Elsner, Maibach - Cosmeceuticals

Cosmeceuticals
Drugs vs. Cosmetics

edited by

Peter Elsner

Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany

Howard I. Maibach
University of California, San Francisco, California

Marcel Dekker, Inc.

New York • Basel

TM

Copyright © 2000 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


ISBN: 0-8247-0305-7
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Headquarters
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540
Eastern Hemisphere Distribution
Marcel Dekker AG
Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland

tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896
World Wide Web
http:/ /www.dekker.com
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more
information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address
above.
Copyright  2000 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.
Current printing (last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


About the Series

The Cosmetic Science and Technology series was conceived to permit discussion of a broad
range of current knowledge and theories of cosmetic science and technology. The series is
composed of both books written by a single author and edited volumes with a number of
contributors. Authorities from industry, academia, and the government participate in writing
these books.

The aim of the series is to cover the many facets of cosmetic science and technology. Topics are
drawn from a wide spectrum of disciplines ranging from chemistry, physics, biochemistry, and
analytical and consumer evaluations to safety, efficacy, toxicity, and regulatory questions.
Organic, inorganic, physical and polymer chemistry, emulsion and lipid technology,
microbiology, dermatology, and toxicology all play important roles in cosmetic science.

There is little commonality in the scientific methods, processes, and formulations required for
the wide variety of cosmetics and toiletries in the market. Products range from preparations for
hair, oral, and skin care to lipsticks, nail polishes and extenders, deodorants, body powders and
aerosols, to quasi-pharmaceutical over-the-counter products such as antiperspirants, dandruff
shampoos, antimicrobial soaps, and acne and sun screen products.

Cosmetics and toiletries represent a highly diversified field involving many subsections of


science and “art.” Even in these days of high technology, art and intuition continue to play an
important part in the development of formulations, their evaluation, selection of raw materials,
and, perhaps most importantly, the successful marketing of new products. The application of
more sophisticated scientific methodologies that gained steam in the 1980s has increased in such
areas as claim substantiation, safety testing, product testing, and chemical analysis and has led to
a better understanding of the properties of skin and hair. Molecular modeling techniques are
beginning to be applied to data obtained in skin sensory studies.

Emphasis in the Cosmetic Science and Technology series is placed on reporting the current
status of cosmetic technology and science and changing regulatory climates and presenting
historical reviews. The series has now grown to 26 books dealing with the constantly changing
technologies and trends in the cosmetic industry, including globalization. Several of the volumes
have been translated into Japanese and Chinese. Contributions range from highly sophisticated
and scientific treatises to primers and presentations of practical applications. Authors are
encouraged to present their own concepts as well as established theories. Contributors have been
asked not to shy away from fields that are in a state of transition, nor to hesitate to present
detailed discussions of their own work. Altogether, we intend to develop in this series a
collection of critical surveys and ideas covering diverse phases of the cosmetic industry.

The 13 chapters in Multifunctional Cosmetics cover multifunctional products for hair, nail, oral,
and skin care, as well as products with enhanced sunscreen and antimicrobial properties Several

chapters deal with the development of claim support data, the role of packaging, and consumer
research on the perception of multifunctional cosmetic products. The authors keep in mind that


in the case of cosmetics, it is not only the physical effects that can be measured on the skin or
hair, but also the sensory effects that have to be taken into account. Cosmetics can have a
psychological and social impact that cannot be underestimated.

I want to thank all the contributors for participating in this project and particularly the editors,
Perry Romanowski and Randy Schueller, for conceiving, organizing, and coordinating this book.
It is the second book that they have contributed to this series and we appreciate their efforts.
Special thanks are due to Sandra Beberman and Erin Nihill of the editorial and production staff
at Marcel Dekker, Inc. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Eva, without whose constant
support and editorial help I would not have undertaken this project.

Eric Jungermann, Ph.D.


COSMETIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Series Editor
ERIC JUNGERMANN
Jungermann Associates, Inc.
Phoenix, Arizona

1. Cosmetic and Drug Preservation: Principles and Practice, edited by
Jon J. Kabara
2. The Cosmetic Industry: Scientific and Regulatory Foundations, edited
by Norman F. Estrin
3. Cosmetic Product Testing: A Modern Psychophysical Approach,
Howard R. Moskowitz

