THE MINERAL CONCHOLOGY OF GREAT BRITAIN V01, SOWERBY 1812 to 1834

;:

THE

MINERAL CONCHOLOGY
OF

GREAT BRITAIN;
OR

COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF THOSE

REMAINS OF TESTACEOUS ANIMALS

^l^elljs.

WHICH HAVE BEEN PRESERVED AT VARIOUS TIMES AND DEPTHS IN
THE EARTH.

By JAMES SOWERBY,

F. L, S, G. S.

W. S. &c.

AUTHOR OF BRITISH MINERALOGY, EXOTIC MINERALOGY, BRI
TISH MISCELLANY, ENGLISH FUNGI, AND A BOTANICAL
DRAWING BOOK ;
PUBLISHER OF ENGLISH BOTAST, SfC.

Many, O Lord my God, are thy wonderful works which thoa hast done
they cannot be reckoned up in order to thee : if I would declare and speak
of them, they are more than can be numbered.
Psalm

x\. 5.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY BENJAMIN MEREDITH, SILVER STREET,
STREET, CHEAPSIDE;

WOOD

And sold by the Author, J. Sowerby, No, 2, Mead Place, Lambeth
White and Co. Fleet Street Sherwood and Co. Paternoster Row j
And by all Booksellers in Town and Country,
;

i^



TO

JOHN BAKER,
"tVhose long friendship

and

Esq. F. L.

gentle

S.

&c.

manners, with a

constant attachment to useful pursuits, has long

my esteem, and gratitude, I beg
dedicate this part of my labours.

pleasingly engaged

permission to

That he may partake of

that happiness he con-

stantly deals to others, is the fervent hope

of

his

most humUe and faithful Servant,

JAMES SOWERBY.

2j

Mead

Place, Lambeth,

May 25th,

1812.



PREFACE.

English Botany and

British Mineralogy being

nearly finished^

the desire of many, that those

it is

plants of ancient formation,

served in the rocks

may be

now

which have been pre-

elucidated.

I

have long

been attentive to the subject, and hope to indulge

my

friends

At
gate,

and myself

in a short time.

Archway

present the digging for the

at

High-

having led to many unexpected discoveries,

and causing a

still

louder call for the Elucidation of

the remains of Shells, I do not delay to publish them,
especially as they greatly help to

form a catalogue

that includes

many

other habitats, even some foreign

ones, so that

when

this

work

is

complete, very

will remain to be done to include
as one place will identify another

known world.

what are

little

foreign,

through the whole


PREFACE.

VI

The

remains of Shells are sometimes so well pre-

served that

many

recent ones are not equal to them^

either in preservation or beautj;,

and

it

often happens

that the peculiar nature of their situation preserves

them

in a

sentation.

manner that excels

The

pearly

all

lustre

our art

is^

in

superior to that of the most recent
the changes into Carbonate of
lized

structure,

Flint,

into

generally such as to excite

in repre-

some^

even

Shells^

and

Lime with the
Calcedony,

crystal-

&c,

are

our admiration; every

minutia being so well cast as to preserve the most
attenuated
tlie

striae

or elaborate markings; and even

polish and colour are often admirably retained^

and additional splendour gained under ground, by

means

of Sulphuret

lustre

which equals^

thing

of
if it

Iron,

giving a metallic

does not surpass every

else.

It is

thought that Generic names of

out the termination

lites

or

ites,

Shells, with-

to signify the stony

substance of which they consist, as Nautilus, not
Nautilites, are preferable, as it often happens that

the slight change Shells have undergone

may not

warrant them, and the cast shewn may be considered
quite inconsistent with such a term.
will say in general

The

description

what change a specimen may have


PREFACE.

Yll

undergone, and the figures will be done in such a

way

as to help the description as

much

as

may

be,

with the shining pearly stony or metallic brilliancy.

Many

species of one genus

plate, as

it

might be thought

a single small Shell alone.

may be

included in a

insignificant to figure
I

have long since pos-

sessed a tolerable collection of British Fossil Shells.

To

the addition of a fine series from Highgate,

favour of

may be
this

my

indefatigable friend B.

attributed

my more

him and other kind

specimens received,

G. Snow, Esq.

particular attention to

branch of Natural History.

to thank

by

I here

beg leave

friends for the

many

and hope the present under-

taking will meet their approbation.

JAMES SOWERBY.



;
:

9

TAB.

NAUTILUS

I.

