Large scale adsorption and chromatography vol 1,2 wankat

Large-Scale
Adsorption
and
Chromatography
Volume I
Author

Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

CRC Press, Inc.
Boca Raton, Florida


Large-Scale
Adsorption
and
Chromatography
Volume II
Author

Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

CRC Press, Inc.

Boca Raton, Florida


Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wankat, Phillip C , 1944Large-scale adsorption and chromatography.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
1. Chromatographic analysis. 2. Adsorption.
I. Title.
QD79.C4W36 1986
543'.089
ISBN 0-8493-5597-4 (v. 1)
ISBN 0-8493-5598-2 (v. 2)

86-13668

This book represents information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Every reasonable effort
has been made to give reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility
for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
All rights reserved. This book, or any parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written consent
from the publisher.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida, 33431.
© 1986 by CRC Press, Inc.

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-5597-4 (Volume I)
International Standard Book Number 0-8493-5598-2 (Volume II)
Library of Congress Card Number 86-13668
Printed in the United States

PREFACE
My major goal in writing this book has been to present a unified, up-to-date development
of operating methods used for large-scale adsorption and chromatography. I have attempted
to gather together the operating methods which have been used or studied for large-scale
applications. These methods have been classified and compared. The main unifying principle
has been to use the same theory, the solute movement or local equilibrium theory, to present
all of the methods. Mass transfer and dispersion effects are included with the nonlinear mass
transfer zone (MTZ) and the linear chromatographic models. More complex theories are
referenced, but are not discussed in detail since they often serve to obscure the reasons for
a separation instead of enlightening. Liberal use has been made of published experimental
results to explain the operating methods.
Most of the theory has been placed in Chapter 2. I recommend that the reader study
Sections II and IV. A and IV.B carefully since the other chapters rely very heavily on these
sections. The rest of Chapter 2 can be read when you feel motivated. The remaining chapters
are all essentially independent of each other, and the reader can skip to any section of
interest. Considerable cross-referencing of sections is used to guide the reader to other
sections of interest.
I have attempted to present a complete review of the open literature, but have not attempted
a thorough review of the patent literature. Many commercial methods have been published
in unconventional sources such as company brochures. Since these may be the only or at
least the most thorough source, I have referenced many such reports. Company addresses
are presented so that interested readers may follow up on these references. Naturally, company brochures are often not completely unbiased. The incorporation of new references
ceased in mid-May 1985. I apologize for any important references which may have been
inadvertently left out.
Several places throughout the text I have collected ideas and made suggestions for ways
to reduce capital and/or operating expenses for different separation problems. Since each
separation problem is unique, these suggestions cannot be universally valid; however, I
believe they will be useful in the majority of cases. I have also looked into my cloudy crystal
ball and tried to predict future trends; 5 years from now some of these predictions should
be good for a laugh.

Much of this book was written while I was on sabbatical. I wish to thank Purdue University
for the opportunity to take this sabbatical, and Laboratoire des Sciences du Genie Chimique,
Ecole Nationale Superieure des Industries Chimiques (LSGC-ENSIC) for their hospitality.
The support of NSF and CNRS through the U.S./France Scientific Exchange Program is
gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Daniel Tondeur, Dr. Georges Grevillot, and Dr. John Dodds
at LSGC-ENSIC were extremely helpful in the development of this book. My graduate level
class on separation processes at Purdue University served as guinea pigs and went through
the first completed draft of the book. They were extremely helpful in polishing the book
and in finding additional references. The members of this class were Lisa Brannon, Judy
Chung, Wayne Curtis, Gene Durrence, Vance Flosenzier, Rod Geldart, Ron Harland, WeiYih Huang, Al Hummel, Jay Lee, Waihung Lo, Bob Neuman, Scott Rudge, Shirish Sanke,
Jeff Straight, Sung-Sup Suh, Narasimhan Sundaram, Bart Waters, Hyung Suk Woo, and
Qiming Yu. Many other researchers have been helpful with various aspects of this book,
often in ways they are totally unaware of. A partial listing includes Dr. Philip Barker, Dr.
Brian Bidlingmeyer, Dr. Donald Broughton, Dr. Armand deRosset, Dr. George Keller, Dr.
C. Judson King, Dr. Douglas Levan, Dr. Buck Rogers, Dr. William Schowalter, and Dr.
Norman Sweed. The typing and help with figures of Connie Marsh and Carolyn Blue were
invaluable and is deeply appreciated. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and particularly my wife, Dot, for their support when my energy and enthusiasm plummeted.


