Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15

THE

TRANSACTIONS
OP

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF

LONDON.
SECOND SERIES.—VOLUME

X.

ZOOLOGY.

LONDON:
PRINTED

I1Y

TAYLOR AND PBAHCI8, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET:

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOISE, PICCADILLY, W.

AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND

CO.,

1901 A922.

PATEP.NOSTER-KOW.

1,



—

CONTENTS

PART I.— October,
I.

Biscayan Plankton collected daring a
Part

I.

Methods and Data.

(Plate

1904.

Cruise of H, M.S. 'Research,'

By

1.)

G.

Herbert Fowler, B.A.,
pages 1-11

Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S

PART
II.

1900.

1 1.— November, 1904.

The Amphipoda and Cladocera,

toith

By

Notes on a Larval Thy rostra can.

Rev. T. R. R, Stebbixg, JI.A., FB.S., F.B.S., F.Z.S., and an Appendix
their Distribution

(Plates 2

by

G.

The

F.L.S.,

A: 3.)

By

Choetognatha.

G.

III.— January,

Herbert Fowler,

B.A.,

Ph.D.,

F.L.S.,

&

By

G.

1901.

Herbert Fowler, B.A.,

Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

By

W.

Holt and \V. M. Tatteusall, B.Sc. (with JV\tWith an Appendix by G. Herbert Pom lei:, 11. A., Ph.D., F.L.S.,

V. The Schizopoda.

E.

r

L.

103-129

F.Z.S.

VI. The

Colloid

(Plates

89-101

9.)

figuves).

F.Z.S.

55-87

PART IV.— November,
8

F.Z.S.

190").

(Plates 4-7.)

IV. The Thaliacea.

on,

13-54

.

PART
III.

Herbert Powler, B.A.,

Ph.D.,

the

Badiolaria.

By

R

NoRRlS

Wolfexden,

J/.

I).,

F.L.S.,

131-135

F.Z.S

PART V.—February,
VII. Mollnsca {excluding Cephalopoda).

1906.

By PAUL

Xormale de Gand. {Communicated with
G. Herbert Fowler, IJ..I., Ph.D., F.Z.S.,

a

PELSENEER, Projesseur a VEcole
Note

F.Z.S.)

<>u

their

Distribution

(Plates 10-12.).

:\

by

137-157

25 4

:j

iv

[

j

PART VI.— October,
By

Dr.

W.

By Edward

T.

1906.

E. Hoyle, Director of the Manchester Museum.
Fowler,
F.L.S.) (With 3 Text-figures.) 159-102
{Communicated by Dr. G. H.

VIII. The Cephalopoda.

IX. The Medusa?.
University

F.L.S.)

Browne, B.A., Zoological Research Laboratory,
London. {Communicated by Dr. G. Herbert Fowler,

College,

163-187

(Plate 13.)

PART VII.— May,
X. The

By

Fishes.

E. "W. L.

Holt and

Herbert Fowler, F.L.S.

[with

L.

1907.

W. Byrne.

Note

to

the

same])

PART VIII.— October,
XI. Decapoda.

By Stanley W. Kemp,

Fowler, F.L.S.

[toith

B.A.

{Communicated by Dr. G.
foregoing Report by the
189-201

1907.

{Communicated by Dr. G. Herbert

Note on Distribution by the same]).

(Plates 14

&

15.)

205-217

PART IX.— November,
XII. The

Ostracoda.

By

G.

1909.

Herbert Fowler,

(Plates 16-27.)

F.Z.S.)

Ph.D.,

F.L.S.,
.

PART X.— June,
XIII. The Siphonophora.
Cambridge, Mass.

B.A.,

By Henry

F.Z S.
219-336

1911.

B. Bigelow,

Museum of Comparative

Zoology,

{Communicated by G. H. Fowler, B.A., Ph.D., F.L.S.,
337-358
(Plate 28.)

PART
Titlepage, Contents,

and Index

XL— June, 1922.
359-366

.

TRANSACTIONS
OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
BISCAYAN PLANKTON
COLLECTED DURING A CRUISE OF

By

G.

1900.

AND DATA.

Part I.— METHODS
(Plate

'RESEARCH/

II.M.S.

1.)

Herbert Fowler, B.A., Ph.D.,

F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Read 21st January, 1904.

IJURING

the

month

1900, the

July,

of

Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty

consented, at the request of the Council of the Royal Society, to place H.M.S.
at

my

Bay

disposal for an investigation of the Plankton of the

of Biscay.

I had the very great advantage of the voluntary assistance of

Borradaile, of

Selwyn College, Cambridge, without which

it

my

'

Research

In

this

'

work

friend Mr. L. A.

would have heen impossible

through so much in the time at my disposal.
My thanks are also due not only
the Lords of the Admiralty and to the Council of the Royal Society, but also to

to get
to

Admiral

Sir

W. J. Wharton,

F.R.S., for his assistance in the matter, and to Captain A.

Field and the other officers of the

'

M

Research' for the ready and patient help which they

rendered throughout the cruise.

The area studied was
of over

selected as being the nearest to Great Britain at

2000 fathoms could readily be obtained.

It lay

between 46°

43'

which a depth

and 47°

29'

North

and
and
West longitude. The stations were included in a parallelogram which measured roughly 78 by 20 nautical miles. Within so small an area, and
at a considerable distance from land, there is no reason to suppose that the fauna and
physical conditions are other than uniform throughout
and what is true of one
extremity of the parallelogram may fairly be taken to hold good of the other end at the
same moment. This identity of conditions was deliberately selected, for, as I have else-

latitude,

7° 15'

8° 18'

;

where maintained

*,

accurate information as to the constituents of the Mesoplanktonic
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, pp. 5G7

SECOND SEIZES.

