THE MINERAL CONCHOLOGY OF GREAT BRITAIN V06, SOWERBY 1812 to 1834

—

;

THE

MINERAL CONCHOLOGY
OF

GREAT BRITAIN;
OR

COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF THOSE

REMAINS OF TESTACEOUS ANIMALS
OK

WHICH HAVE BEEN PRESERVED AT VARIOUS TIMES AND DEPTHS
THE EARTH.

By JAMES SOWERBY,

F.L.S. G.S.

IN

W.S.

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF GOTTINGEN,
OF THE SOCIETY OF JENA, &C.

CONTINUED BY

JAMES

D. C.

SOWERBY,

F.L.S. Z.S. &c.

Many, O Lord my God, are thy wonderful works which thou hast done
they cannot be reckoned up in order to thee if I would declare and speak
of them, they are more than can be numbered. Psalm xl. 5.
:

VOL. VI.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET ;

And

and C. E. Sowerby, No. 2, Mead Place, Lambeth;
G. B. Sowerby, 156, Regent Street; Longman and Co., and
Sherwood and Co., Paternoster-row; &c.

sold by J. D. C.

""^

MDCCCXXIX.

P



..

. .

INDEX TO VOL.
Tab.

Benettianus 539
77
Beudanti. See "Corrections."
brevispina ..536/. 2
106
Catillus
123
564/. 2
cinctus
122
564/ 1
complanatus 569/ 1
133
154
curvatus ..,. 379/2
1

denarius
78
540/.
elegans ....
162
falcatus
153
579/1
Gowerianus .549/2
94
.

.

•
/
•
i
•

.

.

'

4

•

Jamesoni

...

555/

lasvigatus

...

570/3

l^^igcitus

i^el-l^^^

liguinus) S
lataecosta ... 556/

.

-

.
.

.

1

Murchisonae
navicularis
planulatus

.

1

550

555/ 2
..570/5
..

rhotomagensis 515
Rotula
570/4

106
95
105
136

25
136

.
.

.

•

See "Corrections."
spinosus ..,.540/2
Sutherlandiae 563
Taylori
514/ 1

tetrammatus
undatus

WooUgari

.

587

/

2

569/2

..

587/.

1

Ampullariahelicoides522/. 2

522/

nobilis

Ancylus elegans
Argonauta
Astarte bipartita

imbricata

..521/3
.

,

nitida
..

/

521
1
521 /. 2
521/. 4

520/2
520/

1

Avicula lanceolata .512/1
ovata
512/ 2
in Green-sand
Baculites anceps

penicillatus

7,

8&

590/ 5&6

.

589

pistilliformis

/

3

Beloptera

591/2

anomala

belemnitoidea591/. 3
sepioidea ... 591/. 1

Buccinum acutum .566/1
breve
566 /. 3
imbricatum.. 566/ 2
spinosum
566
4
Bulimus conicus.

/

.

.

decussatum..

78

dissimile

121

10

181
IJT
171

I84
I83
I83
127
128
127

128
61

74
552/2100,132

552/
553/

1

99

2
552/. 3

101

23

hibernicum

166
134
165

striatulum

..

553/.

1

lOl

truncatum

..

553/

3

102
173

40
39

64
38
37
37

38
35
35
9
17

18

158
185
Faujasii
186
1
592/
obliquatus.. 592/ 2&3 186
186
ovata
vertebralis.
185,186
.

s&g ng

.

Camerina
Cardium alaeforme

173

obionga
orbicularis
striata
tellinoides

1

533

2,'

590/

.

"

/•.

'

. .

103
135

93

590

180
attenuatus .. 589/. 2
176
compressus
590 / 4
182
ellipticus ...
182
elongatus
590/1
178
Gigas
182
granulatus .. 600 /.3&5 2O7
lanceolatus .600/. 8&9 208
minimus
175
589/ 1
mucronatus 600/.l,2,4,6&7
205

24

•'

,

-

Belemnites ab-l
breviatusj
acutus

.

HippocasO
tanumj

Page.

Tab.

Page.

AMMOKiTEsBakeriae 570/.1&2 134

•

VI.

.

Carinaria

Chama

Corbis

100

218,219

580

156
139
140
rotundata
140
striatula
572/.2&3 139
Cyclas pulcher
527/1 51,202
medius
51
527/2
membranaceu5527
3
52
Discina
3
Emarginula(s Fis-?
laevis

Corbula elegans
obscura

572/

1

572/5
..572/4

/

•'
surella) clathrata ^
scalaris
519/

tricarinata

3&4 34

..519/2

Exogy ra conica .... 605 /

1

costata {Say)
digitata
haliotoidea.
laevigata

605/4

34

— 3 219

218
218
218
220


1

..
.....