4. Cosmetic Analysis: Selective Methods and Techniques, edited by P.
Boré
5. Cosmetic Safety: A Primer for Cosmetic Scientists, edited by James H.
Whittam
6. Oral Hygiene Products and Practice, Morton Pader
7. Antiperspirants and Deodorants, edited by Karl Laden and Carl B.
Felger
8. Clinical Safety and Efficacy Testing of Cosmetics, edited by William C.
Waggoner
9. Methods for Cutaneous Investigation, edited by Robert L. Rietschel
and Thomas S. Spencer
10. Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects, edited
by Nicholas J. Lowe and Nadim A. Shaath
11. Glycerine: A Key Cosmetic Ingredient, edited by Eric Jungermann and
Norman O. V. Sonntag
12. Handbook of Cosmetic Microbiology, Donald S. Orth
13. Rheological Properties of Cosmetics and Toiletries, edited by Dennis
Laba
14. Consumer Testing and Evaluation of Personal Care Products, Howard
R. Moskowitz
15. Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects. Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Nicholas J. Lowe, Nadim A. Shaath, and Madhu A. Pathak
16. Preservative-Free and Self-Preserving Cosmetics and Drugs:
Principles and Practice, edited by Jon J. Kabara and Donald S. Orth
17. Hair and Hair Care, edited by Dale H. Johnson
18. Cosmetic Claims Substantiation, edited by Louise B. Aust
19. Novel Cosmetic Delivery Systems, edited by Shlomo Magdassi and
Elka Touitou
20. Antiperspirants and Deodorants: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Karl Laden
21. Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, edited by Randy Schueller and
Perry Romanowski

22. Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care, edited by E. Desmond Goddard and James V. Gruber
23. Cosmeceuticals: Drugs vs. Cosmetics, edited by Peter Elsner and
Howard I. Maibach
24. Cosmetic Lipids and the Skin Barrier, edited by Thomas Förster
25. Skin Moisturization, edited by James J. Leyden and Anthony V. Rawlings
26. Multifunctional Cosmetics, edited by Randy Schueller and Perry Romanowski

ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION


Preface

The term ‘‘cosmeceuticals,’’ coined by Albert Kligman 20 years ago, has rightfully provoked thought and discussion among scientists, industry, and regulating
authorities. Basically, the controversy revolves around the question of whether
there are any substances applied to the skin that do not modify its structure and
function. Since scientific evidence shows that even purportedly ‘‘inert’’ substances such as water may profoundly change the structure and function of the
skin, this does not seem helpful in distinguishing cosmetics from drugs. Indeed,
there is a legal problem with the definition of cosmetics in the United States, but
not in other major countries such as Europe and Japan.
In Europe, the Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 27 July 1976, as amended
by six Directives, defines cosmetic products in Article 1:
A cosmetic product means any substance or preparation intended for placing
into contact with the various parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system,
nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or principally to cleaning
them, perfuming them or protecting them, in order to keep them in good
condition, change their appearance or correct body odours.

Thus, a cosmetic is defined by its mode of application and by the intention with

which it is used. While cosmetics are used on normal or nearly normal skin, drugs
are defined as preparations to be used for the treatment of diseased skin. Obviously, there remains a gray zone between what is considered ‘‘normal’’ as opposed to ‘‘diseased’’ skin. This may vary depending on the individual, the society,
and over time. In this situation, Article 2 of the Council Directive is helpful.
A cosmetic product put on the market within the Community must not cause
damage to human health when applied under normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions of use.

Therefore, consumer safety is of utmost importance in cosmetics, while it is a relative issue in drugs, where a balanced benefit–risk assessment has to be made dev


vi

Preface

pending on the severity of the disease. This is reflected by a recent decision of
the Scientific Committee on Cosmetics and Non-Food Products (SCCNFP) of the
European Commission regarding the use of the antifungal ketoconazole in cosmetics. Following a thorough review of the safety profile of the substance, the
SCCNFP decided that there were no safety concerns in using up to 2% ketoconazole in cosmetic products. Obviously, this only refers to the cosmetic use of ketaconazole-containing products (e.g., as antidandruff preparations); when used to treat
fungal skin disease, they would be considered drugs from a regulatory point of view.
The Council of Europe is an intergovernmental institution that fosters cooperation between European countries. Members are not only the European Union
member states, but also nearly all other countries on the European Continent. Its
Public Health Committee/Committee of Experts on Cosmetic Products states in
a recent document (Comparative Study on Borderline Products and Borderline
Situations, RD 4-1/32/1999) that a cosmetic product has to fulfill the four criteria
of function (Art. 1 as above); presentation (i.e., the claims made for the product);
mode of application (i.e., externally or on the mucous membranes of the oral
cavity); and composition (i.e., not containing a prohibited substance or too much
of a regulated substance). The Committee has analyzed these criteria for a number
of cosmetic designations and substances and found that remarkable differences
exist in the regulatory approach between countries. For example, in Switzerland,
products containing up to 10% α hydroxyacids are considered cosmetics, whereas

