Chương I. KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN
!
"
×
#$$%&
×
%
!'
()*+,%#-./0001234
%#%%#%%& %#%& "%#%
5(
+,
5
/6,*78
!5
134
$#%
×
%
5
5#%
×
%
5#5&
×
%
%
"5#5&
×
%
'96:;<
=
'
>?-6:+,;34
#%55
×
%
5
#%$$
×
%
5
$#%
×
%
'
"#%$$
×
%
5
& 3@ABCD6EECF#<-GH6:;@I:34JI:
KL=M)NO>6:;34
5 '% $' "%
$P)-.2@<G7QC)KRS-T7U%#&$:L
/AC61#VK%
77WL
5
X&%77W %#%Y
ZL
5
ZVKZL
L
5
ZVKZ ZL
ZVKZL
ZL
5
" ZL
5
ZL
ZVK
[LEF-<G7QC)#G?-<-
\DG]
L
5
VK/L
5
1
5
/-\VK
5
^L
^
1
VK/1
5
"/L
'
1
5
>,_-C)6:@I:QG]
#
AC6 #$
A[#5
#$
'
AC6 "%#'
A[#5
`aIC<)%#G;U$#[:
/C61#-\<)b'#':
/C61=
&#'Q cR;
$
$
$
"
'
%aIC<)CdGeU=Cf%#[:
/C61gM)7dGe
3 - "h
2<6iYC#&2iY
j "Y
LE<G7QC)#,_CD2G]
%#Y
'
&
5
/+2k<1
%#% "5%Y
'
5 +'3H6:!H7:#':[L
A[#5
! HR%#
! H5R%#%&
! H'R#:(
A&'#$
=
O<3I7QC)6cCk]
-L
DG 6
QG
-(
lG "6
lG
'ECF-cFGmF=<-G6:n)I,*3DoGl/@2k1p
ECF-cF-Gl-
%%
&
[#
3KqK%
<3I7Q
C)-
p,*kQ-c7Q%%
6CQ,<b<-G/=:7m'!&1Q-cA,*%%
7Q<-G%#`KqK-c7Q%
"A%#`&#,K)-c,*[#
&>,Fg
:
'
#g
: =g
5
:
C96:;aIC<):;U%#:
<I:6:CDCAC6gM)XI:
'
,9;
%X $X %X "cI:CXI:
'
$CEQ
/+oL
(
'
CI7rCE1_G)R#%%%%8#%%[`#
NL>34
$#%%%% &#```' &#``%% "#%%%%
[2)*e+7ie
#NO>%L)*e]
VK L "O
YF26iR[%X6i/=D612C+
Y
5
VK
5
"
`96:bsI:6:342=6:;+t6-=QC,34`#&:
;
5
L
"L
%aIC<)':9
'
#
# U5#:
ABCD6E#ECF#<-G#
U,TI:
'
,9
&X 5%X '%X "&%X
P)uECD-
ECFTHCFG6:/=:7m
1T
CFFGGCWmF=7c
aFL 6ECF
"77W3P77Wv+I*G
3@A%
R&%QCC[#`&[/L 1gM)CF
TA%
[#`& 5&#`% [# "%%
5 3@CFG;,QA%
&vA`%
&%,%%Ql
6i$%%77W3P;A`%
2%
H+3*G;<,/6@
1](G;<,34
% '% &% "%
' 3@CFG;,QA%
&vA`%
&%,%%QNG)
$%%77W3PA`%
=#CC?3Q%%Q/3)d1#-C+i
2%
l?6<,A,3*]
% '% [% "%
&aI6I,=@Q,2T#7U+I7B (
'
6_
(
'
6,2T#7U
=H (
'
<7m=Q2T#7UG2
=H (
'
6E6=2T7U
"=H (
'
6,.)I27kQI (
'
&
$OU,T6Q6@,L
5
%
$#`X 5%#&X '%#&X "%X
[aI2<CW-Q6@_G)&I (
'
2
/21C+
Q66cC?7$G,.,./ (
'
61(Q234
5 ' "&
` 3@6,*QA5#`
QG34#%%w
5
/#%%
!5
1P)uE
CDCk7QC)
5
QC<od#%%
5
QA&%
od#%%
6,*Qc34w
5
"A,*=7Q5#`
#6,*QCDldw
5
5%$#$$Ic-x
/(
'
1
5
=Q&%77WNG)&
77W)<7m=Q777W
C%#$``6@(Q6@
34
$ "'
5'#'
=[&#$QC77W;gM) X77W;
&#$X %#'X #X "`#`X
5"7W
(
'
Co`X/78#'
!
1R=QbCF3*]
#'Y `#Y `#Y "%Y
55 3@CFCb-x (
'
A%
&#vA%
&%,%%Q
Ni$%%77W3P (
'
A%
2%
I (
'
&
<,
&#& %#$ # "5#`
5'"7WY
'
/:1bCFQHCM"7W7QC)+
CMG]
"7WY
'
%#%%Y
%#[`Y
'
=Q:77W
"7WY
'
%#%X/78
!
1
"5#`&Y
'
=Q&%77W
5&;77W
(
'
%&Yy77WL%Y>,Fg
:;=Qg
:yC/g
^g
1
:77WjLbCFL7,77Wj%YgM)tEI:g
g
34
%#& #% #% "#&
5$>,-<G7QC)+GG,QL#O3(
'
# #
5
#/1
5
#
VK/L
5
1
#
#
/
5
1
#j
# (
5
#
5
/O
'
1
#VK(#Y
#Y/1
5 ' & "$
5[ #':
/C61Gm@=&%%77W/1
bCF2wG)i&#[$
6@LbCF277W/1
%#%Y %#'Y %#Y "%#%Y
5>,77W6GQG]
&%77WL X
%%77WL
5
%#%Y
%%77WL
(
'
%#X
"%%77W X/78#%&
!