. ..

INDEX TO VOL.
Tab.

I'Aogyra plicata
recurvata

.

.

.

undata
Fistulana
Fusus alveolatus.
cancellatus
Galeolaria
Gastrochaena con-

.

525/.

.

48
45
45

1

525/2

.

198
7

526/
526/

torta )

tortuosa . .
Gervillia acuta
aviculoides

2

50

Mya

angustata

531

Antiquorum

57,61,202
531/2
58

.

511

16

.

510/1—4

/

SI
173

excavatus

grandis ....593/1
Hinnites Cortcsyi.
Dubuissoni .. 601

188
18T

209
210

polvgonalis

Inoceramus

161

/".

.

Cripsii.

604/2
584/3

digitatus

dubius
gryphseoides

.584/

Nautilus

Comptoni...

inflata

.554/2

103

160
159

undulata

554/3

104

Nummulites

Nummularia Comp-

161

eiegans

584/

162
27
27

laevigata
variolaria

516/2
516/

1

.

maxima

...-

pyramidalis

Lithodomus
Lucina antiquata

.

/2

528/

I

528/. 3

141

108
108

534/ 2

66
66
65

.

534/3

oblata

534/

striata

Megalodon cucul-\

1

'-^^

latus J

Melania attenuala

52

.

subulata ....

41

.

INIelanopsis brevis ..

carinata
angustatus

.

107

,„

^^.^

'^^'*

tricarinata

28
73
76
53
53
54

..557/2
557/3
557/1

crassa
mitis
Lutraria carlnifera

.

523/ 2
523/1

531

/

1

104
103

161

160

similis

137

138

deltoidea....

582/2

ventricosa
Lenticulites
radians ....
Limnea columellaris 528

554/

74
55
55
36

162

215

2

530

.

571/1&2

582/ 1
604/1

Isocardia Cor

.

Woodwardii 571/3
Nuculaamygdaloides554/. 4

latus

..

..

sulcatus

583

.

529/ 1
529/ 2

...

hexagonus

involutus
pictus
striatus
tenuis
vetustus

Murex

215

5!)

60,61,202

striated

2

593

59
60,202

.

polymorphus

90
218

Gisias

57

.

532/1
532/1

Mytilusaffinis
Brardii
pellucidus

4

Hamltes

211
57,61

.

Pullus

miniita .,..'. 547
canaliculata..

57,59

59
58

plana
subangulata

gg

1

labiosa

15

32

/

.

arenaria....
glycimeris

49

GryphasaMaccul-J 54^^,_3

152

5

f.

Smithii
578/1—3 151
tuberosus ... 578/. 4
152

1

14,

Page.

578

510/5

soleiioides

'

Tab.

Murex Ilarpula

.

.

.

.

Page.

218,219
218,219
220
605/. 5

.

VI.

52
42
41,51
57

1

73
„.

\

toni 5

538/2

Ocvthoe
Orbicula granulata

76
75
76
173
3&4 6

538/ 1
538/ 3

..

.

506/

Humphricsi-j^^g
'
ana J
norvegica

5
5

.

reHexa
Orthocera cincta

506/
588/

1

4

168
fusiformis ..588/.15f2 167
Pachymya Gigas
2
504, 505
Paludina carinifera 509/ 3

12
elongala
509/ 1&2 11
..

.

3

.

30
212

lenta

Panopaia Faujas
gibbosa

.

.

602

(vol. 1.

t.

42)

211

intermedia(.vol. i.?.76. vol. v.

<.419./.2.&vol.vi.)<.602.
/.4. ;;.212.
plicata (vol. V. lAl9,f.3.)2ll

Pecten annnlatus
carinatus.

..
.

.

.

542/

complanatus. 586
574

dentatus

1

575/4
/".

1

80
145
164
143


—

> ,.

INDEX TO VOL.
Tab.

Pccten (luplicatus

..

maximus

163,164
obsoletus... 541
79
plebeiiis Lam.
146
plicatus
144
574/. 3

Princeps
542/2
80
Pusio
209
...
.

reconditus

..

575/.5&6 146

smooth, in Lias
smooth, in Oolite

17

9
146

sulcatus

vagans
543/3—5
vimineus
543 /.1&2
Petricola laminosa 573
Pholadomya acu- ? g^g

^ ,^g
-'

ti-costata)

Eequalis

ambigua

546/

....
,

82
81

142

gg

"

88
86
86
86
86
86
86

3

..

angustata

.

deltoidea ...
fidicula (lirata bis)
lira(a

raargaritacea

Murchisoni
obtusa

.