— ZOOLOGY, VOL.

X.

el $eq.

1


DE.

2

fauna

is

Q. H.

EOWLEE— BISCAYAN PLANKTON

:

only possible by a comparison of numerous hauls taken at

all

depths in the same

area at about the same date.

The

special

vertical

problems, with reference

movement

to

which the hauls were planned, were

Epiplankton in relation to time of

of the

other varying conditions as rain,

wind, and swell

known

colder water of organisms

and,

clay,

if

(1)

the

possible, to such

(2) the presence (or absence) in deep

;

to occur at the surface in higher latitudes, but not

represented in the warmer surface-waters of the

Bay

the various groups of animals are finished,

will be impossible to say

it

Until the Reports on

of Biscay.

how

far the

attempt on these two problems has been successful but I venture to think that a glance
at the table of hauls below (pp. 8-10) will show that a serious attempt has been made to
;

In this

attack them.

which

will

first

communication those working data

make subsequent Reports

of the cruise are published

intelligible.

The methods of collection employed were
(1) ordinary open tow-nets (about
20 inches diameter, except net 180 which was 12 inches in diameter) towed by the
:

ship's drift at the surface

and

at depths of 25, 50, 75,

and 100 fathoms;

(2)

the opening

and closing Mesoplankton net which had been previously used with success by myself in
the Ea?roe Channel, and by the Dutch Siboga Expedition in the East Indies *
(3) a
'

'

;

Mesoplankton trawl,
a bag

made

from the

differing only

latter in

having a 4-foot-square mouth, and

same arrangements

of pilchard-netting, 9 feet in length, but with the

for

opening and closing ; (4) at the close of the cruise, open tow-nets bent on to a wire rope
at intervals between 100 and 350 fathoms, after the serial method in use on H.M.S.
'

Challenger,' for comparison with

So

net.

condition

the question of the nets, some of

my

more certain method of a closing
method brings on deck a very much

I regard as the

have observed, while the

far as I

larger quantity of material, its

On

what

is

serial

often not so good as that from the closing nets.

results

may

perhaps prove of use to other collectors on

hoard ship.

With hauls

(1)

at the actual surface (since a long line is necessary to let the net

go clear of the ship's

and clinkers and potato-parings do not improve the Plankton) hemp rope and a float where the
even a fine wire has a tendency to sink the
bridles of the net are attached to it, give the best results

refuse,

:

when

net to an uncertain depth, and wet cod-line cuts the hands painfully

hauled.

With

planktou hauls, down to 100 fathoms a small hand-wiuch and fine wire rope with a 19

end gave excellent results

away from the

;

have towed anywhere between 100 and 70 fathoms.
be 45° in a strong

drift,

If the angle

mark would be

„

50

„

„

>1

*"

3,

})

In using two nets at a time on the wire, and a 20

at the

end of a 100-fathoni wire

made by the

visible wire,

at

Siboga

'

Expedi tie

:

may

which may

70 fathoms,

35

„

t/

„

lb. lead, it is safer,

except in a

flat

calm, to bend the

nets on, not at the 100, 75, &c. marks, but at from 5 to 10 fathoms below these marks

'

lead at the

were constant for the whole length of the wire, then
the 100-fathom

*

deeper Epi-

but even with this weight the nets have a tendency to stream upwards and

and in drifting before a strong wind a net

vertical,

lb.

Introduction et Description de 1'Expedition, par

pardoned for remarking that Prof. Weber speaka well of the net.

Max

Weber,

p.

11.

;

I

it is

better to

may perhaps

be


METHODS AND DATA.
At tbe same time,

go too deep than too shallow.

going over

visible wire in

during

is

sounding-wire with thermometers

my

(/)

on discovering the

;

made by the

the angle

for example,

:

from the port quarter, fouled a

nets, streamed

were hauled, and both appeared to be straight up and down for

*,

of tbe submerged wire

lie

go from the starboard bow

let

shown

as I have before

not an accurate indication of tbe

on one occasion (hauls 35 c and

this cruise,

3

both wires

foul,

many fathoms, although

really foul of

one another at 70 fathoms depth under tbe keel amidships.

Two

attempts to improve the ordinary tow-nets are perhaps worth recording, although both were

cloth
faster

may

they

failures, since

serve as warnings to other marine naturalists.

hung down loosely into tbe
swimmers from escaping; its

effect in practice

was to prevent animals from getting into the net by

diminishing the opening, rather than to keep them there.

which was fastened

cloth,

In the one, a funnel of boulting-

net from tbe frame, to serve as a " pocket " which should keep the

to the net just

Another experiment was a funnel of boulting-

above the collecting-tin, the lower end hanging in the

the idea of saving the organisms which get crushed in the angle between net and tin

out of water

lifted

:

worked

which was

net,

fully described in the Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1898, pp.

with 23 per cent, of failures

fairly well, but

:

notably to the net-frame being too light for the lock,

been remedied in nets

defects have

with

latter is

was not a success.

it

The Mesoplankton

(2)

tin,

when the

568-574,

these were traced to easily remediable causes,
if

lowered fast or used in a heavy swell

built subsequently for the Antarctic ship 'Discovery

'

:

these

and

for

Dr. Wolfenden.

The Mesoplankton

(3)

machine, but caught so

abandoned.

being

the

rate at

When

heavier net-frame, worked quite satisfactorily as a

catch large organisms,

to

small size and slow speed.

too small and hauled too slowly

still

maximum

engine.

its

much

comparison with the time occupied on deep hauls, that

in

little,

had been devised

It

ordinary net owing to
its

trawl, having a

;

I attribute its failure to catch

it

17-foot-square trawl to open and shut, which I

was soon

more than

it

did, to

could only be heaved in at about 2 miles an hour,

which tbe winch bands could

touched, large animals seem to

it

and cephalopods, which escape the

fish,

reel

up the wire rope

jump clear of a small
hope may yield better

net

as delivered

:

I

from tbe deck-

have therefore designed a

results, if the

winch

is

geared to

the deck-engine.