concentrations above 10% lead to the classification of pharmaceutical. In Austria,
the concentration limit is 30%, while there is no limit in Belgium, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, and the U.K. (RD 4-1/32/1999). Since different classification of the same products hinders free movement of goods and has a negative
effect on the establishment and functioning of a common market, the Committee
rightfully proposes to start a harmonization process regarding these borderline
products, and states
Such a harmonisation process may come to the benefit of all parties involved—including the consumer.

We hope that this book will contribute to a sincere discussion of the status of
‘‘cosmeceuticals,’’ products that are intended for cosmetic use but contain active
substances. Since people worldwide are getting older, becoming more aware of
their skin health and appearance, and more committed to use safe and effective
products to achieve this goal, this debate is a timely one.
Finally, we would like to take the opportunity to thank the contributors to
this book, all experts in their fields, who devoted time and effort to their chapters.
We are also indebted to Sandra Beberman and Elyce Misher of Marcel Dekker,
Publishers, who were more than helpful in the editorial process.
Peter Elsner
Howard I. Maibach


Contents

About the Series (Eric Jungermann)
Preface
Contributors

iii
v
ix

1. Cosmeceuticals: Do We Need a New Category?
Albert M. Kligman

1

2. Definition
Bert Jan Vermeer

9

3. Photoaging
William J. Cunningham

13

4. Hydroxyacids
Ge´rald E. Pie´rard, Claudine Pie´rard-Franchimont, and
Trinh Hermanns-Leˆ

35

5. Sebum
Philip W. Wertz and Bozena B. Michniak

45

6. Hair Growth Enhancers
Ronald J. Trancik

57

7. Moisturizers
Marie Lode´n

73

8. Botanical Extracts
Alain Khaiat

97
vii


Contents

viii

9. Topical Retinoids
Ai-Lean Chew, Saqib J. Bashir, and Howard I. Maibach

107

10. Depigmentation Agents
Hideo Nakayama, Tamotsu Ebihara, Noriko Satoh, and
Tsuneo Jinnai

123

11. Antioxidant Defense Systems in Skin
Jens J. Thiele, Frank Dreher, and Lester Packer

145

12. Protective Creams
Walter Wigger-Alberti and Peter Elsner

189

13. Seborrheic Dermatitis (Dandruff)
Jan Faergemann

197

14. Dermatotoxicology Overview
Philip G. Hewitt and Howard I. Maibach

203

15. The Legal Distinction in the United States Between
a Cosmetic and a Drug
Peter Barton Hutt

223

16. Drugs Versus Cosmetics: Cosmeceuticals?
¯ ba
Kenkichi O

241

17. Efficacy of Barrier Creams
Hongbo Zhai and Howard I. Maibach

249

18. Contact Urticaria Syndrome and Claims Support
Saqib J. Bashir and Howard I. Maibach

265

19. Decorative Products
Mitchell L. Schlossman

277

20. Hyaluronan: The Natural Skin Moisturizer
Birgit A. Neudecker, Antonei Benjamin Cso´ka, Kazuhiro Mio,
Howard I. Maibach, and Robert Stern

319

Index

357


Contributors

Saqib J. Bashir, B.Sc. (Hons), M.B., Ch.B. Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
Ai-Lean Chew, M.B., Ch.B. Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California

Antonei Benjamin Cso´ka University of California, San Francisco, California
William J. Cunningham, M.D. Cu-Tech, Inc., Mountain Lakes, New Jersey
Frank Dreher, Ph.D. Department of Dermatology, University of California,
San Francisco, California
Tamotsu Ebihara, M.D. Department of Dermatology, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Peter Elsner, M.D. Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University,
Jena, Germany
Jan Faergemann, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenberg, Sweden
Trinh Hermanns-Leˆ, M.D. Department of Dermatopathology, University of
Lie`ge, Lie`ge, Belgium
Philip G. Hewitt, Ph.D. Institute of Toxicology, Merck kGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Peter Barton Hutt Covington & Burling, Washington, D.C.
ix