.

545

87

86
86
86
213

ovalis

producta ....
Pholas comprcssa .. 603
prisca
581
of France
Pileopsis tubifer . 607 / 4

157

213
224

.

607/1—3,223

vetiista

Plagiostoma con-

centnca)

•'

dnplicata ..339/3
elongata
559/2

Planorbis rotundatus
Pollicipes

maximus

606/

222

8
1,

2

&

7

221

^''^^

560/2—6

1

560/

115

hemisphaerica 561
personata ..
bcabricula
scotica

609/

laevis

.,

17

117
II7
117

..

Rissoa acuta

dupHcata

1

15

2

609/4

609/1

230
2^0
2V9

.

.

609/

3

!
r-g

q

iji

3

102
109

22

com-l

j-

'^*

posifaj
Parkinsoni

.

558/

PesPcllecani558/.
Sanguinolaria gib-

7 c .0

1

^ o

09

undulata .... 548/.1&2 91
149
2
577
149
frondosa .. .577/1
interrupta ..577/3

149
reticulata ..577/5
150
150
scmicostata.. 577/ 6
(plicata, Des Hayes)
undosa
577/4 150
171
Sepia
Serpula ...
51, 19T
ampullacea.. 597 f.l 5 199
202
antiquata . 598/ 4

/

Scalaria acuta

—

.

articulata

,

Carinella

.

...

4

204

598/2

201
201

599

/'.

fluctuata

..598/ 3
608/ 5

granulata

..597/7&S200

compressa

Macropus

.

.

597

/

6

608/8

obtusa
Plexus

598/

1

..608/6
599/3

runcinata

228
200
228
201

227

203
608 f. 1 &2 225
598/5 202
tetragona .. 599/ 1&2 203
triangulata.. 608/ 7
227
tricarinata.. 608/ 3&4 226
vertebraiis .. 599/ 5
204
rustica
sulcata
tenuis

plicatum

sulcatus

coslata

Rostellaria

606/3—6,222
/'.

.

Rostellarias

Solarium canali-

606

Potamidesventri-1
cosusj
Producta calva

Rissoa obliquata

114
113
53

reflex us

Page.

Tab.

Page.

3 145
163
144
163, J 64

..
573/.!
385
grandis

granosus ....574/. 2

Jacobaeus

VI.

r„.

)

culatumf

43

524/ 2
562/ 2

44

Spirifer octoplicatus
triangularis. .

undulatus

,,

-^24/1

,.

—4 120

562/.5&6 120
562/.

Spirorbis
Spirula

furcata

171
^,
67

535/2
..537/4

67

536/

Mantelliana.. 537

oblonga

Pisum

119

r.„ ^ ,

^•^^/•l

hemisphffirica

orbicularis

1

197,200

Terebratula 11a-?
bellulal

Gibbsiana

,

..

1

/5

535/. 4—6
535/3
536/6.^-7

72
69
72

68
68
70


1

INDEX TO VOL,
Tab.

Terebratula

VI.

Page.

por- ?
.
575 -'"
recta J

j

14,

69

Tab.

TurritellaTe^re-|

536/. 2
537/. I &2

striatula

536/3—5

71
69

truncata

537/3

71

variabilis

576/2—5 148
513/1—4 20

cordiformis..

513/.5&6

porrectus
Solandri

minor

Trigonia angulata
cuspidata
imbricata

.

.

508/

21

9
8

8

nodosa

507 /4&5
507 f.2Sc3
507 /". 1

Pullus

508/2&3

10

..

.

.

rugosa

117

spectabilis ..

544

551/2

Turbo obtusus
Terebra

Tiara
551/1
Turritellaabbreviata565/. 2

565/4

costata

excavata

?

(concava) J

granulata

7

5gg

.
•'

..565/.

183
97
110
97
125
126

5

j^g

1

125

126,110

595/2

rigida
rostrata

Thetis major

Page.

565/3

Unio aduncus

2

190
190
29
189

1

191

1

189

594/3—5

antiquus

batava
compressus

.

.

594/
595/

29

Pictorum
.

594/

29

517

Venus caperata....

518/1

Faba

567/3
567 /.I &2

ovalis

parva
Vermetus bogno'

?

polygonalis

518/4—6

32

^_^

jg^

^gg

•'

riensis y

concinnus

..596/5
.

tumidus

Vermicularia 1
(Vermetus) J "
Vermilia
Vivipara

.