1
5`NG)9G%CK=Q%%77Wl77WG+bCF
QG]
L
5
Y/L
5
1
L
(
'
"
'%2IL
5
%
=&%%QC77WbCF&XgM)2+
<,W
$&#% [[#`[ %#%% "`#&
'YECD7QC)-]
G<,/6ic_1CD
K,77W
,,:dH,/,Q1
"3,-x6c,<77W2
'5>,F&%77W/1
%#%'Y=Q&%77W %#%$YC%%77W;
LbCF
,77W;34
%#%Y %#%&Y %#%Y "%#[Y
'' +'## #"#9CS%%77W %#Y
!>*&%77WL%#Y=
!>*%#&5L
5
=
!>*%#&'=
!>*%#%` /1
="
l-66@kR# v7DGA,]
"
'&>,F%%77W
(
'
%#5Y=Q5%%77WL%#[YC77W;l
77W;+ICC3*]
#[ #'5 #[% "5#%&
5
'$
34g77WL
5
/=Cf1Cc,=g
:L
/C61
Y34g77WL
5
A,*/=Cf1CK,=g
:
L/C61>tE
34
m
m
8
5
m
m
8
5
m
m
8
'
5
"
m
m
8
5
'
'[>*I (
'
&
=77W (
'
3XC77W (
'
X
IR<Ck*EP#3#]
/^18/^31
×
%% /$'z18/z31
$'^8/^31 "/^18$'^3
' U*2L=&%%77WL'XCI+77WL%X{<,W2
'#$'$ #&%% &#%%% "#&'
'`96;b#': /AC61>:U,T696:,;
$X
#['X 5&X
#$&X
''X
#&$X "&%X
#&%X
&%96:y/<X61''X
=&$X >:XI:96:,y
&X
#[&X 55#5X
#$$#[X
5&X
#$&X "'$X
#$'X
&9VK=34&%%77W (6R2),
C#$:6:
/C61#=vi
6i6c;aI;,6c6:F_G)
6T*#%&
>:bCFf77W
%#5%Y %#&Y %#& "%#%Y
	Y# 34&%77W C#:
/C61#77W;
=vi6i6c2<6iC+C%2>:bCF
77W
%#'Y %#5Y %#Y "%#Y
&596ij# 34&%%77WLbCF2wC%#''
:
/C61=vi
6i6ce2<eC#'
2>:
bCF77WL
%#%'Y %#%$Y %#%Y "%#Y
&'9j# 3477W
(
'
Co#+C5#5$:(
/C61=%#$'h>:-
(
'
CPR
%#& %#5% %#5$ "%#''
&&96iY# 34%%77W C5#5$:
/C61=vi
6i6c2<6iC+C/#&^12#,C+|%
>:bCF77W
#&%Y #%%Y #&%Y "#[&Y
&$IR*E['CF(=bCF X/6177W3P
X8
%%
%%
+
×
C
S
X8
%%
S
X8
%%
%%
×
S
" X8
S
S
+
×
%%
%%
P)u3IRCk
&[ 3@bCF XG,77W3P}/
(
'
/(
'
1
5
'
1
&#$$X>:CF}AECFC+
$#$%w%%
$#%%w%%
&#$$w%%
"&#$%w%%
&>,F&%77W;<%#5=Q&%77Wy<%#5L
5
C
77WjNi77Wj2%
C77W~+bCF#$X=+
L
5
<,/6@1P)u<,WCk
#` `# #& "#
'
&`Fr6L!+tE-=QiC77W;=%#$[:
%#YUCI,77W;
5%% &%% $%% "%%
$%"7W;R%#%
/(
'
1
5
>*••77W/1
=77W;Q6Ci
C6@QGP)u<,WCkf
[#'% #&& `#$$ "%#%
$>,F%%77W
5
%#Y=Q'%%77WL%#&YC&%%77W;
>:bCF<G,;
L
%#%Y=L%#%Y
L
%#%Y=L%#%'Y
L
%#%Y=L%#%Y
"L
%#%Y=L%#%'Y
$':6:(
5
/C61=%%QC77W;LbCF f77W;
#`&X [#'%[X #$[&X "`#%['X
$5 y77WR%#L
5
=%#&L
5
>*,G••5%%77W
bCF2w(6*@77W =G)+'#':6:
<,/C61>:
bCFf77W
#%Y #Y #&Y "#%Y
$' U*3*Q=&%%77WL%XCI+77WL$XP)
uCk-Q
[& %% % "&
CHƯƠNG LIPIT
P)uC<<Ck
[5P)uCW€Ck=D•t-21
t-2-UCI,v23‚S7+,G3‚
t-2-UCI,v23‚S7+,G3‚
t-2-UCI,v23‚S7+,G3‚
" t-2-oLU7BCI,v23‚S7
+,G3‚
[' 3@G3‚;+t-2-[ U7B3*LCI,v23‚+
,&G3‚;]P)uC<-Ck
& '% '# "'&#
[&aI2v+%6G3‚/e! 1
5
5
&
_CG3‚=Q77WR#5[6
LNL7C,v3A&%%77W YW62K,/2K,1
=2v)*GCP)uC<-Ck
#%5&62K,=#&62v
#%&%62K,=%#5&62v
#%5&62K,=%#5&62v
" #%5&62K,=#&62v
[[ u<<3ICk=DG3‚
1 G3‚K-K5UK-K/,K-K#,2K,1f2K,/2K,1=Q<232)i
7#6c<
&
1 G3‚,._6c,Q
51"U/7US=M)1FiG3‚,C++R<23226c
'1 <i7UT/7U_#=ƒ=1CD6c,Q„<77W #L
&1 G3‚/,.„l1CD,77W#L
$1 +ICD@G3‚_RK-K+s2K,=232i7
##5#& ##5#$ #5#&#$ "#5#'#$
[`a+?23‚e! =e! =Q2K,l+ICC3*
i,2K,]
' $ "`
[>f)K-K
'
$
,c,_2C9-\CD6c+6
TR,<d cRGifK-KC+
5
8
! !
! 8
! ! 8 !
5
"
8 !
