Monograph of oriental Cicadidae Plates, Distant 1889-1892

nab

MONOGHAPH
OF

ORIENTAL

CICADID^
BY

W.

DISTANT

L.

FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOCilCAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON, BELGIUM, FRANCE, AND STOCKHOLM
AUTHOR OF 'RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,' 'A NATURALIST

IN

;

THE TRANSVAAL,'. &C.

WITH FIFTEEN PLATES, AND WOODCUTS.
^3ul)Us!jrtf

©rUrr of W^t

1)5

of

CTrustcrs

.

^

V

^'''

tfje

Calcutta*
Landor despised Entomology,

yet, in the

same

bieatli,

said,

"the sublime was

in a grain of dust."

LONDON :— PRINTED BY WEST, NEWM.VN &

Euebson, 'Engluh TraiU.'

CO.

AND SOLD BY

LONDON :— H.S. KING & CO., 66, CORNHILL; and E.W.J ANSON, 85, LITTLE RUSSELL ST., BLOOMSBURY.
CALCUTTA :— At the INDIAN MUSEUM and THACKER, SPINK & CO.
BERLIN:— R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN.
;

1889—1892.



c^

%o Wm

4ili;morit

of

THK LATK

E. T.

ATKINSON,

ACCODNTANT-OENERAL

IJF

BESOAL

13.

A.,

;

PRESIDENT OF THE BOAHU OF IBDSTEES OF THE INDIAN .MDSECJI, CUiCUTTA

AnXHOR OK JIANY PAPERS ON INDIAN RHYNCIIOTA

;

AND
(Jiomotcv of the {3ublic;ition of this jHanograpli,

I

DEDICATK THE

SAJIE.

;

PREFACE.
At the request and by the Hberal enterprise of the Trustees of the Indian Museum
much influenced by my late friend Mr. E. T. Atkinson I have in the following pages

—

monographic revision and description of the Oriental species of the
Homoptercus Family Cicadida;.
The limits of the fauna thus studied have already been defined at page 2, and over
attempted

the

knowledge of such a little-collected family as the Cicadidae must necessarily
be fragmentary and of a very unequal character.
Nevertheless I have been able to study a
very great deal of the material which already exists.
The fine collection of these insects
this large area our

belonging to the Indian

examined

all

Fea

in

;

;

*

at

my

Calcutta has passed through

hands, and I have

the specimens in the collection of the late Mr. E. T. Atkinson.

had submitted to

Museum
Museum

Museum

the

me

for identification

have also

the whole of the Oriental species in the Brussels

Celebesian specimens collected by

the very fine material in the

I

Dr. Meyer,

Genoa Museum,

t

and now

in

the Dresden

including the collection

made by

Tenasserim and Upper Burma, by Beccari in several islands of the Malayan Archipelago,
New Guinea the rich Cicadan possessions in the Leyden Museum, I

and by D'Albcrtis in

including the captures

;

made

in

Java and Sumatra by Hagen, Van Lansberg, and the Sumatran

Expedition, have been placed at

my

disposal to aid this work;

the private collections of the late Dr. Signoret,
naturally had ready access to the British

§and

I

Mr. P. Moore, and

have also had a loan of
^Iv. F.

Pascoe.

I have

Museum, without which nothing could have been

attempted in the unravelling of the types made by the

late

F. Walker, and our national

collection is not only rich in Indian species, but contains nearly

all

the Cicadan results of

Malayan Archipelago. My own collection includes the
captures made by Dr. Leith in Bombay, A. W. Chennell in Assam, G. T. Hampson iu the
Neelgiri Kills, myself in the Malay Peninsula, H. 0. Forbes in Java and Sumatra, Carl Bock
in Sumatra and Borneo, Baron Von Hiigel in Java, W. Doherty in Assam, Burma, Perak,
Borneo, and the eastern islands of the Archipelago, J. Whitehead on the Kina Balu Mt.,
Capt. Bingham in Burma, Geo. Lewis and II. J. S. Pryer in Japan. W. B. Pryer in North
Mr. Wallace's memorable

was

visit to the

"'

For which

i

Tluougli the kindness of the JIarquis Doria and Dr. Gestro.

I

imlchtecl to

M. rrcuilhuuime de Borre.

J I cannot help recording, and with scientific appreciation and gratitude, the facilities I have been afforded by
Continental JIuseums, to improve this and other works I have been engaged on, by the loan of specimens, always cheerfully

and readily granted. I cannot give Continental workers the assurance of similar assistance from our National Institution,
by tlio rules of tho liritish Museum, a specimen once deposited there never leaves the portals of its zealously -guarded doors.
§ 15y the good offices of Dr. C. Hitsema.

for


PREFACE.

vi

Borneo, and part of the collection

made by A. E.

Pratt in China.*

I

have also been allowed

and Indian types in the Stockholm Museum.
Referring to my own unpublished Catalogue, about 82 genera, and 720 J species of
Cicadida3 are now known to Science, and of these I have been able to include 34 genera

to see

most of

Stal's Philippine

and 268 species in

New

China and

especially for

Guinea, though we

and species found in Continental India as

may

much more

Of the life-histories of these interesting insects

At page

made

reference has been

1,

number

this fauna, a doubtless insufficient

to

most

for

many

parts of the area,

consider our knowledge of the genera

satisfactory.

we can only glean

scattered records.

of the published information respecting the

structural details of the wonderful sound-producing organs

The volume

of the males.

sound emitted by these organs has impressed travellers and naturalists in

we meet with many
and adventure. The time of day when

world, and

references to

it

in zoological literature

them loudest towards

night-vocal crickets and

re-commence

their

all

in

works of travel

the males give forth their shrill and unmelodious

sounds probably varies with different species and in different
" found

and

of

parts of the

localities.

In Nicaragua, Belt

up their shrill music until it is taken up by
In Austraha, " during rain, these insects are silent but

sunset, keeping

locusts."

§

;

clamour on the re-appearance of

fine

weather."

||

In South Brazil, Bigg-

Wither, referring to a dominant species, states that he does not remember ever hearing "its
excepting during the three months of September, October, and November."

shrill whistle

In the Transvaal, according to

my own

•[

experience, Platijpleura divisa has an equally restricted

time of appearance and song, commencing in November, after the arrival of the rains. In the

North of Italy, Swinton noticed that the males of Cicada plcbcja and Tihiceii Immatodcs " sing on
the

summit

brushwood

of

at

to twelve feet," while Tcttigia orni

an elevation varying from ten

" will ascend the poplar trunks to a

much

greater height" for the

same purpose.**

In Brazil,

Mr. Jones describes a species as making a noise equal to the whistle of a locomotive.
so remarkable

is

the resemblance that once or twice since I have returned to England I have

suddenly been recalled to the tropical groves by the sound of an extra

referring to

an Australian

species,

PsaUoda

miereiis.

It is

shrill

railway whistle at

given by Prof. McCoy,
described as producing " almost a

Perhaps the most picturesque description of this sound

a distance." ft

" Indeed

is

deafening sound from the numbers of the individuals in the hottest days, and the loudness of
their noise

the letter
series of

;

which beginning with a prolonged high-toned whir

E

loudly prolonged in a high pitch, continued for a minute or two, breaks into a

diminuendo 'squawks,'

heard some hundred yards
kept up with

like that of a knife-grinder, or

'

damnable

off,

is

duck in a farm-yard, loud enough

to be

and stunning our ears with the shrilling and squalling. This
by hundreds of individuals all day long,

iteration,' as Falstaff says,

would tax the patience of a

The Cicadan song

like that of a frightened

saint, if

such existed in Australia."

1

clearly of a sexual nature, the sound-producing organs being only

me by Mr. J. H. Leech, the promoter of the expedition.
f By the favour of Dr. C. Aurivillius.
This
does
not
inchide the whole of Walker's descriptions, and leaves a few yet undetermined to be of synonymic or
J

specific value.
The tabulation, however, may be taken as approximately correct.
* Presented to

§
If

'The Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 312.
Pioneering in South Brazil,' vol. i. p. 297.

|]

'

It 'Yorkshii-e Natm-alist'

(2), ix.

pp. 129-30 (1884).

Bennett, 'Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol.
** Insect Variety,' p. 222.

i.

p. 237.