Imperialis.

Gen. Char. Shell univalve; divided into chambers
hy numerous transverse septae^ connected by
a siphunculus or tube.
Spec, Char. Involute^, umbilicate; aperture lunate
septae entire, concave, broadest in the middle,

truncated and slightly recurved at their ends

;

siphunculus nearest to the inside.

Ike
their

two

axis of this species measures about

greater diameter,

and the

width distant from each other

bably open, in which
the external coat

is

it

differs

striated in the

The upper

figure

is

its

the umbilicus

:

is

pro-

from Nautilus Pompilius

younger Shells and often

of a light brown colour, under this the Shell
pearly ; the inside also

thirds of

about one eighth of

septae are

is

beautifully

pearly.

shows a specimen'from the great Clay

stratum lately laid open at Highgate, and has some of the

brownish outer coat remaining.

which

is

closed

It is

broken at the mouth,

by a pearly concave septa showing the

aperture of the siphunculus, the other parts of the remains

of the Shell are also pearly, and more or

The broad

less iridescent.

undulations of the septae are seen in one part

separated by shining brown Carbonate of
slight resemblance to a Lobster's tail

chambers are opened, the

first

;

Lime

bearing a

in another part the

of which

is

lined with the

waxy Carbonate of Lime and shows part of
the siphunculus.
The other septje are more or less broken,
yellowish more

and show the chambers coated on the

inside with brilliant

variously coloured crystals of Pyrites, chiefly very small


10
The

cubo-odaedrons.

left

hand

figure

below

is

from a

continuation of the same Clay formation near Minster,

of Shcepy, and

the Isle

is

more perfect ;

species, appearing

on

from the inside of one of the same
it

has, however,

none of

the epidermis, and the pearly lustre i& almost lost in an

opaque whiteness ;
Shell ;

the middle

part of the largest siphunculus I have ever

is

This Shell

with.

shew the contour of the

situation of the siphunculus:

and the

septa,

figure

serves well to

it

dotted outline underneath shows the form of a

tlie

is

met

often found of a considerable size at

Sheepy, and, as Mr. Trimmer informs me, at Brentford;
at Highgate large portions have been found, and I met
with three pieces that nearly

fit,

and when put together

indicate a proportion larger, I believe, than usual for this
species, viz. 12 inches for the longest diameter,
for the axis,

a

its

and 8

The

specimen.

fine

largest piece has retained

Shell

variegated and pearly; and the

is

last

with marly Clay.

I

was about

outline of this in the work, but
full

of the

chamber, which

It

may

retains

gluten.
ford,

to give a folded

was persuaded

who wish

for

such a representation.

be understood, that, in general, while a Shell

a pearly
I

'e

byfav

(,

lustre, there
i

remains some of the animal

specimen of

this

Nautilus from Brent-

of Dr. Sutton of Norwich, which has
filmy

skm

of the cutic
quite elastic

partly covered with Pyrites.

lately

fine spiculae

It

may

some

of one of the septa remaining

^r

have

to publish

coloured figure, which I have done for the

sized

convenience of those

I

tlie rest

generally understood to be the habitation of the animal,

is filled

a

making
most of

epidermis, of a brownish buff colour, elegantly netted

with dull Pyrites formed in knots or drops ;

is

7| inches

inches for the shorter diameter,

A

specimen

got from Highgate, besides Pyrites, contains

of Sulphate of Lime.

not be amiss here to observe, that the Highgate

11
Clay, and that of Sheepy, and several other places,
highest

considered as detached portions of the

are,

known

stratum but one, which is Sand. As it lays not far above
are
the Chalk, it may be sought for in those districts which

bounded by Chalk, but as Mr. Farey has observed to me,
in a valuable letter upon this subject, this "being the
uppermost stratum but one, it is mostly denudated and
gone; and, except in some particular tracts in and near
where the Sand upon it is found, this blue Highgate

found only in particular hummocks or isolated
patches on the Clays and Sands beneath it (in which the
London wells are sunk)." Mr. Farey has also favoured

Clay

will be

with a detail of the boundaries of the three great tracts
on which the strata covering the Chalk are found; the

Northernmost extending along the coast a considerable way

me

on each

side of the

mouth of

the

H umber;

the middle

or greater tract covering the South of Norfolk, greater
part of Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, parts of Berkshire, and

Wiltshire, the South of Hampshire, Surrey, and Kent;
in
the Southern tract extends from Brighton to Axminster

Devonshire.

