Permeability properties of plastics and elastomers 2003 massey
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Table of Contents
Introduction
1.0
Nature of Barrier Polymeric Materials .............................................................................
1.1 Transport of Gases and Vapors ..................................................................................
1.2 Mass Transport of a Gas ............................................................................................
1.3 Special Situations—Coatings and Laminates.............................................................
1.4 Factors Affecting Permeability ....................................................................................
1.5 Polymers 101 ..............................................................................................................
1.6 Molecular Design ........................................................................................................
1.7 Elastomers 101 ...........................................................................................................
2.0
Collected Comparative Barrier Properties of Plastics and Elastomers ....................... 5
3.0
Processing ....................................................................................................................... 19
4.0
Markets and Applications for Packaging: Overview .................................................... 22
4.1 Packaging Materials ................................................................................................. 22
4.2 Markets and Applications ......................................................................................... 23
5.0
Automotive Fuels ............................................................................................................ 29
6.0
Multilayer Films ...............................................................................................................
6.1 General Constructions and Characteristics ..............................................................
6.2 Barrier Layers ...........................................................................................................
6.3 Relative Humidity of Barrier Layer ............................................................................
6.4 Application and Design .............................................................................................
6.5 Retort Sterilized Packages .......................................................................................
6.6 Illustrated Multilayer Packaging ................................................................................
40
40
40
43
43
44
45
7.0
Food and Beverage Packaging ......................................................................................
7.1 Food and Drug Administration, FDA.........................................................................
7.2 Barrier Resins ...........................................................................................................
7.3 Oriented Materials ....................................................................................................
49
49
49
51
8.0
Standard Measurements and Tests ...............................................................................
8.1 Units of Measurement ..............................................................................................
8.2 Standard Test Methods .............................................................................................
8.2.1 Gas Transmission .........................................................................................
8.2.2 Water Vapor Transmission ............................................................................
8.2.3 Rubber ..........................................................................................................
ASTM Tests ......................................................................................................................
52
52
53
53
54
55
55
9.0
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
vi
Thermoplastics
Acetal Resins
Polyoxymethylene (Acetal) - Chapter 1 ....................................................................................... 57
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 57
Acrylic Resin
Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer (AMA) - Chapter 2 ..................................................... 61
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 62
Graphical Information .......................................................................................................... 64
Cellulosic Plastic
Cellulosic - Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................... 67
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 67
Fluoroplastic
Fluoropolymer - Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................... 69
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 69
Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer (ECTFE) - Chapter 5 ......................................... 75
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 75
Graphical Information .......................................................................................................... 77
Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE) - Chapter 6 ................................................... 81
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 82
Fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer (FEP) - Chapter 7 ................................................ 85
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 85
Graphical Information .......................................................................................................... 89
Perfluoroalkoxy Resin (PFA & MFA) - Chapter 8 ........................................................................ 91
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 92
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) - Chapter 9 ...................................................................... 95
Tabular Information ............................................................................................................. 96
Graphical Information .......................................................................................................... 99
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) - Chapter 10 ............................................................................ 101
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 102
Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF) - Chapter 11 ....................................................................................... 109
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 109
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) - Chapter 12 ........................................................................... 111
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 112
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 117
Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene (HTE) - Chapter 13 .............................. 123
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 123
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vii
Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, Vinylidene Fluoride
Terpolymer (THV) - Chapter 14 ............................................................................................. 125
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 125
Ionomer
Ionomer - Chapter 15 .................................................................................................................. 127
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 128
Parylene
Parylene - Chapter 16 ................................................................................................................. 131
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 132
Polyamide
Nylon Overview - Chapter 17 ..................................................................................................... 135
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 135
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 136
Amorphous Nylon - Chapter 18 ................................................................................................. 137
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 138
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 141
Nylon 6 – PA6 - Chapter 19 ......................................................................................................... 145
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 145
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 154
Nylon 66 – PA 66 - Chapter 20 .................................................................................................... 155
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 156
Nylon 6/66 – PA 6/66 - Chapter 21 .............................................................................................. 163
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 163
Nylon 6/12 – PA 6/12 - Chapter 22 .............................................................................................. 165
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 166
Nylon 6/6.9 – PA 6/69 - Chapter 23 ............................................................................................. 171
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 171
Nylon 6.6/6.10 – PA 66/610 - Chapter 24 .................................................................................... 173
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 173
Polyamide Nanocomposite
Polyamide Nanocomposite - Chapter 25 .................................................................................. 175
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 175
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 176