5
[5 #$K-K;=3H6:7:%#'':#-C+ECF3HCI3)dK-K;
L_G)6K-K3)d@A[5
%
H<-G,3HCk34>:6
KK-K
[ &' $ "''
['>f)%#K-K/e! 1
5
e3477WLC#=`#
,P)uCkcRfK-K
/
&
1
5
5
&
/
5
1
5
5
&
/
5
1
5
5
[
"/
[
1
5
5
&
[& +'Gl6c7UT#2K22K#Q#,K)P)u<G#
GCI3E'GC+34d<+u/>,<Su6RS-7m<G1
"7WL
5
#LC<) 77W #C<)#Q=c,
"7W #
#C<) "77WL
5
#77+<)
[$;v+%6G3‚,./
[
5&
1
5
5
&
/Y8`%1HC3*6
2K,=3*62v]
#%562K,=#&62v #%562K,=%#&62v
#%$62K,=%#562v "#%$62K,=#&62v
[[a<)%#977v;#yU#:
C#`$:
=[#
Q#<I:C+AC6P)uCkcRf;#y
'
5
'
'
'
$
"
&
%
[`SG;R<)* ## R5#[dG;@I:34I:f
#$2ABCD6EE77u#<-Go6<[#';<7m@=Q77WL
C'#$,K)>HcR=cRGif;
5
z
z
5
5
z
! z
5
z
z
5
"/
z
5
1
$
[% '#'G;/
'
1<7m=QF77WL=•CfC
,=
@-)*3,,=34P)uo<,W
Ck
#
#5='# '#$=#
#5='# "'#$='#
[;K-KfF232)CdR=Q,>f)[#';_CP
7B&77WLYNLC+7&X-=Q:)@/U@1>HcR
f;
!
&
5
!
&
&
!
&
" ## CD-
[a+922=Q?,K)#,K)/+o
(
'
Co2k<1+
ICC3*K-K]
5 ' & "$
[5 +977v;+cR
5
$
;#y+I
oK--Ko2#K-KCdR
o,6co,#K-K6c
o7Ko2K#o7K2K
"2
['P)uCksGK-K
5
! !
5
/1#
5
!, /1#
5
!
!!L
/51
5
!!
!
5
/'1#
5
! /&1# /
5
1
/$1
/
5
1
/[1# /
5
!
!1
(
/1# L
5
!
!
&
/`1
##5#` #5#&#` ##5##` ">G`G
[&>,-<R7QC)RG<7m\),f2v,Q
R]P)uC<<Ck
1
&
5
L^ 1
[
5&
L^
51
&
5
L^Y/
5
1
'1
[
5&
L^L
&1
&
5
L^
5
##& ##5#& #5#& "#5
[$ #$K-K;3)dkC'#':d;A[5
%
=Yo6<#$;<
7m=•Cf=Q77WLHC#P)ucRGiCkf;
[
!
! 8
5
!
!
5
!
!
!
5
"
5
! 8
[~-K;+ck
'
$
'
6<7m=Q77WLK-dCb-
;^Ly!7Kj
3@6fyld[%P)ucRGiCkf;
5
! 8
! 8 !
5
! 8
"
8 !
5
[`~-K;+cR
&
'
6<7m=Q77WLCc=,
P)ucRGiCkf;
5
! !
!
5
5
!
5
[
5
! !
5
" ## CD-
[5 K-K;/
'
$
1<7m=Q77WLC-\CD+6T
R,<3igM)cGif;
5
! 8
!
z 8
8 !
5
" ! 8 !
5
[5'9YbK-K;#yCbf9Y/=QtE-;#y3G
6H1<7m=Q77WL7CDC?6,P)uocR
GiCkf;#y
5
!
&
=
5
!
!
5
&
=
5
!
&
!
z
!
5
= ! !/
5
1
&
"
8 !
5
=
5
!
!
5
[5& `G3‚/e! 1
5
5
&
<7m=•Cf=Q&%77WLYBC3
*2v=3*2K,]
$#&2v= #&2K,
`#2v= `#2K,
&2v = &2K,
"c2<CWC=H3@e
[5$ [#9,K)=,CbC…e!U34OU<
7m=QL`71C#:
/C61U<7m=Q5%
5
/+o
(
'
Co1>t?6K-KC#3@E-G<RK-K+CD%X
$#' #
# "#c<CWC=H3@e
[5[9YbK--KCdR;#yd6‚+z
!
$#[9Y<
7m=•Cf=Q%%77WLYC[#&9>HcRGi:
2<f;#y
5
!
&
= !
&
5
! ! 8
= ! ! 8
5
!
&
=
5
z
5
"!
5
=
5
!
5
['%R=QcR
5
$
+3*CbiA+I<7mC=QL=
3*CbiA6c<7mC=QL
=& 5=' '=5 "&=
P)u<<3ICk=D2
1>G<G+cRSE/cRCdG1
CD2
16qd/
$
$
1!K2Rlqd+i36c<
b$)*3
51{qd=•+:6#=•+:2+
'1{qd<7m=Q7C,2K/
5
5
1
CK--KR&
5
!R
l,qd+&+z
&1C<)qdC-
34-
$1 RqdR,<d'
##5#' #5#'#& ##'#& "#'#&#$
+<77W6c! #
5
! #qd/
$
$
12K,#
&
#
5
"BsoG+IM3@C$G
/1
#nH:#L
5
,77WL
5
†H:#L=
,77WL
5
/1
#
,77WL
5
=L
"nH:#
,77WL
5
#
(
'
Co
5ORRlqd+Ibi7Q7ii=v
2+qd34/1
,c,_6D
2+qd3477WL
5
#,77WL
5
qd<7m=Q
5
6+o,6/ 1CIC)q
"qd34
/
%
#L2k<1
&CI3E577W= 34b3F_7B*FG-C)
5
/q1 ~VK
5
o,
"cU7BG
P)uC<<-
$>3F=2Kqd6<A:G]
:,Q ORf),qd
OR=Q77W0
"OR<)
[ +'+3F,.
5
#L #(
2Kqd#L_6cI3E'-C+34<
-
"7W
(
'
Co 77W =L
5
"7W =
/77+<)1 "77W =77WL
`;KqdC2K/G;1C7BCI-2G7CId2K cRS
E/ >a{L1f;
`
%
5
&
'
[
%
'
[
"
'
&
% 5$qd<7mv=Q77WL
5
,L
5
HC3*
3i6i]
'5# #$ %# "&#'
'#&6qd*KlC3*:,K))*G/6,*f
,78%#
!