It

would be doing a service to Geology, if
would search for and com-

persons resident in these tracts

pare the

fossils

with each other.

NAUTILUS

centralis

Left hand figure.

Spec. Char. Involute, umbilicate

;

aperture bluntly

lunate, septse entire, concave, not recurved at
their ends; siphunculus central.

This Shell is about three-fourths of its diameter in thickness,
and the concavity of the

septae is gentle

recurving; see the outline below

it.

and regular without

The

distances of the


—
12
are nearly the

septae

same as

separated specimens wliich

new

and

species,

siphunculus

is

feet

in the last,

have called

I

It

possess.

as I

centralis

it

find from

appears to be a

because the

central.

The specimen
175

I

is

from a well dug

in

Richmond Park,
It is filled up

deep in the great Clay formation.

with a dullish Pyrites, and the Shell

NAUTILUS

is

slightly pearly.

Lowest figure.

ziczac.

Spec. Char. Involute, inner turns concealed, aper-

ture bluntly triangular,

septse

concave

much

recurved at their ends with a deep indenture in
the edge on each side, siphunculus nearest to
the inside.

It

about one third of

is

and

diameter in thickness, being a

The remarkable

flattish Shell.

septae

its

zigzag appearance of the

their broad edges distinguish this Shell pretty

readily from any I before knew, except a large one figured

by Mr. Parkinson
fig.

15,

in his

Organic Remains, vol. 3,

tab. 7,

and which may perhaps prove to be an older

specimen of the same Shell, but the great indentation

edge of each
to

septae is contracted

in the

towards the middle so as

become suddenly acute, and not turning regularly round

as in this, but

has figured

is

it

a

must be remembered that the specimen he
cast,

from Highgate, and

is

and not the

Shell.

My specimen is

the only one I have met with.


13

TAB.

AVICULA
A

Gen. Char.

II.

media.

free Shell, a little

gaping near the

beaks, fixing itself bj a byssus, having valves

of unequal

the hinge linear, without a

size,

tooth, extended over the beaks into

The

two wings.

Cartilage of the hinge oblong, broadest

middle

the

near

and marginal.

Muscular

impressions two, contiguous.
Spec. Char. Ovate,

depressed

;

wings large, un-

one wing acute, valves nearly equal;

equal,

length of the Shell and hinge nearly equal;
surface smooth.

Our

Shell agrees sufficiently with the recent species of this

genus to be ranked with them, and more correctly so than
with those of any other genus.
to be nearly equal,

however, appear

Its valves,

and the hinge

in the larger specimens

shows some signs of a depression and tooth near the short
wing, and a
like

elongated swelling on the opposite side,

little

We think

Mytilus Hirundo Linn.

some vestige of a
wing,- that

constriction or

most apparent in the large pearl muscle,

is

Mytilus margaritiferus, Linn.

Indeed

it

very nearly allied to both of these, but
distinct

species,

the wings

Hirundo, and longer than in
fore consider

and name

it

also that there is

around the short

fold

it

as a species

accordingly.

being

M.

seems altogether
is

nevertheless a

shorter than

margaritiferus.

in

M.

I there-

which comes between the two,


14
Tliis species

from

j an inch square,

to

has a
brownish smooth epidermis, marked with distant concentric
striae,

and

Many

is

^

pearly within.

is

masses of these Shells have been found, each as

big as a bushel or more, chiefly in a rotting

mixed darkish Clay
but they are

The

it

right

in different parts of

a

in

state,

Highgate Hill,

difficult to preserve.

hand lower

shows a

figure

fine

specimen on a

piece of Scptarium of hardish brown Marie, with some

fragments more or
inside near

of

many

jand

it is

enveloped in

less

specimens, which

lustre,

have a pearly appearance

both inside and out, when the epidermis

The upper

decayed.

all

The figure of the
make it with the help

it.

as distinct as I could

stone in a state of decay, full of smaller Shells

;

the outside

has become ochraceous, and the Shells more chalky
inside being less

Shells

changed

more pearly.

The two

casts taken

the principal parts

may

to

I

figures)

thank Mr. Snow
have

I

seem to

do not know that

any where besides

numerous favours, so likely
public.

hand

from within the

be rather equal, while the wings of

Shell has been discovered

have

the

to be nearly equivalved, but like the pectens,

each valve do not meet each other.

