Ngữ pháp thông dụng cho giao tiếp tiếng anh

Content
1. 12 tenses
2. subject and verb agreement
3. connectors
4. Relative clauses
5. Comparison
6. Passive
7. Reported speech
8. Gerund & to-infinitive
9. Conditional sentences
10. Wish
11. Article & reflecxive pronouns
12. Order of adjectives
13. Because / because of
14. Preposition
15. Inversion
16. Câu đàm thoại
17. so / such …… that ….
18. It + takes/ took + O + Ktg + to-inf
19. S + would rather ….
20. The last time + S + V2 … was + ktg + ago
21. S + modal + have + V3 …..
22. as if / as though
23. Much/ adj/ adv as / though + S + V
24. It is (about/ high) time + S + V2
25. no sooner … than
26. It + be + adj + (for /of O ) + to-inf …
27. friendly to/ with
28. Extra object
29. prefer + to-inf / Ving
30. would you mind

31. It is + adj + that + S + (should) + V0 …
32. There + be + N + left / available
33. It was when + clause + that + clause
34. S + began / started + to V0 when + S + V2
35. It was not until + S + V2 + that + S’ + V2 …
36. not only … but also
37. be about to do sth
38. It’s no good/ use + Ving

Page
2
9
12
14
15
16
18
21
23
26
26
31
31
34
34
39
43
43
43
44

44
44
44
44
44
45
45
46
46
46
46

Content
39. there is no point in + Ving
40. There is a ban on + sth
There is an increase in + sth
There is a decrease in + sth
41. Whatever/ Whenever/ However
42. This is the first time
43. otherwise
44. no longer
45. noun compound
46. adj compound
47. Roots and suffixes
48. Question tags
49. Common phrasal verb 1
50. Common phrasal verb 2
51. Word distinction
52. Irregular verb
53. PHRASAL VERBS: 12 CB

54. number
55. Hướng dẫn làm trắc nghiệm

Page
47

48

49
52
52
53
55
55
60
61
63

47

1


1. Simple present:
a) Động từ thường:

Ex:

KĐ: S + V1 (s /es)
PĐ: S + do / does +

not + V1
NV:
Do / Does + S + V1 …?
The sun rises in the east
She doesn’t cook every day.
Do they often visit their aunt?

I, you, we, they → do
He, she, it
→ does

KĐ: S + am / is /are + adj
….
PĐ: S + am /is / are + not
+ adj …

I
→ am
He, she, it
→ is
You, we, they → are

b) Động từ “To BE” :

Ex:

English is the international language.
She isn’t at home now.
Where are you from?
Dùng để diễn đạt:

 thói quen hiện tại
 câu phát biểu tổng quát, sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lý
 cảm giác trạng thái ở hiện tại
Các trạng từ thời gian đi với thì hiện tại đơn:
-

every (day/ week / month/ year)
always
(luôn luôn)
usually
( thường xuyên)
often (thường)
sometimes = occasionally = at times (thỉnh thoảng)
seldom
(ít khi)
rarely
(hiếm khi)
normally
(thông thường)
never (không bao giờ)
all the time
(luôn luôn) = at all times

Các động
từ chỉ trạng
thái cảm giác, cảm xúc, giác quan, sở hữu :
- seldom
(ít khi)
feel * (cảm thấy)
- seem ( dường như)

- look * (trông có
vẻ)
be (thì là ở)
- think * (nghó là)
- have (có) =
possess (sở hữu) = own
know (biết)
- understand ( hiểu)
- forget (quên)
Ex:remember
I think you
are
right.
(but:
I’m
thinking
of
this
exercise)
(nhớ)
- like (thích)
- hate (ghét)
Your hands feel cold. (but: I’m feeling cold)
At present he has three cars.
2. Present continuous:
KĐ: S + am / is / are + Ving …
PĐ: S + am / is / are + not + Ving …
NV: Am / Is ? Are + S + Ving …?

2

Ex:

She is studying English now.
They aren’t singing at present.
What are you doing now?

Dùng để diễn đạt:
 Hành động diễn ra ở hiện tại.
 Dự đònh trong tương lai.
Các trạng từ thời gian đi với thì HTTD
-

now
right now
at present
at the moment
this week / month
these days

: bây giờ
: ngay bây giờ
: hiện tại
: ngay lúc này
/ year : tuần / tháng / năm này
: những ngày này

Ex: They are visiting their aunt next month.
3. Simple past:

a) Động từ thường:
KĐ: S + V2 …
PĐ: S + did not + V1
…
NV: Did + S + V1 …?
Ex: Columbus discovered South America in 1492.
We saw him yesterday.
The boy used to play football.
b) Động từ “To be”

Ex:

KĐ: S + was/ were + adj
PĐ: S + was/ were + adj
NV:
Was/ Were + S +
adj…?
It was hot yesterday.
They were on business last week.

Cách dùng:
 hành độâng xảy ra ở thời gian rõ ràng trong quá khứ.
 Thói quen trong quá khứ.