1=3*:
/C61KK-E-GR%XP)uC<-Ck
#5:,=&$%:
#5:,=$5$:
#5:,=[&:
"#5:,=`$:
>•%%6iRX3F+I CD@C3*:, K))*G
/78%#
!
1=•,)*GC+-2GC3*:,'$
@E-GCD@
[&XP)uC<-Ck
&%#:=%%: '5#&:=`5#[$:
'5#&:=%%: "'#':=`5#[$:
' 5$%qd*K,K)/-t2),Ri,K)1=
<6:3<,Gm=77WL7HC5L
5
>:E-G
R*K,P)uC<-Ck
&%X $#&X [&X "%X
& 5$%qd*K,K)/-t2),Ri,K)1
lC3*,K))*G/78%#
!
13@E-GR$&X
5#' '`#& &% "'#
$(-<qd=2KqdG)
kCDR,<3i
kCD7‡7,Q
kCDCi_Rn
" kCD<KS*
P)uECDCk
[(-<3F=2Kqd
GCDCi_Rn
GCDˆ/2k<
‰
1iqd
GCD+IRK-K<=QL#
5
!
"GCD6c,Q
P)uECD-
`(-<:Gfqd#-,qŠ#x,qd#2Kqd
1'GCD7‡,Q7CD+<+z
1,•2Kqd#vqd#-,qŠCD+IR,<dYFi
2Kqd+6&%%%%%/C= 1lˆ2KqdC3
*qd]
$[ `&` %' "&
‹ŒL{;g"•L;Ž•>N{~Le‹•ŽO~LN
%
‘Ž’0>e“ L{0”Y
&P)uCW€Ckf7r2GK
"r2GKGfK
"r2GKsGC•K
"r2GK7r2GK7r2GC66KF=QK
""r2GK/o7r2GKfC,31GC6)@F
oD)*•C,34F)D)*•K/V# #,#1
&(-<3Mf7r2GfK#3Mf,=3Mf,=3of
3i3MCD+•t
Mf7r2GK=3Mf,#B)F)*•K!;#o+!
f,*6@f33o3*#G+3M3G)*
3i3o6<
" t+3M,=3M=3M#CD7+!o+!o+!
L
*6@=Q33M3*+G3G)*
&5P)u,_<3ICk=D,
eGsd•RF)D+C,d2)/!1*6@,S@=Q
FoD)*•3/:2<d3R7E#i<-
5
1
>G<,CD6
IFC,
5>G<,CDQ=ci
' t+,3M#3M#3M5#6
+,3M'
&eCdRt+Ii*6@C,s<U#6
Ii*6@C,F
U
##'##& #'#&"#5#'#&
&'P)u<<3ICk=DK
OKG+=v3KqK=++!
OKGRFoD+C,2)/!1*6@,S@=Q=v3KqK
5OK+:2+2)@d23
'OK,Qi=ci
&K,77WLi,K
##5#&##& #5#&"#5#'
&&L_+ICD@K•23K-dCb-
;yj
>
$
&
P)usG7QC):=Q;#y#j#>L#
#
#
$
&
L#
'
'
/=)2KK1#
$
'
#
$
$
#L#
$
&
#
$
&
! 8
;
y
$
$
j
$
&
>
$
&
L
;
y
$
$
j
$
&
! 8
>
$
&
L
;
y
'
'
j
$
'
>
$
&
;
y
'
'
j
$
&
>
$
&
L
&$vF:K=K777;l,77W;+3*i*
6@C,]
5 '"&
&%;#y,CbC…yCR-;/RyD3d1a<);C2
=)
a<)y72– %
=)
@2–w)|2w)cR
f7P)CbC…f;#y
^
|8
!
|85
^
Z8Z8"
3G6h
& <CK#iA+cR
H=%*E-
88^ 8!"8!
P)uC<<Ck
& cRCdGfG;/
'
`
1
cRf;
'
`
[
5
5
"
$
/O1&$6,K)<7m=QC,,/ 6:17-\f)@
&
#t
+F:
$
K<R
&
^
&
^
&
^
$
^
^
@T*6@/6—
!
1-! /'5%#`1# !/'%1# ! /5'[#51= ! /'#[1>:
8
!
^&#&6—!&#&6— ^&6—"!&6—
P)uC<<Ck
&[>tEI:
=dQ/>13@C?@6C<)<,CbC…f
,K)]
%#&Z8>ZZ>Z8 %#&Z8>Z"Z>Z
&>tEI:
=dQ/>13@C?@6C<)<2:U
2/7P)CbC…f221]
Z8>Z#&Z>Z8 %#&Z>Z"Z>Z#&
&` G;R<)* ##,C+2@5'#[5X6 cRCk
f;
'
5
$
'
$
"
$
&%>?-CbGi
5
&
,
5
5' &"$
&>?-Cb/6ICbK-!,-1f
5
&
,
5
5' &"$
&5 +5CS5Gl,K)#3KqK=QL@6c7B*H+
IM3@CsG]
c3@CGM3@C5G
t3@C3KqK"t3@CQ
&'aI2<CWCF,fFiK)/6:E,;1_G)%,;<7m@
=QLC#&$':
/C61>:CF,f;#3@7
,
8%#w
[#&
%
&#[
%
`#%
%
"`#&
%
&& %,K)`#%
%
<7m@=QL>:I:
3),/AC61@6,*
fQ
!
=f,%#
!
##$ #[`"#&
&$a)$G;R<)* ##tC'#':
/C61=5#$
>HcRf;#3@:d;/AC61
o#$[`
'
'
$
"
5
&[aIC<)'#$GyU$#[:
/C61=-\<)t+
=d
=QtEg
g
85>HcRfy
'
'
$
"
5
& -dCbR
^e
;;
&
^†
&
yy
P)u<G;#e#;
#y#†#y
:,-<G7QC)L#
#,#
'#
#L#
#,
#
&
,
k•<GCkKRS;#e#;
#y#†#y
'#
,
#
&
,#
#L#,
'#
,#
&
,#
#L#L#
'#
,#
#,
#L#L
"
'#
,
#
&
,#L#,#
&`Gsd;k<)* ##+6`%/C= 1;=
7c,d,b<7m=QL7HC-
34-; G7QC)6c
PCD6E]
5
5
5
"
&5%a)F:G;C#%$:
/C61=#$
f;`%P)uCkcRf;
'
'
/1
5
$
5
"
'
&5 <d%#['Gsd/R<)* ##1CFI:d34I
:f%#5
ABCD6EECF<-GgM);+I
'
`
5
!