THE AUTHOR
Phillip C. Wankat is a Professor of Chemical Engineering aat Purdue University in West
Lafayette, Ind. Dr. Wankat received his B.S.Ch.E. from Purdue University in 1966 and his
Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering from Princeton University in 1970. He became an
Assistant Professor at Purdue University in 1970, an Associate Professor in 1974, and a
Professor in 1978. Prof. Wankat spent sabbatical years at the University of CaliforniaBerkeley and at LSGC, ENSIC, Nancy, France.
His research interests have been in the area of separation processes with an emphasis on
operating methods for adsorption and large-scale chromatography. He has published over
70 technical articles, and has presented numerous seminars and papers at meetings. He was
Chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on Separation and Purification in 1983. He
is on the editorial board of Separation Science. He is active in the American Institute of

Chemical Engineers, the American Chemical Society, and the American Society for Engineering Education. He has consulted with several companies on various separation problems.
Prof. Wankat is very interested in good teaching and counseling. He earned an M.S.Ed,
in Counseling from Purdue University in 1982. He has won several teaching and counseling
awards, including the American Society for Engineering Education George Westinghouse
Award in 1984.


Large-Scale
Adsorption
and
Chromatography
Volume I
Author

Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

CRC Press, Inc.
Boca Raton, Florida


Large-Scale
Adsorption
and
Chromatography
Volume II
Author

Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

CRC Press, Inc.
Boca Raton, Florida


Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wankat, Phillip C , 1944Large-scale adsorption and chromatography.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
1. Chromatographic analysis. 2. Adsorption.
I. Title.
QD79.C4W36 1986
543'.089
ISBN 0-8493-5597-4 (v. 1)
ISBN 0-8493-5598-2 (v. 2)

86-13668

This book represents information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Every reasonable effort
has been made to give reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility
for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
All rights reserved. This book, or any parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written consent
from the publisher.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida, 33431.

© 1986 by CRC Press, Inc.

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-5597-4 (Volume I)
International Standard Book Number 0-8493-5598-2 (Volume II)
Library of Congress Card Number 86-13668
Printed in the United States


PREFACE
My major goal in writing this book has been to present a unified, up-to-date development
of operating methods used for large-scale adsorption and chromatography. I have attempted
to gather together the operating methods which have been used or studied for large-scale
applications. These methods have been classified and compared. The main unifying principle
has been to use the same theory, the solute movement or local equilibrium theory, to present
all of the methods. Mass transfer and dispersion effects are included with the nonlinear mass
transfer zone (MTZ) and the linear chromatographic models. More complex theories are
referenced, but are not discussed in detail since they often serve to obscure the reasons for
a separation instead of enlightening. Liberal use has been made of published experimental
results to explain the operating methods.
Most of the theory has been placed in Chapter 2. I recommend that the reader study
Sections II and IV. A and IV.B carefully since the other chapters rely very heavily on these
sections. The rest of Chapter 2 can be read when you feel motivated. The remaining chapters
are all essentially independent of each other, and the reader can skip to any section of
interest. Considerable cross-referencing of sections is used to guide the reader to other
sections of interest.
I have attempted to present a complete review of the open literature, but have not attempted
a thorough review of the patent literature. Many commercial methods have been published
in unconventional sources such as company brochures. Since these may be the only or at
least the most thorough source, I have referenced many such reports. Company addresses
are presented so that interested readers may follow up on these references. Naturally, company brochures are often not completely unbiased. The incorporation of new references