Contributors

x

Tsuneo Jinnai Sansho Pharmaceutical Company, Fukuoka, Japan
Alain Khaiat, Ph.D. Johnson & Johnson Asia Pacific, Singapore
Albert M. Kligman, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Dermatology, University of
Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Marie Lode´n, M.Sc. Pharm., Dr. Med. Sci. Department of Dermatological
Research and Development, ACO Hud AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Howard I. Maibach, M.D. Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
Bozena B. Michniak, Ph.D. Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
Kazuhiro Mio University of California, San Francisco, California
Hideo Nakayama, M.D. Nakayama Dermatology Clinic, Tokyo, Japan

Birgit A. Neudecker

University of California, San Francisco, California

¯ ba, M.D., Ph.D. Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
Kenkichi O
Lester Packer, Ph.D. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of
California, Berkeley, California
Ge´rald E. Pie´rard, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Dermatopathology, University
of Lie`ge, Lie`ge, Belgium
Claudine Pie´rard-Franchimont, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Dermatopathology, University of Lie`ge, Lie`ge, Belgium
Noriko Satoh, M.D. Department of Dermatology, Yanagihara Hospital,
Tokyo, Japan
Mitchell L. Schlossman Kobo Products, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
Robert Stern University of California, San Francisco, California
Jens J. Thiele, M.D. Heinrich-Heine-University, Du¨sseldorf, Germany


Contributors

xi

Ronald J. Trancik, Ph.D. Pharmacia & Upjohn, Consumer Healthcare, Peapack, New Jersey
Bert Jan Vermeer Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Philip W. Wertz, Ph.D. Dows Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Walter Wigger-Alberti, M.D. Department of Dermatology, University of
Jena, Jena, Germany
Hongbo Zhai, M.D. Department of Dermatology, University of California,
San Francisco, California

1
Cosmeceuticals: Do We Need a
New Category?
Albert M. Kligman
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

I introduced the term cosmeceuticals almost 20 years ago at a meeting of
the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. I thought this neologism was both timely and useful, since it would reconcile archaic legal statutes with modern
science.
I anticipated immediate endorsement of a concept whose time had come.
Instead, the response was immediate disapproval and denouncement. My colleagues in the industry branded me a troublemaker, unfaithful to those who had
supported my research. Since then, the cosmeceutical concept has generated a
huge amount of controversy. Along the way, the term has acquired political,
economic, and legal connotations that have further obscured the intended purpose
of the idea.
Whether one is pro or con, the term cosmeceutical has permanently entered
the vocabulary of skin care science. For some, the term has been transformed
into a marketing tool, touting the benefits of skin care products. Others see it as
a provocation for unwanted, costly, regulatory actions. The most benign view is
that the category is superfluous and has no raison d’etre. Cosmeceuticals seem
to have a certain semantic resonance, as witnessed by similar sounding neologisms; for example, neutraceuticals (foods with health benefits) and neoceuticals
(over-the-counter drugs with cosmetic effects).
1


2

Kligman

In any case, the term is here to stay and has provoked lively debates that,
in the end, may strengthen our understanding of the science of cosmetics. I think
it will be informative to review the history of this curious case.
I present the unfolding story from the viewpoint of an investigative dermatologist who appreciates the tremendous technical strides made by the cosmetic
industry in recent times.
Interest in cosmeceuticals has rushed forward at an impressive pace. Seminars entitled ‘‘Cosmeceuticals’’ are being staged annually. These forums are well
attended by groups having widely different backgrounds and interests (regulators,
basic scientists, physicians, manufacturers, publishers, merchandisers, lawyers,
toxicologists, pharmacologists, and industry watchers). Papers and books have
been written covering every aspect of the subject, and these provide a rich source
of information (1).
Cosmeceuticals are a hot topic on an international scale. The literature has
expanded rapidly, presenting a great variety of views dictated by special interests.
A number of forces have converged to power this surge of interest. It would
seem that some merchandisers have realized the potential for increasing the sale
of products that go well beyond the traditional view of cosmetics as merely decorative or camouflaging. Skin care products can now be viewed as active they do
something useful and beneficial. They contain ‘‘bioactives’’ which, though not
medicinal, are endowed with functional and measurable attributes. Alternative
terms for cosmeceuticals have sprung up (performance cosmetics, functional cosmetics, dermoceuticals, active cosmetics). All these imply value added desirable
attributes, the touchstone for success in a wildly competitive marketplace.
This is a marketer’s playground, which makes it possible to incorporate in
skin care products an unlimited number of active substances from natural sources
(plants, the sea, the earth). The list of beckoning substances, including those
synthesized by chemists, is staggering, including vitamins, antioxidants, antiinflammatories, mood-influencing fragrances (aromatherapy), and even such exotica as placenta, amniotic fluid serum, and hormones ad infinitum. The choices
range from the preposterous to the persuasive, and cover the spectrum from the
irrational to the rational.
The natural and green movements also provide a background for understanding the robust interest in cosmeceuticals. For many uninformed consumers,
natural is good and synthetic is bad; green protects the environment and prevents
cruelty to animals. The phrases, ‘‘not tested on animals’’ and ‘‘cruelty-free’’

have become a marketing ploy that is often hypocritical and false. Marketers
understand these lofty impulses of consumers and are quite willing to cater to
the widespread prejudices of a chemophobic population. However, cosmeceuticals are here to stay because they serve the multiple needs of manufacturers and
consumers.