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate - Chapter 26 ........................................................................................................ 177
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 177
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Table of Contents
viii
Polyester
Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) - Chapter 27 ....................................................................... 181
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 181
Polyethylene Napthalate (PEN) - Chapter 28 ............................................................................ 183
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 183
Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate (PCTG) - Chapter 29 ...................................... 185
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 185
Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Ethylene Terephthalate (PETG) - Chapter 30 ...................... 187
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 187
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) - Chapter 31 ........................................................................ 189
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 190
Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) - Chapter 32 ............................................................................... 201
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 202
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 204
Polyimide
Polyimide - Chapter 33 ............................................................................................................... 205
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 205
Polyolefin
Polyethylene Overview - Chapter 34 ......................................................................................... 209
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 209
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 210
Ultra Low Density Polyethylene (ULDPE) - Chapter 35 ........................................................... 217
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 217
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) - Chapter 36 ....................................................................... 219
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 219
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 226
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) - Chapter 37 ......................................................... 227
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 228
Medium Density Polyethylene and Linear Medium Density
Polyethylene (MDPE & LMDPE) - Chapter 38 ...................................................................... 235
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 235
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) - Chapter 39 ...................................................................... 237
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 237
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 247
Polyolefin Plastomers (POP) - Chapter 40 ................................................................................ 249
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 249
Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) - Chapter 41 ........................................................................... 251
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 251
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA) - Chapter 42 ............................................................ 253
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 254
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 257
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Ethylene - Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) - Chapter 43 ...................................................... 259
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 259
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 275
Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer (EAA) - Chapter 44 ............................................................. 281
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 281
Polypropylene (PP) - Chapter 45 ............................................................................................... 283
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 284
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 290
Polybutene, Polybutylene (PB) - Chapter 46 ............................................................................ 291
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 291
Polyphenylene Sulfide
Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) - Chapter 47 ............................................................................... 293
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 293
Polysulfone
Polysulfone - Chapter 48 ............................................................................................................ 295
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 295
Polyvinyl Alcohol
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) - Chapter 49 ..................................................................................... 297
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 297
Styrenic Resin
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (ABS) - Chapter 50 ............................................ 299
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 299
Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate Copolymer (ASA) - Chapter 51 ............................................... 303
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 303
Polystyrene (PS) - Chapter 52 .................................................................................................... 307
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 308
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 310
Oriented Polystyrene (OPS) - Chapter 53 ................................................................................. 311
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 311
General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) - Chapter 54 ................................................................. 313
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 313
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) - Chapter 55 ........................................................................... 315
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 315
Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer (SAN) - Chapter 56 .............................................................. 317
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 318
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 320
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Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (SBS) - Chapter 57 ....................................................... 323
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 323
Vinyl Resin
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - Chapter 58 ...................................................................................... 325
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 326
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 329
Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC) - Chapter 59 .......................................................................... 331
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 332
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 352
Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films (PVDC) Coated
Polyester Films - Chapter 60 ................................................................................................. 355
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 356
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 367
Thermoplastic Alloys
Plastic Alloy
Polyethylene/Polystyrene Alloy - Chapter 61 ........................................................................... 369
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 369
Multilayer Structures
Co-Continuous Lamellae Multilayer Systems
Co-Continuous Lamellar Structures - Chapter 62 ................................................................... 371
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 371
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 372
Laminar Multilayer Structure - Chapter 63 ............................................................................... 375
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 376
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 384
Multilayer Films
Multilayer Films - Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Barrier - Chapter 64 .............................................. 385
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 385
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 398
Multilayer Films - Polyvinylidene Chloride Barrier - Chapter 65 ............................................ 401
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 401
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 409
Multilayer Films - Plasma Polymerization - Chapter 66 ........................................................... 411
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 411
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 412
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Multilayer Films - Laminated Fluoropolymer Films - Chapter 67 ........................................... 413
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 413
Multilayer Films - General - Chapter 68 .................................................................................... 415
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 416
Thermosets
Epoxy Resin
Epoxy Thermoplastic - Chapter 69 ............................................................................................ 419
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 419
