec vio nhieu, viec di chuyin cac vet can...), nimg lugng thich hap, nhUng sv
va item vu ev the.
➢ Pha then khai lai: Sau ;chi then khai eau hinh, ta van co the them vio the nut
elm bien Ichic di thay the cac nut gap sv c6 hose thy thuec vito sv thay d6i
chirc Ming.
• St: fieu thy Ming lugng (power consumption) :
Cac nut cam hien Ichong day, c6 the coi la met thiet bj vi dien ter chi e6 the dirge
trang bj ngu6n Ming lugng gill han (<0,5Ah, 1.2V). Trong met s6 ung dung, viec 136
sung ngu6n wing lugng Ichong the dive hien dirge. VI the Ichoing that gian song cua
cac nut cam hien phu thuec manh vito tiled gian song cim pin. mang aim hien
multihop ad hoc, m6i met nut ding met vai tr6 kep vita Ich6i t3o vita djnh tuyen dry

lieu. Sv true tic cim met vai nut cam bien c6 the gay ra nhung thay ded ding ke trong
eau hinh ve yeu cau djnh tuyen lai cac g6i vb to chirc lai mpg. Vi voy, viec duy tri vb
quitn 1S, ngu6n Ming lugng &mg met vai tth quan tang. D6 IA 19 do vi sao ma hien nay
nguoi ta dang top trung nghien cuv ve cac gill thuot va giao thirc di thiet ke tip& cho
mang cam hien. Nhiem vu chinh cim cac nut cam hien trong taxiing cam bien la phat
hien ra cac sv Iden, thus hien xir 19 da lieu cuc be nhanh Chang, va sau de truyen aq
lieu di. VI the sr fieu thu nang lugng dirge chia ra litm 3 vimg: elm bien (sensing),
giao tiap (communicating), va xir 19 dit lieu (data processing).
Chuyen de tot nghiep


Al 7776 -Rai Tan Tang

1)ei 1-inr Thing Inng

1.2.4 Hai can frac 40c dung cilia mgng cdm bit%
a. Gin tric phing

Trong ciu true phing (flat architecture) (hInh 1.5), tit ca cac nut deu ngang
hang vu thing nhit trong hInh clang ve chin Ming. Cac nut giao tiep vii sink qua
multihop sir clung cac nut ngang hang lam 1,0 tiep song. Vii phwn vi truyen c6 djnh,
cac nut gin sink hon se dam Igo vai tr6 cla 10 dip song dOi yid mOt sti Itrqng len

ngu6n. Gil thiet ring tit cl cac nguan deu dung cimg mOt tin s6 de truyen du lieu, vi
vkly c6 the this se thin gian. Tuy nhien each nay chi c6 hieu qui vii dieu kien ll c6

nguen chia se don le, vi du nhu thin gian, din so...

Mu"( • Twa con

Hinh 1.5.C6u Ink phang cua mgng cam biin
b. Ciu talc tang

Trong ciu true tang (tiered architecture) (hinh 1.6), cac cum duet to ra gulp
cac tai nguyen trong cimg mOt cum gui dit lieu single hop hay multihop ( toy thuOc
vim kick cer cua cum) den mOt net djnh sin, thubng gqi la nut chit (cluster head).
Trong ciu true nay cac nut to thlnh mOt he thong cap b$c ml 6 d6 m6i net Cr mOt mire
xlc djnh thirc hien cac nhiem vu da djnh sin.

Chuyen de tot nghiep

10


Al 7776 -Rni Tign Ting

Dai 14nr ThAng I.nng

..

Tr

•

"(

TIM COI

• Tarn

"All

Hinh 1.6.Cau Ink tang cita numg cam

biin

Trong cau true tang thi chk nang cam hien, tinh than va phan phoi dfir lieu
khong dung deu giera cac nut. Nhitng chile niing nay co the phan theo cap, cap thip
nhat thvc hien tit ca nhiem vv cam hien, cep gifts thvc hien tinh than, va cep tr.& cimg
thvc hien phan phei di
Mcmg cdm biin xdy dung theo cau tnk tang hogt Ong hifu qud hen cau tnic
pitting, do cdc Ill do sau:

Cau trim ding co the gitim chi phi chi mang cam hien bang viec djnh vj cac tai
nguyen 6 vj tri ma chting hog dOng hieu qua nhat. RO rang la neu trien khai cac
phin citing thong nhit, mei nut chi can mOt Wong tai nguyen tei thieu de thuc
hien tit ca cac nhiem vitt. Vi s6 lucmg dm nut can thitt phu thuOc vao yang phit
song xac djnh, chi phi ciia tan mpg vi the se khong cao. Thay vac) do, neu met
só luqng 16n cac nut co chi phi thip duqc chi djnh lam nhiem vu cam bien, met
se luqng nhe hem cite nut co chi phi cao han duqc chi djnh de phan Lich dii
djnh vj vi dung b0 thoi gian, chi phi cho town mang se giam di.
•. Mang eau trim tang se c6 Si the, cao hem cau true mang phAng. Khi can ph&
tinh town nhieu thl mOt 10 V: nhanh se hieu qua horn, phv thuOc vac, thiri gian
you cau thvc hien tinh town. Tuy nhien, vai cac nhiem vv cam hien can hog
dOng trong Ichoing thin gian dai, cac nut lieu thv it nAng luong pha hqp v6i yeu
cau xir 15r tei thieu se hog dung hieu qua hon. Do vay v6i cau frac tang ma cac
chi= niing mpg phan chia era cac phen cimg dii duqc thiet ke rieng cho tang
chirc nAng se lam tang Wei the) ctia mang.
mang cam hien pith pha hqp v6i v6i se ltrqng cac not yeu
Ve dO tin cay:

cat thda man dieu kien ve bang thong va DIM gian sting. Wri mang cau Irk
Chuyen a tot nghiep

11


tai Hnr Th5ng I.nng

Al 777h -Hai Tign Tang

phiing, qua phan Lich ngued ta da xic djnh thong luqng t6i uu ala mai nut tong
mang c6 n nut la x = ;Tr trong d6 W 11 do rOng bang tan ciut kenh chic se. Do
d6 khi kith ddr mang tanglen thi thong Wong caa =Si nut se giim ve 0.
• Viec nghien ciru cac mang cau tnic tang dem lai nhitu trien vong de 'chic phyc
van de nay. MOt cach flip can 11 dung met kenh don le trong eau true phan cap,
trong d6 cac nut 6 cap thip hon tao thinh met cum xung quanh tram etc. Nan
met tram g6c dOng vai tr6 11 cau n6i v6i cep cao hon, cap nay dam bao viec
giao dip trong cum thong qua cac be ph$n halt tuyen. Trong twang hop nay,
dung luong curt mang tang tuyin tinh v6i s6 luqng cac cum, v6i dieu !den a s6
luqng cac cum tang it that phii nhanh bang n . Cac nghien cuu Ichac crn thir
cach dung cac kenh khic nhau er cac mtic khic nhau caa cau tnic phin cep.
Trong truerng hop nay, dung luqng caa m6i 16p tong cau tnic tang vit dung
luqng ctia m6i cum trong m6i 16p )(tic djnh la dee 1#p v6i nhau.
Tom lai, viec tuong thich gifts dac chtic Wing trong mang c6 the dot duqc khi dung
cau tnic tang. D#c biet ngubi ta dang tap trong nghien cuu ve Mc tien ich ve tim dja
chi. NhOng chic Wing nhu voy c6 the phan phoi den moi nut, met phan phan b6 den
tap con ells cac nut. Gia thiet ring ctic nut deu Icheng c6 djnh vit phai thay del dja chi
met each djnh ki, sy can bing gigra nhang bra chon nay phy thuOc vio tin se thich hop
cua chirc rang cap va tim ldem. Hien nay cfmg dang co rat nhieu mo hinh tin}
hem dja chi trong mang cau true tang.

1.3 (ling dyng
Nhu tan ta di de cap den cac link Arc ung dung mang cim bien Ichong cLiy.Cy
the ta se xem xet k5' met s6 (mg dung nhu sau de hieu ro sy can thiet elm mang cam
biE'n Ichting clay.
Cac mang cam bien c6 the bao g6m nhieu loci cam bien khac nhau nhu cam bitn
dOng dit, cam bien tir trigmg t6c de thy mak tip, elm bien thi giac, cam bien h6ng
ngoai, cam bien am thanh, radar... ma c6 the quan sat yang rOng the ditu kien xung
quanh da clang bao gem:
✓ Nhiet de.
✓ DO Am.
Sr chuyen dOng ctia xe cO.
✓ Dieu kien firth sang.
✓ Ap seat.
✓ Sy hlnh thanh at.
✓

Chuyen a tot nghiep

12


tai Hnr Thing I nng

✓
✓
✓
✓

Al 777A -Rid Thin Time

Mire nhiiu.
Str c6 mat hay ving mat met din tuqng nao do.
Mire ting suit tren cac d6i tuqng bj gin.
Dk tinh hien tai nhu the de, chieu va kich thutsc cita doi tuqng.