'

J|

'Prodromus Zoology— Victoria,'

v. pp. 53,

5i (Dec, 1880J.


PREFACE.

A

developed in the male sex.

recent writer has affirmed that the song of the Cicada

appreciated by other orders of insects.

mentioned by the narrator

—in

vu

Natal,

According to this observer

when

a species

is

singing

the insect

is

The song

know nothing

of the mental concepts of these beautiful insects.

Cartesian, and does not estimate even the Cicadidae as living automata.
of insects

may

structure,

their

in

classification

existence, their duration

sequence,

zoological

practically

its

— probably

limited

known

imdreamed

The writer is not a
The " life-liistories"

geographical

their

to

— thoughts

the vulture

and

many

insects, the veil is

no more

hazarded the opinion, though

must

which

than those of the inhabitants of a

feelings,

The psychology

soaring above tliem.
If,

of insects is

as has been truly remarked, with

have a sympathetic insight into the ideas,

to

concepts of the living mass of creatures of which w^e form so small a part.f

pair for

lifted

and capable, we might hear the roar of the atoms which environ

how much more might we long

may

the

distribution,

by which they often survive the terrors of a struggle for
life, their food and times of appearance, and yet, little

in the philosophy of entomologists.

ears sufficiently attuned

I'latijplcura

branches.

and habits of

as this knowledge can be said to exist regarding

Kafir kraal are

suspended

is

include their embryological stages, with an exhaustive knowledge of their

protective or mimetic resemblances

hides their

often

is

it

is

not

is

alarmed, as in the Transvaal, where, when a tree has ahuost vibrated with

the screeching noise, I have produced complete silence by standing amidst

We

name

loudest,

its

surrounded by numbers of a lace-wing fly" (Xothochrifsa gigantca).*

when

— whose

life

upon

in the

fears,

us,

and

have recently

I

very limited observation, that at least a species of African

mature development.

be, allowed to ants, termites, bees,

\

If reason

and even wasps and

and intelligence

spiders, surely

it is

are,

and

only our

ignorance that prevents the recognition of some form of the saine qualities in the Cicadidae.

Although Entomology has made such

strides,

and so many thousands

we

described, catalogued, and often figured, yet to their inner lives

The

Cicadidae appear to be one of the

victims of most predacious creatures.

The

of insects are

is at

most non-protected family of

'

and are the

insects,

instances that can be quoted probably only give

present very incompletely known.

§

In Nicaragua, Belt has described how during April,
*

fully

are " strangers yet."

an idea of the way their members are thinned by numerous enemies, while the
enemies

now

list

of those

They probably largely fall a prey to birds.
when the Cicadas are particularly plentiful,

Nature Notes,' August, 1891.
Mivart has lately re-affirmed his belief that the psychical powers of brutes are limited

to sense perception, and
and conception ('Essays and Criticisms')
but the proof
is absent, and though reasonable the statement does not carry more conviction than some theological propositions.
On the
other hand. Count Goblet d'Alviella truly remarks, when discussing the question of Religion in Animals'

" A century ago
such a question would only have provoked a smile
but now that we have accustomed ourselves to search in the lowest strata
of animal life for the antecedents of physiological and intellectual characteristics which only receive their full expression in the
best-endowed representatives of human culture, it is no longer possible to dismiss the question of the religion of animals in this
summary style. Animals share the philosophic fate of savages. They are alternately exalted and humbled, according to the
exigencies of tlie current theory as to the position of man in nature" (Hibbert Lectures, 1S91, p. -li)). Westermarck, in his
great work, The History of Human Marriage,' goes back to the precursors of man in his study of the origin of that in^ititution,
and a course he forcibly affirms (p. 9) is " the only one which can lead to the trutli, but a path which is open to him alone who
regards organic nature as one continued chain, the last and most perfect link of which is man."
f Dr.

give no evidence of the possession of the higher faculties of ideation

;

'

:

—

;

'

J
§

'

Naturalist in the Transvaal,' p. 07.
few of the following notes I pubhshed in

A

Centrali Americana.'

my

description of the Central .American Cicadid*

in

i!ie

•

Biologia


PREFACE.

viii

" individuals are often seen whose bulky bodies have been bitten

from the thorax

off

)jy

some

and the large and graceful Swallow-tailed Kite at that time feeds on nothing else.
I have seen these Kites sweeping round in circles over the tree-tops, and every now and then
catching insects off the leaves, so that on shooting them I have found their crops filled with
In New Zealand, Melampaalta cingulata is destroyed in enormous quantities by
CicadidfB."*

bird

;

the " ordinary house sparrow," and Mr. Hudson, who records the fact, also remarks that he
docs not think the species can, from this cause, " long remain abundant in the neighbourhood

The same thing has occurred in North America, where Tihiccn
attacked by Passer domcsticus, "and so ravenously and persistently does

of our larger towns."

was

.scptfiiidccim

also

t

this bird pursue its food, that the

wherever these have been at

numerous."

be attacked by the larva;

to

insects are devoured by Mantidaj.

unfortunate Cicada, from which

thing

is

— a male

.

.

.

.

— making

strewn by the wings of the unfortunate Cicada

I

The eggs

are not spared by other insects.

They

Eeaumur

all

ground

an European species are stated by

of

of an ichneumon.

Mrs. Monteiro found

§

"a

In South-East Africa the perfect

large green Mantis holding

had already bitten one eye, and part of the head the poor
In the Transvaal, as
loud stridulating noise all the time."

it

its

;

||

I have elsewhere recorded, 1 foimd a species of Platijpleura (P. divisa)

by

"

spiders.

On

an

was captured and eaten

once hearing a particularly loud chorus from a peach-tree, I visited the same

and found that spiders had industriously spread their webs between the
branches, and remains of the Platupkimc were suspended in a more or less devoured condition." IT
In the neighbourhood of Candahar a writer who records a wonderful congregation of Cicadidse,
to capture specimens,

also states, "

The only enemies they appeared to have were some large dragon-flies, which
pounced upon them and carried off what appeared to be double their own weight."** Hornets
swell the list of insect-foes.
Herr Schliiter, in Texas, saw a Cicada of "exceptional size"
attacked by a hornet, killed, and actually carried away by its much smaller destroyer, ff
They are also subject to fungoid growths.
Mr. Peck describes a fungus developed on the
abdomen of Tihicen septemdccim, which, though not immediately fatal to the insect, manifestly
incapacitates

The

it

for propagation.

I \

peculiarities in the geographical distribution of the species described in this

are best understood by a reference to the following systematic

the species

is

comparatively scheduled.

It will

list,

in

volume

which the range

of all

thus be seen that in the extreme west of our

region the genus Cicadatra just enters as a Paltearctic representative, whilst in the most
eastern portion of our area the genera Prasia and Aerilla are allied to the distinctly Australian

and CMarocysta. This helps to prove the Cicadan homogeneity of our fauuistic
area, which embraces all the known species of the genera Pohjncum, Aixjamiana, Pacua,

genera

CiistosoiiKi

Graptopsaltria,

Talabuja,

Toscna, Lcptopsaltvia, Duiuluhia, Pomponia, Psithjristria, Grijptotijinpana, Gaanu,

Graptotettix,

Huechijs,

Teipnosia, Prasia, Bcetitria,

CalccKjninus,

* 'Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 230.
\

Riley,

Scicruptera,

'

Science,' v. p. 5'21 (1885).

and

Mofianiua,

Bustia,

Karcnia,

Ematliia,

Thus, according to present knowledge,

Aerilla.

New Zealand Instit. vol. xxiii. p. 50
Quoted by Westwood, 'Modern Classif. Ins.'

\ Trans.
§

Kamalata,

(1890).
vol.

ii.

p. 425.

Delagoa Bay,' p. 188.
IT Distant,
Naturalist in the Transvaal,' p. 67.
** J. A. S. Beng. vol. ix. p. 441 (1840).
Mind in Animals,' Mrs. Besaut's Translat.
f f Biiclmer,
Annual Eeport on the New York Museum of Natiu-al History for 1878.'

\l
'

'

II

'

'

p. 297.