I

;

darker, and the remains of

is

Shells of this specimen (see the left

show them

is

shows a specimen of the same

figure

for this,

to

specimens

become

of

at

among

this

Highgate.
his other

instructive to the

Avicula Hirundo from

Marazion, found by Miss Elizabeth Pocock, and minute
specimens from Bantry
of Mr.

Drummond,

Bay

but

in Ireland,

it is

certainly another species.

mention these here to show that we have

Some

by the friendship
I

still

on our coasts

Shells nearly allied to the fossil ones,

which have

frequently been considered as related more immediately to
those of the East Indies.


15

TAB.

III.

SOLEN

affinis.

Gen. Char. An equivalve,

elongated

transversely

bivalve, gaping on each side, the hinge teeth,

each valve or double in one valve.

sinffle in

Spec. Char.

rounded at

Shell linear subarciiate,

each extremity, hinge placed near one extremity,
surface smooth.

This

Shell

is

about five times as broad as

slightly curved
It has
at

and

it is

long, but

very thin.

been found plentifully imbedded in Marie septariae

Highgate.

Its

similarity to Solen

which

pellucidus,

has occasionally been found recent in several parts of

England,

same

is

so great that

we

at first considered it as the

species, but in the fossil the extremity of

farthest

from the hinge

is

each valve

uniformly rounded, which

is

not

the case with the recent species, that being squarish at the

end

;

this

is,

moreover, a rather straighter Shell.

teeth of the hinge could not be

we

The

found in our specimens, but

suppose from the analogy of the greater part of the

Shell, that they are like S. pellucidus.

Shells vary, I

have either from

less

The

sizes

of both

than half an inch in

breadth to above an inch, and of a proportionate length.

They

are of a darker or hghter horn colour.

Shells are mostly placed in pairs.

The

fossil



17

CYPRiEA.
Gen. Char,

Shell univalve, ovate, convex, margins

Spire small, covered. Aperture longi-

involute.

narroWj toothed on both

tudinal;,

CYPR^A

oviformis.

TAB
Egg

Spec. Char.

sides.

IV.

shaped, tumid, smooth, slightly

marginate; aperture widest at the lowest end,
left

of the aperture obscurely toothed;

side

right lip involute, tumid.

J-

HE

shell is

most gibbous

at

about one-third of

its

length

downwards, then tapering to a short beak, which forms a
broadish canal; the aperture vertical, narrowest where the

body of

the shell

and shining, with the

marked

much widest towards
The whole shell smooth

most gibbous, and

is

the beak, dentated on both sides.
strias

in elegant curves

of growth generally delicately

round the beak; there are some

longitudinal angles, scarcely perceptible,

most swelling parts
appear that

this

opening of the

;

shell

hill at

Some specimens
some

It

does not

was known any where before the
Highgate, not even in Hampshire.

are so well preserved as to retain entire

the external shining porcelain coat,
in

surrounding the

colour pale brown buff.

recent shells of this

epidermis, although

it

which

is

so admirable

Genus, but not the transparent

looks almost as if

it

were in some of

these preserved specimens ; this china-like polished surface

seems

to

it.

'g/2.

to

prevent parasitical shells or animals from adhering

This coat

is

often

more

beautiful in consequence of


18
external marks, but the present species

served to show

has a

a

is

little

little

if

there

is

sufficiently pre-

The upper

had been any.

shell

remains of the shining outside, the upper part

broken, the lower part or l)eak

and shows some of the

teeth;

it

is

is

filled

very entire,
with hardish

marie, so as to hide the remainder of the teeth, which,

however, are seen in the right hand figure of a smaller

which

shell,

and a brown
in Pyrites

same

by

shell.

stain

the shells,

High gate,
It

is

shells

of Iron Pyrites, the beak

enveloped

is

two or three places the dark Pyrites which

and adheres over the cracks.

to the generous
at

with the polished coat

The left hand figure is the dorsal view of the
The lower figure is more injured, showing

the breaks in

fills

finely preserved

is

I

am

Mr. Weatherell, who discovered

for the

obliged

this shell

specimens figured.

to be observed that accidentally the plate of these

has been reversed in the engraving, bringing the

mouths to the

left

instead of the right side.


;

19

NATICA, Lamarcke.
Gen. Char. UniYalve, nearly globose umbilicated
shell

;

aperture entire, semi-orbicular ; columella

without teeth, externally callous,

transverse,

callosity contracting,

and sometimes even cover-

ing the umbilicus.