The

epi plankton nets

were out for different periods of time, generally for about an hour.

that uniform hauls of half an hour would have been better.

caught

;

but

it

becomes doubly

so.

is

In consequence,
;

I

to the

mercury bichloride

:

this

when the

forms a

on the whole, were got by adding a
bottom of the

jar,

and

larger specimens

dirty, sticky, insoluble

over the specimens, apparently consisting of an albuminous compound with mercury.

best results,

sunk

is

novelties,

statistical (quantitative) study.

reagents for dealing with tbe bulk of the catch, which remains

have been picked out, the chief thing to avoid
all

think

have taken for identification only about half the material in

from the other half have been taken conspicuous

organisms of which every specimen was desired for

deposit

I

of course,

not so good, and that the labour of sorting tbe catch, always tedious,

of the epiplankton hauls

As regards

is,

seems to increase the number of specimens rather than of species, with the results that

the condition of the material

many

In an hour more material

little

by preserving in 3 per

pure formalin to
cent., followed

kill,

My

and when the animals had

by 5 per cent, solution of formalin

in fresh water.

The

details in

Table

I.

are extracted from the ship's log.

The

expressed on Beaufort's scale, of which
1

2
*'

~
A.

represents a velocity of

8 miles per hour,

5,

„

13

„

„

39

33

*®

3}

33

>*

1'\
*"*

33

3j

ts

* Troc. Zool. Soc. 189S,

p.

568.

force of the

wind

is


DE. G. H.

4

FOWLEE— BISCAYAN PLANKTON:

As regards the state of the sea, it must be remembered that " smooth " in a sailor's
mouth often covers enough swell to break Medusae and Siphonophora to bits in the net,
and to make it difficult to work deep-water nets.
The depths marked with a + were the greatest depths to which a net was lowered
each day and found no bottom.

In Table

All the hauls were

on board

is

more

II. are given the

variable data.

made with open

tow-nets, except where only the time of arrival

given in the second column, these hauls being taken with the closing Meso-

plankton net.
In the third column, headed

" Net,"

given the number of meshes per linear inch

is

:

The nets were made of the
(except 65, which was of

a matter of importance in dealing with minute animals.

ordinary Swiss Boulting Silk familiar to marine zoologists
muslin).

The fourth column shows the horizon investigated. In the hauls marked 25, 50, 75, &c.

to 0, the net was lowered, towed for some time at the lowest level, and pulled straight up
As has been pointed out above, these nets
to the surface again as rapidly as was safe.
may have towed a little above the depth indicated, in some cases where the ship's drift
was considerable but I do not think that, used as they were on a f" circumference wire
;

rope with a 19-lb. sounding-lead, they are likely to have risen

much

above the theoretical

depth.

As

regards the deeper hauls, there were in the regular series
100"1

200 to

7 hauls from

:

200

3

'

MOO-fathom

sections,

300
400J
|

500^

750

1000

125oJ
1500

and

also as extra hauls

1

haul from 150 to

50,

150 „

100,

„

3 hauls

The

collection

may

critical " depth,

round a supposed "
1

500-fathom sections

„

;

there were

:

250 „ 150.

„

therefore be expected to yield a fair picture of the smaller Meso-

plankton.

The actual bulk of water from which the fauna is strained by these deep-water
nets is very small and this point must not be forgotten when organisms are only occaThus with the
sionally captured, or seem few and far between in the deeper hauls.
ordinary 20-inch- square Mesoplankton net in the tables just given
;

:

100-fathom section strains 1650 cubic

of which even the last
2 0' X 30'

X U'

high.

250

„

500

„

is

less

„

4125

„

„

8250

„

feet,

than the cubic contents of a

fair-sized

drawing-room,


METHODS AND DATA.

12

9


—

6

DE. G. H.

of H.M.S.

'

EOWLEE— BISCAYAN PLANKTON

Station

Porcupine,'

'

:

1869, position 47° 39' N., 11° 33' W., or about

38,

150 miles "W.N.W. of our usual position *

;

and the curve of mean ocean temperatures t

has been placed alongside as III.

This last curve, plotted, as Dr. Buchan said,
all

latitudes for the different depths

"

"from the whole

of the observations in

recorded up to the date of his Report,

may be

taken as the standard curve for ocean temperatures where unaffected by specific causes.
But curves I. and II., as compared with the regularity of III., show by a downward bow

200 and 1000 fathoms the water is much warmer than it should be
according to the usually regular diminution of temperature. This is no doubt due
largely to the influence of the Gibraltar bottom current.
At the Straits of Gibraltar
that between

an upper inflow of colder water from Atlantic to Mediterranean, and a bottom

outflow of warmer water from Mediterranean to Atlantic J the influence of this warmer
there

is

:

water

is

very conspicuous in the maps appended to Dr. Buchan's

'

Challenger

'

Report,

already cited, between 500 and 900 fathoms, as

shown by a concentricity of the isobathytherms at these and intermediate depths with Gibraltar as a centre §. That the critical
points of the Porcupine curve are at higher horizons than those of the Research
'

'

'

curve, and that the curve as a whole

is

and

its

position of the

The

'

Porcupine

'

station

colder,

is

probably due to the more northerly

greater distance from Gibraltar.

the sixth column under the head of

letters in

Beaufort's scale, and are as follows

B —
C =

M =
Under the heading

O =
R =

blue sky.
cloudy.

are taken from

overcast.
rain.

mist.