PREFACE.

ix

twenty-five out of our thirty-four genera are wholly restricted to the fauna

;

we may

whilst

almost say the same of three other genera, Cosmopsaltria, Gijmnotympana, and Lemheja.

many

cases, therefore, this is a generic as well as a faunistic

many

possess that exhaustive character with

limit being

region proves a moderately sharp faunistic divisor

Malayan Archipelago

New

at

Guinea, and this

is

;

not likely to

it is

above genera, when the

of the

Our western

known.

Pacific Islands are better

monograph, but

Cicadidti; of the

on the border of the Pala^arctic

but in the east we

is

and so

so limited

the

artificially closed

certainly not a line of faunistic cleavage.

the Cicadida% Japan docs not exhibit a Palajarctic facies, but has true Oriental affinities

China our knowledge

In

partial that

In
;

of

nothing can with confidence be said

on the subject.
In preparing a monograph of a group of exotic insects, the writer becomes aware as the
more thoroughly he strives to do his work, of the initial character of such undertakings.*

no doubt,

Collectors,

will largely

add

to the

number

of species to be included in this fauna,

and also show a wider distribution of the species already enumerated.

must necessarily accumulate with time.

the habits of these insects

adopted and pm'sued

classification here

is

Fresh observations on

The permanence

neither claimed nor expected.

it

would be

our present

artificial

survive the exigencies of

museum

taking a very pessimist view of the future progress of Entomology,

and arbitrary

classificatory

systems were anticipated to

arrangement, and our present limited knowledge.

sequence of Families, Genera, and Species;

unknown.

if

In

fact,

Embryological conditions, considered on

must be the guide in framing our future natural systems, showing the

evolutionary principles,

practically

The monographist

the embryology of the Cicadida)

philosophical conception of

less

life

of to-day can only prepare the material to be dealt

on wider principles, and
narrow than that now so generally popular.

about thirty years since the publication of the
already taken place, what

I

though

only leave

I will

—

criticises

does better

I

'

Origin of Species

;
'

living in a
It is only

judging fi-om what has

not be expected at the end of another similar period

?

I

thus

found our knowledge of the Cic adidfe in a somewhat chaotic condition,
and may, metaphorically, exclaim, "Order reigns in ^Yarsaw."

in artifwial order,

only add

he who

I

it

may

at present

is

with in a future biological era by students trained

feel that,

of the

if

I

may do

does well

;

so without presumption

—to those who use

he who corrects does better

;

this

and he who adds

monograph, that
to our

knowledge

still.

must again bear witness

has illustrated this

to the

publication,

as

faithful

he

did

work

my

of
'

my

artist,

Mr. Horace Ivnight, who

Rhopalocera Malayana.'

entomological artist does not always receive his proper value.

How

often he

I

think

makes

the

possible

a bad description
* It was ono of the sayings of the lato well-known British zoologist, Fredk. Bond, " that a natarahst ousht to havo
three lives— seventy years to collect, seventy to study his collection, and seventy to impart his knowledge to others."
'

Entomologist,' vol.

xxii. p. 2GG.

PuRLEY, Surrey,
August, 1893.



SYSTEMATIC LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS MONOGRAPH. SHO\MNG
OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAME.

Subfam. CICADIX.E.
i.

„
„

canescens
calypso

4.

„

pol'ita

•2.

5

viii.

18

C

x.

3
IG
Vl
G
19

15

i.

,,

c'crvina

„

basi-viridis

ix.

7.

,,

basialba
snbrufa
octoguttata

viii.

,,

„
„

v.

„
„
„
„
„

1

liampsoni

i.

coelebs

i.
i.

3

spliiiix

viii.

stiuusta

i.

westwoodi

i.

hilpa

i.

„

cibaris

i.

„
„

autlamana

i.

atliiiis

capitata

,,

„

i.

nobilis

i.
i.

vii.
ii.

Angamiana

a?therea
Tacua speciosa
Gniptopsaltria colonita
,,

,,
,,

„
„

8

25

3

2G
2G

ii.

5
G
11

ix.

10

9

ii.

C

iii.

Leptopsaltria (juadrituberculata

viii.

,,

niasciila

,,

.stuiiia

„

all)istigiiia

,,

nelmlinea

„

andamauensis

,,

tuberosa

viii.

„
„
„

piyeri

viii.

„

oannente

x.

1

viii.

11
15

x.

17
12
7
12
G
18

viii.

x.

...

tij,'iii)a

X.

tijiroides

albiguttata

2

xiii.
iii.

Sibylla
splenclida

,,

ii.

1,

xii.
'

I

^'x*

4|

viii.

2

^

to

i^

:2

S

M

S

.9

J I
O V.

c3

.J2

O

^

I .1

-.

o
pq

t,

1

I

^

,-,

o

I
o
/^

,
Aru

Nicobar Islands

oclii

1

Ch

...

.'Viidamon Islands

IVnang

24,154

27
28

28
29
29, 154
30
31, 154
32
32
33
33
34
Si
35
35
35

...

...

..

...

...

.Viiilnuian Islands
...

(V

^*'

...

...

...

...

...

...
...

v.

14

,,

xii.

20

,,

iii'i-iisi

XV.

19

101

(I

iv.

17, 10

xii.

1

>9
39

(I

Var

<^

s

Christmas Island

barbosic

Kotlidaris

Duiidiibia maiinilcia

H

^

o
1^

...

37
37
37

,,

S3

.^

20
21
22
23
23
100

1

ii.

.

IG
17
IS
Is
19

9,10

ii.

s
eL<

*

1")

ii.

ineai'esiaiia

c

S

7
H
H
9
9
10
11
12
12
13
13
14
15

xiii.

fasciata

uielanopteia
montivaf^a
depicta
dives

,,

7
14
13
15

15
7

i.

l
iiisigiiis
„
badia
„
I'olyneura ducalis

Tosena

2
IG
10
18
G
4
9

i.

Platypleura ippanda

*

i.

i.

5
8
12

nicobarica
fulvigera

p^„^

20

(3.

„

pi„_

vii.

5.

,,

^

^^^^

Pcecilopsaltria bufo

3.

J
1

INSULAR

CONTINENTAL *

Sulu Islands
...

Sinkop

II

I.sland

...

in a footnote to pase 24.
in wliicli the terms " Continental " and " Insular " are understood in thi.i work, has been ob-eady explained
and Banda (WaUneo
Islands are included Qilolo, Cerom, Bouru, Batohian, Morty, Obi, Ko, Timor-laut, Amboyna. rornato, Iidore, Kaioo,
Malay iU-cbipclago,' chap, xxvii.).

*

The wav

t

I"

il"'so


CONTINENTAL

INSULAR

^

Tab.

55

Dundubia nifivena

55a,

„

5G.
57.
58.

„

„

,,

vi.

i;

xii.

1)

locusta

ix.

1

rafflesii

iv.

4

viii.

3
7

emanatnra

1

4
14

iv.

„

larus

.^'

,,

bocki

,,

I

64.
65.
66.

iv.
viii.

nagarasingna...

„

63.

vi.

IV.

11

similis

v.

10
9
6
3
20
8
15
8
12
15
16
2
5
9
15

7

„

oopaga

V.

67.
68.
69.
70.
71.

„

v.

,,

andersoni
jacooua

,,

fese

sv.

,,

majiiscula

vii.

,,

latiliiiea

71(1

„

laiita

72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
8G.

87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.

„

montivaga

,,

inermis

vi.

vi.

100.
101.
102.
103.

104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
lie.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.

,,

fuliginosa

„

vibrans

,,

meyeri

„

nigra

,,

fiavida

„

spinosa

,,

umbrata

„

radha

v.

iv.

V.
sii.

iv.
viii.

vi.

v.
iv.

v.
iv.

,,
,,

tavoyana

,,

tripurasnra

iv.

,,

durga

iv.

,,

opalifei'a

v.

17
21
4
8
6
2

,,

microdon

iv.

Ifi

nicomaclie
minahassae

iv.

„
,,

v.

xv.
v.

vi.
iv.

5

xii.

14

vii.

1

vii.

4

,,

lata

capitata

vii.

„

serva

ix.

vi.

,)

spatluilata
operciilissima...

6
3
3

v.

5

„

mongolica

iv.

o

silhetana
opeicularis
lutulenta

vi.

1

v.

