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/C61#77W;
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/C61=vi

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2>:

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" #%5&62K,=#&62v
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<7m=•Cf=Q&%77WLYBC3
*2v=3*2K,]
$#&2v= #&2K,
`#2v= `#2K,
&2v = &2K,
"c2<CWC=H3@e
[5$ [#9,K)=,CbC…e!U34OU<

7m=QL`71C#:

/C61U<7m=Q5% 
5
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$#' #
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[5[9YbK--KCdR;#yd6‚+z 
!
 $#[9Y<
7m=•Cf=Q%%77WLYC[#&9>HcRGi:
2<f;#y
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5
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5
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['%R=QcR
5

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+3*CbiA+I<7mC=QL=
3*CbiA6c<7mC=QL

=& 5='  '=5 "&=
P)u<<3ICk=D2
1>G<G+cRSE/cRCdG1 

CD2
16qd/
$

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1!K2Rlqd+i36c<
b$)*3
51{qd=•+:6#=•+:2+
'1{qd<7m=Q7C,2K/ 
5

5
1

CK--KR& 
5
!R
l,qd+&+z
&1C<)qdC- 

34-

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$1 RqdR,<d'

##5#' #5#'#& ##'#& "#'#&#$
 +<77W6c! # 
5
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12K,#


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"BsoG+IM3@C$G
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†H:#L=

,77WL
5

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,77WL
5
=L
"nH:#

,77WL
5
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2+qd34/1

,c,_6D
2+qd3477WL
5
#,77WL
5

qd<7m=Q 
5
6+o,6/ 1CIC)q
"qd34

/

%
#L2k<1
&CI3E577W= 34b3F_7B*FG-C)
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:,Q ORf),qd
OR=Q77W0

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[ +'+3F,.  
5
#L #(

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-
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'5# #$ %# "&#'
 '#&6qd*KlC3*:,K))*G/6,*f
,78%#
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#5:,=[&:

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[&XP)uC<-Ck
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' 5$%qd*K,K)/-t2),Ri,K)1=
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5#' '`#& &% "'#
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 kCDR,<3i
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" kCD<KS*
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GCDCi_Rn
 GCDˆ/2k<

1iqd
GCD+IRK-K<=QL# 
5
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,
,

5
  


, 
5
 
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,
5
,,
  
5
 ," 

 

 ,
,,,,
&'%a<)F,#CRiAC 

=dQ=QtE-




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
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34-

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7P)CbC…f;



^!6



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;^

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^


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/(
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 
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 
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 
5

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,
,

  

8 ! 
5
" 8  
5
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f)7r2GK/


&
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KKQ/2k<21
 6CK/ 
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"f)K-Ke! 


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=dQ=Qt
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


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CHƯƠNG XIV:HIĐROCACBON THƠM (AREN)
- NGUỒN HIĐROCACBON TỰ NHIÊN
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 ,3KqK*6@Cd ! 7d*6@Cc 8 "C+3KqK6cIm
<CD
" ,3KqK#G*6@ ! CD734#34#5`
%

$P)u<3ICk=D7Ul
7Ul9Rif,GD7,3F<i6#26=,K
7UlGl#U-r#6c,Q#›dQ
5+Iv7Ul3477WL
'6GCi7UlUC6:/,7Ul1#KK7Ul#2T#7U
l#7UCKqK#7UQ#q
&,x,n<,H7BECF=2k<CI3@7,3iA6c<
7,3<#o26=,K#4Gf2T
##'#& ##5  #5#' "#5#'#&
&
[P)-.2@<i7,3-C)Kt-T7U,K#66c<#6K
6c<#26#6K+<#266c<#26+<
,KZ66c<Z6+<Z6K6c<Z6K+<Z26
6c<Z26+<
66c<Z266c<Z6K6c<Z26+<Z6K

+<Z6+<
 66c<Z266c<Z6K6c<Z26+<Z
6+<Z6K+<Z,K
",KZ66c<Z6K6c<Z266c<Z6+<Z
26+<Z6K+<Z,K
KqK3WrFQ,G:/=@Q1 +I7BsGCIC3KqK
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 $#&X[X %X"#&X
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$#5$#$ [#"#[5
P)uECD-=D7Ul
 7UlGtR3=7,
7Ul6c+ECF-c2<CW

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<7m=QK/2k<VK 
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1+ICC3*CbCK
'& $"[
'YF7,3dR=v3KqK/;1+cR
`

%
 G;C++I+3
*Cb
'& $"[
&L+z*6@=3KqK)*<E-
 )ER*/^ 1#CU)KK,=D:3KqK MCFKK,A

3KqK
 CWQ<+@@K/Co: 
^
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^
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 7‡7d/i+1R@A3KqK
" G<)*A3KqK,A*CF
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 ,6E
 ,62k<
 ,Kx,/,x1
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[a<)%%C#,6c<)(

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=&`#%':
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=(

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 $X =#X('X =5#X(
&X =#X("[X =%#X(
>@6%#2,34


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P)uCk >O>f;
`{u*G;+ > >->*u-
#5#&!,K)3KqK-
YK-)K
()!,K)3KqKR,K)3KqKC2R
"5#&!CK)K
% cRCdGfF7r2Gf3KqK/;1/
5


1
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 

<7m=Q3KqK/VK 
5
2k<1P)u > >Ckf;
 G+ > >
>*u-
(,K OK)KK g)3KqK "~)3KqK

P)uCk=D3KqK
KqK+ > >

[
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L

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H
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H
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D.Hỗn hợp A&C
KqKGl6c#6c,Q#›dQD,7cs
d
5KqK=<CbC…+cR


!$
'KqKtR@#6c3_RF

&C<)3KqKC- 

=dQ34
##5 #5#' #5#' "#5#&
5 > >fLK
P)u >O>CkBLK
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1Kd,H
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3@G<E-CDCkP)2<CWcRCkf;
&C,3;CbC…f 3KqK+ cRCd
G/
5

'
1

<7m=Q 

KtE+@-<tC7r2G
7)GP)u > >Ckf;
$a<)/1CbC…f3KqKC/1

Yo6<3@;6c<
7m=Q 

6+VK 

5
2k<i<7m=Q 

6@-<=tC7r2G
7)GP)u > >f;
[,2K+ > >-
l,,2K+3**6@Ÿ=*6@ 


5

5
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COOH
C.
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'Ÿ=[ "5%Ÿ=[
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8& Yo6</1G;3)dCI:d34¡I:fK
ABCD6E

#<-G@;<7m=•Cf=Q77R5,

#6C,<;
C#5!CK)3KqK > >f;
CHƯƠNG XV: DẪN XUẤT HALOGEN. RƯỢU. PHENOL
 ‘Ž’0>e“ L{0”Y
&P)uCW€Ckf7r2GK
"r2GKGfK
"r2GKsGC•K
 "r2GK7r2GK7r2GC66KF=QK
""r2GK/o7r2GKfC,31GC6)@F
oD)*•C,34F)D)*•K/V# #,#1
&(-<3Mf7r2GfK#3Mf,=3Mf,=3of
 3i3MCD+•t
Mf7r2GK=3Mf,#B)F)*•K!;#o+!
f,*6@f33o3*#G+3M3G)*
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Ii*6@C,F
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##'##& #'#&"#5#'#&
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Chương XVI: ANĐEHIT - XETON – AXIT CACBOXYLIC.
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