31
129
129

596/ 6
596/ 4

195
196
195
,qo

'

198,200,223
11


CORRECTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS.
Page

Oxford, read Kimmeiidge.
Obs. AnclitFe is otherwise called Hanckley, it is in the

parish of Westwood in Wiltshire.
17, line 19 et passim, /or Lyas, read Lias.
34, to Emargintjla scalaris, add fig. 4.
41, line 15 et passim, /or Melanea, read Melania.
51, line 18, /or carinatus, read carinata.
63, add a comma after Ancylus.
69, line 5, after numerous, add granulated.
line 9, add the striae become smooth by age.
93, line 1,/or leevigatus, read Selliguinus. Jldd Syn. A. Selliguinus ?
Cuvier Sf Brongniart Env. de Paris, 39i t. l.f. !.
Obs. Our fossil is between A. Selliguinus and A. Beudanti of
Brongniart: the latter is not uncommon at Folkstone, and
varies much,— may they not all be one species ?
5, last line, /or

6,et seq.

—

108,'

iS line

buf

2,'

]f'' ^rambury, read Braambury.

157, line 1,/or priscus, read prisca.

166, line 1,/or tetrammata, read tetrammatus.
1, dele lower beds of.
Obs. It appears that the Baculites Faujasii is from the upper
Chalk.
191, line 5 from the bottom, /or renders, read render.
193, line 13, /or Trachelepodous, read Trachelipodous.
213, line 4 from the bottom, /or priscus, read prisca.
226,/or TuRRiTELLA concava, read Turritei.la excavata, and add
Syn. Cerithium excavatum, Cuvier &^ Brongniart, Env. de
1

85, last line but

—

Paris, 399,

Obs.

t.

9. f. 10.

— We had published

this as

that Brongniart had given

it

a Turritella before we observed
as a Cerithium
we retain our
:

generic name, which Brongniart seems inclined to think
be right.

may



PACHYMYA*.
Gen. Char. Shell bivalved^ transversely elongated,
very thick, sub-bilobate, with the beaks near
the anterior f extremity. Ligament partly immersed, attached to prominent processes or
fulcra.

A STRONG

analogy exists between this genus and

diola, evinced

Mo-

by the position of the beaks, the elongated

form of the valves, and the partial separation of the anterior portion into

an imperfect lobe.

spection shows that

it is

But a

closer in-

rather related to Cypricardiaand

several other genera which have a comparatively short

ligament, and that, fixed upon a strong prominent part of
the shell within the edge, not linear and affixed to nar-

row

edges, as in most of those thin shells that are allied

to Mytilus.

The

great thickness of the valves, their

depth, and the ridge that crosses them obliquely, help to
distinguish this from other genera, independently of the

hinge teeth, which
It

is

we

regret not having seen.

probable that several

as Modiolae will,

when

fossils hitherto

better

known, prove

described
to belong

to this genus.
*

From

Ttaypi {crassus) and

Mya, another genus which

this

resembles.

t

We

purpose in this volume to use the terms anterior and

posterior in their correct sense, as pointed out by the situation of
the

mouth of the animal.

Vol. VI.


2

PACHYMYA
TAB. DIV.
Spec.

Gigas.

and DV.

Char

Agibbose heavy

shell,above twice as wide as long; the

thickness also exceeds the length.

The

with parallel edges.

rounded
close.

;

It

is

slightly curved,

anterior extremity

the posterior, rather truncated

The valves are rendered

:

is

small,

they are both

obliquely boat-shaped by

a ridge that runs from the beaks to the lower extremity
of the posterior edge the surface is smooth except towards the margin, where it is formed of the imbricated
;

edges of laminaB.

We are indebted to the zeal and kindness of H. T. De
la Beche, Esq. for the opportunity of representing this

extraordinary shell

:

it is

from the Chalk with quartzose

grains at Dowlands, the lowest part of the Chalk for-

mation in the vicinity of Lyme Regis.

The

generic

name suggested by Mr. De

la

Beche exsome

presses a slight resemblance which the shell has to
species of the

Linnean genus Mya,


ORBICULA

Lamarck.

(Discina^ Lamarck.)

Gen. Char*.

''

Bivalve, inequivalve, nearly orbi-

cular, compressed, fixed

form, with

4^

;

upper valve

patelli-

internal muscular impressions,

two

rather large and approximating near the centre,

and two smaller and more

near the posterior margin.

distant, placed

Lower

valve

flat,

with corresponding muscular impressions and
a rather obtuse process placed at the inner end
of a fissure near the centre.

Hinge none."