Cosmeceuticals

3

THE 1938 FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT: THE BEGINNING
OF TROUBLE
In 1938, the U.S. Congress enacted a statue that officially defined cosmetics and
drugs in detailed terms, setting up formal criteria for classifying a product as
either a drug or a cosmetic. No intermediate category exists, although it was
appreciated that a topical could be both a cosmetic and a drug at the same time.
This remains the law to this very day.
The 1938 act came into being as a corrective reaction against the ludicrous
number of elixirs and patent medicines—some dangerous—which promised
cures for all human ailments. It defined a cosmetic, in pertinent part, as an ‘‘article
intended for beautifying and promoting attractiveness.’’ In contrast, a drug was
defined as a substance for use in the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of
disease, intended to affect the structure and function of the body. This last clause
legally determines whether a formulation is a drug or a cosmetic. It is this narrow
phrase that prompted me to coin the term cosmeceutical.
It is important to note that it is not the ingredients in a product, but the
claims in labeling or advertising, that determine whether the substance will be
classified as a cosmetic or a drug. Congress also declared that the ‘‘intended’’
use would determine a product’s classification. Thus, if the intended use relates
to the diagnosis and treatment of a disease, the substance is a drug; if its intended

use is described in advertisements as promoting attractiveness, the substance is
a cosmetic. Thus, in reality, you are what you claim you are.

ENTER COSMECEUTICALS
When the 1938 law was written, the science of cosmetology was primitive and
crude, steeped in folklore and unsupported claims. The 1938 definition of a drug
is now completely archaic and, in fact, an oxymoron. With the great advances
in our understanding of skin physiology, it is impossible to think of a single
substance that cannot, under some circumstances, alter the structure and function
of skin. The most compelling example is water, the milieu in which all vital
processes occur which is considered innocuous. However, when a water-moistened cotton pad is sealed to human skin for 2 days, proinflammatory substances
such as interleukins are released from the dead stratum corneum. These incite a
series of cytotoxic changes in the viable epidermis below (2). In another few
days, an inflammatory reaction is provoked in the dermis. This is the basis for
the adverse clinical events associated with prolonged exposure to water, for example, in bartenders, housewives, canners, etc. Thus water can be beneficial in
emulsions that hydrate xerotic skin or harmful under intensive exposure.


4

Kligman

Another traditional substance considered inert is petrolatum. However, various studies show that petrolatum promotes healing of wounds and prevents ultraviolet-induced tumors, even though it is not a sunscreen (3). These are clearly
medicinal effects that affect the structure and function of skin, yet no rational
person would want petrolatum to be reclassified as a drug. From these and many
other examples, it is apparent that nearly all cosmetic articles would have be be
reclassified as drugs, if a strict interpretation of the ‘‘structure and function’’
proviso of the 1938 act were used.
Most skin care products lie somewhere in between drugs and cosmetics.
They comprise a continuous spectrum of substances intermediate between

the two polar categories defined by Congress. Some traditional cosmetics are
more druglike in their beneficial effects and some drugs impact principally on
appearance. It is this intermediate, broad-spectrum range of substances that consists of both drugs and cosmetics which justifies the fusion term cosmeceuticals.
This is simply a biological concept that recognizes the new realities of skin care
products.
This acceptance of biological reality does not mean that we need new laws
that officially define in statutory terms the category of cosmeceuticals. The FDA
has always had the authority to determine from advertising claims and labeling
whether a product promoted as a cosmetic has crossed the line and requires reclassification as a drug.
Cosmeceutical is a pragmatic term that enables us to state without pretense
the benefits of a product. It is not an invitation to pass new laws.
A strict, legal interpretation of the 1938 law would necessitate the conversion of ‘‘active’’ cosmetics to drugs. This would be a disaster of the
highest magnitude that would immediately stifle innovation and creativity.
Drug development is slow and costly, and requires proof of efficacy and
safety. Cosmetics, on the other hand, do not require premarketing clearance and
can be rapidly commercialized provided that the claims are not grossly misleading.
Over the years, and to its credit, the FDA has been flexible and permissive
in the way in which it has viewed claims, some of which are unequivocally exaggerated. The trouble comes when some cosmetic manufacturers make frank drug
claims for their products. In this case, the FDA sends out warning letters that
require relabeling of the products without necessarily changing any of the ingredients. Competitors who are prudent and conscientious may be at a disadvantage
if they make less aggressive claims, an issue highlighted by the ‘‘antiaging’’
claims made for certain α-hydroxy acids.
Cosmeceuticals enable cosmetic scientists to communicate with each other
regarding the standards that must be met to justify performance claims, without
resorting to hype.