ceased in mid-May 1985. I apologize for any important references which may have been
inadvertently left out.
Several places throughout the text I have collected ideas and made suggestions for ways
to reduce capital and/or operating expenses for different separation problems. Since each
separation problem is unique, these suggestions cannot be universally valid; however, I
believe they will be useful in the majority of cases. I have also looked into my cloudy crystal
ball and tried to predict future trends; 5 years from now some of these predictions should
be good for a laugh.
Much of this book was written while I was on sabbatical. I wish to thank Purdue University
for the opportunity to take this sabbatical, and Laboratoire des Sciences du Genie Chimique,
Ecole Nationale Superieure des Industries Chimiques (LSGC-ENSIC) for their hospitality.
The support of NSF and CNRS through the U.S./France Scientific Exchange Program is
gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Daniel Tondeur, Dr. Georges Grevillot, and Dr. John Dodds
at LSGC-ENSIC were extremely helpful in the development of this book. My graduate level
class on separation processes at Purdue University served as guinea pigs and went through
the first completed draft of the book. They were extremely helpful in polishing the book
and in finding additional references. The members of this class were Lisa Brannon, Judy
Chung, Wayne Curtis, Gene Durrence, Vance Flosenzier, Rod Geldart, Ron Harland, WeiYih Huang, Al Hummel, Jay Lee, Waihung Lo, Bob Neuman, Scott Rudge, Shirish Sanke,
Jeff Straight, Sung-Sup Suh, Narasimhan Sundaram, Bart Waters, Hyung Suk Woo, and
Qiming Yu. Many other researchers have been helpful with various aspects of this book,
often in ways they are totally unaware of. A partial listing includes Dr. Philip Barker, Dr.
Brian Bidlingmeyer, Dr. Donald Broughton, Dr. Armand deRosset, Dr. George Keller, Dr.
C. Judson King, Dr. Douglas Levan, Dr. Buck Rogers, Dr. William Schowalter, and Dr.
Norman Sweed. The typing and help with figures of Connie Marsh and Carolyn Blue were
invaluable and is deeply appreciated. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and particularly my wife, Dot, for their support when my energy and enthusiasm plummeted.


THE AUTHOR
Phillip C. Wankat is a Professor of Chemical Engineering aat Purdue University in West
Lafayette, Ind. Dr. Wankat received his B.S.Ch.E. from Purdue University in 1966 and his

Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering from Princeton University in 1970. He became an
Assistant Professor at Purdue University in 1970, an Associate Professor in 1974, and a
Professor in 1978. Prof. Wankat spent sabbatical years at the University of CaliforniaBerkeley and at LSGC, ENSIC, Nancy, France.
His research interests have been in the area of separation processes with an emphasis on
operating methods for adsorption and large-scale chromatography. He has published over
70 technical articles, and has presented numerous seminars and papers at meetings. He was
Chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on Separation and Purification in 1983. He
is on the editorial board of Separation Science. He is active in the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, the American Chemical Society, and the American Society for Engineering Education. He has consulted with several companies on various separation problems.
Prof. Wankat is very interested in good teaching and counseling. He earned an M.S.Ed,
in Counseling from Purdue University in 1982. He has won several teaching and counseling
awards, including the American Society for Engineering Education George Westinghouse
Award in 1984.


Index

Index terms

Links

A
Acetic acid

1.88

Acetone recovery

1.81

Activated alumina

1.9

1.70

1.81

Activated carbon

1.8
2.1
2.68

1.13
2.26
2.81

1.89
2.44
2.91

cycling zone adsorption

1.128
2.55

1.124

fractionation by continuous adsorption

2.60

packed beds

1.56

particle diameter

1.65

pressure swing adsorption

1.98

solvent desorption

1.86

solvent recovery

1.59

thermal regeneration

1.81

two-layer procedure

1.61

waste water treatment

1.62

water treatment

1.82

Adsorbents

1.106
2.51
2.122

1.68

1.69

1.73

1.82

1.9

Adsorption, see also specific topics
physical picture
Adsorptive-distillation
Affinity chromatography