!
5
! ! " ˜## a™ŽašL{
&5aIC)%#,
/1
C$#[:
/C61P)ucR
Ckf,
'
/1
5
$
/1
'
/1
"
&
/1
&55 [#$,
/1
<7m=Q7LC#':
/C61P)uc
RCkf,
'
/1
5
$
/1
'
/1
"
&
/1
&5'9;b,K)=,y/
/1
1+B- %#;,<7m=QL
/71C5#5$:
/C61P)ucRCkf,y
'
/1
5
$
/1
'
/1
"
&
/1
&5&aIC<)[#$,/
/1
1U#`$:
/C61P)ucRCkf
;]
'
/1
&
%
/1
5
$
/1
"
'
/1
&5$a<)%#;b
&
=
/1
C#:
/C61=2
P)H<,WCkf2
[##' %#"#$
&5[a<),CdR34 C%#`
#
=3
>:<<,W#3
#=$#'#=[#
''#'=5'&#$ "6c+<,W2<CW
&5a<)[#&,;C%#5[&
=%#&
>HcR
f,;]
&
5
[
'
`
"
5
&
&5`P)uCkcRGifG;/
5
&
,
5
13@,46ˆ;3477
LC-\yR+,3MG=+CK
,
,
5
,
5
,
5
,,
5
,"
,
,,,,
&'%a<)F,#CRiAC
=dQ=QtE-
85P)uCkcRf,
'
%
5
$
"
&
&'C<),;U,C-
34-
HcRf
7P)CbC…f;
^!6
=Q63G6h
^
"
!
&' -dCb3@<
;^
%
yy
–
^
/,-,)1
/(
'
1L#
%
gM);,
5
5
5
,
,
8 !
5
" 8
5
&'5Od<C7BCICD@,K),v:E
f)7r2GK/
&
,134776D
KKQ/2k<21
6CK/
5
134
"f)K-Ke!
&
‰
&''C<),CbC…*@#CRC
=dQ=Qt
E-dR&[HcRf,
'
/1
=
5
$
/1
5
&
/1
5
=
'
[
/1
5
'
[
/1
5
=
&
`
/1
5
"
5
$
/1
=
'
/1
&'$P)u<<3ICk=DK/
$
&
1
K+:2)@d23
KC?nh:Cl
5C,,+zfKCFdC,,+zfK#=M)K+
:2idK
'K,Q/i1=ci=H+iC*6@C,=QQ
&2,+:2idK,GD
K6c,Q,77L
##5#$##'#$ #5#&#$"##&#$
&'[a<)&#&G;tC%#5
=%#&
Y9;t+
)*2 cRf;
$
$
$
&
%
"
&
&' cRCdGf;/
5
5
1
&#&;<7m@=Q77LC[#[
y+-)*334f;fyQdf;''
cRCkf;
$
&
$
$
/1
`
`
/1
5
"
$
'
/1
&'`>,-<Cb7r2Gf3KqK+cR
%
#+3*Cb
/;1PCD6E
;y-,K/O(1
!
,B
6c+ "5
'
&&%>,-<CbfKK/
&
%
1+3*Cb6Q/21iC
,3M5]
5"6c+Cb
&&a+5,e!#e–!e––!=Q2-x,A'%
%
l+IiC3
*iK-K]
'& $"[
CHƯƠNG XIV:HIĐROCACBON THƠM (AREN)
- NGUỒN HIĐROCACBON TỰ NHIÊN
P)us<3ICk=DK
KCbC…f3KqK#=H+BcR
K/3T@1T)AECF_
5 cRGifKb3KqK+i
' 67,+K/
%
1CGCK/
%
1
& K,Q„<7c6<
##5#5#& #5#'"#5#&[
P)us<3ICk=D-,K
A3GRCD6E#-,KtFC
-,KG77WQ,
„77W:)AECF_
5 -,K+I,BK
' -,KCbC…f3KqK=H+BcR
& 6C<)-,KC-
34-
##5 #'#&"#5
5(CbfG;/
`
1
CbC…f3KqK
$[ "`
' G;/
[
[
17r2Gf3KqK+-Cb
5' &"$
&P)u<3I-=DGi3KqK
<)*3,3KqKCD+-
=7C+3KqK+GiFHm
<CD#<+CD%
%
G$)* =$)*CD4,*o…
,3KqK*6@Cd ! 7d*6@Cc 8 "C+3KqK6cIm
<CD
" ,3KqK#G*6@ ! CD734#34#5`
%
$P)u<3ICk=D7Ul
7Ul9Rif,GD7,3F<i6#26=,K
7UlGl#U-r#6c,Q#›dQ
5+Iv7Ul3477WL
'6GCi7UlUC6:/,7Ul1#KK7Ul#2T#7U
l#7UCKqK#7UQ#q
&,x,n<,H7BECF=2k<CI3@7,3iA6c<
7,3<#o26=,K#4Gf2T
##'#& ##5 #5#' "#5#'#&
&
[P)-.2@<i7,3-C)Kt-T7U,K#66c<#6K
6c<#26#6K+<#266c<#26+<
,KZ66c<Z6+<Z6K6c<Z6K+<Z26
6c<Z26+<
66c<Z266c<Z6K6c<Z26+<Z6K
+<Z6+<
66c<Z266c<Z6K6c<Z26+<Z
6+<Z6K+<Z,K
",KZ66c<Z6K6c<Z266c<Z6+<Z
26+<Z6K+<Z,K
KqK3WrFQ,G:/=@Q1 +I7BsGCIC3KqK
6@L#
(
'
Co#L
(
'
6# #
6# 6:P)uC<<Ck
G<G
tL=
G
(
'
Co
" L#L
(
'
# #
` F:3KqK/78%#[`
!