3


Các trạng từ đi với thì QKĐ:
-

Yesterday
: hôm qua
last week / month / year
: tuần / tháng / năm trước
Two weeks ago
: 2 tuần cách nay
In 1995
: năm 1995

4. Past continuous:

KĐ: S + was /were + Ving …
PĐ: S + was / were + not +
Ving …
Was
+ at
S+
Ving
…
Ex: NV:
She
was/ Were
cooking
6 pm
yesterday.
Cách dùng:
 Hành động xảy ra tại thời điểm trong qúa khứ (thường có 2 yếu tố thời
gian)
Các trạng từ đi với thì QKĐ:
- at 8 o’clock yesterday

hôm qua
- this time last year

: vào lúc tám giờ
: giờ này năm trước

Liên từ đi với thì QTĐ: when / while
Ex: My aunt came when we were having dinner yesterday.
They were watching TV while their mother was cooking in the kitchen.
5. Simple future:
KĐ: S + will / shall + V0
PĐ: S + will / shall + not +
V0
NV: Will / Shall + S + V0 ?
Ex:
We will go to the zoo tomorrow.
He won’t do that again.
Will he come back in 2010?
Cách dùng:
 hành động sẽ làm trong tương lai.
 Lời hứa, sự quyết tâm, lời yêu cầu lòch sự, sự mong mỏi.
Các trạng từ đi với thì TLĐ:
- tomorrow
- next week / month / year
tới
Các liên
từ đi với thì tương lai:
o TLĐ as soon as HTĐ / HTHT
o TLĐ until HTĐ / HTHT

6. Future continuous

: ngày mai
: tuần / tháng / năm

KĐ: S + will / shall + be + Ving
PĐ: S + will / shall + not + be
+ Ving
NV: Will / Shall + S + be +
Ex: My mother will be going to market at 9 o’clock tomorrow.
Cách dùng:
- hành độâng diễn ra tại 1 thời điểm trong tương lai.
- hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai theo như lệ thường.

4


Các trạng từ đi với thì TLTD:
- this time next year
- at 8 o’clock tomorrow
Ex: This time tomorrow we shall be swimming at the beach.
He will be studying English tomorrow morning.
7. Present Perfect:
KĐ : S + has/have + V3
PĐ :
S + has/have + not +
V3
NV : Has/Have
+S
+ V3

Ex: Ms Mai has already finished the work.
We haven’t seen him recently.
Have you ever been to Canada?
Cách dùng:
 hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện tại; và có thể
tiếp diễn đến tương lai.
 Hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không rõ thời gian.
 Hành động vừa mới xảy ra.
Các trạng từ và giới từ đi với thì HTHT:
- recently = lately
: gần đây
- already
:đã
- just
: vừa mới
- until now = up to now = up to the present = so far:
cho đến nay
- (not) … yet
: chưa
- never
: chưa bao giờ
- ever
: đã từng
- before
: trước (đây)

5


8. Present perfect continuous :

KĐ : S + has/have + been + ving
PĐ : S + has/have not + been +
ving
NV : Has/Have + S + been + ving ?
Ex: I have been waiting for you for nearly an hour.
Giống như thì HTHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục.
9. Past Perfect:
KĐ : S + had + V3
PĐ : S + had not + V3
NV : Had + S + V3 ?
We had finished school before 1990.
They had studied English before they began to go to work.
Cách dùng:
 1 hành đông chấm dứt trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ.
 Hành động chấm dứt trước 1 thới diểm trong quá khứ.
Các từ đi với thì QKHT:
o QKHT + before + QKĐ
o QKĐ + after + QKHT
o QKĐ + as soon as + QKĐ/ QKHT
o QKĐ + until + QKĐ/ QKHT
Ex: He got a job after he had finished high school.
10. Past perfect continuous :
Ex:

KĐ : S + had + been + Ving
PĐ : S + had not + been +
Ving
NV : Had + S + been + Ving ?

Giống như thì QKHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục.

Ex: The teacher had been teaching for 10 years before you entered this school.
11. Future perfect :
KĐ : S + shall/will + have + V3
PĐ : S + shall/will not + have +
V3
NV : Shall/Will + S + have +
V3 ?
Ex: He will have come back by the end of this month.
Cách dùng:

hành động xảy ra trước hành động khác trong tương lai.
Các từ đi với thì TLHT:
- TLHT + by the time / before + HTĐ
Ex: The boy will have finished his homework by tomorrow.
My mother will have cooked dinner by the time we come back.

6


12.

Future perfect continuous :
KĐ : S + shall/will + have been + Ving
PĐ : S + shall/will not + have been + Ving
NV : Shall/Will + S + have been + Ving ?

Ex: They will have been living in this city for 10 years by next December.