1.7
1.116

1.120

2.20

2.34

2.36

2.28

2.35

2.37

1.101

1.103

columns

2.21

costs

2.39

fouling

2.39

Agarose
Air
Air separations

1.97

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

I.1


I.2

Index terms
Albumin

Links
2.29

α

1.7

Analytical chromatography

2.1

automation

2.14

complexity

2.4

particle diameter effects

2.10

recycle

2.16

Annular column

2.115

Annular cylindrical geometry

2.35

Annular shapes

1.76

Antibiotics

2.35

Antibodies

2.35

Anticonvulsant drugs

2.98

Antigens

2.35

Antithrombin

2.35

Arrhenius relationship

1.9

Asahi system

2.68

A term

1.46

Attrition

2.46

Automation

2.14

Auxiliary equipment

2.13

Axial compression
Axial dispersion

1.12

2.53

2.9

2.21

2.23

2.9

2.16

2.18

2.72

2.106

2.109

1.43

B
Backflush
Backflushing

1.85

Baffles

2.9

Batch process

2.4

Bed utilization, see Fractional bed use;
Packed beds
BET isotherm

1.10

Binary ion exchange

1.22

Binary isotherms

1.34

1.22

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

2.97


I.3

Index terms

Links

Binary separations

2.113

Biochemical affinity systems

1.121

Biodegradation

1.83

Biological regeneration

1.84

Bioregeneration

1.83

Blowdown

1.93

1.97

co-flow

1.97

1.105

counter-flow

1.97

Bone char

2.68

Box-car chromatography

2.98

Breakthrough

1.43

1.115

1.45

1.50

1.83

1.102

1.69

1.76

1.86
activated carbon water treatment

1.82

liquid adsorption with thermal regeneration

1.81

packed beds

1.57

premature

1.71

steam desorption

1.75

Breakthrough curve

1.50

B term

1.46

Bulk separation cycles

1.98

rapid

1.101

slow

1.98

C
Caffeine extraction

1.88

Canister systems

1.55

Carbon adsorption systems, see also Activated
carbon

1.75

Carbon dioxide, see CO2
Carbon fibers

1.76

Carbon-in-pulp

2.56

Carbon monoxide
Carbon sieves
Carrier gas
chromatographic requirements

1.106
1.98

1.99

2.3

2.6

2.7

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

1.62

1.65


I.4

Index terms

Links

Carrier gas (Continued)
filtering

2.13

Cell model, pressure swing adsorption

1.114

Celluloses

2.128

Centrifugal chromatography

2.115

Channeling

1.67

Chemical desorption

1.68

Chemical programming

2.126

2.8

Chem-Seps process, see Higgins process
Chromatofocusing

2.17

Chromatofuge, see Centrifugal chromatography
Chromatographic distillation

1.130

Chromatographic packings

1.9

Chromatographic reactor

2.1

Chromatography, see also specific topics
physical picture

1.44
1.48

theories

1.39

two components, resolution of

1.48
1.114

1.129

Clay

2.55

Co2

1.73

1.87

Co-flow blowdown

1.97

1.105

Co-flow desorption

2.18

Co-flow regeneration

1.57

1.59

2.8

2.13

2.6
2.104

2.16
2.108

Column design
Column switching
future for

1.70

2.72

2.18
2.111

2.79
2.121

2.95

2.18
2.111

2.79
2.121

2.95

2.112

liquid chromatography
Coherence

2.24
1.34

Column design
Column switching
future for

2.60

1.7

resolution

Chromatothermography

2.58

2.8

2.13

2.6
2.104

2.16
2.108

2.112

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.