Cac nut cam bien c6 the duqc sir dung de cam hien lien tuc hoar la phat hien sir
kien, so nhen clang Sv kien, cam hien vi tri va dieu Ichien ctic be be phan phat dung.
Kith niem vi cam hien va ket not khan day cita nhOng nut nay him hen nhieu vimg
ling dung mei. Chang to phan loci cac (mg dung nay trong quan dei, m6i tnrbng, sire
Ich6e, gia dinh vi the Milt vvc thtrong mai Idtac.

1.3.1 Ung dyng trong qudn
Mang cam hien !thong clay c6 the tich la met phin tich hqp trong he thong dieu
lchien quan dei, giam sat, giao tiep, tinh toan thong minh, trinh sat, theo doi muc lieu.
Dec tinh triEn khai nhanh, to to chirc va c6 the bj 16i cita mpg cam bien lam cho
chang him hen Icy thuat cam hien cho he th6ng trong quan dOi. VI mang cam bien dva
tttn sv tri6n khai clay dac ciut cac nut cam hien c6 sin, chi phi thip va sr phi hay cita
met vai nut bed quin djch !thong art hueng den host dOng cita pan dOi ding nth: sir
phi hity cac cam hien truyen thong lam cho khai them mang cam bien la ung dung tot
dei vei chien trueng. MOt vai ung dtmg quart dei cua mang cam hien la quan sat lvc
luqng, trang thiet bj, dan duchy, theo doi chien trueng do tham dja hinh va lvc luqng
quan djch, mix lieu, viec danh gia mire dO nguy hiem ciut chi& tratmg, phat hien va
do tham viec tan cong bang h6a hqc, sink hoc, hat thin

a.Ghim sat Ivy luvng , trang that bj vi don dirge:
Cac ngtrei lanh dao, si quan se theo doi lien tuc tang thai lye luqng quart Ali,
dieu kien va sy c6 sin ciut cac thiet bj va dan duqc trong chien trtamg bang viec sir
dung mang cam hien. Quan dei, xe cO, trang thiet bj va dan duce c6 the gin lien v6i
cac thiet bj cam hien nho de c6 the thong bao ire tang thii. Nhang ban bao cao nay
duqc tap hqp lai tai cac nut sink de gni tei lanh dao trong quan dOi. Dft lieu cling c6

the duqc chuyen tiep den cac cap cao hon.
✓ Giam sat chien throng: dja hinh hiem lit, cac tuyAn dutmg , dutmg men va cac
ch6 eo hgp co the nhanh cheng duqc bao phit btri mang cam bien va gin nhu co
the theo doi cac hoot dung cita quip djch. Khi cac host dOng nay duqc me rung
va ke hooch hog dOng mei duce chutm N mot mpg mei c6 the duqc trien khai
bit cir thei gian nao 'chi theo dOi chien tnrtmg.
Chuyan de tot nghiep

13


Al 777h -Rai Tan Tang

Rai I-Inr TWAng I.nng

✓ Giam sit dja hinh va lye luong quart djch: mpg cam bien c6 the duqc then
khai b nhCmg dja hinh then chin vi mOt vai nai quan tong, cac mit cam hien
can nhanh chong cam hien cic dit lieu tilt t(ip trung dft lieu giri ve trong vai phut
truck khi quan djch phit hien vi ce the chin lai chting. Hirsh (1.7) cho to hinh
dung ducm ve ting dung caa mang cam bien tong host dOng quitn dOi.