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomer
Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPO) - Chapter 70 .......................................................... 421
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 422
Polyether Block Amide
Polyether Block Amide (PEBA) - Chapter 71 ............................................................................ 427
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 427
Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer
Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) - Chapter 72 ................................................. 435
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 435
Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer
Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer - Chapter 73 .................................................................... 439
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 440
Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer
Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer - Chapter 74 ...................................................................... 443
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 444
Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer
Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer - Chapter 75 ............................................................................ 451
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 451
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Rubbers
Butadiene Rubber
Polybutadiene - Chapter 76 ........................................................................................................ 455
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 455
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 457
Butyl Rubber
Butyl Rubber - Chapter 77 .......................................................................................................... 459
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 460
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 461
Bromobutyl Rubber
Bromobutyl Rubber - Chapter 78 ............................................................................................... 465
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 466
Chlorobutyl Rubber
Chlorobutyl Rubber - Chapter 79 ............................................................................................... 467
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 468
Polyisobutylene Rubber
Polyisobutylene Rubber - Chapter 80 ....................................................................................... 469
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 469
Specialty Elastomers
Specialty Elastomers - Chapter 81 ............................................................................................ 471
Chlorosulfonated Polethylene Rubber
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber (CSPE) - Chapter 82 ................................................. 473
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 473
Epichlorohydrin Rubber
Epichlorohydrin Rubber (ECO) - Chapter 83 ............................................................................ 475
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 475
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Ethylene-Propylene Rubber
Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers (EPM, EPDM) - Chapter 84 ........................................................ 477
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 477
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 480
Fluoroelastomer
Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer - Chapter 85 ...................................... 481
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 481
Natural Rubber
Natural Rubber - Chapter 86 ...................................................................................................... 483
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 483
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 486
Neoprene Rubber
Polychloroprene Rubber (CR) - Chapter 87 .............................................................................. 487
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 487
Nitrile Rubber
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer (NBR) - Chapter 88 .......................................................... 489
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 489
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 492
Polysulfide Rubber
Polysulfide Rubber - Chapter 89 ................................................................................................ 493
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 493
Polyurethane Rubber
Polyurethane - Chapter 90 .......................................................................................................... 495
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 495
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 498
Silicone Rubber
Silicone or Polysiloxane - Chapter 91 ....................................................................................... 499
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 499
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Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) - Chapter 92 ........................................................................ 501
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 502
Graphical Information ........................................................................................................ 504
Additional Barrier Materials - Chapter 93 ................................................................................. 505
Metallized Films ..................................................................................................................... 505
Biodegradable or Organic Films .......................................................................................... 505
Barrier Properties .................................................................................................................. 505
Tabular Information ........................................................................................................... 506
Appendices
Permeability of Gloves ............................................................................................................... 509
Permeation Rates ........................................................................................................................ 535
Permeability Units Conversion .................................................................................................. 553
Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................................................... 557
Indices
Trade Name .................................................................................................................................. 587
References ................................................................................................................................... 591
Table of Contents
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509
Appendix I
Permeability of Gloves
Gloves are made from several different materials. The
following chapter outlines glove permeability by material type, listed below are a few characteristics of
some of the broad use materials.
Natural Rubber: Excellent flexibility and resistance
to tearing. Good resistance to numerous acids and
ketones.[2029]
• Applications. Poultry, food processing,
small parts assembly, pharmaceutical
manufacturing, and janitorial/plant maintenance.[1129]
Polychloroprene Rubber -Neoprene: Multi-purpose
chemical resistance: acids and aliphatic solvents; no
proteins.
Performs well when exposed to sunlight and
ozone.[2029] Neoprene gloves offer broad-spectrum protection, with excellent resistance to a wide range of
chemicals, including oils, acids, caustics, and solvents.[1129]
• Applications. Petrochemicals, degreasing, electronics, refining, and handling oils, acids, caustics, alcohols, and
solvents.[1129]
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer - Nitrile: Very
good resistance to abrasion and perforation. Very good
resistance to hydrocarbon derivatives; no proteins.[2029]
Superior choice over rubber or neoprene when exposed
to aromatic and petroleum solvents, as well as caustics and animal fats.[1129]
© Plastics Design Library
• Applications. Chemical processing (oil
refining, and petrochemicals), food processing (red meat, poultry, vegetables,
fruit, dairy, and canning), aerospace and
automotive degreasing, automotive assembly and painting, machining operations (using cutting oil and coolants,
metal fabrication), graphic arts (printing
cleanup), furniture manufacturing, electronics (semiconductors, circuit board
manufacturing).[1129]
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA): Nearly inert to strong solvents, including aromatics, aliphatics, and chlorinated
solvents—chemicals which quickly deteriorate natural rubber, neoprene, and PVC gloves. PVA also offers good resistance to snags, punctures, abrasion, and
cuts.[1129]
• Applications. Electronics, handling
strong organic solvents, working with
epoxies and prepreg.[1129]
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Good resistance to acids
and bases; no proteins.[2029]
• Applications. Handling chromic acid,
caustics, oils, and petroleum solvents.[1129]
Key to Permeation Ratings:
BTT Breakthrough Time.
LDL Lowest Detectable Level.
µg/cm2/min
Micrograms per square centimeter per minutes.
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
510
Table A01-01. Natural Rubber Glove Film
Reference: 1) Ansell Edmont Canners and Handlers 392; unsupported glove film, 0.48 mm thick.
2) Mapa Professional Industrial Gloves, 0.4572 mm thick.
Key Permeation Rate: N = None detected.
Key Comments:
L = Low permeation, 0 to½ eyedropper size drops per hour.
P = Poor permeation rate, 501 to 5000 eyedropper size drops per hour.