" Light"

of

"Weather"

:

in the log is recorded the

number

of seconds required

Wynne's Exposure Meter to a standard tint. This method
of light-estimation was suggested to me by Mr. E. W. L. Holt: of course it records only
actinic values, not absolute light
unfortunately it is practically useless at dawn and
dusk, and is quite useless at night even when there is a considerable amount of nonto turn the sensitive paper of

;

actinic light.

With regard

to the occasional presence in a deep haul of isolated specimens of animals captured other-

wise only at higher horizons,

it

must he noted that while the nets were always washed out

after a haul, there is always a jiossibility of a small

collecting-tin of a subsequent haul.

on a dipping-tube or

* Wyville

Thomson

t A. Buchan
X

'

:

'

:

in

iu fresh water

animal adhering to the net and appearing in the

Again, an animal from a previous haul

may conceivably

be

a killing-bottle, and so stray into a later haul, in the haste which

left
is

over

often

Depths of the Sea, pp. 143 & 321.

Challenger

'

Eeport on Oceanic Circulation,

p. 9.

Shearwater,' Proc. Boy. Soc. xx. p. 97.

§ This explanation has also been accepted within certain limits by Dr. Gerhard Schott

Oceanographie,

p. 186).

('

Valdivia

'

Expedition,


;

METHODS AND DATA.
inseparable from work of this kind at sea.

number, and

7

However, with reasonable care such cases

be few in

will

will not materially affect the question of large percentages.

In some groups (Chretognatha, OstracoJa, &c.)

an attempt will be made to give a quantitative

estimate of the specimens captured, with a view to the study of their vertical oscillation.

It

is

not

contended that every single specimen of a minute Ostracod or Doliolum has been picked out of the more

abundant hauls

;

the clots which Phaeodarian Uadiolarians often make, which cannot be disentangled

without wrecking the specimens, are alone enough to prevent this

—

still, it

has been attempted.

The

population-figures presented will therefore not be absolutely accurate, but will be, I believe, fairly

proportionately correct.

In any case, the error

zero in the less populous;

its

and

scarcity of a species

—

is

greatest in the

more populous

hauls, and falls to

result will therefore be to underestimate the difference between

if

abundance

the figures were absolutely correct, the argument from the numbers

captured would be stronger.

On

pages 53, 54 will be found examples of a " time-depth

who

ralists

" table,

issued to the natu-

enough to report upon individual groups. It was drawn primarily
seeing whether a species rises by night and sinks by day, or not; but it

are kind

with the idea of

serves also, as in these first instances, to exhibit graphically the horizons of capture in

the Epiplankton and upper Mesoplankton.

The ordinates are the twenty-four hours, the
abscissae are depths down to 400 fathoms (not proportional). Every
comparable " haul is
set down at or near its intersection point, and the hauls in which a species was captured
are printed in heavy type. All these hauls were made with open tow-nets, and ended at
the surface, except those over which an arrow is placed these latter were made with
the closing Mesoplankton net, the length of the arrow indicating the section through
which the net was open.
Thus 32 / was a haul with the Mesoplankton net open

between 400 and 300 fathoms, but 36 I began at 350 fathoms and was open to the
if

:

surface.

from this table that the Epiplankton hauls were deliberately grouped
round noon and midnight, round the surface and the 100-fathom line, as being supposed
It will be obvious

to

be "

critical."

There

is

no reason to believe that the " diurnal

been alleged to produce a vertical oscillation of the Plankton,
(say)

6.0 a.m.

when

the sun

is

well up, and 6.0 P.M.

and in the limited time at our disposal
hauls

at supposed critical points

it

" conditions,

differ

appreciably between

when he has

seemed more judicious

than to get a complete

series

which have

lost

his

power

to concentrate the

of single hauls at

every depth for every hour of day and night, which would probably not have been
so significant.
I

must not

close this introduction without expressing

matters of gear to Mr.

Works Company,

W.

my

indebtedness for

P. Bullivant (Messrs. Bullivant and Co.), and to

Silvertown).

much

practical help in

Mr. M. H. Gray (Telegraph


DR. G. H.

FOWLER— BISCATAN PLANKTON
Table

I.


METHODS AND DATA.
Table

Haul.

II.

{continued).

9


DR. G. H.

10

FOWLER— BISCATAN PLANKTON
Table

Haul.

II.

{continued).


METHODS AND DATA.

NOTES TO TABLE

11

II.

Hauls marked with a f are not reckoned as " comparable."

no bottles with the labels 22 c, 22 f, 26 d, 35 g could be found when the collection
They may have been thrown away at once and no record kept of the fact, or, I
tremble to think, have been mixed with an adjacent haul. One can infer from the recorded times of
hauling that in the case of 22 c and 22/ they can at most only have been mixed with 22 I regret to say that

came

if

to be sorted.

made

the mistake was

two

at the

time

latter cases I

;

and as

damage

are from the surface and at night, no great

all

may have been mixed

will

and 35 g with 35 h or 35 i. In these
think that they would eventually show up when the collections have been worked out.
Similarly 26 d

have been done.
In the meantime

can only plead that

I

not easy for two

is

it

with 26

e,

men

to keep nets going, sometimes for

twentv-four hours in the day, without making an occasional mistake.

Another error was the labelling of a bottle 31

n,

no such haul having been made.

From

a series of

inferences unnecessary to detail, I believe this bottle to contain merely the conspicuous, separately-

preserved organisms of 32
part of

21

d,

22

c,

23

a.

32

c.

It

has been issued as 32

21 d'. These were hauled at once, not towed

No

22 f.

slightly open.

to the rapid laying

showed no

tin

There

to

26

b.

26

d.

27

a,

27

27

c.

Collecting-tin contained no visible

29

a,

30

a.

30

b,

30

c.

e.