1<7m=Q:
/C61/2k<VK
5
1C'&%
3KqK/
$
&
1>:E-GRCD@3KqK
$#&X[X %X"#&X
%>,B2KKA%%
%
/i:2k<1C3KqK/I6:1L@i[#
6d3KqK2%
/6,*f
$
$
l%#[`
!
1HC3*:3KqK/
l1
$#5$#$ [#"#[5
P)uECD-=D7Ul
7UlGtR3=7,
7Ul6c+ECF-c2<CW
7UlGl#-<#UCK#›dQ#6c,Q
"7Ul9<7,3/61#26=,K
L,+3KqKCG;#y6‚dF+zL
a<)`#'
9;#yC
#
#gœ#'L
/C61P)Cko7r2G,
$
&
L
=
$
'
/L
1
$
'
/L
1
=
$
5
/L
1
5
$
5
/L
1
=
$
/L
1
'
"
$
'
/L
1
5
=
$
/L
1
'
5
<7m=QK/2k<VK
5
1+ICC3*CbCK
'& $"[
'YF7,3dR=v3KqK/;1+cR
`
%
G;C++I+3
*Cb
'& $"[
&L+z*6@=3KqK)*<E-
)ER*/^ 1#CU)KK,=D:3KqK MCFKK,A
3KqK
CWQ<+@@K/Co:
^
#L
^
#1==W,:,=,
7‡7d/i+1R@A3KqK
" G<)*A3KqK,A*CF
$
$†k,HG,kf!K2-K2#2K2#3KqKCuH]
,6E
,62k<
,Kx,/,x1
" E
[a<)%%C#,6c<)(
#VK
5#
=&`#%':
96:
=(
/C61>:X6f3=h,
$X =#X('X =5#X(
&X =#X("[X =%#X(
>@6%#2,34
/
#21G)*%#$
/C61C-\;
P)uCk >O>f;
`{u*G;+ > >->*u-
#5#&!,K)3KqK-
YK-)K
()!,K)3KqKR,K)3KqKC2R
"5#&!CK)K
% cRCdGfF7r2Gf3KqK/;1/
5
1
G)C6
<7m=Q3KqK/VK
5
2k<1P)u > >Ckf;
G+ > >
>*u-
(,K OK)KK g)3KqK "~)3KqK
P)uCk=D3KqK
KqK+ > >
[
L
L
L
L
L
L
OH
H
NH
2
NH
2
H
2
N
C.
"9•
5
5
5
8
D.Hỗn hợp A&C
KqKGl6c#6c,Q#›dQD,7cs
d
5KqK=<CbC…+cR
!$
'KqKtR@#6c3_RF
&C<)3KqKC-
=dQ34
##5 #5#' #5#' "#5#&
5 > >fLK
P)u >O>CkBLK
%
%
%
%
"
%
'
'2<!2K34Y
'
/c,_
(
'
1Kd,H
^Y
'
^
(
'
ž&;^$
(
'
^
3@G<E-CDCkP)2<CWcRCkf;
&C,3;CbC…f 3KqK+ cRCd
G/
5
'
1
<7m=Q
KtE+@-<tC7r2G
7)GP)u > >Ckf;
$a<)/1CbC…f3KqKC/1
Yo6<3@;6c<
7m=Q
6+VK
5
2k<i<7m=Q
6@-<=tC7r2G
7)GP)u > >f;
[,2K+ > >-
l,,2K+3**6@Ÿ=*6@
5
5
&
COOH
COOH
C.
5
"
5
z z
5
5
5
5
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
D.
z
z
5
5
5
5
&
&
&
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
D.
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
5
z z
5
5
z z
5
o
Ÿ= $Ÿ=[
'Ÿ=[ "5%Ÿ=[
` a<)/1C,3;CS
=dQKtE-
8& Yo6</1G;3)dCI:d34¡I:fK
ABCD6E
#<-G@;<7m=•Cf=Q77R5,
#6C,<;
C#5!CK)3KqK > >f;
CHƯƠNG XV: DẪN XUẤT HALOGEN. RƯỢU. PHENOL
‘Ž’0>e“ L{0”Y
&P)uCW€Ckf7r2GK
"r2GKGfK
"r2GKsGC•K
"r2GK7r2GK7r2GC66KF=QK
""r2GK/o7r2GKfC,31GC6)@F
oD)*•C,34F)D)*•K/V# #,#1
&(-<3Mf7r2GfK#3Mf,=3Mf,=3of
3i3MCD+•t
Mf7r2GK=3Mf,#B)F)*•K!;#o+!
f,*6@f33o3*#G+3M3G)*
3i3o6<
" t+3M,=3M=3M#CD7+!o+!o+!
L
*6@=Q33M3*+G3G)*
&5P)u,_<3ICk=D,
eGsd•RF)D+C,d2)/!1*6@,S@=Q
FoD)*•3/:2<d3R7E#i<-
5
1
>G<,CD6
IFC,
5>G<,CDQ=ci
' t+,3M#3M#3M5#6
+,3M'
`
CH
2
=CH
!
5
!
!
5
5
Câu 28P)u*K0ŽO BG+
> >H3*,<
!,)!5!K)!'!K)3KqK
!K)!!K)!&!,)3KqK
C.1-etyl-2-metyl-4-propyl benzen
"'!K)!5!K)!!,)3KqK
8 ! ¢
8
¢
C≡CH
C
8
"
!
5
&eCdRt+Ii*6@C,s<U#6
Ii*6@C,F
U
##'##& #'#&"#5#'#&
&'P)u<<3ICk=DK
OKG+=v3KqK=++!
OKGRFoD+C,2)/!1*6@,S@=Q=v3KqK
5OK+:2+2)@d23
'OK,Qi=ci
&K,77WLi,K
##5#&##& #5#&"#5#'
&&L_+ICD@K•23K-dCb-
;yj
>
$
&
P)usG7QC):=Q;#y#j#>L#
#
#
$
&
L#
'
'
/=)2KK1#
$
'
#
$
$
#L#
$
&
#
$
&
! 8
;
y
$
$
j
$
&
>
$
&
L
;
y
$
$
j
$
&
! 8
>
$
&
L
;
y
'
'
j
$
'
>
$
&
;
y
'
'
j
$
&
>
$
&
L
&$vF:K=K777;l,77W;+3*i*
6@C,]
5 '"&
&%;#y,CbC…yCR-;/RyD3d1a<);C2
=)
a<)y72– %
=)
@cRf
7P)CbC…f;#y
^
/|o81
!