The animal has two ciliated arms or tentacula, and
adheres by a muscle or ligament which passes through
the fissure."
Little can be added to the above detailed Gen. ChaThe shells that compose the genus are thin and
racter.
rather coriaceous. The animals contained in them are
analogous to those of Terebratulae and other Branchiopoda ; but the foot or byssus, instead of passing through
the beak of one valve as in Terebratula, and being inclosed in a tube, passes through the disk and spreads immediately upon the stone it is attached to.
Two recent species are known ; they are described, in
the thirteenth volume of the Linnean Transactions, by
my brother : and we have now the pleasure of adding
three fossil ones, two of them from the collection purchased by him from the late Mr. G. Humphries, whose
merits and penetration have unfortunately been rendered
of little service to the scientific world.
* Trans. Linn. Soc.

vol. 13. p.

466.


ORBICULA

leflexa.

TAB. DYl.^Jig.
Spec. Char.

1.

Shell subelliptical, most pointed to-

wards the back^ polished

;

upper valve rather

conveXjWith the vertex near the posterior margin

;

lower valve

tex, the

flat

with a nearly central ver-

margin reflected

;

sinus for the byssus

large, elongated.

Syn. Orbicula reflexa.
Journal,

Although

v. 2. p.

G. B. Sowerby, Zoological

321.

a great part of the lower valve

the portion behind the focus or apex

is

is

flat,

yet

concave, be-

ing gradually bent inwards towards the sinus, which extends from the focus to the margin, and terminates

where that begins to be

reflected.

The upper

valve co-

vers the reflected edge of the lower, in the same

way

that the upper valve covers or incloses the other in the

genus Produeta. Both valves are smooth and very thin ;
and, the lower especially, beautifully marked with concentric lines and zones of a light colour
they seem to
have contained a large portion of animal matter, and are
:

very fragile, easily dividing into very thin, translucent
cannot discover any traces of impressions
of muscles or ligaments, yet we do not doubt the pro-

laminae.

We

priety of placing this species in the

same genus with the

recent ones.

A

number of

these curious shells were found in one

or two broken Clay Ironstone nodules, buried,

—

M'ith


many hundred unknown

shells and numerous marks of a
Mr. Humphries's collection, which
had been for many years unopened when my brother purchased it and disclosed its riches. It is remarkable that
both valves should always be found, and no substance accompanying them to which they may have been attached but this is partly accounted for by the nature of the
attachment, which would fail upon the death of the animal, and by the elastic texture of the valves, which, as one
is inclosed in or grasped by the other^ would still hold
scientific

mind,

—

in

:

together.

We know of but one

single individual attached to

with indurated clay.

filled

Hogg,

jun., Esq.,

Alum

Clay.

who

it

verging

;

;

John

Humphriesiana.
3.

marked with

Conical^ orbicular,
striag

it is a
both are

near Whitby, from the

TAB. D VI. —/g-.
Spec. Char.

:

It is in the cabinet of

obtained

ORBICULA

other specimen

Nucula Ovum

di-

apex elevated, rather excentric,

obtuse.

Much

resembling the O. norvegica

and more regular cone,
thicker.

is

;

but

more deeply

it

is

a higher

striated,

and

We do not know the lower valve.

Found attached to Ostrea deltoidea (M. C. 111.) in Mr.
Humphries's collection, with a label marked " Collinson's Sale, at Langford's."

We suspect

the Oxford Clay at Shotover Hill.

it

to

come from


:

ORBICULA
TAB.
Spec. Char.

granulata.

DYL—Jigs.

3 and

Conical, orbicular,

nulated radii

;

4.

marked with gra-

apex elevated.

A MORE elevated and regular

cone than even the last

but the sides are rather rounded

;

the diverging lines

are elevated^ and rendered granular by the lines of

growth.

We have not seen the other valve.

This shell had passed
form gave
place
its

it

rise to

for a Patella, but its orbicular

some doubts

:

and we now venture to

under the genus Orbicula, in consequence of

strong resemblance to the last species.

From

the AnclifFe Oolite in the collection of the Rev.

G. Cookson.
Fig. 4

is

an enlarged view.


TRIGONIA

nodosa.

TAB. DVII.-/g-.
Spec. Char.

1.

Obovate;, depressed

;

anterior part

covered with rows of large knobs, a portion of
the posterior part plain; superior edge straight.

A LARGE rather

depressed species

:

two or three rows

of slightly elevated tubercles extend from the beaks to-

wards the posterior margin, which

is

truncated irregu-

from that row of tubercles which passes over the

larly

:

disk,

8 or 10 others extend obliquely over the whole of

the anterior portion.

(M. C.

88.)