Owing

is

to a collision in the

bottle

to a

rain

e.

Mesoplankton trawl.

k.

The deepest haul

35

c,

35 a

e

to

drum

was open

for

this label.

failed to close.

life.

in

which anything was noticed

Nets fouled thermometer-wire

/.

Open

few fathoms,

of the engine-winch

:

collecting-

not really a part of 25 d.

this haul, the net

:

not

bottle was to be found with this label.

36

last

end of the haul.

and thunder overnight.

32

36

e is

heavy swell, the net

30

.

at the

Mesoplankton trawl.

Heavy

1

middle of

was to be found with

Owing

a'.

only part of the catch was preserved.

:

put another turn on the

some doubt whether 25

d,

No

be treated in the percentages as a

visible life.

25

35/7.

will

This seemed to have occurred in the

up of the wire

Stopped in the middle of the haul

No

and

bottles to be found with these labels.

The net-mouth was very

25

«',

n.

owing
25

n.

serial tow-nets.

all

to be alive.

the catch was saved.

about an extra twenty minutes.



Fowler.

TRANS. LINN. SOC. SER.

2,

ZOOL. VOL.

X. PI.

1.



13

[

]

BISCAYAN PLANKTON.
Part II.— THE AMPHIPODA AND CLADOCERA,
WITH NOTES ON A LARVAL THYROSTRACAN.
(Plates 2

By

&

3.)

R. R. Stebbing, M.A., F.B.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

the Pev. T.

AND AN APPENDIX ON THEIR DISTRIBUTION.
By G. Herbert Fowler, B.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pac, e

14

Introduction

and

List of Families, Genera,
I.

Species.

Amphipo d a.

A. Gammaridea.
Cyphocaris, Boeclc

Lysianassidj!

1.

Eusirid.£

2. Eusirogenes, n. g

Ischyroceeidjs

3. Jassa,

....

1.

anonyx, Boecl-

14

15

2. dolichocarpus, n. sp

Leach

3.

pulchella, Leach

17

B. Htperiidea.

Scinid-e

4.

Arch^oscina, n. g

5. Parasciua, n.
6.

Lanceolid.3

Viiiii.nD.E

PHRON1M1D2E
Hvi'ERiiD.E

7.

9.

g

Scina, Prestandrea

....

Lanceola, Sag

8. Vibilia,

lit.

4. Bonnieri, n. sp

M.-Edw

6.

crassicornis (J. C. Fabricius)

7.

cedicarpus, Stebbing

25

8.

marginata, Bovallius

25

9.

Rattrayi, Stebbing

26

n.

sp
.

22

10. lepisma (Chun)

27

11. borealis (Sars)

28

12. ;estiva, Stebbing

28

13. pacifica, Stebbing

30

14. armata, Bovallius

31

15. propinqua, Stebbing

31

....

16. sedentaria (ForslSl)

32

Hyperia, Latreille

....

17. luzoni, Stebbing

33

.

.

12. l'arathemisto, Buech. ...
13.

Euthemisto, Bovallius

PhrosiniWE

14.

l'limno, Grwrin

Tii'Hii)-E

15. Brachyscclus, Bate

II.
1.

20

Fowleri,

Bhroninia, Latreille

11. Hyperioides, Chevreux

Tui.vpuEMiP.E

18

5.

C

L

T

....

34

19. oblivia (Krdyer)

;5(i

compressa(6 ot'«)

37

21. macropa, Gut'rin

38

20.

r

22. mediterraneus (Claus)

40

23. sp. indeterminate

41

ADO CERA.

Evadne

III.

..

18. longipes, Chevreux

H I

1.

Nordmanni, Loven

41

2.

apinifera, P. E. Mutter

42

ROSTR AC A.

Cg/iris-st&gc of Le/ias pectinate

42

Appendix

40

SECOND SKKIES— ZOOLOGV, VOL.

X.


14

REV.

STEBBING— BISCATAN PLANKTON

T. E. R.

:

AMPHIPODA, ClADOCERA, AND A LARVAL THYROSTRACAN
prom the Bat op Biscay.

The small crustaceans which form the subject of the present report, when entrusted to

my examination hy Dr. G. H. Fowler, were contained in 121 tubes, and have proved to
belong to 29 distinguishable, if not in every case determinable, species. Four of these
are Amphipoda Gamrnaridea, nineteen Amphipoda Hyperiidea, two Cladocera, two
Ostracoda (discussed elsewhere), one the larva of a Cirripede, and one an Isopod, probably
belonging to the genus Eurycope, but too fragmentary for determination.

from the

One

of the

was too imperfect for description.
Of the remaining Gammarids one is a very common and one a rare species; the
Among the
third is new and supplies the representative of an interesting new genus.
Hyj>eriids the family Scinidse is represented by no less than eight species, two of them
In the family of the Hyperiidte, Hyperioides
requiring the institution of new genera.
Gammarids, though clearly

longlpes,

Chevreux,

occurrences and in
collection.

Yet

distinct

calls for special

number

remark.

number of its
Amphipoda in this

It far exceeds in the

any other species of

specimens

of

this apparently

rest,

common form was

not described, at any rate from the

To the description by Chevreux speedily followed an
obviously independent account by Dr. Vosseler, and now in quick succession the same
Atlantic, until the year 1900.

species appears as a

predominant constituent of Dr. Fowler's

collections.

The present opportunity has been taken for making more generally known the characters
of the juvenile Primno among the Hyperiids, and the external appearance of the Cyprislarva of Lepas pectinata among the Thyrostraca.

AMPHIPODA GAMMARIDEA.

Ltsianassidj.

Fam.