F = Fair permeation rate, 51 to 100 eyedropper size drops per hour.
G = Good permeation rate, 6 to 50 eyedropper size drops per hour.
V = Very good permeation rate, 1 to 5 eyedropper size drops per hour.
N = No permeation detected during a 6 hour test.
# = Rate too large to measure.
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min)
(phr)
Acetaldehyde
23
CAS 75-07-0
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
7
< 900
7.4
115.3
F
1
2
Acetic Acid
CAS 64-19-7
glacial
23
110
1
glacial
46.6
45.4
2
50% conc.
203
3.5
2
Acetone
CAS 67-64-1
23
Acetonitrile
10
< 900
8.5
158.9
23
4
<9
23
80
CAS 107-13-1
4
Acrylic Acid
Ammonium Hydroxide
CAS 1336-21-6
0.01
F
1
2
V
> 50
1
2
1
29% conc.
concentrated
23
29 % conc.
Amyl Alcohol
23
90
1
23.1
43.1
25
<9
2
V
1
<9
V
1
0
N
2
<9
V
1
0
N
2
Anline
CAS 62-53-3
25
>480
Benzaldehyde
23
0.008
10
Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl)
amine
CAS 111-42-2
Bromoproplonic Acid
>480
23
1.1
190
1
Butanone (2-)
CAS 78-93-3
7.2
391
2
25
77.7
2
7.81
710.1
2
200
<9
Butoxyethanol (2-)
CAS 11-76-2
Butyl Acetate
CAS 123-86-4
Butyl Alcohol
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
23
V
1
© Plastics Design Library
511
Table A01-01. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min)
(phr)
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
Butyl Cellosolve
CAS 111-76-2
23
23
Butyrolactone (γ-)
45
< 90
25
77.7
60
< 90
111.9
0.81
10
< 90
32
8.15
10
< 90
17
261
G
1
2
G
1
Carbolic Acid
CAS 108-95-2
2
Cellosolve
CAS 110-80-5
solvent
23
G
1
2
Cellosolve Acetate
CAS 111-15-9
23
Citric Acid
10% conc.
Chromic Acid
50% conc.
23
0.25
0
G
1
2
N
1
27
#
2
136
14.6
2
CAS 7738-94-5
Cresol (3-)
m-Cresol
CAS 108-39-4
Cyclohexane
23
CAS 110-82-7
Diacetone Alcohol
23
Diamine
10
< 90
6.3
>780
15
<9
218
0.7
12
1.1
0
G
1
2
V
1
2
CAS 302-01-2
Dibutyl Phthalate
23
200
Diethanolamine
> 480
1
2
CAS 111-42-2
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
DMSO
CAS 67-68-5
DMSO
23
180
DMSO
Dimethylacetamide
DMAC
23
CAS 127-19-5
Dimethylacetamide
256
3.35
15
< 90
47
53.7
L
1
2
G
1
2
DMF
CAS 127-19-5
Dioxane
< 0.9
23
1,4
23
Electroless Copper
MacDemid
9048
23
0.25
Electroless Nickel
MacDemid
J60/61
23
0.25
25
<9
57
18.4
5
< 900
V
1
2
F
1
0
N
1
0
N
1
F
1
CAS 123-91-1
Epichlorohydrin
© Plastics Design Library
23
5
< 900
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
512
Table A01-01. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min)
(phr)
Ethanol
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
31.5
5.66
2
32
8.15
2
17
261
2
5
< 900
F
1
<9
V
1
CAS 64-17-5
Ethoxyethanol (2-)
CAS 110-80-5
Ethoxyethyl Acetate (2-)
CAS 111-15-9
Ethyl Acetate
23
CAS 141-78-6
Ethyl Alcohol
ethanol
CAS 64-17-5
Ethyl Alcohol Amine
23
monoethanolamine
Ethyl Glycol Ether
15
31
5.66
2
23
50
< 0.9
L
1
23
25
<9
V
1
<9
L
1
Ethylene Glycol
CAS 107-21-1
23
0.25
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl
Etheracetate
0
> 480
0
2
17
261
2
32
8.15
2
10
< 90
G
1
>480
0
N
2
> 480
0
N
2
CAS 111-15-9
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl
Ether
CAS 110-80-5
Formaldehyde
37% conc.
CAS 50-00-0
23
37% conc.
Formalin
solution
CAS 50-00-0
Formic Acid
23
150
Furfural
90% conc.
23
15
<9
V
1
1
Hexamethylidisilizane
23
15
< 900
F
1
23
150
<9
V
1
108
258
Hydrazine
CAS 302-01-2
65% conc.
Hydrochloric Acid
37.5% conc.
CAS 7647-01-0
concentrated
23
10% conc.
23
37.5% conc.