16
7
16
12

sita

,,

,,
i>

,,

,,

„

„
„

vii.

impar

„

insularis
albostriata

„

chlorogaster

,,

x.
xi.
viii.
...

vii.

,,

gemina

,,

recedens

x.

,,

junctivitta

x.

,,

obtecta

,,

pigafetta?

>)

fiisoa

vii.

,,

japoneusis

xv.

22

x.

H
18
11

„

phicophila
_

Pomponia imperatoria

v.
viii.
xii.

ix.

,,

grsecina
lactea

vii.

,,

X)iota

vii.

„

singularis

ti

ransonneti

I,

evaneseeiis

,,

pumila

II

viridimaculata

,,

52
52
53

54
54
102

...
...

...

55
55
56

56
57
57
58
58
59
59
60
60
60

Corea

Corea

61
61

62
62
03
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
06
67
67
68

4

(fig. 1),

69

70, 154

102
70
71
71
72

72
73
73
74
74
75
75
76
76
77
77

1,

tlialia

„

transhicida

xiii.

bindusara
dobertyi
nigristigma

xiii.

vii.

ix.
ix.

ix.

ix.

...

...

72, 102, 154

promiscua

,,

51
51

13
8
9
19
17
14
4
7
11
9

7

,,

,,

49
49
50
50

x.

„

I,

48
48

4

x.

Cochin Cliina

...

20

vii.

"5^

...

...

vi.

scitula
solitaria

,,

.^

...

vii.

xiii.

s

li;

101
47

1
5

3
14
2
13
10
21
15
10

vii.

cS

a>

45
45
46
46
47

12
17

diminuta
doryca

,,

c3

ri

44

11
9

satm-ata
ficulnea

,,

40
40
41
41
41
42
42
43
44

13
I]

iv.

a

r-

M « H S O

Page

Fig.

mellea

? aerata
59.
,,
intemerata
60.
„
61. Cosmopsaltria amieta

62.

&

.2


CONTINENTAL

INSULAR
3

a

I
a

<3

o
.5

3

Tab.
132.
133.
134.

Pomponia kama
pallidiventris

„

viridi-cineta

vi.

Wondcut,

expansa
135.
„
maculaticoUis
136.
„
obnnbila
137.
„
138. Psithyristria specularis
crassinervis
139.
„
nodinervis
140.
„
tenuinervis
141.
„
simplicmervis
142.
„

79

11

80
3

„
„
„

„

4

1(;4.

105.
106.
107.
ItW.
109.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.

„

„ 7
Fin

4

diomedea

xi.

epithesia
aquila

xi.

3
5

xi.

9

xi.

7
10
11

...

pustiilata

corvus
intermedia
acuta
demissitia
recta

xi.

X.
...

xi.

1

xi.

8

xiii.

11

x.

10

facialis

xi.

11

sinensis
insularis

xi.

xi.

6
2

limborgi
exalbida

x.

7

xiii.

12

xiii.

13

xiii.

2
8
3

tondana

immaculata

bihamata

„
„
„

5
6

,,

10

mandariua

sinensis

xii.
xiii.

xii.

11

,,

coronata
ochracea

xii.

„

tagalica

vi.

13
8

,,

pontianaka

v.

„
„
„

germana
polyhymnia

vii.

viridis

xii.

,,

elopurina

xii.

,,

flammata

xiii.

„

semperi

xii.

O

r-.

S

"-5

i

o

'^ "Z

Ji Jt
o73H;p&
81

ing.

xi.

...

accipiter

102. Cicada leeclii
I(i3.

10

Woodcut,

,,

^ J
O

=
o

?. a

79

13

xiii.

Cryptotympana fumipennis

2

vi.

vi.

...

fig.

.a

FiK.

vi.

Tab.

it;i.

&

o

« H

Page
78
78

FiR.

12
14

vi.

„

Tab.

143.
144.
145.
14G.
147.
148.
149.
150.

151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
100.

&

a

'S.

7
2
4
19
5
15

82
82
83
83
83

Siam

84
84
85
85
85

...

86
86

Corea

...

..

...

...

87
88
88
89
89
90

...

Timor
...

Siam

90

.Andaman Islands

91
91
92
93
93
94
95
95
95
96
96
97
97
97
98
98
99
99

..

...

Formosa
Suln Islands

...0

...

...

...

Subfam. TIBICENIN.E.
175. Gffiana maculata
stellata
170.
„
sulphurca
177.
„
bageni
178.
,,
festiva
179.
,,
atkinsoni

180.
,,
181.
octonotata
„
182.
tenebriscosa
,,
183.
delinonda
,,
184. Talainga bingliami
185. Graptotettix guttatus
186.
thoracicus
„
187.
1H8.
IHO.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
19(5.

Huechys sanguinea

iii.

17
15

iii.

iii.

2

111

4

112
113
113
114
114
115
115
115
116
110
110
117
118
118
119
119

119
120
120

ix.
iii.

ix.
iii.
iii.

iii.

xiii.

incarnata
phffnicura

,,

\-idua

iii.

9

,,

fusca

iii.

7

pingenda

iii.

1

iii.

8

iii.

3

,,

„
„

„
„
„

celebensis
tboraeica
lutulenta

dohertyi
chryselcctra

„
„

Mogannia

iii.
iii.

xiv.

1

xiv.

2

xiv.

3

xiv.

4

xiv.

5

crocea

xiv.

fumigata

xiv.

C
7
8
9
10

viridis

104
105
105
100
100
107
107
108
108
109
110
110

22
8
18
10
12
14
16
4
21

iii.

,,

197.
„
198.
ha;iiiatiea
„
199. Scieroptera splcndidula

200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
200.
207.

iii.

„
„

fiUva

xiv.
xiv.

obliqua

xiv.

„

doriiu

xiv.

,,

sesioidos

xiv.

„

hobes

xiv.

11
12
13

121

...
...

...
...

...

...

...

...

...

Q

Q

...

...

...

...

II

...

''"^" Islands

...

...

...

...

...

Suuibawa

...


CONTINENTAL

INSULAR

^

=3

o

o
CS

S I
« H 3
O
s

Tab.

Mogannia
„

nasalis

xiv.

cyanea

xiv.

effecta

xiv.
xiv.
xiv.

„

fiinebris

,,

conica

Gymnotympana

stridens*

ix.

Kamalata pantberina

viii.

Bustia lientivitta

viii.

xiv.

tigrina

Karenia ravida

xii.

cselatata

„

Tibicen casyapae
,,

reticiiJatus

„

lacteipennis

,,

siibvittatus

Fig.

Page

14
15
16
17 var.
18

16
9
14
19
6

121
121
122
122
122
124
124
125
126
126
127
128
128

xiii.

5

xiv.

20
21

xiv.

\

&

-j'

jq
17
22

^

vi.

5

,,

maculicoUis

xiv.

23

„
„
„

apicalis
nubifiirca

ferraiius

xii.

15

xiv.

24

„

pusiHus
xii.

3

xii.

2

134

nanus

„
„

xiv.

tener

Emathia

aegi'ota

Cicadatra querala

s

O

rugipennis
xantes

„

striata

„
„

acberi

7

xv.
xv.
xv.

1

xv.
xv.
xv.
xv.
vii.

14

xiii.

14
16

viii.

nUgu-ensis

viii.

,,

„
„

pryeri
stipata

xv.

xv.
XV.

„
„
„
„

psecas

TO.

maciilipes

xv.
ix.

clio

,,

andersoni

ix.

madhava

ix.

colliua

Melampsalta literata

vii.

continuata
pellosoma
exoequata

,,

„
„
laevifrons
„
Prasia faticina
prineeps
„
bariola
„
fatiloqua
„
foliata
„

vii.

vi.

XV.

Lembej a maculosa

vii.

paradoxa
conviva

xiv.

„
Bffituria

xv.
XV.

exiiausta

,,

obtusa

,,

beccarii
innotabilis

„

„
,,

„
,,

xiv.

subnotata
stigma

xv.
xv.
XV.

bicolorata

xiv.

sandaracata
Acrilla adipata
,,

?

vii.

xv.

*

2

3
13
15
4
5
6
21
7
5
13
2
12
8
9
10
11

Calcagninus pictiu-atus
Terpnosia nigrioosta

,

xii.