Cyphocaris, Boeck, 1871.
1871. Cyphocaris, Boeck, Vid.-Selsk. Forhandl. (Christiania) for 1870, p. 103 (23).
1888. Cyphocaris, Stebbing,

'

Challenger

'

Amphipoda, Reports,

vol. xxix. pp.

398,656.

1900. Cyphocaris, Chevreux, Amphipodes de l'Hirondelle, p. 165.

any part in the definition of this genus, although,
name. It was therefore, as I now think, an error of

It does not appear that Liitken took

according to Boeck, he chose

judgment on
1.

my

part to

name

its

Liitken and Boeck as joint founders of the genus.

Cyphocaris anonyx, Boeck.

1871. Cyphocaris anonyx, Boeck, Vid.-Selsk. Forhandl. (Christiania) for 1870, p. 104 (24).

1872. Cyphocaris anonyx, Boeck, Skand. og Arkt. Amphipoder,
1888. Cyphocaris micronyx, Stebbing,

'

Challenger

'

vol.

The

p. 141, pi. 6. fig. 1.

Amphipoda, Reports,

1890. Cyphocaris micronyx, Chevreux, Amphipodes de l'Hirondelle,
1903. Cyphocaris anonyx, A. O. Walker, Ann.

i.

& Mag.

Nat. Hist.

p.

vol. xxix. p.

656,

pi. 16.

165.

ser. 7, vol. xii. p.

232,

pi.

18.

fig.

14.

points in which the descriptions of C. anonyx and C. micronyx differ are fully

worth insisting on until fresh
specimens have been obtained corroborating the earliest description. C. anonyx was found

sufficient for specific

distinction,

but they seem

little

THE AMPHIPODA.

15

micronyx was known from no nearer habitat than
Tristan da Cunha, the distinctness of the two species had a sort of geographical support.
This, however, is greatly weakened by the finding of C. micronyx in the Bay of Biscay,

in Greenland waters,

and the

and while

C.

earlier report of its capture

by the Prince

of Monaco's yacht l'Hirondelle at

47° 38' 13" N., 22° 13' 10" "W.

Occurrences

:

21

k.

300

400 fathoms.

1 specimen.

32

I.

300 to 400 fathoms.

1 specimen.

to

Fam. Eusirid-e.
Eusirogenes,

n. g.

In general agreement with Eusirm, but with the head arching over the base of the
first antennae, distal margin of the upper lip straight, third joint of mandibular, palp shorter
than second, inner plates of the maxillipeds completely separate, second gnathopods much
smaller than first, the fifth joint in both pairs proxiuially elongate with the cup-forming
process

2.

little

developed.

Eusirogbnes DOLICHOCARPUS,

(Plate 2 A.)

n. sp.

specimen on which the new genus and species are founded was
both defective and damaged, a sufficient number of important features were in satisfactory condition. The flagellum of the second antennae, the third and fourth peraeopods

Though the

solitary

and the three terminal joints of the first, second, and fifth pairs, the third uropods, and
the telson were entirely missing. The thin papyraceous integument was crumpled,

making

it difficult

positions of

to determine the exact relative

the side-plates.

Nor

The back of the
could their several shapes and sizes be determined prior to dissection.
person appeared to be rounded, not carinate, with little difference in length between the
segments.

much
are

Of the pleon-segments the

first

deeper, than those of the perteon.

rounded, not

smoothly

serrate

;

three were

The

much

longer, the second

and third

postero-lateral angles of the third segment

the fourth

is

longer than the

fifth

and sixth

On this and each of the three
combined, and has a saddle-like dorsal depression.
preceding segments there seemed to be one or two postero-dorsal denticles, but these were
minute and

it

was not possible to determine whether they terminated

carinae or

mere

accidental folds of the pellucid skin.

were most likely out of position,
since the whole mass pointed downwards at right angles to the head, with the long palps
The head itself was
of the mandibles projecting fantastically between the gnathopods.

The mouth-organs were

in good order, but collectively

opaque, longer than wide, without rostrum, though the curved sides of its triangular form
ended in a minute point. Beyond the base of the first antennae it was hollowed into an
arch.

It must, however, be borne in

together

among

framework

themselves, showed signs of a forcible

may have had

its

though firmly knit

dislocation by which the cephalic

mind that the

oral parts,

appearance seriously modified.

Of eyes no trace was observable.
First antennae.—First joint rather long, with strong distal tooth on the

inner side,


REV.

10
second joint a

STEBBING— BISCAYAN PLANKTON

T. R. R.

:

third short; flagellum of 31-34 joints, ahout thrice as long

little shorter,

which on the

as peduncle, with suhapical setules,

proximal half form short

joints of the

Accessory flagellum consisting of a single spine-like joint, about three-fourths

fringes.

as long as the second of the peduncle.

Second antennae.

—The gland-cone

following joints are slender, the

The two

very prominent on a very short joint.

is

half as long as the second, the latter nearly as long

first

as the first of the first antennae.

Upper Up.

and

—Distal margin straight and smooth in centre, at each end

slightly

rounded

hirsute.

Mandibles.

— Cutting-edge and secondary plate not very broad, the teeth small

row of four spines
whole of the crown

;

spine-

molar moderately powerful, a denticulate oval not occupying the

;

palp elongate, set well forward

;

joint

short, second consider-

;

first

;

outer plate with ten spines, some

ably longer than the third.
First Qiiaxillce.

of

which have

— Inner plate seemingly very slight

a lateral denticle

with

latter apically fringed

Second maxillce.

spinules

;

Maxillipeds.
slender

—

of palp scarcely half as long as second, the

plate

little

the rounded apex fringed with a few short

short,

more than half

as broad, with several long apical spines.

Inner plates not partially coalesced as in Eusirus, their apical spines

outer plates

;

joint

setae.