;

but

it is

Much
larger,

resembling T. daedalea

and the tubercles are

less

numerous, and do nof cover the posterior portion. Casts
of the insides have been preserved in Mr. Sowerby's

Museum
at

Hythe

since 1815: they
in Kent.

were found in the Green-sand


8

TRIGONIA.

imbricata.

TAB. DVII.—^g^s. 2

and

3.

Spec. Char. Transversely oblongs depressed

;

with

5 or 6 concentricjdentated^subimbricated keels

upon the rounded anterior

side

posterior side

;

obliquely truncated, ribbed.
-I

HE

carinae

upon the surface of this

ble terraces one above the other

;

little shell

each

is

resem-

divided into

4 or 3 angular lobes.
Imperfect specimens of this Trigonia occur in the Rev.
Mr. Cookson's collection of Ancliffe fossils.
Fig. 3

is

enlarged.

TRIGONIA

cuspidata.

TAB. DVIL—^gs. 4
Spec. Char.

and

5.

Obovate, depressed, ribbed

rior side truncated, its low^er

;

poste-

angle pointed

;

ribs concentric, with projecting angles where

they pass unto the posterior side.

A DELICATE, slender shell.

It has, in place of the keel
(which in several other species runs from the beak to the
lower angle of the posterior edge), only produced angles
of the ribs, the last of which forms a strong point at the
lower extremity of the truncation. The hinge teeth are
unusually long.
From the Ancliffe Oolite, with the last.
Fig. 5. a magnified representation.

TRIGONIA

angulata.

TAB. DVIII.—/g-.

1.

Spec. Char. Transversely elongated, convex
terior

side produced, truncated,

;

pos-

transversely

striated, bounded by a crenulated line ; the
remainder ornamented with nodose ridges bent

at right angles as they pass over the middle.

Syn. Trigonia clavellata var.
lower figures.

Min. Conch,

t.

87.

Vol. \.p. 197.

Upon the posterior side are not only transverse striae,
but there is generally a crenulated ridge in the middle
of it; the crenulations upon this and also upon the
bounding lines are often elevated into small spines. The
curvature, like the letter S, of the concentric ridges, which
are sometimes divided into distinct tubercles, and at
other times continuous, is a strong and constant characThe portion above the anterior side (correspondter.
ing with the lunette in other shells, but very large in this)
is smooth.
The breadth seldom exceeds an inch and a
half.

An

excellent specimen lately lent us by our good

Thomas Meade, Esq.

has shown this to be a diswhich the imperfect specimens formerly
figured were not sufficient for. It is from Brewham near
Nunney. The accompanying shells are Astarte elegans
(M. C. 137.), an unpublished one, resembling a Tellina,
and, at the back of the mass, fragments of a smooth

friend

tinct species,

Pecten.


10

TRIGONIA

Pullus.

TAB. DVIIL—^gs. 2
Spec. Char.

smooth

and

3.

Obovato-triangular, with transverse
ribs

;

posterior side obhquely trun-

marked with several crenulated ridges

catedj

and bounded by a

strong- crenulated keel

lu-

;

nette large, regularly striated across.

This
it is

so nearly resembles T.costata(M.C. tab. 85.), that

doubtful whether

only marked
what curved

it

may not be the young state

difference, except size, is the regular

:

the

some-

set of elevated lines that cross the lunette

edge of the

at right angles with the

irregular lines of growth

;

the form

is

shell, in place of

not quite so an-

gular, and the ridge that separates the posterior side projects

I

beyond the edge.

am not

fig. 2,

but

acquainted with the locality of the specimen

it is

evidently from the same kind of stone as

the smaller ones,

There

is

in the

fig. 3,

which are from Ancliffe.

Green-sandstone at Hythe in Kent, a

Trigonia much resembling T. costata

;

but the speci-

mens that have come into our hands are too imperfect
it appears to have
to describe, or even to distinguish
:

fewer

ribs.


11

PALUDINA

(Gen. Vivipara, Vol.

i.

TAB. DlX.—figs.

1

Spec. Char.
5,

elongata.

convex

Ovato-lanceolate^,
;

p. 75.)

and

2.

smooth

;

volutions

aperture elongated.

Vt ELL distinguished from the other species of Paludina
by its great length, which equals twice the diameter it
resembles the recent species common in fresh water
every where (Helix tentaculata Linn.), but is larger and
even longer in proportion than that is.
When Vivipara Fluviorum (Paludina vivipara of Lamarck) was published in Mineral Conchology,it was not
known that fresh-water formations were to be found below the Chalk; nevertheless the probability of one was
pointed out by that shell. The existence of several species of Paludina, of bivalved shells belonging to the
fresh-water genus Cyrena, and of Cypris, in the strata
between the Green-sand and the Portland Rock, indicate
this range to be of fresh-water origin. (See Dr. Fitton's
paper in the Ann. of Phil. vol. viii. N. S. p. 379 ; and Mineral Conchology, vol. v. p. 138. tab. 485. Cypris.)