Cosmeceuticals

5

THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE
There are three main trading blocks, the United States, Europe, and Japan. Obviously globalization as an integrated free-trade network cannot work if each block
classifies and regulates skin care products differently. Unfortunately, no international consensus currently exists, inevitably sparking disputes and trade practices
that may place some producers at a grave disadvantage.
The situation is more complex and far more demanding in Europe. This is
made obvious in the European Economic Cosmetic (EEC) Directive of 1993.
The requirements for labeling cosmetics are formidable and daunting (4). The
product information that must be made available to officials encompasses the
following: qualitative and quantitative composition of the product: specifications
of raw materials; methods of manufacture; safety assessments; and proof of effectiveness. In the United States, manufacturers are not required to demonstrate
either safety or efficacy prior to marketing, as is the case for drugs. On top of
all this, the EEC has prohibited testing on animals after January 1998 (which I
judge to be completely unrealistic).
Japanese authorities have created their own laws in response to the problem
that many skin care products are neither pure drugs nor pure cosmetics in the
traditional sense, but mixtures of the two. The category we call cosmeceuticals
they call quasidrugs (5). They allow cosmetics to include pharmacologically active ingredients, provided that the medicinal effects are mild and the products
have been demonstrated to be safe. The legal wording leaves a lot of room for
ambiguities and ad hoc interpretations that some perceive as a trade restraint.
Even a cursory look at these regulatory disparities shows the detrimental
effects of not establishing uniform, international standards. The following examples illustrate the quandaries which now exist, a situation which is bound to get
nasty without an international consensus.
In the United States, the following agents are regulated as drugs while in
Europe (according to the European commission on cosmetics) they are sold as
cosmetics.
1. Antiperspirants
2. Antidandruff shampoos
3. Sunscreens
This classification is detrimental to industry in the United States, especially

in the case of sunscreens, which are more advanced and more effective in Europe
because there is greater choice of ingredients. Paradoxes also abound in the
United States. For example, retinol (vitamin A) can be sold as a cosmetic, but
its oxidation product, retinoic acid, is regulated as a drug. Furthermore, claims


6

Kligman

allowed by the FDA for a recently approved retinoic acid product (Renova, Ortho
Pharmaceuticals) are purely cosmetic and relate only to improved appearance.
However, the product is still only available by prescription!
On the other hand, minoxidil, a drug that purports to grow hair and improve
attractiveness, satisfies the basic definition of a cosmetic and is available without
a prescription.
Sometimes, there are too many statutory exceptions and loopholes that are
downright dangerous. For example, theophyllin is a powerful drug with a narrow
therapeutic index, and is used in the treatment of asthma; blood levels should be
monitored frequently. Yet, this same agent can be sold as an unregulated cosmetic
when incorporated in topical formulations for the treatment of cellulite.
I recommend that all interested parties read the scholarly treatise prepared
by Vermier and Gilchrest, respectively (6). They argue that cosmeceuticals already exist and are in fact desirable as intermediates between cosmetics and drugs
and that they should continue to be regarded as cosmetics. The current legal
definitions are archaic and unworkable. They move toward the European position
and recommend that it is in the interest of manufacturers to prove the efficacy
of active cosmetics.