— Inner

the outer plate

first

;

little

broader, their spines slender

;

second, third, and fourth joints

of palp elongate, subequal in length.

First gnathopods.

fourth joints short,

commencement

— Second joint long, distally narrowed, channelled in front,
fifth

nearly as long as second,

of the shallow

its

third

and

long narrow stem widening to the

cup in which the trapezoidal hand reposes.

The powerful

hand, or sixth joint, has four unequal margins, the front one, to the base of which the
The longest is the palmar margin, a hornyfifth joint is attached, being the shortest.
looking strip fringed with

little

curved apex overlaps

distal

its

spinules

;

the finger

attached at

end, on which are planted

The other two margins, which meet

other short.

is

two

base and with

its

spines,

one long, the

in a rounded obtuse angle, perhaps

together represent the hind margin of this muscular joint.

Second gnathopods.

— These are distinguished

from the

first

by having several long

on the hind margin of the second and fifth joints, by having the stem of the latter
considerably wider, the hand and finger very much smaller, the palm more convex and
not overlapped by the finger. Also, the stem of the fifth joint, instead of being not much
longer than the part which forms the cup, is here nearly two and a half times as long.

setae

In both pairs the finger
First

is

shaped to correspond with the palmar margin.

and second perceopods.

— Extremely

fourth (in second pair) long, but

much

—
Fifth perceopods. —
Third perceopods.

distally

:

Pleopods.

armed with

shorter than the second.

The side-plates of
The second joint is

the fourth joint

is

a

little

slender; second joint elongate, third short,

this pair are very
little

longer than broad, with a slight narrowing

longer, slender, slightly curved.

— Peduncle carrying two small coupling-hooks
five cleft spines, this

outer fifteen.

unequally bilobed.

ramus

(in

;

the

first

joint of inner

one pair) having fourteen

joints,

ramus

and the

—

THE AMPHIPODi*.

17

First uropods considerably longer than second; peduncle longer than the rami, which,

however, are long and slender, with small spines along both margins and some micro-

ramus the shorter.
In the second pair the inner ramus is subequal in length to that of the first pair,
longer than its peduncle, and much longer than the outer ramus.
Length, from apex of head to end of fifth pleon-segment, 7'5 mm., so that the length
scopic pectination, the outer

to the

end of the uropods, but exclusive of the antenna},

As the

may be estimated at over 10 mm.

net (the mesoplankton trawl) was hauled fast, with a view of capturing large

it is not surprising that the specimen was damaged.
While the generic name refers to the probable evolution of this genus from Eusirm,

the specific name, meaning "long-wristed," alludes to the character of the fifth joint in

organisms,

both pairs of gnathopods, differentiating this form from

Occurrence: 30

e,

mesoplankton trawl. 2000

previously

all

1000 fathoms.

to

known

Eusiridse.

1 specimen.

Fam. IscniEOCEEiDi;.
*

Jassa, Leach.

1814. Jassa, Leach, Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, vol.
1899. Jassa, Stebbing, Ann.

&

Mag. Nat.

vii. p.

433

Hist. ser. 7, vol.

(Art. Crustaceology, Appendix).

iii.

p. 237.

Jassa pulchella, Leach.

3.

1814. Jassa pulchella, Leach, Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, vol.
1894. Podocerus falcatus, Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol.
1899. Jassa pulchella, Stebbing, Ann.

A
found

in the

*

synonymy

of the

discussion

& Mag.

of this

pt.

433.

27, p. 594,

ser. 7, vol.

abundant

iii.

p.

'

work on the Crustacea of Norway.

author speaks of the " last pair of

my

observation

Occurrences: 24/.

24

i.

it is

pi.

212.

239.

and well-known

Annals and Magazine of Natural History above

description in Sars's great

According to

Nat. Hist.

i.

vii. p.

cited,

species will be

and an excellent

The celebrated Norwegian

uropoda with the inner ramus distinctly hooked."

not the inner but the outer ramus that

fathoms.

3 small specimens.

fathoms.

2 specimens and a fragment.

is

hooked.

AMPHIPODA HYPERIIDEA.
The

first

three families

following synoptic table
(Mandibles with molar

;

A

may

conveniently be distinguished by the

fingers of fifth pcrreopods obtuse
fifth

peraeopods acute.

and

fifth

peraeopods not retractile

Fingers of third, fourth, and

fifth

pcrteopods retractile

„ J Fingers of third, fourth,
I

division

:

Mandibles without molar; fingers of

t.

the

of this

3.

1.

2.

valuable table for the families of the Hyperiidea at large

first

part of his

SECOND SERIES.

monograph on the group, published

—ZOOLOGY, VOL.

X.

Vibiliidi.

2.

is

Scinidi:.

Lancsolid.e.

supplied by Hovallius in

in 18S7.
i


—

EEV.

18

— BISCAYAN

STEBBING

E.

T. E.

PLANKTON

:

Fam. ScoiDi:.
1849. Corophidce (part.), Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, vol.

viii. p.

1853. Corophidce (subfam. Clydonince), Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. vol.
1862. Corophiida (subfam. Corophiides)

,

Bate, Brit. Mus. Catal.

1862. Hyperidce, Bate, Brit. Mus. Catal.

Amph.

Lower

pp. 829, 831.

Amph.

pp. 233, 273.

p. 308.

Contributions Nat. Hist.

1877. Corophiidce (subfam. Clydonince), Streets,
Islands and

1887. Tyronidce, Bovallius, Bihang

Vet.-Ak. Handlingar, Bd.
'

Hawaiian and Fanning

California, p. 124.

1882. Clydoniidce, Sars, Christiania Vidensk. Forhandlinger, No. 18,

1888. Scinidce, Stebbing,

140.

xiii.

p. 20.

K. Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Bd.

t.

xxi.

No.

xi.