I.5

Index terms

Links

Column switching (Continued)
liquid chromatography
Competitive adsorption
Complementary pressure swing, adsorption

2.24
1.11
1.105

Compressed air, drying of

1.71

Compressed air dryers

1.99

Compression

2.9

Contact filtration

2.55

Constant pattern

1.21

layered beds

1.61

Continuous adsorption, fractionation by
Continuous annular chromatography (CAC)
Continuous chromatography
Continuous countercurrent separation
Continuous flow of solids

1.82

1.35

1.50

2.60

2.119
2.63
2.126
2.41

fractionation systems, see also Fractionation
systems
single solute recovery, also Single solute
recovery
Continuous contact models
Continuous contact moving bed sorption
systems
Continuous countercurrent separation
Continuous flow of solids
fractionation systems, see also Fractionation
systems

2.58
2.41
1.131
2.53

2.55

2.126
2.41
2.58

single solute recovery, also Single solute
recovery

2.41

Continuous surface chromatography

2.121

Continuous systems

1.112

Cooperative adsorption

1.11

Corrugated bed system

1.69

1.117

Costs
affinity chromatography

2.39

carbon adsorption systems

1.75

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

1.65

1.80


I.6

Index terms

Links

Costs (Continued)
large-scale chromatography
pressure swing adsorption
Countercurrent

2.3

2.21

1.100
1.120

Countercurrent flow

2.41

Countercurrent moving bed system

2.18

Countercurrent processes

2.84

Countercurrent systems, see also Moving beds;
Simulated moving beds

2.41

Counter-flow blowdown

1.97

Counter-flow regeneration, see also Backflush

1.57

Coupled equilibrium theories

1.72

Coupled isotherms

1.31

heat of adsorption

1.34

two or more solutes

1.31

Coupled solutes

2.98

Cross-flow

2.52

Cross-over ratio

1.35

Cryogenic separation

2.55

C term

1.46

Cyclic operations, see also specific topics

1.91

cycling zone adsorption

1.117

future for

1.131

models for

1.114

parametric pumping

1.91

pressure swing adsorption

1.91

vacuum swing adsorption
Cyclic separation models

1.70

1.71

1.101

CSTRs

theories for

1.62

1.122

1.106

1.131
1.91

1.96

1.114

Cyclic separations, see Cyclic operations
Cycling separations, see Cyclic operations
Cycling zone adsorption (CZA)

1.94

activated carbon

1.124

cyclic separation models

1.117

1.122

2.17

2.125

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.


I.7

Index terms

Links

Cycling zone adsorption (CZA) (Continued)
direct mode

1.114

equilibrium staged analysis

1.117

equilibrium staged theory

1.125

focusing

1.114

Langmuir isotherm

1.124

local equilibrium model applications

1.114

mixing cell model

1.117

molecular sieve

1.126

multicomponent

1.128

reversal temperature

1.126

solute movement theory

1.123

solute wave velocity

1.124

thermal wave velocity

1.124

traveling wave mode

1.114

1.122

1.117

1.124

1.117

1.124

1.130

2.88

CZA, see Cycling zone adsorption

D
Dead volume

2.13

Dealkalization

2.57

Decolorizing

2.68

Deformable gel particles

1.64

Delay, pressure swing adsorption

1.98

Dense moving bed systems for single solute
recovery

2.50

1.101

Depressurization, see Slowdown
Desalting
Design

1.120

2.28

2.35

1.45

1.72

1.74

nonlinear systems

1.50

total cycle

1.53

Design considerations, large-scale
chromatography

2.7

Design equations

1.7

Desorbent regeneration

gas adsorption with

1.84

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

2.127


I.8

Index terms

Links

Desorbent regeneration (Continued)
ion exchange systems

1.88

liquid adsorption with

1.84

supercritical fluids

1.87

Desorption, see also specific types

1.1

alternatives

1.76

applications

1.1

packed beds

1.55

Dessicant, pressure swing adsorption

1.98

Dextran

2.88

Dextran gels

2.28

Diffuse tails

2.12

Diffuse waves

1.86
1.27

1.18

1.22
1.79

1.65

regeneration

1.57

1.67

1.74

1.27

1.31

1.33

2.17

1.49
particle diameter

1.65

1.63

Dipeptides

1.124

Direct mode cycling zone adsorption

1.114

1.122

Direct mode parametric pumping

1.106

1.113

1.116

2.7

2.16

2.34

Displacement chromatography

Displacement development

1.32

Distribution

2.13

Distribution system

2.3

Divalent ion exchange

1.15

Drinking water treatment

1.82

Drying

1.69

cyclic separations

2.9

1.80

1.114

gases

1.59

pressure swing adsorption

1.91

1.98

E
Economics, see Costs
Efficiencies

2.46

Electrochemical parametric pumping

1.120

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.