Giống như thì TLHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục.
13. Các biểu đồ sau diễn đạt thì nào:

1. a

1. b

X X X
X

3. a

X X

X

3. b

2. a

2. b

X

X

4. a

4. b

X

X

X

X

5. a

X

X

5. b

6. a

X

X

6. b

X X X

14. Những cấu trúc cần ghi nhớ trong chia thì:
A. 3 nguyên tắc vàng:
1. Will / Shall + V0
2. Be + V3 / Ving
3. Have + V3
- Sau “will” cho dù là thì nào ở dạng nào, thì vẫn là V0:

Thí dụ : They will take me to the beach tomorrow.
I will be taken to the beach tomorrow.
She will have finished her project by the end of this month.
- Sau “be”
không thể có V1, hoặc V2
- Sau “have” không thể có V1, hoặc V2

7


B. 4 thì cần ghi nhớ: Đó là: Thì hiện tại đơn, quá khứ đơn, hiện tại hoàn
thành, hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn.
Từ 4 thì này ta có thể suy ra các thì khác theo biểu đồ sau (kết hợp với 3
nguyên tắc vàng)

V1 (s/es)

am /is / are +
Ving

Have / has +
V3

Have/ has + been
Ving

+

will +

+ been

Ving

+ V3

Ving

will +

will +

will +

II. Dùng biểu đồ để diễn đạt cách dùng của các thì:

1.

X X X
X

5.

2.

X X

X

X

4.

X

6.

X

7.

8.

X

X

X

9.

3.

10.

X

11.

X

X
X

X

12.

X

X

X

Thí dụ: - I often watch television at night.
- I have studied English for eight years.
- I will go to university next year.
- I will have left my high school by June.
II. Các quy tắc:
1. Thêm s/ es:
a) thêm es : các động từ kết thúc có âm gió: ch, x, z , sh và phụ âm
+y/o
Ex: washes, glasses, watches, fizzes,
studies, goes
b) thêm s: các động từ còn lại:
Ex: works, sees, hears, sings, pays
→ The spell: ____________________________________________________________
2. Thêm ing:
a) động từ kết thúc là: phụ âm + e (câm): → bỏ e
Ex: hate → hating,

come → coming, change → changing

8


b) động từ 1 âm tiết kết thúc là: 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm → gấp
đôi phụ âm
Ex: sit → sitting, run → running
sip → sipping
c) động từ 2 âm tiết, trọng âm ở vần 2 kết thúc là: 1 nguyên âm +
1 phụ âm → gấp đôi phụ âm
Ex: begin → beginning prefer → preferring
d) động từ còn lại: chỉ thêm ing
Ex: meeting, missing, playing, talking, going
c. Qui tắc đọc ‘ed’:
- Các âm: k, p, tS, s, S, (x), f
+ ed → / t / (k, p,ch, s, sh, x, f, gh, ce)
- Các âm: t, d
+ ed → / id / (đặc biệt: wicked, naked, hatred, learned,
beloved, sacred, …)
- Các âm còn lại: m, v, n, a, o, ….
+ ed →
/d /
Ex: washed, stopped, laughed, cooked
wanted, needed, hated
climbed, harmed, named, called, tried, played
d. Qui tắc đọc ‘s’:
- Các âm: p, k, t, f , H + s
/s/ (p, k, t, f, th, gh, pe, ke, te)
- Các âm còn lại :

+ s /z/
Ex: stops, cooks, laughs, months, hats, hates,
learns, lives, plays, needs
e. Đặc biệt: Các âm gió: S, s, tS, z, Z, dZ + s/ es → / iz/ (s, sh, ch, z, x, ge, ce,
se)
Ex: washes, taxes; watches; changes; ranges

I. SINGULAR SUBJECT:
Singular subject
1
Indefinite pronouns: (đại từ bất đònh)
- anybody (any one), anything, nobody
(no one), nothing, everybody (everyone),
everything.
2
Uncount nouns: Các chất rắn, chất lỏng,
chất khí, danh từ trừu tượng …..
- water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, …
- ice, butter, bread, cheese, meat, gold, glass,
….
- steam, smoke, air, oxygen, smog, nitrogen,
….
- rice, chalk, dust, flour, grass, salt, sand,
sugar, …
- happiness, pollution, love, health, patience,
…
- work, homework, advice, information, time,
….
3
Subjects,

sport,
languages,
natural
phenomena, nations, diseases: (Môn học,
thể thao, ngôn ngữ, các hiện tượng tư
nhiên, tên các quốc gia bệnh)
- mathematics, linguistics, statistics, physics,
…….
- swimming, gymnastics, athletics, tennis,
football,
- Chinese, English, Spanish, German, …..
- weather, fog, snow, sunlight, smog, lightning,

Examples
Something is
under the
armchair.
- Everyone wants to go home
early.
- Coffee is my favorite drink.
- Happiness is a wonderful feeling
in our life.

- Mathematics is a basic tool.
Many
people
take
up
gymnastics because it is good
exercise.

- English is an international
language.
- The fog was very thick.

9


4

…
Số đo lường, lượng tiền, thời gian:
-

- Ten kilometres is a long distance
to walk.
- Two million dollars is a large
sum of money.
- Eight hours of sleep is enough
for me.
5
Who/ what làm chủ ngữ:
- Who uses English?
- What (has) happened to you?
6
That + Clause làm chủ ngữ:
- That he is naughty makes his
“Wh” + clause làm chủ ngữ:
father sad.
- What he says is unreliable.
7

Some determiners: (Một số đònh từ )
- Each student has a pencil.
- Each, every, one of,
- There is a little wine in the
- A little, little, much, a great deal of, a large bottle.
amount of, …..
- They gave a great deal of
- Either , Neither,
thought to their future job.
- Neither student does homework.
- Neither of the students is well
prepared.
8
The + N and + N: một người kiêm 2 - The assistant and secretary is
chức vụ:
very busy now.
9
Hỗn hợp:
- Bread and butter is my favourite
- bread and butter: bánh mì bơ
food.
- The horse and carriage : xe ngựa
- The horse and carriage is
coming round the corner.
II. PLURAL SUBJECT:
Plural subject
Examples
1
The + adj :
- The poor need our help.