Dr. Fitton has favoured us with specimens out of the
Weald Clay, in hard ferruginous clay (" Clay-Ironstone"), from Corapton Grange Chine in the Isle of
:

Most generally only the cast of the shells remains, but in that selected for representation the shell is
preserved (fig. 2.): it is accompanied with Cyrena and
Cypris. The same shell also occurs less perfect in laminated Clay and in " irregular concretional masses of
hard calcareous grit :" in the latter the shells are often
filled with sulphate of barytes.
have taken fig. 1. from a mass of Limestone,
upon the surface of which the shells are tolerably perfect, although within they appear to be crushed (a cir-

Wight.

We


12
cumstance that, however curious and difficult to account
not uncommon), and from some detached individuals that were collected at East Peckham in Kent by
J. B. Dorient, Esq. Although we cannot detect the Cypris among these, we suppose they come from the beds
of Limestone subordinate to the Weald Clay
some
fragments of the fibrous carbonate of lime resembling
" Curl" mentioned by Dr. Fitton (p. 374, note) occur
"with them.
for, is

:

PALUDINA

carinifera.

TAB. DIX.—^^.
Spec. Char.

3.

Ovato-conicalj smooth

;

volutions 4^

convex, the upper two bounded by a linear
keel at the lower edge.

Not much longer than wide, and rather blunt ; the
thread that runs round the sutures of the two upper
whorls is a strong character.
From one of the upper beds of Purbeck Limestone.
In the interior of the mass the shells are more completely crushed than in that from East Peckham just mentioned : it contains fragments of some bivalve.
The insulated figure is taken from parts of several inviduals.

In the Sandstone at HoUington near Hastings, and in
other parts of the Hastings Sands, there occurs a Paludina
of nearly the same proportions as the one before us ; but
as we have only seen casts, we cannot determine the
species.

13

GERVILLIA,

An unequal-valvedj

Gen. Char.

valve^ oblique^

into several pits,
less

unequal-sided bi-

much elongated

the anterior extremity

or

Defiance.

;

;

beaks near

hinge long

;

divided

and furnished with many, more
one muscular im;

lamelHform, teeth

pression in each valve.

A GENUS

nearly related to Perna. The species upon
founded has nearly parallel edges ; but several others that possess the same characters in the hinge,
are ovate, and more or less taper towards the extremities. The hinge consists in a long transverse area, containing 3 or more shallow hollows destined to receive
about the inner edge of this area are a
the ligament
number of irregular interlocking lamellar teeth, varying
in their direction and size in different parts of the same
hinge and in different species those placed towards the
anterior extremity are, in the type of the genus, small
and longitudinal; the others long and transverse: in other
species they are all either oblique or transverse. The
casts of the typical species indicate a shell that gapes at
one if not at both extremities the other species are close.
The shell in all is thick, and probably consists chiefly of

which

•

it is

;

;

;

pearl.

Mons. Defrance established this genus in the Dict'ionnaire des Sciences Naturelles^ from casts discovered by
Mons. de Gerville, in commemoration of whom he has
named it, and thus done honour to a Naturalist whose zeal
and urbanity justly merit it. Other species have been
added to it by Mons. Eudes-Deslonchamps, in consequence of the resemblance in their hinges. Hereafter
these will form at least a sub-genus.

—

—


—
14

GERVILLIA

solenoides.

TAB. DX.—Jlgs.

1 to 4.

Spec. Char. Transversely much elongated, depressed^ smooth ; edges parallel ; anterior extremity truncated, open; teeth of the hinge nu-

merous, variously disposed.
SvN. Gervillie solenoide. Defranee, Diet. des Scienc.
Nat. vA8. p. 503. cahier 16. pL 18./. 4.

Eudes-Deslonchamps,

solenoides.

Gervillia

Mem.delaSoc.Linn.duCalvadoSy}S24:.p. 129.