2
12
13
25
13
14

27
15

16
17
26
9
18

Gymnotympana

^

Pq

fl^

'^

8

o

O

QJ

a
a
a,

O

o

...

...

...

...

...

Siam & Cambodia
...
...

(Persia, Turkestan,!

„

i

„

02

o

129
129
130
130
131
131
131
132
132
133

xii.

m

135
135
135
136
136
137
138
139
139
140
140
141
141
141

142
143
143
143
144
144
145
145
146
146
146
147
148
148
149
149
149
150
150
150
150
151
151

strepitans, tab.

& Afghanistan

J

...

...
...

Mysol
Sangir
...

Timor, Aru, & Duke of
[York Island
...

...

Mysol

viii., fig. 9,

page 124

(note)

;

locality,

Woodlark

Island.

|)r«i;iilc((

llj^

mmttti

%¥ mlm

mm\i



ORIEXTAL CICADID.E.
INSECTA.

Class

RHYNCHOTA.

Order

HOMOPTEEA.

Suborder

Fam. CICADID^.
Stridulantes, Latreille,

Fam. Nat. du Regne Anim.

Stridulantw, Burmeister,
Cicmlida,

Westwood,

Centr.
Cicadariir,

The

Handb.

Intr.

ii.

Mod. Class.

Am. Ebyuch. Horn.

Packard (nee

Latreille),

ii.

The thorax

of three joints.

is

cruciform elevation.}

;

Arcan. Eutomol.

;

antennse

;

5tli edit. p.

Homoptera

large

;

(1848).

i.

p.

91 (1843)

;

Distiuit. Biol.

shoi't,

533 (1876).

are as follows

:

—

Ocelli three in

number and

and composed of seven
an elongated rostrum composed

inserted close to the eyes
in

the pronotum short and transverse, with two oblique longitudinal

the

anterior femora are inerassated and

sometimes opaque

Amyot & Serville, Hist. de3 Hem. p. 458
Hem. Afr. iv. p. 1 (1866).

(1881).

mesonotum*
The abdomen consists, of

on each side;

discal furrows

;

and transverse, terminating beneath

short, broad,

is

420 (1840)

p.

principal characters of this family of

The head

426 (1825)

Guide Study Ins.

placed on the disk of the vertex of head
joints.

Ins.

p. 1

p.

102, 170 (1835); Stal,

1, pi).

more

is

very large and terminates behind in a small basal

six

segments and an anal segmental appendage.

or less spinose beneath.

The tegmina

are generally hyaline,

the venation usualh" distinct and furcate in ramification, but sometimes reticulate.

The sound-producing

or stridulating organs of the

by Eeaumur,|| Goureau and

male

§

Galtou has also given an excellent resume of the

*

have been studied and described

Duges,** Landois.ff Mayer, ^* and Carlet.§§

Solier,1i

The

Mr.

same,|||] especially as regards the

Jiio. C.

work of

Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan has recently contributed a short but very succinct description
sound-producing apparatus of the Cicadas," ^1! which Mr. Middlemiss, writing from
"the
of
the North-West Himalaya, has supplemented by fm-ther particulars.***
Carlet.

This sound-producing apparatus is covered beneath by two flaps, which, as pointed out by
Westwood, are " in fact, the dilated sides of the metasternum" tf t these are often incorrectly
;

''
This has been considered as a scutelhim by Stal and some other writers, but
Burmeister and Westwood.

f

The metathoraeic

cross of

Mr. Uhlcr

(see ti^.

1, 5,

p. 4).

J

As

in

I

am

supported in luy view by

PoUjncura dttealU, Wcstw.

Dr. Bennett found that the natives of New South Wales were ac(iuainted with the fact tliat the males alone pnvluceil
the sound. They said, in their peculiar Hnglish, "Old woman Galaut; {jalaufj no got, no make a noise," implying that the
females do not possess these musical instruments.
Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 237.
§

—

'
II

Memoures,' torn.

v. pi.

** 'Traite de Physiologie comparee,' tom.

wisscnch. Zool. bd. xxviii.

Zeitschr.

§§

'

Auu. des Sciences Naturelles,'

ser. 6, Zool.

'

Popular Science Keview,' new

ser. vol.

III!

Hf
fff

'

'

i.

Modem

Classification of Insects,' vol.

tom.

ii.

lOo (1S07).

v.

& 'Comptes Rcndus

de TAcad. des Sciences' (1876).

p. 853, pi. x.

*** Ibid.

Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 368 (1886).

s.

79 (18771.

'

s.

vi. (1837).

ff Zeitschr. fUr wisseuch. Zool. bd. xvii.

(1838).

ii.

II

fui-

'

H Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, torn.

xWi. (1740).

p.

583 (1886).

p. 4'22.

B


ORIENTAL CICADID.E.

2

described as "drums," but are really covering-flaps, or as they are generally called "opercula,"
in

agreement with Stal and other writers.

and structure most important factors in

These opercula, in many genera, are by their length

The real drums or " tympana"
the abdomen as in the Tibicciwue, or

specific differentiation.

are either seen above on each side near the base of

covered by the dilated or expanded lateral areas of the basal abdominal segment,* as in the
Cicadince.

The females

are provided with a remarkably developed ovipositor, by

enabled to pierce the branches of trees and there deposit their eggs.
the female deposits from

seven hundred eggs,

to

five

t

which they are

According

but we have

to

Westwood,

statement of

the

Dr. Hildreth that in North America the stock of eggs possessed by the female of Tihicen
scptcmdecem "

may

It

amounted

about one thousand."

be here stated that

known

species

to

or recorded

it is

\

proposed in this work to fully describe and figure

all

the

from Continental India and Ceylon, the islands in the Bay of

Bengal, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, the length and breadth of the Malayan
Archipelago, including, but not extending eastward of. New Guinea and Eastern Asia including

;

China and Japan.

It

will be thus evident that this area, in a zoo-geographical sense,

a very

is

arbitrary one, including the whole of the Oriental Kegion of Wallace, or the Indian Region
of Sclater,

§

entering the Australian Region at

New

Guinea, and embracing the Japanese

—

Subregion of the Palearctic realm. The Monograph thus embraces
and many genera can thus be more exhaustively treated than

literally

Oriental Cicadidae,

though more

a smaller,

if

accurate, zoo-geographical region had limited our descriptive work.

As regards the habits and

life

peculiarities

of the

Gicadidce,

we

much

lack

precise

References to these sound-producing insects are naturally found in most books
of travel written by authors to whom Nature has, at least, some kind of interest, but even in

these the recorded facts can only be apphed to the members, or rather some individuals,

information.

of the group

II

belonging to a special

scarcely be expected to be recognised.

locality, as specific,

or even generic, distinctions can

Some attempt

made

will

observations, and opportunity will be sought to diffuse
less geographical

manner

be

them

to collate a

number

of these

more

throughout the work in a

or

as opportunities arise.

The general impressions

of

Cicadan music are naturally varied.

Darwin,

when

at

' I follow Stal in considering this as the basal segment of the abdomen, though Mr. Woodworth, in a recent " Synopsis
describes the "second abdominal segment of the male" as being expanded.— Psyche,'

of North American Cicadidse,"

'

vol. V. p. 67 (1888).
\
*

Modern Classification of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 425.
Amer. Journ. 1830, p. 49.— As Darwin has admurably put it, "tlie real importance of a large number of
the great majority of cases is an
seeds is to make up for much destruction at some period of life; and this period in
'

Sillim

eggs or
early one."
§

— Origin of Species.'
'

Address delivered to Biol. Sect. Brit. Association, Bristol (1875).

to gi-asshoppers, when
always the case. Thus we frequently find, in books of travel, references
tins respect, is reached by an
"
absurdnm,

ad
reductlo
perhaps
the
But
intended.
insects
the
cicadas are evidently
the woods
:-" One of the seamen who had been ramblmg
anecdote given in that still charming narrative of Capt. Cook
what form he had appeared, and
we naturally enquired
told us at his return that he verily believed he had seen the devil
as large as a one-gaUon
words :-' He was,' says John
his answer was in so singular a style that I shall set down his own
tlu-ough the gi-ass, that if I had not been afeard^ I might
ke-, and very hke it he had horns and wings, yet he crept so slowly
a bat —'The Voyages oi Capt. .J as.
have touched him.' This formidable apparition we afterwards discovered to have been
thus, in Mr. Alhngham s Flower Pieces
Cook vol. i. p. 234. Our modern poets are now even changing the English name
Cicada drunk with
received a new editing,
and other Poems,' just published, and in which some earlier-published poems have
and
" O my Tettis," where formerly appeared, '; Cicada
"0

and
Tettix,"
read
and
we
tettix,
become
a
has
drops of dew,"
as though
iettix,
" dear Cicada." But, oh, mirahile dictu ! a reviewer of these poems defends the name " Cicada against
this grasshopper:'
onomatopoeic, being more pleasant, and long since " the EngUsh way of naming
il