No.

Challenger' Amphipoda, Reports,

vol. xxix. p.

xii.

i.

p.

p.

535 (345).

18.

1895. Scinidce, Stebbing, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol.

xiii. pt.

1896. Scinidce, Garbowski, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss. Bd.
p.

K. Svensk.

Jahrg. pp. 286, 308.

1890. Scinidce, Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol.

mceres, fiinfte Reihe,

;

1270.

1889. Fortunatce, Chun, Math. u. Naturw. Mittheilungen Ak. Berlin, Bd. xlv.

1889. Scinidce, Chun, Zool. Anzeiger,

16, p. 3

5, p. 3.

10, p. 349.

lxiii.

(Ber.

Comm.

Erforsch.

ostl.

Mittel-

39).

1900. Scinidce, Chevreux, Amphipodes de 1'Hirondelle, p. 121.

Amphipoden der Plankton-Exp.

1901. Scinidce, Vosseler,

Head

usually broader tban long, with eyes,

narrower than peraeon,

its fifth

antennae large, tapering, with

pt.

when

i.

Mandibles without molar.
acute, not

fingers

retractile.

Pleon

and sixth segments coalesced, and telson small.
little flexibility,

First

attached at the front corners of the
first,

variable with age

and second maxillae well developed.

First

gnathopods simple, slender.

100.

present, small and distant.

Second antennas attached below and behind the

head.

p.

Of perseopods usually

First

and

sex.

and second

third pair longest and fifth shortest;

Inner branch of uropods usually coalesced with the

peduncle.

The definition of the family is here modified to admit the new genus Arclueoscina,
which has a mandibular palp, and the new genus Parascina, in which the maxillae are

distinctive and the uropods show a clear demarcation between inner ramus and peduncle.
Future discoveries

will probably justify the

position to

form the type of a new family

of Scinidae

may

withdrawal of Arckcsoscina from
Archaeoscinidse.

be distinguished as follows:

<- Mandibles without palp.

Palp of
o

I

v.

r

first

1.

outer.

first

Archceoscina.

2.

maxilla extremely broad, inner plate of second maxilla broader than

outer

Palp of

present

For the present the genera

/Mandibles with palp

\

its

2.

Parascina.

3.

Acanlhoscina.

4.

Scina.

maxilla not very broad, inner plate of second maxilla narrower than

3.

Dorsal carina produced into teeth

(.Segments of trunk without dorsal teeth

Acanthoscina was instituted by Vosseler in 1901 for a species, A. serrata, which he
supposed to be new.

Dr. Vosseler happened at the time to be unacquainted with

Scina acanthodes, Stebbing, published in the Trans. Zool. Soc. London, in 1895.

This

he has since recognized as identical with his own A. serrata, and therefore as the type
of his

new

genus.


THE AMPHIPODA.
ARCH.EOSCINA,

19

n. g.

In general habit and in the appendages of peraeon and pleon like Soma.
First antennae short and thick
second slender, straight, ending in an elongate
;

spine.

Mandibles with a three-jointed palp, in which the third joint is much the longest. All
three pairs of uropods with the outer branch well developed, longer than the peduncle.

In regard to the above definition, it may be observed that the first antenna? have the
form found in the young of species evidently belonging to Scina.
It is also probable
that the long inner branch of each uropod is jointed to the peduncle, but this feature is
not exhibited with sufficient clearness in the only available specimen to be relied on as
a generic character. Should it be in future more positively ascertained, it will strengthen
the inference, drawn from the presence of a mandibular palp, that Archmoscina is really an
archaic Scina, retaining properties which other members of the family have relinquished.
Changes in the mode of defining the new genus will no doubt be required if further

examples of the species on which
but the mandibles will
4.

still

single specimen

from

is

distinguish

Archmoscina Bonnieri,

The

it

its

n. sp.

it

founded show a more advanced development,
from all hitherto known Scinidee *.

(Plate 3 a.)

minuteness and the shape of

its first

antennas ran a risk

of being laid aside as a

young one

comparison was not

encourage a hope that the question of such relationship
the other hand, from two specimens of ahout the same size,

some

species of Scina.

The material

at

hand

for

sufficient to

On

could be settled.

of

undoubtedly juvenile species of Scina, the present form was distinguished by having the
back imbricated instead of smooth, by the numerous sensory filaments on the first
antennae, aud the needle-like spine on the second.

Dissection showed a

still

more

notable difference in regard to the mandibles.

and second segments of the perseon were distinct or partially
and whether any eyes were present or not, could not be made out. The

"Whether the
coalesced,

first

postero-lateral angles of the first three pleon-segments are rounded.

The

first

antennae are planted wide apart.

joints are followed

more

Two

by a thick slowly tapering

short, apparently separate, peduncular

joint, fringed

To

on the inner margin with

two small narrow joints
followed by a longer transparent joint with two spinules projecting from its blunt apex.
The second antennae appear to have four peduncular joints, none of them very long,
followed by one or two small flagellar joints and at the end the needle-like spine, longer
than all the joints of the appendage together and extending beyond the first antenna'.
Mandibles. The exact shape and armature could not be satisfactorily made out, hul
in each the palp was uninjured, with second joint longer than the first, and the slightly
curved tapering third longer than both the others combined.
With the other mouthorgans the dissection was not sufficiently successful to admit of description.

The gnathopods are of the character familiar in the genus Scina, the third and fourth
joints short, the fourth slightly underriding the fifth, the fifth and sixth subequal in
eight or

pairs of sensory filaments.

this succeed

—

*

"On

SECOND SERIES.

Vagaries of the Mandibular Palp

— ZOOLOGY, VOL.

X.

in

the Hyperiidoe."

Sc t pp, 34,
-

.35.

.'»