I.9

Index terms
Elution chromatography

Links
2.2

2.34

2.105

2.119

backflushing

2.18

batch process

2.4

inefficiency

2.4

mass separating agent

2.4

2.36

on-off chromatography
distinguished

2.20

operating methods

2.14

problems with
simulated moving beds

2.4
2.85

Energy balance

1.35

1.65

Energy reduction

1.71

1.89

Energy waves

1.16

movement

1.22

Enzymes

2.35

є

1.7

Equilibrium data

1.9

Equilibrium isotherms

1.9

gas systems
liquid systems

1.9
1.12

Equilibrium staged analysis, cycling zone
adsorption

1.117

Equilibrium staged models, see Staged

models
Error function

1.43

Ethanol

1.71

Ethylbenzene

2.86

Ethylene

1.45
2.97

2.112

1.86

2.62

1.101

Exchange adsorption
Exclusion

1.11

1.7

Expanded beds

1.82

Extracolumn zone broadening

1.48

Extraction chromatography

2.25

2.51

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

2.98

2.100


I.10

Index terms

Links

F

Favorable isotherm

1.9

fractional bed use

1.59

layered beds

1.61

regeneration

1.57

sorption effect

1.30

Feed, pressure swing adsorption

1.97

Filtration

2.13

1.11

1.20

1.22

1.51

2.125

Fixed beds, see also Large-scale
chromatography

2.45

Flavor ingredients

1.88

Flow-diffusion coupling theory

1.47

Flow programming

2.16

2.72

Fluid flow step, see Intermittent solids flow
Fluidization

1.67

Fluidized beds

2.43

ion exchange

2.73

magnetically stabilized

2.63

multistaged

2.44

single

2.43

staged theories

2.46

2.56

2.63

1.124

2.17

1.83

1.89

Focusing

1.114

1.117

Fouling

2.10

2.39

Fractional bed use

1.51

1.59

favorable isotherm

1.59

parallel

1.62

particle diameter

1.65

series

1.62

superloading

1.63

Fractionation

1.70

1.104

Fractionation systems
continuous adsorption

2.60

continuous chromatography

2.63

continous solids flow

2.58

simulated moving beds, see also Simulated
moving beds

2.81

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.


I.11

Index terms
Freundlich isotherm
Fructose

Links
1.12
1.125

Fructose-glucose separation

2.85

Fundamental equation

1.49

1.128

G
Gas
adsorption with desorbent regeneration

1.84

adsorption with thermal regeneration, see also
Thermal regeneration

1.69

Gas chromatography (GC)
overflooding
Gas-liquid chromatograph (GLC)

2.1

2.3

2.30

2.76

1.22

1.50

2.1

1.49

2.32
1.12
2.118

advantage

2.32

applications

2.33

commercial separations

2.34

fractionation

2.64

overflooding

2.14

particle diameter effects

2.12

rotating column

2.77

selectivity

2.7

simulated moving bed fractionation

2.89

Gasoline, drying of

1.81

Gasoline vapors, recovery of

1.77

Gas solid chromatography (GSC)

2.31

Gas systems

1.9

Gatling gun arrangement

2.118

Gaussian distribution

1.41

1.45

Gaussian peak

1.40

1.48

Gel filtration, see Size exclusion
chromatography
Gel permeation chromatography, see Size
exclusion chromatography
Gerthold simulated co-current flow process

2.111

GLC, see Gas-liquid chromatography
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