NATICA

glaucinoides.

TAB. Y,— Three upper figures.
Spec. Char. Nearly globose, spire rather elongated

umbilicus simple, partly covered upper part of
;

each whorle slightly depressed.

Whorles

about

the breadth of the lowest volution

five,

upper part a

three-fourths of the length of the shell, the
little

flattened or

even concave, the remainder gibbous.

Umbilicus large, sometimes with a

little

appendage from
it, and

the lip, projecting more or less conspicuously over

forming either a transverse ridge dividing the umbilicus,
or a callous tooth.

Shell externally glossy, of a light

The
is

remark, that

fossil shells differ

This

here curiously verified.

ance so

much

comparison
observing

it

it

from the recent ones,

shell in its general

resembles Nerila glaucina,

was considered
with attention

distinct, the spire in this will

N. Canrena

or more specimens

is

same

as the
it

will be

to

without

species, but

found

one-fifth,

yet shorter.

all alike.

that

appear-

on

sufficiently

be found to be higher, nearly

in the proportion of one-fourth

Glaucina.

brown bands.

indications of darker

brown colour with some

The

than in

N.

I have seen twenty

inner or umbilical lip

is


—

20
coarser,

and more apt

to pass into a callous tooth-like pro-

These arc found abundantly

jection over the umbilicus.

in

the dark clay at Highgate, from the size of the upper figure

down

somewhat

to the size of a small pea, varying

spreading of

of growth more worn and distinct
or thicker according to
figure shews the left lip

worn away on

the

in the

and having sometimes the

the pillar lip,

its

the outer lip being thinner

;

stale

lines

of maturity.

The middle

more spread, thinner, and partly

body of the

covering the umbilicus.

I

shell,

and the projection half

have named

as above,

it

The

resemblance to Nerita Glaucina.

cast

is

from

its

sometimes

found in clay, coated with dark Pyrites, or hollow, lined
with crystallized iridescent Pyrites.

NATICA
TAB. V.

similis.

Two middle figures.

Spec. Char. Shell rather

rhomb oidal

;

spire short,

umbilicus divided by a spiral projection, mouth
slightly angular above.

Spire

small, of three or four nearly flat volutions, giving a

rhomboidal contour to the whole

shell, the

umbilicus double,

or divided by a transverse spiral projection, terminating at

the

mner

or

left lip,

forming an obtuse lobe, from which the

lip afterwards spreads

on the

shell,

and terminates abruptly

against the curve of the upper part of the outer lip, a
like Nerita pallidula.

I

could not help being very

little

much

pleased with the extraordinary similitude of this specimen

and a specimen of a recent
rufa, (see

Mont. Test.

shell,

Brit.

bearing the

name of Nerita

Sup. tab. 30, p. 150) which

it

agrees with, excepting in colour and size, being smaller,


—
21
and the lobe not continuing the upper part of the outer
I

have therefore designated

species.

clay stratum, where

is

it

This

greenish sand.

more or

:

Lamarcke, but

mixed with the

less

some

shell bears

There being only these

N.

relation to

differs in the general

mouth and

as in the form of the
figure.

lip

new and extraordinary

was found towards the surface of the Highgalc

It

glottina of

as a

it

left lip,

epi-

form, as well

according to his

distinctions between

little

these species, I call this Natica similis.

I

have a cast about

by favour of

the size of the shell below, from Bognor,

W.

Borrer, Esq. that I judge indicates this species.

NATICA
TAB. V.

depressa.

Lower figures.
Lamarcke, Ann. du

Ampullaria depressa?

Mus.

t.

5, p. 32.

t.

8, pi. 61,

f.

3.

Spec. Char. Nearly globose^ subunibilicated

;

upper

part and side of each whorle flattenedj so as to

appear nearly square
neath

;

mouth angular

•Spiral volutions about

columella depressed be-

;

at the

six,

upper part.

flattened above;

the large

lower whorle loses that flatness at the upper part of the

mouth; the right
which reaches

lip

is

undulated by the

lateral depression,

to the middle of the lower volution,

then becomes convex.

The mouth

upper part; the inner or

left lip

a straight line, gives

it

is

most acute

spreading a

little,

an almost lunate form.

which
at the

nearly iu

Umbilicus

oblong, not very deep.
I

have

this shell

only by favour of the Rev. P. Lathbury,

from Woodbridge, Suffolk.

It is whitish

and chalky.