COSMECEUTICALS: A DIVERSITY OF OPINIONS
The writings on this subject are fascinating and cover a remarkable range of

divergent, confusing, and conflicting opinions from all over the globe (7). Recent
papers strongly express the feelings and beliefs of major players in this field.
Dweck’s paper provides the British perspective. He begins as follows:
What on earth is a cosmeceutical (8)? Is it an attempt to convince the consumer
that their skin care product is really a topical medicine without a proper license,
or is it a genuine category that attempts to provide a mild product that has been
more stringently tested than a normal skin care product? He recommends reading
an official medicine leaflet as a guide to deciding what comprises a medicinal
product. He concludes that future discussions will be marked by debate. The
British have clearly reached no conclusions.
Wittern takes up the issue from a European perspective. He is decidedly
not enamored of the term cosmeceutical (9). He considers ‘‘that the existing legal
regulations are precise and clearly distinguish between cosmetic and pharmaceutical efficacy. They do not allow for the introduction of a new class of products
such as cosmeceuticals.’’ He recounts that A. M. Kligman introduced the term
but didn’t bother to define it. ‘‘Obviously, he didn’t know what he was starting.’’
I plead guilty to not knowing what controversial storms would follow the concept.
The piece de resistance of the cosmeceutical imbroglio is the article by Urbach
(10), who states:


Cosmeceuticals

7

At the moment, there is hardly a topic in the cosmetic industry as controversial as cosmeceuticals . . . Cosmeceuticals meet consumer demands for high
efficacy. From a consumer and regulatory point of view, having a separate
cosmeceutical class in neither helpful, scientifically suitable or juridically
necessary. The cosmeceutical concept is superfluous. The most sensible and
useful service we can give the consumer legislator and manufacturer is to
advise against the further use of this term (11)!

Steinberg presents the American perspective (11). He endorses the term
and thinks its introduction has made it necessary to reconsider the statutory definition of a drug and a cosmetic and to seek international agreements on the kinds
of regulatory actions that might be enacted.
The situation is quite different in Japan, as described by Takamatsu (5). It
turns out that the Japanese government recognized early on the problems that
were coming to the fore as a result of the cosmetic industry’s ability to create
‘‘performance’’ products that did more than beautify.
It is abundantly clear that, for the sake of fair trade, a rapidly expanding
international marketplace will have to come to grips with the problems presented
herein.
REFERENCES
1. Hayward JA. Biotechnology transfer. Cosmet Toilet 1995; 110:51.
2. Kligman AM. Hydration injury to human skin. In: Van der Valk PGM, Maibach
HI, eds. The Irritant Contact Dermatitis Syndrome. Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc.,
1996:187–194.
3. Kligman LH, Kligman AM. Petrolatum and other hydrophobic emollients reduce
UVA-induced damage. J Dermatol Treatment 1992; 3:3.
4. Rogiers V. Efficacy claims of cosmetics in Europe must be scientifically substantiated from 1997 on. Skin Res Technol 1995; 1:44.
5. Takamatsu T. How can we define cosmeceuticals. Advanced Technology Conference
Proceedings. Cosmetics Toiletries. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publishing Co., 1996:
30.
6. Vermier BJ, Gilchrest BA. Cosmeceuticals. A proposal for rational definition, evaluation and regulation. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132:337.
7. Kligman AM. Why cosmeceuticals? Cosmet Toilet 1993; 108:39.
8. Dwek AC. The definition of a cosmeceutical. Advanced Technology Conference
Proceedings. Cosmetics Toiletries. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publishing Co., 1996:21.
9. Wittern KP. Cosmeceutical from a European perspective. Cosmetics Toiletries. Advanced Technology Conference Proceedings, Cosmetics Toiletries. Carol Stream,
IL: Allured Publishing Co., 1996:24.
10. Urbach W. Cosmeceuticals—The future of cosmetics? Cosmet Toilet 1995; 110:33.
11. Steinberg D. An American Perspective. Advanced Technology Conference Proceedings. Cosmetics Toiletries. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publishing Co., 1996:26.

2
Definition
Bert Jan Vermeer
Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

New insights about the function of the skin, as well as the development of new
products for skin care, make it necessary to question or redefine the definitions of
cosmetics and drugs. Moreover, in the United States, Europe, and Japan, different
definitions of cosmetics are used. The definition of a drug is more or less equivocal on these countries. According to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FDC) Act,
a drug is defined as an article intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or intended to affect the structure or any function
of the body.
In the United States, according to the FDC act of 1938, a cosmetic is defined
as an article intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced
into, or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing,
beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting structure or function (1). It is noteworthy that in this definition the cosmetic
is not allowed to have any activity (i.e., without affecting structure or function).
In Europe, the definition of a cosmetic was reevaluated and described by the
council directive 93/35/EEC of June 14th, 1993 (2). The cosmetics directive
contains 15 articles. The definition of a cosmetic is described in article 1 and is
as follows:
A ‘‘cosmetic product’’ shall mean any substance or preparation intended to
be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body epider9


10

Vermeer
mis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs or with the teeth and

the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly
to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odours and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition.