/|o851
^
/Zo8Zo81"
3G6h
& <CK#iA+cR
H=P*E-
88^ 8!"8!
P)uC<<Ck
& cRCdGfG;/
'
`
1
cRf;
'
`
[
5
5
"
$
/O1&$6,K)<7m=QC,,/ 6:17-\f)@
&
#t
+F:
$
K<R
&
^
&
^
&
^
$
^
^
@T*6@/6—
!
1-! /'5%#`1# !/'%1# ! /5'[#51= ! /'#[1>:
8
!
^&#&6—!&#&6— ^&6—"!&6—
P)uC<<Ck
&[>tEI:
=dQ/>13@C?@6C<)<,CbC…f
,K)]
%#&Z8>ZZ>Z8 %#&Z8>Z"Z>Z
&[>tEI:
=dQ/>13@C?@6C<)<2:U
2/7P)CbC…f221]
Z8>Z#&Z>Z8 %#&Z>Z"Z>Z#&
&` G;R<)* ##,C+2@5'#[5X6 cRCk
f;
'
5
$
'
$
"
$
&%>?-CbGi
5
&
,
5
5' &"$
&%>?-Cb/6ICbK-!,-1f
5
&
,
5
%
5' &"$
&5 +5CS5Gl,K)#3KqK=QL@6c7B*H+
IM3@CsG]
c3@CGM3@C5G
t3@C3KqK"t3@CQ
&'aI2<CWCF,fFiK)/6:E,;1_G)%,;<7m@
=QLC#&$':
/C61>:CF,f;#3@7
,
8%#w
[#&
%
&#[
%
`#%
%
"`#&
%
&& %,K)`#%
%
<7m@=QL>:I:
3),/AC61@6,*
fQ
!
=f,%#
!
##$ #[`"#&
&$a)$G;R<)* ##tC'#':
/C61=5#$
>HcRf;#3@:d;/AC61
o#$[`
'
'
$
"
5
&[aIC<)'#$GyU$#[:
/C61=-\<)t+
=d
=QtEg
g
85>HcRfy
'
'
$
"
5
& -dCbR
^e
;;
&
^†
&
yy
P)u<G;#e#;
#y#†#y
:,-<G7QC)L#
#,#
'#
#L#
#,
#
&
,
k•<GCkKRS;#e#;
#y#†#y
'#
,
#
&
,#
#L#,
'#
,#
&
,#
#L#L#
'#
,#
#,
#L#L
"
'#
,
#
&
,#L#,#
&`Gsd;k<)* ##+6`%/C= 1;=
7c,d,b<7m=QL7HC-
34-; G7QC)6c
PCD6E]
5
5
5
"
&5%a)F:G;C#%$:
/C61=#$
f;`%P)uCkcRf;
'
'
/1
5
$
5
"
'
&5 <d%#['Gsd/R<)* ##1CFI:d34I
:f%#5
ABCD6EECF<-GgM);+I
'
`
5
!
!
5
! ! " ## CDCk
&5aIC)%#,
/1
C$#[:
/C61P)ucR
Ckf,
'
/1
5
$
/1
'
/1
"
&
/1
&55 [#$,
/1
<7m=Q7LC#':
/C61P)uc
RCkf,
'
/1
5
$
/1
'
/1
"
&
/1
&5'9;b,K)=,y/
/1
1+B- %#;,<7m=QL
/71C5#5$:
/C61P)ucRCkf,y
'
/1
5
$
/1
'
/1
"
&
/1
&5&aIC<)[#$,/
/1
1U#`$:
/C61P)ucRCkf
;]
'
/1
&
%
/1
5
$
/1
"
'
/1
Chương XVI: ANĐEHIT - XETON – AXIT CACBOXYLIC.
$P)u<ECDCk7QC)
CK#2K=232)CDR+3)| 8
232)6c++3)++32)z
5CK#2K=232)CD7r2GfC,3
'CK=2K=232)CD+I+C,3#6cod
&6C*C2Ko232)
$+3)| 8G@ACUi3C=QC*=si3C
=Q2K
#5#'#$##' ##'#$"#5#$
$2<CW6Sdf22K7SKI:d2A5%£ _C<
,WY8%#vA%%£ C<,WY8$%aDC+Rl
cRf22K
'
'
@n:E-
GCK:E6c22K
"p5%£ 22Kbi7Q7iCK/W17*6@C,,G3Ds2#v
A%%£ *6@C,3W<=¤=2bi7Q7iK/Cd1
/O1$5P)-.2@<2-KRST7U:2/CFi1
,! #
5
! #
5
! #
! #
!
/1/1/51/'1/&1
/1Z/1Z/51Z/'1Z/&1/1Z/1Z/'1Z/51Z/&1
/51Z/1Z/&1Z/'1Z/1"/51Z/&1Z/1Z/'1Z/1
$' cRf<2U2#iA
'
^
'
!
'
"
^
'
$& cRf<K-KCdRiA
^
!
"
^
$$;#y+BcR
'
[
6<7m=Q77WLC<-\-
;^Lsd;
^
&
^L
y^Lsd;
^
'
/1
^L
<cRGi+I+f;#y
!
!
&
=
5
! ! !
5
!
!
&
=
5
! !
!
!
5
! ! !
=
5
! !
!
!
"
5
! !
&
=
5
! ! !
5
P)uocRGiCk
$[P)-.2@<G-C)KRST7U:2K/1#K/1#22K/51#!