^3
CASSIS, Lamarcke,
Gen. Char.

Shell

univalve, ventricose;, gibbous;

aperture longitudinal subdentated, terminating
in a short reflected canal.

on the lower part^

Columella plicated

flattened

lip

and forming a

ridge on the body of the shell.

CASSIS

carinata.

TAB Yl.— Three

upper figures.

Spec. Char. Shell pjriform
depressed,
striae,

angular,

;

many

longitudinal

and three nodose ridges; beak recurved.

Buccinum nodosum,

Syn.

spire short; volutions

with

and

Solcind.

Brand.

Haiiioniens.

Spire

short; rather acute; volutions six, angular, longi-

tudinally striated, stris rising, alternately large

mostly decussated with the

striae

of growth.

prominences on the more gibbous part of the
at the

contracted at the top

tions within the right lip,
lip

;

shell,

the one

edge of the depression most prominent, the other two

concealed by each succeeding volution.
little

and small;

Three rows of

by one

or

Mouth

oblong, a

two tooth-like projec-

and two or three within the

right lip reflected, broad, concave, retaining the

of the outside, joining the

left

striai

Up

at the top, which is
and passes from the gibbous part of
over the umbilicus and the recurved beak.
left

also broad, plicated,

the shell

This seems to be the

sliell

figured in Brander's frontispiece.

I received the specimens from Highgate,

been found in

fine preservation.

where several have

It is said to

be found in


—
24
Arragon, and in the sandy

something by which

to

hills

make

to similarity of formation.

It is

more sandy

clay, or in the

of Tuscajiy.

Thus we have

a coiTij)arison, as far as relates

found

soil

in the

eillior

among

it,

dark

at Ilighgatc.

The upper figures show the front and dorsal view of the
The middle figure is an internal cast, being yellowish

shell.

Carbonate of Lime, showing the polished inside of the

which was

with Indurated Clay and Pyrites; a

filled

the shell remains in a chalky state on some parts.

w orth

I

little

of

always

while attending to the casts of shells, as in some forma-

tions they only remain,

what

It is

shell,

shell

and we may by practice learn

they belong, which

may

have a small broken specimen, in which the inner

much

to

prove abundantly useful.
lip is

spread, and having only one distinct row of projections

on the edge of the more ventricose
perhaps

finer;

it is

part,

a younger shell;

it

and the

is filled

stria are

with sandy

Also from Highgate.

clay.

CASSIS

TAB.
Spec. Char.
oval;,

VI,

striata.

Four lower figures.

Shell ovate;

spire

acute;

volutions

lona;itudinally striated;, with one obscure

nodose ridge; beak nearly straight.

short, rather acute, volutions about six, covered with

Spire

rising longitudinal
close to the

stria;,

which are

which are more prominent.

tinct.

Mouth
;

equal, except one

upper edge, and one between that and the nodose

ridge,

within

all

Lines of growth indis-

oblong, right lip reflected, broad,

left lip

flat,

toothed

broad, plicate, passing over the umbilicus


25
and part of the beak, -which

straight in the

is

young

shells,

but slightly curved in the old ones.

This species, as well as the

and

I

do not know that

from the

last in

more regular
tions

on a

in

less

it

hand middle

its

form

it

;

figures.

on the surface of the
it

It differs

width, and

little

projec-

most

slighty toothed all along

is

and back views, right and

The lower
shells,

shell,

is

The lips are nearly

simple.

figures are

left

from parts of

one showing the outer lip

which continues beyond

it;

thus

appears that this animal, like other shelly animals, may,

after perfecting its shell, leave the
its

its

has but one row of

see the front

;

and more mature

larger

occurs elsewhere.

angular ridge, below which the shell

the same, but the right one

the inner edge

found at Highgate,

being longer in proportion to

The strife are mostly

gibbous.

last, is

growth;

joining the

it

left lip,

body of the

shell.

which

The

cast of

is

left,

extravagantly spread over the

other figure

Carbonate of Lime cast of

from the

former lip and continue

has some of the top of the newest lip

is

this species,

C. carinata by

its

an amber coloured
it

is

distinguished

regular surface wanting

the nodose ridges.

These

shells

vary somewhat, so that some approach more

than others to the

whether

and

to

I

it

am

last described.

inclined to believe that

be only varieties.

useful.

I

am

uncertain therefore

be correct to consider them as distinct species,

Lamarcke supposes them

In either case the figures

may

prove