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
2
290
0.25
1
0
44.8
N
0.22
1
2
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513
Table A01-01. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min)
(phr)
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
Hydrofluoric Acid
48% conc.
CAS 7664-39-3
48% conc.
Hydrogen Peroxide
30% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
Hydroquinone
saturated
23
0.25
0
N
1
0
N
1
200
<9
V
1
24
7.3
23
190
48% conc.
1
> 480
Hydroxyethyl Amine [bis(2-]
> 480
0
1.1
2
Isobutyl Alcohol
CAS 78-83-1
Isopropyl Alcohol
CAS 67-63-0
23
isopropanol;
IPA
23
200
<9
39.5
6.74
2
V
1
2
Lactic Acid
85% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
Lauric Acid, with ethylene
oxide
36% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
Maleic Acid
saturated
23
0.25
0
N
1
Methyl Alcohol
methanol
V
1
CAS 67-56-1
23
Methyl Cellosolve
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
23
<9
30
0.48
200
<9
V
1
F
1
2
MEK
CAS 78-93-3
23
Methyl Glycol Ether
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
200
23
MIBK
5
< 900
7.21
391
200
<9
16
> 50
75
<9
46.6
>50
55
<9
136
14.6
< 90
2
V
1
2
CAS 108-10-1
Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (N-)
NMP
23
V
1
CAS 872-50-4
Methylamine
Methylphenol (3-)
23
m-methylphenol
2
V
1
2
CAS 108-39-4
Morpholine
23
200
Muriatic Acid
23
290
G
1
1
CAS 7647-01-0
© Plastics Design Library
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
514
Table A01-01. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min)
(phr)
23
0.25
Nitric Acid
50% conc.
CAS 7697-37-2
10% conc.
50% conc.
Nitrobenzene
Permeation
Rate
0
> 480
23
10
Comment
Reference
N
1
(µg/cm2/min)
< 90
N
2
G
1
CAS 98-95-5
Nitromethane
95.5% conc.
23
10
< 90
G
1
Nitropropane
95.5% conc.
23
5
< 90
G
1
Octyl Alcohol
23
Oleic Acid
23
0.25
0.25
Oxalic Acid
saturated
23
Palmitic Acid
saturated
23
Perchloric Acid
60% conc.
23
Phenol
saturated
CAS 108-95-2
30
V
1
0
<9
N
1
0
N
1
0
N
1
5
0.25
23
1
90
1
111.9
Phosphoric Acid
85% conc.
CAS 7664-38-2
concentrated
23
0.25
85% conc.
Potassium Hydroxide
0
> 480
2
N
0
1
2
KOH
50% conc.
CAS 1310-58-3
23
Propyl Alcohol
23
Pyridine
23
0.25
CAS 110-86-1
Sodium Hydroxide
0.81
0
N
1
> 480
0
200
<9
V
1
10
< 900
F
1
8.6
361
2
2
NAOH
50% conc.
CAS 1310-73-2
23
0.25
0
> 480
Sulfuric Acid
50% conc.
CAS 7664-93-9
battery acid
47%
23
0.25
23
0.25
50% conc.
Tannic Acid
Toluene Diisocyanate
65% conc.
N
0
0
> 480
1
2
N
1
N
1
0
0
TDI
CAS 584-84-9
Tricresyl Phosphate
TCP
Triethanolamine
TEA
CAS 102-70-6
23
7
< 90
G
1
23
45
< 0.9
G
1
< 0.9
L
1
23
0.25
0
> 480
0
2
> 480
0
2
Trihydroxythriethylamine
CAS 102-71-6
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
© Plastics Design Library
515
Table A01-02. Polychloroprene Rubber (Neoprene)
Reference: 1) Ansell Edmont Neoprene 29–840; unsupported glove film, 0.38 mm thick.
2) Ansell Edmont Neox supported (lined) glove film, specified by glove film weight.
3) Mapa Professional Industrial Gloves, 0.750 mm thick.
Key Permeation Rate: N = None detected.
Key Comments:
L = Low permeation, 0 to½ eyedropper size drops per hour.
P = Poor permeation rate, 501 to 5000 eyedropper size drops per hour.
F = Fair permeation rate, 51 to 100 eyedropper size drops per hour.
G = Good permeation rate, 6 to 50 eyedropper size drops per hour.
V = Very good permeation rate, 1 to 5 eyedropper size drops per hour.
N = No permeation detected during a 6 hour test.
# = Rate too large to measure.
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Permeation
Rate
(µg/cm2/min)
Comment
Reference
Acetaldehyde
CAS 75-07-0
23
10
< 9000
P
1
23
17
< 9000
P
2
39
106
3
Acetic Acid
glacial
23
420
1
CAS 64-19-7
glacial
23
> 360
N
2
glacial
> 480
N
3
50% conc.