Even

this is not

'

;

m
m

m

;

'

;

'

less


ORIENTAL CICADIDJE.
thought

Botofogo Bay,

unpleasant";*

"ceaseless

the

3

when

by distance, "not
Mr. Middlemiss describes the "deafening roar" from the
the "whirr of large machinery; "t and Dr. Hildreth states that the
cry,"

shrill

softened

in the Himalayas,

rhododendron-trees, like

"countless multitude" of Tibiccn

Linn.,

.scptemdeccin,

"continual singing or scream," from sunrise

woodlands and orchards with a

filled

evening, so loud that in a calm morning

till

"the sound was heard a full mile."]; Nor must we omit the testimony of Virgil, whose
utterances, once more made classic in the pages of Kirby and Spence, describe the Italian
"as bursting the very shrubs with

species

cicadfe" (Georg.

iii.

As regards the

much

328).

their noise

"§

— " Et cantu querul^ rumpent arbusta

||

we

classification of the Cicadidre,

indebted to the work of the late Dr. Stal,1[ and there can be

classification,

followed,

if

according to our present knowledge,
not entirely adopted

is

little

a sound one, and

Newman,

difficult to

it is

and with some modifications, and supplemental proposals,

doubt that his proposed
is

Male. Tympinia entirely or in
the basal

Male.

Tympana

(jreat

many

I

generic views here followed.

will,

some which seem

however, best explain the

These, as a rule, exist in the length and shape of the opercula,
specific distinction occurs, as is the case with

These

and

in the genera Dunduhia

some cases the length

specific differentiations in opercula

Cosinopsaltria,

and the structure of the

face,

of the rostrum, are also important factors in the discrimination of

Colour differences alone, without coincident structural departure, are treated as

and not

specific diflerences.

Before proceeding further,

it will

probably be well to explain the nomenclature here used

to represent the different anatomical divisions

and other specialized forms of structure which

are principally used in the diagnosis of genera and
* 'Voyage of the Beagle,' 10th edit. p.
{ Sillim.

Cicadin^. f-Y
Tibicenin^,^. ''>'

In the differentiation of the species, good structural characters

other organisms, as pointed out by Darwin. ft

maximum

to incorporate

The following synopsis

and where they are unduly developed the greatest

varietal

and

species hitherto thus generically treated,

can generally be found.

the species.

lateral arena of

include thirteen genera, and from these I have been obliged to

have been unnecessarily divorced.

reach their

expanded

CICADIN^.

Subfam.

eliminate

:

entirely or in greater part uneovered.

In this subfamily

without the

adopted here.

it is

the dilated or

hi/

be generally

will

fact,

-----------

part corered

ahdominal segment.**

and
In

frame a very different one,

appears that two divisions or subfamilies can be well differentiated

It

or in

other groups of Rhynchota,

by most students of the family.

" Illative Sense," as propounded by Cardinal

to

many

are, as in

Amer. Journ. 1830,

+

'iU.

p. 48.

'

;

in other words,

that portion

Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 583 (1886).

Ivirby

§

species

& Spence,

'

Introd. to Entomol." 7th ed. p. 500.

Libanius, in his funeral oration upon the Emperor Julian, with the lofty rhetoric used on tiiose occasions, exclaimed,
" Whenever a cessatiun of business occurred, after breakfastin;:; just sutficient to support life, he was not beaten by the cigale,
but throwing himself upon piles of books, he sung away."
Julian the Emperor,' King's trauslat. p. 17G.
!]

—

*\

Hem.

Afr. vol. iv. p. 1 (1866).

** See

'

fig. 1,

on, p. 4.

ft .\b in the opercular valves of sessile Cirripedes (rock barnacles), but these not only show specific distinction,
sometimes " wholly unlike in shape," but vary in the individuals of the same species (' Origin of Species,' 6th edit. p. 120).


ORIENTAL CICADID.E.

4
of

the

subject

which was well

separated

by

Burmeister under the name of

Orismolog)'."
1.

"Partial


.ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
Genus PCECILOPSALTRIA.
PcecUopsnhna,
vol. Iv. p.

Body

Hem.

Still,

Afr.

vol. iv.

2 (18G0|;

p.

Atkins.

-T.

A. S. Beng. vol.

liii.

p.

211

1

1H85)

;

ibid.

143 (1886).

Head

robust, somewiiat short.

base of the mesonotum

;

broad, truncate anteriorly, including ej-es broader tban the

about twice and sometimes thrice the distance from eyes as from each

ocelli

prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins ampliated, or
expanded,
and
laminately
obtusely or acutely angulated near centre.
horizontally
Anterior femora not
Metastevnum elevated, the elevated i)ortion centrally sulcated and somewhat sinuately
distinctly spined.
other

;

face moderately convex, not

Tympana

truncated.

covered

practically

Tegmina with the basal

rounded.

veins widely separated at their bases

opercula short, broad, their apices more or less convexly

;

or area broad, irregular, with four or sometimes five angles

cell

somewhat broadened

interior ulnar area

;

This genus has a wide distribution

ulnar

found in tropical and subtropical Africa,

is

it

;

;

at apex.

throughout the Oriental region and enters the Palearctic fauna at China.

Of twenty-five

species at present known to the writer or otl)erwise recorded, no less than twenty-one are
found in our fauna, and are here enumerated, nineteen only being figured, as two have proved
to the present time unprocurable.

Many

show considerable

of the species

and general appearance

a.

irimj.i

markings of the tegmina and wings.

clear

and unspotted.

Pronotal angles very prominent and

Poecilopsaltria bufo.

1.

Oxypleura hufo, Walker, List.

Hom.

p. 27, u.

i.

This species

Museum.

is

.J.

known

only

That specimen

remodelled in sequence,

is

"Body tawny; head and
two

lilack irregular

:

;

h.)

Atkins.

tip,

;

A

I

Prosterniun.

comparison

is

:

;

Walker's

and

figured,

Opercula.

II

Antennip.

Mesonotum.

original

head much narrower than the

'I

jj

15 il885).

description,

slightly

'of

the

drums §

;

;

fore-chest, +

adorned with

face very slightly convex

eyes not prominent;

scutcheon 1' adorned with a blackish mark in the middle

much

:

feelersll

:

furrows

widened, and forming a very projecting right

hind border very slightly excavated:

middle-chest tt ferruginous:

tiie

J

tawnj' at the tip and beneath

;

operrula';§

drums tawny, rather large, nearly meeting, less than half the leugtli of the
legs tawny
tips of the claws black
fore-thighs armed with two oxtreiuely
;

tlic

;

structural terms used by

Walker and those followed

Bostrum.

—The rostniin considerably

§

p. 216, u.

by Walker's type in the collection of the British

reaching the hind border

also attempted of
J

liii.

149, n. 10 11886).

Iv. p.

chest very broad:

scutcheon of

abdomen, their disks darker

*

A. S. Beng. vol.

-J.

44 (1874).

ferruginous, shorter and narrower than the chest,

tawniy, partly pitchy, close

ff

20, a,

p. 195, n.

hind-scutcheon** pale tawny, ferruginous,

angle on each side:

abdomen

Y'

<--

reproduced.*

fore-chest broadest in the middle

blackish;

•

9 (1850)

i.

to the writer

here

is

fig.

C

I ^

en

bands, the hinder one passing over the region of the eyelets

mouth I tawny, with a black
black

Ent.

A. S. Beng. vol.

if

^'

acute,

(Tab. VIIL,

Platii/iieura {Oxijiileura) hufo, Butl. Cist.