- The rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind,
- The Vietnamese are very brave.
- The British, the Vietnamese, the Japanese,
……
2

Danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều:
- The police are looking for the
- police, cattle, goods, clothes, belongings, missing child.
wares, ..
3
Some determiners: (một số đònh từ)
- both, many, a few, few, a number of, several,
a great many, a good many, the majority…
III. Các dạng hoà hợp chủ từ và đông từ:
1

Hoà hợp với danh từ sau:
Either ………….. or ……………..
+ V
……..
Neither ……….. nor ……………..
+ V
…….
Not only ……… but also ……..
+ V ……

- Either I or John is going to do
the housework.
- Not only the boy but also his

friends like to play football.

2

Hoà hợp với danh từ trước:
- N1 + along with + N2
+
together with
as well as
not

- Miss Hang, along with her
friends, wants to meet the boss.
- Nam, not Tam, has just come.

V …..

10


IV. Dạng danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc và bất qui tắc:

1

2

NOUNS
Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc: (thêm
s/es)
- Danh từ kết thúc với: (phụ âm) + y /

o , ch, s, x, z, sh
→ thêm: es
- Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc còn lại:
→ thêm “s”

Examples
- potato → potatoes , study
studies
- watch → watches, fox
foxes

→
→

- pupil → pupils
display →
displays
- language → languages

Danh từ số nhiều bất qui tắc:
- oo → ee
- tooth → teeth
goose →
geese
-a
→ e
- um → a
- man → men
woman →
women

- us → i
Danh từ số nhiều và số ít không thay - bacterium → bacteria
đổi:
- radius → radii (=radiuses)
Sheep : con cừu
Deer: con nai
Fish: con cá (fishes: các loài cá)
Series: loạt, tập truyện nhiều kỳ
Offspring: (chim, thú) con

11


I. PRESENT AND FUTURE:
CONNECTUSAGE
TENSES
ORS
1
- Thói quen ở S. Present + when
hiện tại
Present

EXAMPLES
+ S. - She usually listens
to music when she
is stressed.

when
- Hđ nối tiếp,

2

S. Future +
Present

when

+ S. - They will send me
a postcard when
they arrive in Paris.

- Nhấn mạnh S. Future +
hđ sau when
Perfect

when

+ Pr. - We will go when
we have done our
homework.
+ S. - We will wait until
he comes.

- Hđ sẽ làm S. Future
cho đến khi Present
hđ sau xảy ra

until

+ until

- Nhấn mạnh S. Future +
mệnh
đề Perfect
với until đã
hoàn tất.
3

until

+

Pr. - I will come and
see you as soon as
I’ve finished my
work.

- 2 hđ kế tiếp S. Future + as soon as + S. - Nam will go to
Present
university as soon
as he graduates
from high school.
- nhấn mạnh S. Future + as soon as + Pr. - The boy will buy a
sự hoàn tất Perfect
big dictionary as
của
mệnh
soon as he has
đề với as
saved

enough
soon as
money.
- Thói quen
S. Present + after + Pr. - He often brushes
Perfect
his teeth after he
has had lunch.
the - Hđ hoàn tất Future Perfect + by the - I will have cooked
trước 1 hđ time + S. Present
dinner by the time
khác
trong
he comes.
tương lai.

as soon as

4

after

5

by
time

12

II. PAST and PAST PERFECT:
CONNECTUSAGE
TENSES
ORS
1
- Hđ hoàn tất P. Perfect + when + S. Past
trước
hđ
khác.
when
- Hđ nối tiếp,
- Thói
trong
khứ.

quen
quá

- Hđ dài, hđ
ngắn
2

while

- Hđ ngắn, hđ
dài

S. Past +
Past

EXAMPLES
- When I arrived,
John
had
gone
away. ( I didn’t see
John)

when

+ S. When
I
arrived,
John went away.
(John was angry
with me, so he went
away when he saw
me)
- She spent much
money when she
was young.
Past Cont + when + S. - They were having
Past
lunch
when
he
visited them.
S. Past + while + Past - He came in while I
Cont
was singing.

- 2 hđ dài

3
until

Past cont + while + Past - My mother was
Cont
reading
a
book
while
we
were
playing football.
- Hđ trước và S. Past
+ until + S. - He read the book
kéo dài cho Past
until he was dead
đến
hành
tired
đông
của
mệnh
đề
sau.
- Nhấn mạnh S. past + until + P. Perfect
mệnh
đề

với until đã
hoàn tất.

4
as soon as

5
after

6

before

We
went
working until
had finished
job.

on
we
the

- 2 hđ kế tiếp S. Past + as soon as + S. - Mary told me the
Past
news as soon as
she came to my
flat.
- nhấn mạnh S. past + as soon as + P. - A stranger walked
sự hoàn tất Perfect

into his room as
của
mệnh
soon as he had
đề với as
gone out.
soon as
- Hđ trước, hđ S. Past + after + P. Perfect
- He left after he
sau
had
written
the
report.
- After he had
written the report,
he left.
- Hđ sau, hđ P. Perfect + before + S. Past - The man had

13


by
time

the tröôùc

already finished the
work
before

he
came home.