> 480
3
Acetone
CAS 67-64-1
23
5
< 900
F
1
23
10
< 900
F
2
36
295
3
Acetonitrile
CAS 107-13-1
Acrylic Acid
23
30
<9
V
1
23
90
< 0.9
L
2
143
1.71
23
23
3
70
0.25
Acrylonitrile
1
0
109
< 0.9
L
54.9
2
3
CAS 107-13-1
Ammonium Fluoride
40% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
23
0.25
0
N
2
Ammonium Hydroxide
CAS 1336-21-6
concentrated
23
> 360
concentrated
23
> 360
29% conc.
Amyl Alcohol
23
23
© Plastics Design Library
0.25
1
2
> 480
N
> 360
< 0.9
L
1
< 0.9
L
2
0
3
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
516
Table A01-02. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Permeation
Rate
(µg/cm2/min)
Comment
Reference
Anline
CAS 62-53-3
Aqua Regia
23
35
<9
V
1
23
180
<9
V
2
415
8.88
23
23
Aroclor 1254
3
45
0.25
1
0
N
2
50% TDB
160
3033
3
CAS 71-43-2
21
> 704
3
Benzene Chloride
28
275.8
3
Benzene
CAS 108-90-7
Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) amine
CAS 111-42-2
> 480
Bromoproplonic Acid
N
3
23
180
1
23
240
2
Butanone (2-)
CAS 78-93-3
25
892
3
> 480
N
3
Butoxyethanol (2-)
CAS 11-76-2
Butyl Acetate
CAS 123-86-4
Butyl Alcohol
45
577
23
240
<9
V
3
1
23
> 480
< 0.9
L
2
23
90
<9
V
1
< 0.9
L
2
V
1
Butyl Cellosolve
CAS 111-76-2
23
23
Butyrolactone (γ-)
0.25
0
> 480
N
10
<9
3
> 480
N
3
40
0.48.7
3
56
370
3
Carbolic Acid
CAS 108-95-2
Carbon bi-chloride
carbon di-chloride
CAS 127-18-4
Carbon tetra-chloride
CAS 56-23-5
Cellosolve
CAS 110-80-5
solvent
23
45
< 0.9
L
1
solvent
23
240
< 0.9
L
2
> 480
N
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
3
© Plastics Design Library
517
Table A01-02. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
Cellosolve Acetate
CAS 111-15-9
23
25
< 90
G
1
23
75
<9
V
2
127
236
3
28
275.8
3
13
287
3
CAS 71-55-6
56
1447.3
3
O-Chlorotoluene
36
305
3
24
305
3
> 480
N
3
Chlorobenzene
CAS 108-90-7
Chloroform
Chlorothene
CAS 95-49-8
P-Chlorotoluene
CAS 106-43-4
Chromic Acid
50% conc.
CAS 7738-94-5
Citric Acid
Cresol (3-)
10% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
10% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
2
m-cresol
CAS 108-39-4
> 480
N
3
66
11.4
3
184
98
3
Cumene
Cyclohexane
CAS 110-82-7
Cyclohexyl Alcohol
23
23
300
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
1
< 0.9
L
2
Diamine
CAS 302-01-2
Dibutyl Phthalate
1,2 –Dichlorobenzene
CAS 95-50-1
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
> 480
N
23
120
< 0.9
L
3
23
300
<9
V
49
352
3
42
327
3
> 480
N
3
23
10.3
3
12
1703
3
> 480
N
3
28
487.9
3
1
2
CAS 541-73-1
Dichlorofluoromethane
CAS 75-71-8
1,2 –Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
CAS 75-09-2
Diethanolamine
CAS 111-42-2
Diethyl Ether
CAS 60-29-7
© Plastics Design Library
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
518
Table A01-02. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Diethylene Oxide (1,4-)
Permeation
Rate
(µg/cm2/min)
Comment
Reference
74
212
3
92
173
3
> 180
< 90
G
1
< 0.9
L
2
CAS 123-91-1
Dimethylacetamide
CAS 127-19-5
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
DMSO
CAS 67-68-5
DMSO
23
DMSO
23
0.25
DMSO
0
> 480
N
3
Dimethylformamide
DMF
CAS 62-12-2
DMF
23
10
< 90
G
1
DMF
23
60
< 90
G
2
217
21.4
Dioctyl Phthalate
Dioxane
3
DOP
23
> 360
< 0.9
L
1
DOP
23
120
< 0.9
L
2
1, 4
CAS 123-91-1
74
Electroless Copper
MacDemid 9048
Electroless Nickel
MacDemid J60/61
212
3
23
0.25
0
N
1
MacDemid 9048
23
0.25
0
N
2
MacDemid J60/61
23
0.25
0
23
0.25
Epichlorohydrin
23
Ethanol
0
10
< 900
> 480
N
N
1
N
2
F
2
3
CAS 64-17-5
Ethoxyethanol (2-)
N
CAS 110-80-5
> 480
3
Ethoxyethyl Acetate (2-)
CAS 111-15-9
127
136
3
23
15
< 90
G
1
23
200
< 90
G
2
37
443
23
90
<9
V
1
23
180
<9
V
2
> 480
N
Ethyl Acetate
CAS 141-78-6
Ethyl Alcohol
ethanol
CAS 64-17-5
Ethyl Alcohol Amine
3
monoethanolamine
3
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
1
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
2
Ethyl Ether
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
23
10
< 90
G
1
23
10
< 90
G
2
28
488
3
© Plastics Design Library
519
Table A01-02. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Ethyl Glycol Ether
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
23
45
< 0.9
L
1
23
240
< 0.9
L
2
23
10.3
Ethylene Di-chloride
CAS 107-06-2
3
Ethylene Glycol
CAS 107-21-1
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
1
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
2
> 480
N
3
127
136
3
> 480
N
3
45
9
3
23
120
< 0.9
L
1
23
120
<9
V
2
> 480
N
N
3
> 480
0
N
3
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl
Etheracetate
CAS 111-15-9
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl
Ether
CAS 110-80-5
Ethylene Oxide
CAS 75-21-8
Formaldehyde
37% conc.