2.31

I.12

Index terms
Glucose

Links
1.128

Gradient elution, see also Programming

2.16

Gradients

2.26

Graver Company

1.65

Guard bed

1.61

pressure swing adsorption
Guard column

2.98

1.71

1.75

1.98
2.10

2.24

Guillotine effect, see Focusing

H
Heat of adsorption

1.71

coupling with

1.34

Heatless adsorption, see also Pressure swing
adsorption
Heel

1.91
1.57

1.64

1.76

1.95

1.105

2.6
2.34

2.8
2.50

2.28
2.60

2.30
2.62

2.20

2.22

2.25

2.37

Height equivalent to theoretical place,
see HETP
Height of theoretical plate

1.45

HETP

2.3
2.32
2.64

reduction of values
Higgins process
High performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC)
large-scale systems distinguished
selectivity

2.65
2.70
2.1
2.26
2.7

Himsley system

2.73

Hormones

2.35

Hot gas desorption

1.71

1.76

HPLC, see High performance liquid
chromatography
H2S

1.73

Hybrid chromatographic processes, see also
Column switching; Moving ports
Hydrophobic chromatography

1.3

2.95

2.36

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I.13

Index terms
Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen

Links
1.85

1.87

1.100

1.106

Hypersorber

2.60

Hypersorption

2.60

1.128

2.65

I
Ideal adsorbed solution

1.11

Ideal Adsorbed Solution (IAS) theory

1.84

Ideal gas law

1.30

IEC, see Ion-exchange chromatography
Immunoadsorbent chromatography

2.37

Immunosorbent chromatography

2.36

Inefficiencies

2.4

Inert gas purge

1.81

Insulin

2.30

2.35

Intensification

1.64

1.101

Interferon

2.29

2.36

Intermediate heat exchangers

1.111

Intermittent moving bed

2.80

Intermittent solids flow

2.65

miscellaneous designs

2.76

packed bed during fluid flow step

2.68

staged fluidized bed during fluid flow step

2.72

Interparticle porosity

1.7

Intraparticle porosity

1.7

Ion exchange

1.15
2.56
2.88

fluidized beds

2.73

moving beds

2.71

parametric pumping

1.109

Sirotherm process

1.121

Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC)
columns

2.1
2.119

1.34
2.68
2.102

1.68
2.72
2.111

1.88
2.76
2.122

2.50
2.81
2.128

2.34

2.77

2.102

1.119

2.20
2.127

2.21

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.


I.14

Index terms

Links

Ion exchange resins

1.8

1.31

2.26

Ion exchangers

1.9

2.91

2.109

1.15
1.52

1.18
2.3

2.1

2.104

Ion exchange systems
desorbent regeneration

1.61
1.88

Ion exclusion chromatography

2.26

Irreversible adsorption

1.71

Irreversible kinetics model

1.80

Isoelectric point, parametric pumping
Isothermal theories

1.119
1.72

J
Jigs

2.46

K
Kd

1.7

Kiln

1.82

Kinetic rate expression

1.45

L
Langmuir isotherm

1.9
1.50

coupled isotherms

1.31

cycling zone adsorption
Thomas solution

1.124
1.65

Large-scale chromatography, see also specific
topics

1.2

automation

2.14

auxiliary equipment

2.13

axial compression

2.9

backflush

2.9

baffles

2.9

basic operating method

2.1

carrier gas requirements

2.7

column design

2.8

complexity

2.4

compression

2.9

2.18

2.13

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

1.22

2.18

1.45
2.37


I.15

Index terms

Links

Large-scale chromatography (Continued)
costs

2.3

design considerations

2.7

distribution
distribution system

2.13
2.3

fouling

2.10

future of

2.39

goal of

2.21

2.9

2.2

guard column
migration

2.10
2.1

operating methods

2.14

operation

2.13

packing

2.9

packing material
packing procedures

2.13
2.8

particle diameter effects

2.10

programming

2.16

purification section

2.3

radial compression

2.10

slurry packing

2.9

solvent requirements

2.7

sorbent requirements

2.7

system for

2.2

tamping

2.9

vibration

2.9

Layered beds

1.60

different adsorbents

1.61

guard bed

1.61

particle diameter differences

1.60

Layered chromatography with cross-flow
elution

1.71

2.126

LC, see Liquid chromatography
Length of unused bed (LUB)
approach

1.7

nonlinear systems
Lewis correlation

1.53

1.72

1.50
1.10

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

1.82

1.84