14


I. General rule:
NGƯỜI
Subject
WHO
Object

WHOM

Possessive
adjective

WHOSE

THAT

VẬT
WHICH
WHICH
WHOSE/
OF WHICH

1. who:
We meet the man. He is a
professor.

We meet the man
who is a
professor
S
2. whom:
She talked to the boy. We met him

in the zoo.
She talked to the boy whom we met in the zoo.
O
3. which
a. He shouted at the dog. It barked loudly.
He shouted at the dog which barked loudly.
S
b. The dog barked loudly. He called it.
The dog which he called barked loudly.
O
4. whose + N: thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu (his / her / their ..)
a. The teacher was angry. The students didn’t pay attention to his lesson.
The teacher whose lesson the students didn’t pay attention to was angry.
O
b. Do you know the woman? Her son has lost.
Do you know the woman whose son has lost?
S
5. That: thay thế cho: Who, whom, which… (that không thể theo sau dấu phẩy
hoặc giới từ)
The girl won the championship. She was really talented.
The girl that (= who) was really talented won the championship.
6. of which:
We should throw away the table. The leg of the table was broken.

We should throw away the table
the leg of which / of which the leg was broken.
whose leg
7. where: thay thế cho cụm giới từ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc “there”
* N (place) + where + clause
a) This is the town. I was born in the town.
Adv of place
This is the town in which I was born.
This is the town where I was born.
b) Do you know the village? He lived there.
Do you know the village where he lived?
Ghi chú:
trường hợp dưới đây phải dùng “which”
Ex: This is the town. I like it best.
O
→ This is the town which I like best.
8. when: thay thế cho cụm danh từ chỉ thời gian hoặc “then”
National day is the day. Our nation was completely liberated on that day.
National day is the day when our nation was completely liberated.
9. why : thay thế cho cụm từ “ for the reason”
Does he know the reason? He left for that reason.
Does he know the reason why he left?
10.
It’s _______ that / who + clause: chính là (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh)

15


a) Peter must clean the window
It’s Peter who / that must clean the window.

b) Your dog bit the old man.
It was your dog that bit the old man. (không được dùng which trong trường
hợp này)
c) They were captured because he was incompetent
It was because he was incompetent that they were captured.

1. Tính từ ngắn và tính từ dài:
a) Tính từ ngắn:
- tính từ đơn âm: long , short, big, hot, fat ..
- tính từ có hai âm kết thúc là: er, le, ow, et , phụ âm + y.
Ex: happy, clever, simple, narrow, quiet, …
b) Tính từ dài: là tính từ có hai âm trở lên:
Ex: careful, beautiful, hard-working, careless…
2. Types:
Equal
S1 + V + as + adj / adv + as + S2 + aux
S1 + negative V + as + adj/adv + as + S2 + aux
so
Comparative S1 + V + more + adj / adv(dài) + than + S2 +
aux
S1 + V + adj / adv(ngắn) + er + than + S2 +
aux
Superlative
S + V + the most + adj / adv(dài)
S + V + the + adj / adv (ngắn) +est
Ex:
She is as beautiful as her mother (is).
She isn’t so careful as her mother (is).
He drives more carefully than his friend (does).
Tam studies the hardest in his class.

My Thuan bridge is the longest one in Vietnam.
Who is the most beautiful in your class?
3. Special:
Less + adj / adv + than : ít hơn.
Ex: This book is less expensive than that one
4. Double comparison:
a) So sánh đồng tiến: ( Càng ….. càng …..)
The more + adj + S + V,
the more + adj + S + V
(dài)
(dài)
The + adj + er + S + V ,
the + adj + er + S + V
(ngắn)
(ngắn)
Ex: The more beautiful she is, the more modest she becomes.
The harder he studies, the wiser he becomes.
b) So sánh gấp đôi, ba:
twice
as + adj / adv + as ….
S + V
three
as + much (N) as …
times
as + many ( N) as …
four times
half
Ex: She swims twice as fast as I (do).
He earns half as much as his wife (does).
c) So sánh lũy tiến: (ngày càng)

More and more + adj (dài) : càng nhiều

16


Adj (ngắn) + er and adj (ngắn) + er : càng ….
Life in the city is more and more stressful.
They work harder and harder.
5. Tính từ bất qui tắc:
Ex:

1
2
3
4
5

SSB
bad/ badly
good/ well
much
/many
little
far

SSH
worse
better
more

SSN
worst
best
most

less
farther
further
older
elder

least
farthest
furthest
oldest
eldest

NGHĨA
Tệ, dở
Giỏi
Nhiều

ít
Xa (k.cách)
Hơn (t. tin)
6 old
Lớn (chung)
Lớn
(anh
,chò)

Ex: Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung
My elder brother is 2 years older than I.
NOTES:
1. No one / No + N + V + so / as + adj / adv + as + S2
→ S2 + negative V + the + most + adj / adv (dài)…
Adj / adv (ngắn) + est ………
Ex: No students in my class are so intelligent as Tam.
→ Tam is the most intelligent in my class.
2. S1 + negative V + so + adj/adv as + S2
→ S2 + V + more adj/ adv + than S1
Adj +er
I. General rule:
S + V +
S

II.