Plati/pleuni hufo, Atkins.

only to a moderate degree, and is

specific variation itself exists

;

principally confined to the
A. Tegmina and

dissimilarity to each other in coloration, structure,

jiasses tlie posterior

margin of

tlie

opercula.

Pronotum.

*^-

Posterior margin of pronotuui.

Sternum.

§§

Tympanal

coverings.

in this

work.


ORIENTAL CICADID.E.

6

tawny teeth

short and blunt

tawny

along the fore border

;

;

wings with an exceedingly slight tawny tinge, tawny towards the base, bright
veins tawny, darker towards the tips cross veins darker.
;

Second marginal areolet* nearly as long as the

first;

first

cross vein very slightly curved, slanting,

forming a very obtuse angle, parted from the second by more than four times
curved, very slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, nearly twice the length
forming a slightly acute angle

straight, very slanting,

slightly acute angle, a little shorter

Long.

excl.

tegm. ^

East India

Hab.

than the third

(sic)

;

;

second slightly
third nearly

curved, forming a slightly acute angle."

fifth

;

length

of the first;

fourth nearly straight, slanting, forming a very

;

Exp. tegm. 86 millim.

29 millim.

.

its

Exp. prouot. angl. 19 millim.

(Brit Mus.).

Nothing can be more unsatisfactory than such a habitat as "East India," and the proper
locahty of the species

is still

to be discovered.

aa. Pronotal angles moderately prominent
2.

Poecilopsaltria canescens.

and

acute.

(Tab. VIII.,

Oxijideura canescens, Walker, Journ. Linn.

Soc, Zool.

Platypleura (Oxypleura) canescms, Butl. Cist. Ent.

i.

PhUypleura [Oxijpleura) acutipmnis, Butl. Cist. Eut.

tig.
x. p.

18, a, b.)
83 (1867).
50 (1874).

p. 197, n.
i.

p. 195, n. 45 (1874).

Head and pronotum ochraceous a spot at anterior angles of front, a transverse fascia between eyes
widened at area of ocelh, a small spot between oceUi and eyes, lateral margins of the pronotum and the
inner edge of the posterior margin (broken at centre) black. Mesonotum dark castaneous, with the following
;

black markings

—a central

widened in front of cruciform elevation, two obconical spots on anterior
fascia on each lateral area. Abdomen castaneous, somewhat thickly clothed with
Body beneath and legs ochraceous a transverse fascia between eyes, central sulcation to face,
:

fascia

margin and a longitudinal
greyish

pile.

margins

;

of the laterally dilated prosternum, a small

posterior (and sometimes also of intermediate)

Tegmina pale hyaline; the

costal

membrane and

the transverse veins at bases of third,

spot at bases of opercula, and a spot at bases of

black.

basal cell ochraceous, the venation brownish-ochraceous

and seventh apical areas, and the apices of the longitudinal
Wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous or brownish-ochraceous.

fifth,

veins to apical areas, slightly infuscated.

The

tibiae,

face is very strongly transversely striate,

and

central sulcation

its

very broad.

is

The rostrum

just passes the posterior coxae and reaches the central connecting angles of the opercula, which are broad

and

short, not extending

Long.

excl.

tegm.

Hab.— SuMATBA
—coll. Dist.).

beyond the base of the abdomen.

,?

(V.

,

'23

millim.

Exp. tegm. 82 millim.

Lansberg— Leyden

Mus.).

Aru Islands (Wallace— Brit. Mus.

The form described by Mr. Butler

;

as P.

possess a specimen from Timor-Laut which

Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.
Timor Laut (Forbes

Banda (Wallace— Brit. Mus.).
Beccari— Genoa Mus.).

is

(0.)

acidipennis, is

a sHght variety,

but I

quite intermediate between that form and the

typical P. canescens, Walli.

This species has evidently a wider distribution in the Malayan
Archipelago than our present collections enable us to describe.
3.

Poecilopsaltria calypso.

(Tab. X.,

fig. 3, a, b.)

Oxijpleura calypso, Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 553.

This species
is

is

only

known

to

the writer by the type in the British

here figured), and Mr. Kirby's description, which

is

"Male. Black, with testaceous markings. Head black;
on each side, extending from the inside of the eye to the
* Apical area.

here reproduced

Museum

(which

:

front of vertex with a wide testaceous stripe
striated portion of the face.

Longitudinal


ORIENTAL

CICADID.1^..

7

sulcation broad, rather deep, black, surmounted by a trapeziform ochreous spot

except the upper ones, are

marked with ochreous, ending

the transverse striations,

;

in a continuous ochreous stripe, not striated,

on

each side of the extremity of the longitudinal sulcation. Sides of face clothed with thick yellowish-grey
hair
labrum with a longitudinal testaceous stripe, expanded above and below proboscis testaceous, black
;

;

towards the extremity, and reaching as far as the hinder trochanters; antenna black.
Pronotum
testaceous, entirely so behind
a dumbbell-shaped black mark in front of this, extending to the front edge,
;

and the central sutures blackish
with grey hair;

mesonotum

;

sides not greatly expanded, with irregular black markings,

black, with two short thick

and a spear-shaped tawny mark,

front edge,

with the hinder half and

lateral

ridges

testaceous, especially on the sides;

each

and

Sternum mostly

side.

tarsi streaked with black

stripes

Abdomen

testaceous.

black;

segment 7 with two testaceous dots

above

on each
sutures

in the

testaceous

first

Long.

excl.

Hab.
B.
4.

tegm. 28 millim.

costal nervures

;

Pcecilopsaltria polita.

Tegulie

and

testaceous."'

Exp. pronot. angl. 13 millim.*

—Brit Mus.).

Tcginina and wings clear, hut more or

less spotted.

(Tab. L,

Oxypleiira polita, Walker, List Horn.
Phiti/pleurti

and inner marginal nervures

Exp. tegm. 76 millim.

Christmas Island (Lister

femora,

segment

basal segment entirely black, the following segments

;

triangnlurly blackish on each side at the base, the last two lateral lobes spotted with black.

wings hyaline, with brown nervures

scutellum

coxae, four front

;

opercula testaceous, extending nearly to the end of the

;

;

narrowly edged with

middle and a larger spot on

legs testaceous

;

and clothed

not reaching the

side,

with black in the middle, directed forwards

black, clothed with greyish hair

Abdomen beneath

abdomen.

of the

filled

tawny

i.

tig.

IG, a, h.)

n. 11

p. 29,

{Oxypleura) polita, Butl. Cist. Eut.

i.

(1850).

p. 19G, n. 40 (1874).

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum tawny-ochraceous
head with some black spots on fi'ont and a
broken transverse black fascia between the ej-es
pronotum with two black discal spots, the anterior one
longitudinal, the posterior one transverse; mesonotum with four black spots on anterior margin,
the
two central ones smallest, a central longitudinal line not reachmg anterior margin, and a small spot in
;

;

front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation

;

abdomen

black,

tympanal coverings,

lateral

posterior margins of the first segment, posterior margins of the second, third,

and fourth segments, and
a large spot on each side of the apical segment ochraceous.
Head beneath, sternum, and opercula
ochraceous
a spot on each side of anterior margin and the central sulcation to face, a transverse spot
;

between face and eyes, and the interior area of opercula black;

Tegmina

pale hyaline, costal

abdomen beneath dark
membrane and venation brownish-ochraceous, transverse vein

castaneous.

at base of
second ulnar area, and the transverse veins at bases of apical areas faintly infuscated, faint fuscous
spots on lower margins of second and third ulnar areas, and a small double series near the apices of the

longitudinal veins to apical areas.

coxae,

The pronotum is considerably and angularly produced on each
and extends to near the inner angles of the opercula.

side, the

rostrum passes the posterior

Tegmina with all the fuscous markings darkened and enlarged, and with the addition of the
a spot in centre and at apex of radial area, and a spot near base of fourth ulnar area, also pale

y
basal

cell,

fuscous.

Long.

excl.

tegm. 23 millim.

Hab.— Continental
The

varietal

India

;

Exp. tegm. 70 millim.

form described

evidently a continental one, and

had no knowledge

Exp. pronot. angl. 12

Karwar, Canara, Trevandrum (Calc. Mus. and

above
its

was

habitat

is

collected

now

of the locality from which the British

* I have taken these dimensious

from the

figure, as

at

for the

to 12^ millim.

coll. Dist.).