A LONG, narrow, slightly

curved shell ; the hinge contains about four depressions for the reception of the ligament : the teeth within are irregular and linear ; those

on the anterior extremity are most elevated and placed
the others are in the
perpendicular to the hinge line
same direction with it, and often curved the anterior extremity appears to be open, perhaps for a byssus the

other we have not seen. The shell is at least eight times
;

:

;

as wide as it is long.
Many iniperfect casts of this extremely curious phell
were collected in 1818 at Shanklin Chine in the Isle of
Wight by my father, in the lowest ferruginous beds of
the Green-sand (fig. 2. and 3.) and immediately identified
;

with casts from Normandy, which he had received from
his highly valued correspondent Mons.de Gerville. The
discovery of the same fossil, with a portion of the shell
preserved (fig. 1.), in the lowest beds of Green-sand near
Lyme Regis, by H. T. De la Beche, Esq., has induced
me to figure it and for illustration I have added two
figures taken from specimens picked up at Fresville by
Mons. de Gerville (fig. 4.). Many of the fossils which accompany the same rock with this in Normandy, are unknown in any English stratum ; others correspond with
those of the Green-sand and some with Chalk fossils,
a circumstance that may give rise to much speculation.
;

;


15

GERVILLIA

acuta

?

TAB. BX.—fig.

5.

Spec. Char. Ovate-lanceolatC;, oblique^ narrow^ depressed, slightly curved

acute

teeth in the hing-e variously disposed.

;

Externally
it is

anterior extremity

;

few lines of growth;

this shell exhibits a

comparatively thin

its

:

from the two extremities)

width (the longest measure

is

four times

its

length

;

the

anterior portion

is

rather remarkably attenuated, the

other extremity

is

rounded.

Found

in a calcareous

sand- stone at Colly weston, by the late

We have not

Lady Wilson.

been able to ascertain whether

this

any hollows in the area of the hinge destined
ligament, as that part

is

five casts

or two of the outside upon

so large,

and

to think

for the

not visible in the specimen, al-

though there are four or

would lead us

have

it

it.

of the inside, and one

The

thinness of the shell

an Avicula, were not the teeth

differently placed.


16

GERVILLIA

aviculoides.

(Perna aviculoides. Min. Conch,

tab. 66.)

TAB. DXI.
Spec. Char.* Obliquely ovato-lanceolate^ curved

both extremities pointed

;

half the length of the shell

;

hinge line nearly
;

hinge teeth few,

similarly disposed. Distinguished from G. per-

noides of Mons. Deslonchamps above quoted,

by

its

more pointed form.

At

the request of several friends, and for the purpose of
further illustrating this species, we have given a second
plate of it.
It belongs to that division of the genus in
which the lamellar teeth of the hinge are all nearly in the
same direction. Fig. 1. is from a remarkably fine specimen in the cabinet of our kind friend J. Vine, Esq. It
exhibits the opposite valve to those figured on tab. 66.
Fig. 2. is a portion of the hinge with two lamellae. Fig. 3.
shows a front view of both valves, in which their difference is seen, one having a shallow furrow along it, which
the other wants. These three specimens are from the
Shanklin Sand. Fig. 4. is a cast of the inside, picked up
on Shotover Hill, Oxford ; it shows the muscular impression and several of the points of attachment of the
mantle. Fig. 5. the cast of the hinge nearly perfect, taken
out of one of the same masses that produced the Gervillia solenoides.
Similar casts are met with in Parhara
Park, but not, I believe, accompanied with the G. solenoides. They are mentioned by Mr. Mantell (p. 74. n. 17.).
Mr. De la Beche has found the same species in the lowest
strata of Green-sand near Lyme.
Hence it should appear that it is a constant attendant upon that formation.
* This will supply the place of the one formerly given.


17

AVICULA
TAB.
Spec. Char.
pressed
anterior

lanceolata.

DXIl—Jig. 1.

Transversely linear-lanceolate^ com;

posterior

wing

wing minute,

large^ obtuse-angled

;

pointed.

Six times as wide as long, very flat ; the beaks are very
near the anterior extremity the posterior extremity is
narrow and blunt the posterior wing extends about one
third the width of the shell it is in no part distinct, but
runs along- the superior edge ; its two edges, one of which
is a continuation of the hinge line, meet at a very obtuse

;

;

:

angle.

A

very remarkably formed shell (if in fact it be a shell)
strongly resembling the external bony appendages to
the abdominal fins of several fishes: the
the pair

is

manner in which

displayed strongly favours this resemblance,

and is by no means common among fossil shells.
Figured from a specimen in the cabinet of H. T. De
la Beche, Esq., who found it in the Blue-Lyas of Lyme
Regis, Dorsetshire.

The shell is imposed upon a plate consisting of perpendicular fibres, of grey carbonate of lime, imbedded
between the laminae of the slaty clay that composes a
great part of the Ly as stratum. It is accompanied by a
small Pecten.