O

+…

+ BE + V3
…. by + O.
(chia theo thì của câu chủ động)

Ex: - She usually takes my car.
→ My car is usually taken by her.
- He has sent his son to another school.
→ His son has been sent to another school.
Active → passive:

1
V1
am / is / are + V3
2
V2
was / were + V3
3
am/ is / are + Ving
am/ is /are + being + V3
4
was / were + Ving
was / were + being + V3
5
has / have + V3
has / have + been + V3
6
had + v3
had + been + v3
7
will / would
will / would
can / could
+ V0
can / could
+ be + V3
may / might
may / might
(nguyên mẫu)
must
must

8
be going to
be going to
have to
+ V0
have to
+ be + V3
used to
used to
(nguyên mẫu)
like
like
continue
continue

17


9
10

have + sb + V0 + sth
have + sth + V3 + .. +(by +sb)
get + sb + to + V 0 + get + sth + V3 + .. + (by sb)
sth
(chỉ được dùng ‘get’)
ask
tell
11 give
given

bring
brought
buy
+ sb + sth
sb + be +
bought + sth
lend
lent
show
shown
12 give
given
bring
brought
buy + sth + prep + sb sth + be + bought + prep + sb
lend
lent
show
shown
13 see
seen
hear + O + Ving
s+ be + heard + Ving
smell
smelt
14 see
seen
hear + O + V0
s + be + heard + to + V0
smell

smelt
15 make + O + V0
s + be + made + to + V0
16 let + sb + v0 + sth
sb + be + allowed + to + V0
17 sb + need + to +V0 + sth + need + ving
sth
want
18 People + say +
(that) + S’ + V …. : nói rằng
think
: nghó rằng
believe
: tin rằng
report
: thông báo
rumour
: đồn đại
assume
: thừa nhận
It + be + said
+
(that) + S’ + V ….
thought
believed
reported
rumoured
assumed
S’ + be + said
+

to + V 0
(tương đồng,
xảy ra sau)
thought
to + have + V3 ( xảy ra
trước)
believed
reported
rumoured
assumed
Ex: - People say that he is a spy. →
It is said he is a spy.
→ He is said to be a spy.
- They think that Peter died. →
It is thought that Peter died.
→
Peter is thought to have died.
III. Causative form: (Dạng cầu khiến)
1. S + have + sb + V0 + sth : nhờ ai làm gì
S + have + sth + V3 … (by + O):
Ex: She has me carry the luggage. → she has her luggage carried.
2. S + get + sb + to + V0 : nhờ ai … làm gì
S + get + sth + V3 ….. (by + O) :

18


Ex: They got us to wash the floor. → They got the floor washed.
IV. Need / want:
S (vật) + need + Ving

: cần được
want
Ex: The house needs fixing/ to be fixed.
The paint wanted painting.
I. STATEMENT: Câu phát biểu (thuộc dạng câu khẳng đònh và phủ đònh)
said
told + O
claimed
admitted
replied
agreed

(THAT)

S+ V (đổi
thì)

Ex:

- He said, “I like football.”
→ He said that he liked football.
“Tom will fly to Paris next week,” said Miss Hoa.
→ Miss Hoa said that Tom would fly to Paris the following week.
II. COMMANDS & REQUESTS: Câu yêu cầu (thuộc dạng mệnh lệnh hoặc yêu
cầu)
Imperative form:
V0 + …….
Request: Would you like …………..?
(mệnh lệnh) Don’t + V0 …….. (yêu cầu)
Could / Can you + V0 ………..?

Why don’t you + V0 ……………?
S

told
O
to + V0
asked
begged
ordered
not + to + V0
urged
advised
Ex: She said to him, “Come in, please”
→ She told him to come in.
“Don’t make noise, Tom” said the mother.
→ The mother asked Tom not to
make noise.
III. QUESTIONS: (Dạng câu hỏi)
S +

Ex:

asked + O
wondered
wanted to know

if / whether
S + V (đổi thì)
(yes/ no
question)

“Wh” / how
(wh-question)
She said to me, “Will he come?” → She asked me if he would come.
“Where do you live?” asked the foreigner. → The foreigner asked me where I

lived.
IV. Các dạng khác:
1. Let’s + V0 …. // Why don’t we + V1 ….. // What about + Ving ….
→ S + suggested + Ving ……
Ex: He said, “Let’s have a drink.”
→ He suggested having a drink.
Timmy said, “ Why don’t we go on a picnic” → Timmy suggested going on a
picnic.
2. Why don’t you + V1 ………. ? // S + should + V0 ………….. → S + advised
+ O + to + V0
Ex: She said to him, “ Why don’t you go to the doctor?”