Hinh 1.7.1ing dung trong qudn tlgi

✓ Dinh gii str nguy hiem cim chien new: try& va sau khi tin deg mang cam
bien c6 the duqc triEn khai b nhCmg yang inn tieu de niun duqc misc dO nguy
hiem cua chien twang.
✓ Pith hien va tham do the At tan Gong bang Ma hoc, sinh hoc Ws hat nhfin.
Trong the cuOc chien tranh Ma hoc vi sinh hoc dang glin ke, mOt dieu rat quan
tong la sum pith hien ding lac vi chink )(tic cic tic nhan 46. Mpg cam bien
trien khai b nfrang vung ma duqc sir dung nhu la he thong canh bio sixth hoc va

h6a hoc c6 the cung cap cic thong tin mang Sr nghia quan tong ding I& nhim
tranh thuang vong nghiem trong.
1.3.2 Ung dpng trong mail trwfrng
MOt vii img dung moi trutng cua inking cam bien bao gam theo doi sum di at
coa cic loci chim, cic dOng vat nho, cic logi con tang, theo doi dieu kien men throng

Chuyen t6t nghiep

14


Bei Hoe Thing i.nne

Al 777h

Tian Tung

ma inh huOng den mita ming vi vat nail; viec tad lieu, cic thiet bi do dac Ion d6i yeti
viec quan sat dien tich len tren trii dat, sq than' do cic hinh tinh, phit hien sinh-h6a,
nong nghiep chink xac, quan sit m8i tubing, trii dat, m6i truemg vimg bign vi biu klu
quyen, phit hien chiy rung, nghien cuu khf tuqng hoc vi dia It, phit hien 18 hit, sip
chit sv phirc tap ye sinh hqc mkt moi tieing vi nghien ciru str 8 nhigm.
❖

vi the not cam hien ci the duqc trien khai mOt each ngau
Pith hien chiy
nhien, ci chien lucre vOi mot de cao tong rung, cic nit cam bien se de tim
nguin gic cim lira de thong bit° cho ngutri sir dung biet trait IN lira Ian rOng
khong !dem soft duqc. Hang trieu cic not cam hien ci the ducat trier khai vi
tich hqp sir dung he thing tin s6 khong day hoac quang h9c. Cling vay, chang

c6 the duqc tang bi each thirc sir dung Gong suit ce hieu qui nhu la pin mat
trbi bbl vi cic not cam bien bi be lai khong c6 chi hang thing vi hang nam.
Cic nut cam bien se cOng tic vOi nhau de thvc hien cam bien phin bi vi khic
phvc kW) khan, nhu cic cay vi di ma ngiln ter tam nhin thing cia cam hien co
day.

link 1.8.Cin dyn theo dei di ch

Chuyen de tot nghiep

en cilia don v (it

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Al 777E

Del 142r 'Mang T.nng

Tign Time

Hinh 1.9.1ing clung trong moi tnremg
❖ Phat hien 18 lut: met vi du d6 la he thkg bao tieing duqc Men khai tai My. Met
vii loci cam bien duqc then khai trong hg thing cam bien luqng mua, mitt
nu6c, thtri tiet. Nhttng con cam bien My cung cap th8ng tin de trip trung he
theing ca s6 drr lieu da duce djnh nghia trtroc.

1.3.3 thy Amy trong chdm sac sac Moe
Melt vii irng dung ve sirc khoe de6i vei mpg cam bien la giam sat benh nhan,
cac trieu chimg, quitn ly thutc trong benh vien, giam sat sv chuyen don va xe lt ben

trong cua con trimg hoc the Ong vet nhe lchk, theo doi va kiem tra bac si va benh
nhan trong benh vien.
Theo clei bac si va benh nhan trong benh vien : moi benh nhan duqc gin met
nut cam bien nhe va nhg, m6i met net cam bien nay c6 nhiem vu rieng, vi du c6 nut
cam hien xac djnh nhjp tim trong !chi con cam bien !chic phit hien ap suit mau, bac si
cling c6 the mang net cam bien de cho ck bac si khac xac djnh duqc vi tri dm hp
trong benh vien.

MOM MINIO.

BASUMA (BMWA)-Gerrnany

Heath Cate Monitoring of Mabee Patients.

Hinh 1.10.0ng dung trong chdm sex sue khoe

1.3.4 Ty' Ong hod gia dinh vd dien din dyng
Gia dinh la lchong gian ling dung rat lan cho the mpg cam bien lchong day.
Nhieu Crag dung cong nghiep vita &Km m8 to c6 m6i lien he tuong fir trong gia dinh.
Vi du met he th6ng HVAC duqc hang bi yen the be On nhiet va chting rung Ichong day

Chuyen de tot nghiep

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