The other 15 articles describe the following topics: overall safety requirements,
controlled substances, potential ban of animal testing, inventory of ingredients,
labeling, harmonization, product information requirement, procedure for adaptation, list of permitted ingredients, safeguard clause, and implementation.
According to the pharmaceutical affairs law, the Japanese definition of a
cosmetic is as follows:
The term cosmetic means any article intended to be used by means of rubbing, sprinkling or by similar application to the human body for cleansing,
beautifying, promoting attractiveness and altering appearance of the human
body, and for keeping the skin and hair healthy, provided that the action of
the article on the human body is mild.

The Japanese definition is only slightly different from the definition of a
cosmetic within Europe. Both definitions allow a cosmetic to have mild activity
and possess pharmaceutical activity. This is in sharp contrast to the definition of
a cosmetic in the United States.
Moreover, in article 7a of the European cosmetics directive, which describes the product information requirement, it is stated that a proof of effect
should be included (2). In the United States, however, a product would be regarded as a drug if a proof of effect was mentioned.
Extensive research on the physiological activity of the skin has provided
evidence that even small changes in the environment can modify the activity of
skin tissue (3,4). Application of inert creams (5), humidity, UV light (4), water
(6), etc., all influence the activity of the skin and therefore possess pharmaceutical
activity that may affect structure or function of the skin. Thus even water or the
humidity of the air could be defined as a drug, according to the FDC act! As
mentioned by Gilchrest, the Food and Drug Administration asked her to define
water as a drug, when water was applied on the skin under experimental conditions (7).
Registration of a product as a drug requires many elaborate and costly
procedures; therefore, the manufacturer of a product with pharmaceutical activity
would prefer to have the product registered as a cosmetic. This might mean that

the pharmaceutical activity of the product is not mentioned and/or investigated,
and, as a result of these confusing and old-fashioned regulatory rules, important
information is not given to the public.
The introduction of the term ‘‘cosmeceutical’’ enables us to classify more
precisely a product with an activity that is intended to treat or prevent a (mild)
skin (abnormality). In order to avoid introducing new definition criteria, we suggest that cosmeceuticals are only regarded as a subclass within the domain of a


Definition

11

Table 1 Cosmeceuticals as a Subclass of Cosmetics (Europe and Japan) and as a
Subclass of Drugs (U.S.)

Pharmaceutical activity
Intended effect in skin disease
Intended effect in mild skin disorder
Side effects

Cosmetic

Cosmeceutical

Drug

ϩ
Ϫ
Ϫ
Ϫ

ϩ
(ϩ)
ϩ
(Ϯ)

ϩ
ϩ
(ϩ)
ϩ

cosmetic or drug. In Europe and Japan, cosmeceuticals can be regarded as a
subclass of cosmetics; however, in the United States cosmeceuticals can only be
regarded as a subclass of drugs. Cosmeceuticals could be characterized as follows: (1) The product has pharmaceutical activity and can be used on normal or
near-normal skin. (2) The product should have a defined benefit for minor skin
disorders (cosmetic indication). (3) As the skin disorder is mild the product
should have a very low-risk profile (see Table 1). The definition of minor skin
disorders or mild skin abnormalities is difficult and can be regarded as cosmetic
indications. Even socioeconomic factors may have an impact on whether a skin
disorder is regarded as a disease or as a cosmetic indication (8,9). Nevertheless,
in most western countries there is no written consensus that skin abnormalities
that are treated by over-the-counter drugs may be regarded as mild skin disorders
or may be termed cosmetic indications (9,10).
The procedure for registration of a cosmeceutical should not be as cumbersome as for drugs. The intended activity of the cosmeceutical for treatment of a
minor skin disorder should be demonstrated by clinical studies within the framework of good clinical practice. Moreover, it should be shown that safety requirements are optimal and that no side effects can be expected (11). The safety evaluation is mandatory for cosmetics in Europe, according to articles 2, 12, and 13.
In the United States, this would mean that a subclass of drugs (cosmeceuticals) are registered in a similar manner as over-the-counter products (12). It
would be beneficial if these countries could agree on the definitions of cosmetics
and drugs and, in so doing, define cosmeceuticals as a subclass of cosmetics.
This would prevent the current situation in which certain products are registered
as drugs in the United States (sunscreens) and as cosmetics or cosmeceuticals in

Europe and Japan.

REFERENCES
1. 21 USC §§ 301–393.
2. Council directive 78/768 EEC of july 27th, 1976. Official Journal of the European
Communities n° L 151 dated June 23rd, 1993.