CAS 50-00-0
37% conc.
Formalin
solution
CAS 50-00-0
Formic Acid
90% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
23
0.25
0
N
2
Freon 12
CAS 75-71-8
> 480
N
3
23
240
< 0.9
L
1
23
120
<9
V
2
> 480
N
Freon TF
CAS 76-13-1
3
Furfural
23
200
< 90
G
1
CAS 98-01-1
23
120
< 90
G
2
258
13.5
3
41
> 1327
3
186
19.1
3
Gasoline
CAS 8006-61-9
Heptane
CAS 142-82-5
Hexamethylidisilizane
23
50
1
23
60
2
23
45
< 900
F
1
90
< 90
G
2
132
42.7
Hexane
CAS 110-54-3
23
© Plastics Design Library
3
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
520
Table A01-02. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
Hydrazine
CAS 302-01-2
65% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
65% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
2
Hydrochloric Acid
concentrated
23
0.25
0
N
1
CAS 7647-01-0
concentrated
23
0.25
0
N
2
10% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
10% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
2
> 480
37.5%
N
> 480
3
N
3
Hydrofluoric Acid
CAS 7664-39-3
48% conc.
23
60
1
48% conc.
23
75
2
48% conc.
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydroquinone
> 480
N
5
3
30% conc.
23
30% conc.
23
saturated
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
saturated
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
7
N
1
N
2
2
Isoamyl Acetate
CAS 123-93-2
122
Isobutyl Alcohol
23
CAS 78-83-1
23
168.1
10
0.25
0
> 480
Isooctane
Isopropyl Alcohol
3
< 0.9
L
1
< 0.9
L
2
N
3
23
60
< 90
G
1
23
360
< 0.9
L
2
Isopropanol; IPA
CAS 67-63-0
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
1
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
2
> 480
N
3
66
11.4
3
Isopropyl Benzene
CAS 98-82-8
Kerosene
CAS 8008-20-6
23
23
> 360
0.25
0
> 480
Lactic Acid
85% conc.
Lauric Acid, with ethylene
oxide
36% conc.
Maleic Acid
saturated
< 0.9
L
1
< 0.9
L
2
N
3
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
1
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
2
23
0.25
0
N
1
23
0.25
0
N
2
23
0.25
0
N
1
23
0.25
0
N
2
Methane Di-chloride
CAS 75-09-2
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
12
1703
3
© Plastics Design Library
521
Table A01-02. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Methyl Alcohol
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
methanol
CAS 67-56-1
Methyl Cellosolve
23
60
< 0.9
L
1
23
15
< 0.9
L
2
245
0.6
23
25
< 90
G
3
1
23
70
<9
V
2
56
1448
3
143
1.71
3
Methyl Chloroform
CAS 71-55-6
Methyl Cyanide
CAS 75-05-8
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
MEK
CAS 78-93-3
Methyl Glycol Ether
25
892
23
25
< 90
G
3
1
23
70
<9
V
2
9
342
3
63
251
3
23
270
< 90
G
23
360
< 0.9
L
226
78.5
3
12
1703
3
> 480
N
3
Methyl Iodide
CAS 74-88-4
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
MIBK
CAS 108-10-1
Methylamine
n-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone
1
2
CAS 872-50-4
Methylene Chloride
CAS 75-09-2
Methylphenol (3-)
m-methylphenol
CAS 108-39-4
Mineral Spirits
CAS 64475-85-0
Rule 66
23
Rule 66
23
90
0.25
0
> 480
<9
V
1
< 0.9
L
2
< 0.1
3
Muriatic Acid
CAS 7647-01-0
10% conc.