19


→ She advised him to go to the doctor.
Notes:
1. Đổi thì và các yếu tố thời gian
DIRECT
INDIRECT
- V1 (s/es)
→ V2 /ed
- V2
→
had + V3

- has/ have + V3
→
had + V3
- am/ is/ are + Ving → was / were + Ving
- can
→
could + V0
- will
→
would + V0
- may
→
might + V0
- must
→
(must) / had to
- have to
→
had to
- had + V3
→
had + V3

DIRECT
- yesterday
- last night
- two years ago
- today
- tonight
- tomorrow

- next year

INDIRECT
→ the previous day
the day before
→ the previous night
the night before
→ two years before
→ that day
→ that night
→ the following day
the day after
the next day
→ the following year
the year after
the next year
→ that
→ those
→ there
→ then

- this
- these
- here
- now
2. Các trường hợp không đổi thì:
a) Khi động từ tường thuật ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai:
Ex: My mother says to me, “you are my little pet.”
→ My mother tells me that I am her little pet.
b) Câu trưc tiếp diễn đạt một chân lý hoặc sự thật hiển nhiên:

Ex: Galileo said, “ The earth goes around the sun.”
→ Galileo said (that) the earth goes around the sun.
c) Thì quá khứ đơn đã rõ thời gian:
Ex: Tom said to me, “ My grandfather died in 1990.”
→ Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990.
d) Câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 và cấu trúc “used to”:
Ex: “ If I had much money, I would have travel around the world.” Said the boy.
→ The boy said if he had much money he would travel around the world.
Các động từ tường thuật khác:
S

threatened
offered (+ O)
promised
wanted
refused
advised
allowed
invited
reminded
encouraged
discouraged
reproached
scolded
accused
denied
insisted
suggested
complain

to V0

sb + to + V0

sb + for doing sth
sb of doing sth
Ving/ Having V3
on doing sth/ that + clause
doing sth/ that + S + (should) + V0
(to sb) about sth

Đe dọa
Ngỏ ý
Hứa
Muốn
Từ chối
khun
Cho phép
Mời
Nhắc nhở
Khuyến khích
Làm nhụt chí
Khiển trách (nhẹ)
La rầy, trách mắng
Tố cáo, buộc tội
Phủ nhận
Khăng khăng, một mực
Đề nghị, gơi ý
Phàn nàn

20


apologize
Plead with

(to sb) (for doing sth)
Sb for (doing) sth

* More reporting verbs:
S
agreed
hoped
offered
promised
refused
threatened

Xin lỗi
Cầu xin

To- V0

Ex: The father said to the boy,”I will take you to the zoo”
→ The father offered to take the boy to the zoo.
“The money will be refunded” said the salesman.
→ The salesman promised to refund the money.
*
S
admitted

Ving
denied
having + v3
Ex: She admitted stealing the car/ she admitted having stolen the car.

21


I. Động từ hoặc cụm ngữ đi với gerund:
admit
: thừa nhận
* permit
: cho phép
* allow
: cho phép
postpone
: trì hoãn
anticipate
: liệu trước
practise
: luyện tập
* advise
: khuyên
resent
: phật ý, oán
appreciate
: đánh giá
recollect
: hồi tưởng
cao

risk
: liều lónh
avoid
: tránh
spend
: dùng, trãi qua
be worth
: đáng (được)
suggest
: gợi ý, đề nghò
can’t help
: không thể tránh
* teach
: dạy
complete
: hoản thành
tolerate
: chòu đưng, tha
consider
: xem xét, can
thứ
nhắc
understand : hiểu
defer
: hoãn lại
it’s no use/ good: vô ích
delay
: trì hoãn
have trouble/ difficulty: gặp
deny

: phủ nhận
khó khăn
dislike / detest : không thích
look forward to : mong mỏi
encourage
: khuyến khích
contribute to : đóng góp
enjoy
: thích
dedicate/ devote onself to :
escape
: thoát khỏi
tận tụy
fancy
: thích
with a view to : với ý đònh
finish
: hoàn thành
be busy: bận rộn
forgive
: tha thứ
waste one’s time : lãng phí
encourage
: khuyến khích
thời gian
imagine
: tưởng tượng
involve
: bao gồm, liên quan
keep

: giữ
mention
: đề cập
miss
: bỏ lở
not mind
: không ngại
Ex:

She admitted stealing his money.
This job involves meeting people.
Do you enjoy going to the beach?
* Các từ dấu (*) nếu có tân ngữ thì dùng to infinitive
Ex: She allows her son to go out at night.
My parents don’t allow going out at night
II. Đông từ theo sau là Ving hay to-infinitive: (Không thay đổi nghóa)
* begin / start : bắt đầu
can’t bear : không thể chòu đựng
can’t stand : không thể chòu đựng
continue : tiếp tục
dread : kinh sợ

hate : ghét
like : thích
love : yêu
neglect : lơ là
prefer : thích hơn

Ex: She began working / to work on the project.
They continues going/ to go.