K)K/'1#2,2K/&1#!,K/$1
Z'ZZ$Z5Z&ZZ5Z'Z$Z&
Z'Z$ZZ5Z&"ZZ5Z$Z'Z&
$[
5
! <7m=Q
&
(9U_2<CW-2vi@
n-
>/_1'$%'$
2
v%#&[%%#'%%#5[%%#5'%%#55&%#555%#555%#555
E-GRK-K+Ci<,WSCi
&X55#5X &%X"$$#[X
/O1$
5
! <7m=Q
&
6RCiQ,i<34G)
v<w5
5
>:4-34fRK-K+
885 8'"8$
/O1$` 3@4-34fRK-K+s22K=,K)'L@
5
! <7m=Q#$,K)H6ECiQ,i<34#E-GR
3*]
8$$#[X8%X 8&X"8&X
$%a<)vv$#%G;C#[L
5
=&#
;<7m
=Q77W C232)U2yP)ucRCkf2y
'
5
'
'
'
'
'
'
"
'
$ 3@%#`&Y
6c6@<7m=•Cf=Q%#&&22,c,_
2-x,KR
Y
^
'
^
(
'
Y(
'
^
^
>:U,TiG+,Y
X%X 5X"&X
$2+vv9;b =
5
! 34
/2–1C92d
R>t6/d1fy-=Q;l3@*,6l]
#ZZ#5$#5$ZZ#&5
#5$ZZ#$'"&5ZZ#$'
$52+vv9;b =
5
! 34C92dRy
>t6dfy-=Q;8'&w`[>:U,T-f9G,;
#[X =[[#5X
5
!
5#X =$#[X
5
!
&%#X ='`#X
5
!
"%X =%X
5
!
$'v22K=QC&%%77;P)u<,WfbCF
f;
%#Y%'Y %&Y"%Y
$& U*3*22K=%%77
5
! %#'w/78#%%
!
1CI
+77W
5
! %X]
$#%[#'' #''"
$$"7W;R =
5
! aI,v%%77;U5%77L#ci77CP
,vC#&6>:bCFf<2,;
%#Y=
5
%#Y %#Y=
5
%#&Y
%#Y=
5
%#Y" %#&Y=
5
%#&Y
$["7W;R %#Y=
5
! %#Y U7B3*77;CI,v&77
9/1
%#%=L%#%&YP)uC<-Ck
&% #&"[#&
$a<)vv[#'F2#CdR/;1C$#[:
/C61P)uc
RCkf;
5
5
5
[
!
&
! "!
$` #[9
5
! =2e! <7m@=QLC#':
/C61
>:?6C
&#&%# ``"[#
$% ;b,K)=22K/,C+-,Dd-21U
34OURG<7m=QL/71C&#$:
/C61OURC+=QF
:
(
'
CoQRK-K+vv#C#K-K>:-,=2,;
%#',=%#2%#,=%#2
%#,=%#52"%#$,=%#&2
$a<)vv%#G;/R ##1=-\<)Un3HCS%%
77
(
'
`$#'X3HCS77/71(EG)bCF('A3Hv
`%X,3H+&&#>HcRf;#3@,49+)*
2
'
5
$
"
5
$ %#$9b22K=2CbC…;<7m@=Q
5
G)3),#':
/C61>HcRf;
&
!
5
[
! "
'
`
!
$5 %#$9;b2x=22K<7m@=Q
5
C#':
/C61Yo6<%#$9;<7m=Q5,K)6+o
(
'
Co2k<
>:?6K-KC#3@E-G9RK-K+CD34%X
#`$&# #"#'%
$' +F92CdRCbC…d6‚)*3@#':d
9/:KC61o$gM)cRf2
5
! =
5
[
!
8 ! =
'
`
!
! =
&
! "
&
! =
'
`
!
$&L@C<)vvFCKC-
Dd-
==Ck34
-CKHcRf7P)CbC¥f+
!
^
"
!'
$$ <G-C)R=Q
5
! L^
^
/
5
1
^L
5
5
5
! ^L(
'
'
5
^
5
&
[
55
L^ /
5
1
$
$
&
L^
5
^
[
5
L
'
^ /1
<
R6c2),
#5#'#5 #5#$"#5#&
$$L@C<)vvF232)C-Q34-
H2C+F
7P)CbC¥]
2CR26cCdR
2CdR"2d/CbC¥f23Kq1
$[cICD@2K34<R7QC)]
2+K/-,)3KqK134
/6c6:1
LE
5
! o/
5
! 1
2+,-,)34 o
/6c6:1
"2+,!,)34 o
/6c6:1
$L#,fF2CdR=QL/ 2k<1tC#27
=FC,37)Ga+f2]
5
! LL !
! L
5
!
! L"
$
&
! L
$`>f)vv%#G;3477LC`#,CdR G+
I
'
5
!
&
/
5
1
5
&
&
!
&
"
$
&
! L
$5% #`G;<7m=Qd7L
5
,77WL
5
G)+,#$
gM);G,<G-
5
!
!
! " !
!
!
$5a<)vv2232);CRC)
=q
3@)!q82gM)
2F7P)CbC¥<7QC)]
^
/ 1
!
"
^
/ 1
5
$5 G;R<)* ##+6Y28`%+;<7m@=QL
C-C,Ck34gM);G,-<G-]
122/,7c,d1122K
512'12K,&1!!'!C
##5#5#' #5#&"#5#'
$55 5#[232);<7m=QL
5
C#
/C61l;2
,-<2-
22K22
2"2,
$5'><u
6l2K,/C+=Q(
'
…i1CG;+t6-=QL
34P)u*u-f;
,KCK,
,K",
/O1$5&"7W2e! %#Y+854-2
f2C+34
82%
!&
8#[2%
!'
8&#&2%
!&
"
8&#%2%
!$
Chương XXII : KIM LOẠI KIỀM- KIỀM THỔ- NHÔM
;7L
5
R[#[X2gM)+<,W
$ % "
;FiC<=cR%X
5
#UviG,dL&%;F_C5`
G,.L=M)X
5
CP3Wf)
&%#&X $%X $#&X "$&X
5v&
5
#3477 =6:<,Gm@=&%%77L%#'Y
C77; 777
=77;+6@f6@f34
[#& [#'` `#&& "`#&
'P)uECD-
2-x:,Q
3,-x6c,<77 #L
5
c36c,Q
"K36c,77L
& '#':
/C61Gm@=77&%%779L%#Y=/1
%#YC
6@f{<,WCkf
`#& &# `#[ "%#'
$>,F%%77
#%X=Q'%77
(
'
'#`XC26@f=77ybCF)X o
<,W2#)Ck
&