23
0.25
23
0.25
37.5% conc.
0
N
1
N
2
N
3
< 900
F
1
< 0.9
L
2
N
1
N
2
0
> 480
Naphtha
CAS 8030-30-6
VM&P
23
VM&P
23
0.25
15
0
Nitric Acid
10% conc.
23
0.25
0
CAS 7697-37-2
10% conc.
23
0.25
50% conc.
0
> 480
70% conc.
23
70% conc.
23
© Plastics Design Library
3
140
0.25
1
0
Nitrobenzene
CAS 98-95-5
N
N
2
104
132
3
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
522
Table A01-02. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Nitromethane
Nitropropane
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Comment
Reference
1
95.5% conc.
23
60
<9
V
23
90
< 90
L
2
95.5% conc.
23
5
< 900
F
1
95.5% conc.
Oleic Acid
Palmitic Acid
Rate
(µg/cm2/min)
95.5% conc.
Octyl Alcohol
Oxalic Acid
Permeation
23
60
< 90
L
2
23
420
< 0.9
L
1
23
> 420
< 0.9
L
2
23
60
<9
V
1
23
150
< 0.9
L
2
saturated
23
0.25
0
N
1
saturated
23
0.25
0
N
2
saturated
23
0.25
0
N
1
saturated
23
0.25
Pentachlorophenol
N
2
23
6
0
< 0.9
L
1
23
6
< 0.9
L
2
23
30
< 900
F
1
45
<9
V
2
122
34
Pentane
CAS 109-66-0
23
Perchloric Acid
3
60% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
1
60% conc.
23
0.25
0
N
2
Perchloroethylene
CAS 127-18-4
40
1049
3
89
75
3
Petroleum Ether
CAS 8032-32-4
Phenol
saturated
CAS 108-95-2
23
180
< 90
G
1
23
390
< 0.9
L
2
> 480
N
3
Phosphoric Acid
concentrated
23
0.25
0
N
1
CAS 7664-38-2
concentrated
23
0.25
0
N
2
85% conc.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls,
PCBs;
> 480
N
3
161
3.33
3
TCB
50% CAS mixture
Potassium Hydroxide
KOH
50% conc.
CAS 1310-58-3
23
0.25
0
N
1
23
0.25
0
N
2
> 480
Propyl Alcohol
23
23
N
150
0.25
0
3
< 0.9
L
1
< 0.9
L
2
Pyridine
CAS 110-86-1
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
36
404
3
© Plastics Design Library
523
Table A01-02. (Cont’d.)
Penetrant
Penetrant
Temp.
Time
BTT
LDL
Note
(°C)
(days)
(min.)
(phr)
Silicone Etch
Sodium Hydroxide
Permeation
Rate
Comment
Reference
(µg/cm2/min)
23
0.25
0
N
1
23
0.25
0
N
2
23
0.25
0
N
1
23
0.25
0
N
2
NAOH 50% conc.
CAS 1310-73-2
> 480
Stoddard Solvents
23
N
180
23
0.25
0
3
<9
V
1
< 0.9
L
2
Sulfuric Acid
battery acid 47%
23
0.25
0
N
1
CAS 7664-93-9
battery acid 47%
23
0.25
0
N
2
50% conc.
95% conc.
Tannic Acid
> 480
23
N
3
180
1
95% conc.
23
65% conc.
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
1
65% conc.
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
2
> 360
2
Tetrachloroethane
CAS 79-34-5
52
404
3
40
1049
3
19
> 740
3
> 480
N
3
12
1517
3
> 480
N
3
Tetrachloroethylene
(1,1,2,2-)
CAS 127-18-4
Toluene
toluol
1
CAS 108-88-3
Toluene Diisocyanate
TDI
CAS 584-84-9
Trichloroethylene
TCE
CAS 79-01-6
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
CAS 76-13-1
Tricresyl Phosphate
Thiethanolamine
CAS 102-71-6
TCP
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
1
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
2
TEA, 85% conc.
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
1
TEA, 85% conc.
23
0.25
0
< 0.9
L
2
TEA
> 480
N
3
> 480
N
3
> 480
N
3
> 480
N
3
38
170
3
24
243
3
Trifluoroethanol
CAS 75-89-8
Trihydroxytriethylamine
CAS 102-71-6
Turpentine
CAS 8006-64-2
Vinyl Acetate
CAS 108-05-4
Xylene
CAS 1330-20-7
© Plastics Design Library
xylol
Appendix I: Permeability to Gloves