Trevandrum.
tirst

The

species

is

time published, as Walker

Museum specuueu was

Mr. Kirb.v has appended none

derived.

to his diagnosis.


ORIENTAL CICADIDJE.

8

PcEcilopsaltria cervina.

5.

(Tab. V.,

Platyplcura cermin, Walker, List Horn.
J.

A. S. Beng. vol.

Platijpleura straminea.

p.

liii.

i.

22 (1850);

p. 16, n.

i.

217, n. 16 (1885)

Walk. List Horn.

12, a, h.)

fig.

;

p. 17, n.

" $

.

Body

is

—

:

mouth
face very slightly convex
head nearly as broad as the fore-chest
feelers pitchy, buff at the
eyes not prominent
:

:

fore-chest of equal breadth from the fore border to the hind border

:

nearly straight on each side

abdomen obconical, a little
black, tawny towards the base
whose

tips

are black

;

drums very

armed with small

fore thighs

;

wings whitish

veins yellow

;

small, far apart;

teeth

much

longer than the

first

;

slanting, forming a very obtuse angle,

than the third
Long.

Hab.

an acute angle

fifth

;

excl.

is

cross-veins

;

length

its

about twice the length of the

first

fourth slightly curved, slanting, forming

;

;

slanting,

second slightly curved,

third very slightly curved,

an acute angle, much shorter

curved, forming a very slightly acute angle."

tegm.


.

18 millim.

Continental India

This appears

;

cross-vein slightly curved,

first

forming an obtuse angle, parted from the second by nearly thrice
slanting, forming

hind shanks beset with buff spines

;

fore-wings buff along the fore border

;

claws

legs pale buff;

a row of brown dots on the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets.

clouded with brown
" Second marginal areolet
;

hind-scutcheon widened, and

;

hind border of the scutcheon of the middle chest very slightly excavated

;

longer than the chest:

it

;

;

:

pale buff, with a black tip extending to the hind hips

base

Atkins.

52 (1874).

p. 198, n.

i.

Walker's description of this species

pale buff

Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 172;

23 (1850).

Plutypleiiia (O.ri/pleiini) ccrrimi, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol.

The following

Stal, Berl.

ibid. Iv. p. 149, n. 1 (1886).

to

;

Exp. pronot. angl. 9 milhm.

Exp. tegm. 50 miUim.

North Bengal (Miss Campbell,

be a very rare species, or at

all

Brit.

events

Mus.

is

;

and Calc. Mus.)

very seldom found in collections

probably quite confined to Continental India, and even there

The male specimen

considerably locahsed.

figured

in the

is

its

distribution

may

be

possession of the Calcutta

Museum.
C. Wings always more or

less

opaque.

D. Terjmina opaquely spotted or handed,
6.

Pcecilopsaltria basi-viridis.

j^

> '*'

(Tab. IX.,

Platypleura basi-viridis, Walker, List. Horn.

i.

p. 18, n.

Head and thorax above brownish-ochraceous

;

fig. 6, a, h.)

24 (1850)

the

;

Butl. Cist. Ent.

posterior

margins

i.

of

p. 188, n.

pro-

19 (1874).

and meso-notums

head with a large spot on each side of front, and a transverse fascia between the eyes,
enclosing ocelli and connected with base, black; pronotum with a central discal angulated spot, two
the lateral margins
transverse spots on centre of posterior margin, a somewhat obliciue spot behind eyes,
stramineous;

and the furrows black mesonotum with four obconical spots on the anterior margin, the central ones shortest,
of this a small rounded
a large spear-shaped central spot— not reaching anterior margin,— on each side
:

on the centre of anterior margin and the anterior angles of the cruciform elevation, black
Body
abdomen blackish, the tympanal coverings and the posterior segmental margins ochrnceous.
centre,—

large
excluding
spot
a
central sulcation and anterior margin of face,—
beneath dull ochraceous
spot, a spot

;

between face and eyes, apex of rostrum and apices of the

Tegmina

hyaline, the venation brownish, costal

tarsi black.

membrane brownish with two

blackish spots

;

basal

more waved macular
cell brownish with a darker spot, a curved fascia crossing near base, followed by a
fascia, a dark and outwardly concave macular fascia crossing beyond end of radial area, an oblique fascia
situate on the transverse veins at bases of apical areas, and extending from post-costal area to about

half the lireadth of tegmina,

and a double

series of small obscure spots

on apices of longitudinal veins

to


CICADIDJE.

OllIEXTAL
apical aveas dark brownish

;

wing3 ochraceons, inarsins broadly

—

9

especially at

a pale marginal whitish spot at apex and centre of posterior margin.
18 millim. Exp. tcgm. 52 to 55 millim.
Long. excl. tegm. (?

Continental India

Karwar

:

brownish, with

Exp. pronot. angl. 10 millim.

,

Ilab.

apex—
(Calc. Mus.*.

another of those species described by Walker, to which, at the time, no locality
but a specimen recently forwarded to me by Mr. Atkinson, which had been
could be given
captured at Karwar, enables the species to be added to our fauna.

This

is

;

PcEcilopsaltria basialba.

7.

(Xri/plenra iHiainllHi, Wallcer, List

i.

i.

p. 2G, u.

p. 191, n.

known

This species being only

"

Horn.

Eut.

PhiKjpleui-,! haxialha, Butl. Cist.

Museum,

(Tab. VIII.,

to

19, a, h.)

fig.

8 (1850).

82 (1874)

Atkins. J. A. S. Beug. vol.

;

is

followed

:

yellow, clothed with white hairs, covered beneath with white powder

forehead adorned with

;

a black band in front and behind, and with a stripe of short black bands on each side
slender black bands

eyes tawny

;

eyelets red

;

147, n. 7 (1886).

the writer by the typical specimen in the British

the usual plan of giving the original description

Body

Iv. p.

;

cheeks also with

feelers tawny, with black bands and tips

;

;

fore-chest

middle-chest adorned with three black stripes, the side pair
adorned with seven small black marks

straight,
widened
one
on
each side by the fore border, and having a small black spot on
middle
the
oblique,
drums, tip and hind borders of the segments
abdomen black
each side near the hind border
;

;

yellow;

;

legs yellow, clothed with short white hairs;

tips of the claws black;

armed beneath with two small
tawny spines
from this brown hue a
above, brown at the base beneath
border, and communicates with an oblique brown band which
;

fore thighs

;

colourless, dark brown with a whitish outline for

teeth

;

hind-shanks beset with

wings colourless, white at the base

tawny stripe proceeds along the hind
hind-wings
crosses the wing near its base
near half the surface from the base, which is tawny
short

;

dark brown veins tawny, pitchy at the tips of the fore-wings.
" Second marginal areolet as long as the first
first cross-vein nearly straight, very slanting,
by full five times its length second very
from
second
angle,
parted

the
forming an extremely obtuse

flaps

;

;

;

slightly curved, very slanting,

the

first

;

forming an extremely obtuse angle, a

third very slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle

little
;

more than twice the length

of

fourth curved, upright, forming a

slightly acute angle."

Long.

Hab.

excl.

tegm. 21 millim.

Continental India

This appears

8.

Exp. pronot. angl. 11 millim.

Exp. tegm. 62 millim.

North Bengal (Miss Campbell

;

—Brit.

ilus.).

to be either a very rare or a very local species.

Poecilopsaltria subrufa, (Tab.
Oxypleimi siihru/ci, Walker, List Hom. i. p.
Platijpleiim subrufa, Butl. Cist. Eut.

i.

I., fig. 1, a, h.)

25. u. 7 (1850).

p. 192, n.

36 (1874)

;

Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol.

liii.

p. 21C, n. 14 (1885);

ibid. Iv. p. 148, n. 9 (188G).

and basal margin of front, anterior lateral margins of vertex
pronotum brownish-ochraceous, the posterior and lateral
and a transverse fascia between the eyes black
margins stramineous, edges of the dilated lateral margins and a small obscure central discal spot black

Head brownish-ocbraceous

;

lateral

;

pale castaneous, with four obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest,
angle of the
a central black elongate discal spot, and a small rounded black spot in front of each anterior

mesonotum

D