* Nếu begin / start ở dạng Ving thì theo sau là: to infinitive.
Ex: It is beginning to snow.
III. Đông từ theo sau là Ving hoặc to-infinitive: (thay đổi nghóa)

22


Forget: quên
Remember: nhớ
Stop: + to
làm

V0:

ngưng để

Stop + Ving: ngưng
làm
Try + to-inf : cố gắng
Try + Ving : thử
Mean + to-inf: muốn
Mean + Ving: nghóa là
Regret + to-inf : rất
tiếc
Regret + Ving : hối
hận
IV. Động từ theo sau là: O +
Make: khiến
Let: cho phép
Have: nhờ

Help: giúp đỡ

Don’t forget to send me a postcard. (quên để làm)
I will never forget working with you. (quên đã làm)
Remember to do your homework. (nhớ để làm)
Do you remember meeting the president last year?
(nhớ đã làm)
He stopped to buy a newspaer when he was driving.
( ngưng để làm)
They stop smoking because it is harmful. (ngưng làm)
We tried to win the game, but we failed.
Have you ever tried windsurfing?
I mean to take a trip to Canada.
A trip to Da Lat means spending much money.
We regret to say that your application can’t be
accepted.
He regrets cutting class yesterday.
V0:
My mother makes me study.
They let him go.
I had him wash my car.
Advertising helps (to) sell more products.

V.
See : thấy
Notice : chú ý
Watch : theo dõi
Observe : quan sát
Hear : nghe
Smell : ngửi

Feel : cảm thấy

+ O + Ving (hđ dài)
V0 (hđ ngắn)

I saw him take your motorbike
She noticed the boy weeping
The policeman watched the suspect working
The scientist observed the ants working.
I heard someone knocking the door
I smell something burning
We feel something crawling on my shoulder.

23


VI. ng t theo sau l to infinitive:
1. afford: kh nng
2. agree: ng ý
3. aim : nhm vo
4. appear: dng nh
5. arrange: sp xp
6. ask : yờu cu
7. attempt : c gng
8. be : phi
9. be dying : khao khỏt
10. beg: van ni
11. cant wait: khụng th i
12. care: mun
13. choose : la chn

14. claim : cụng b
15. dare * : dỏm
16. decide: quyt nh
17. demand : yờu cu
18. expect : mong mi
19. fail : tht bi
20. get : bt u (biờt)
21. grow : to gradually begin to do sth
22. guarantee : bo m
23. have : phi
24. hesitate: chn ch
25. hope: hy vng
26. learn : hc

27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.

long : khao khỏt
intend :d nh
manage : xoay s
need* : cn
offer: ng ý
omit: khụng lm trũn, quờn
ought : phi
plan : vch k hoch
prepare: chun b
pretend : gi v
promise: ha
prove : chng t
refuse : t chi
seek : c gng
seem : dng nh
swear: th
tend : cú khuynh hng
threaten: e da
train: luyn tp

turn out : húa ra (l)
undertake :nhn lm, cam kt
used : ó tng
want : mun
wish : ao c
would like : mun
would prefer: thớch

Ex: She decided to go to university.
They threatened to kill him if he resisted.
The woman turns out to be my friends mother
Youll like her once you get to know her.
* Cỏc t du (*) cú th dựng nh ng t khim khuyt:
Ex: I darent say so= I dont dare to say so
You neednt do this homework = You dont need to do this homework.

I. Daùng phoồ bieỏn:
Type (loaùi)
Possible future
Untrue present
Untrue past

If clause
S + V1(s/es)
S + V2 / were
S + had + V3

Main clause
S + will + V0
S + would + V0

S + would have + V3

Ex:

If she takes a taxi, she will come on time.
If I were you, I would tell her the truth.
If he helped us, we would finish it on time.
If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
II. Daùng ủaỷo ngửừ:
Type (loaùi)

If clause

Main clause

24


Possible future

Should + S + V0
S + will + V0
…..
Untrue present
Were + S + adj/ NP S + would + V0
….
Were + S + to V0
…..
Untrue past
Had + S + V3 …..

S + would have + V3
Ex: Should she take a taxi, she will come on time.
Were I you, I would tell her the truth.
Were he to help us, we would finish it on time.
Had I studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
III. Daïng ruùt goïn:
Type (loaïi)
Untrue present
Untrue past

If clause
But for + NP
Without + NP

Main clause
S + would + V0
S + would have + V3

Ex: If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
→ But for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
1. Unless + positive = if ... not: trừ phi, nếu không
You will be late unless you start at once.
2. But for that + unreal condition: Nếu không thì
Mệnh đề sau nó phải lùi một thời.
+ Hiện tại
My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn't be here.
+ Quá khứ
My car broke down, but for that we would have been here in time.
3. Otherwise + real condition: Kẻo, nếu không thì.
We must be back before midnight otherwise I will be locked out.

4. Otherwise + unreal condition: Kẻo, nếu không thì.
Sau nó phải là điều kiện không thể thực hiện được, mệnh đề sau nó lùi một thời.
+ Hiện tại
Her father supports her finance otherwise she couldn't conduct these experiments (But she can with
her father's support).
+ Quá khứ:
I used a computer, otherwise I would have taken longer with these calculations (But he didn't take any
longer).
*Lưu ý: Trong tiếng Anh thông tục (colloquial English) người ta dùng or else để thay thế cho otherwise.
5. Provided/Providing that: Với điều kiện là, miễn là ( = as long as)
You can camp here providing that you leave no mess.
6. Suppose/Supposing = What ... if : Giả sử .... thì sao, Nếu ..... thì sao.
Suppose the plane is late? = What (will happen) if the plane is late?
Lưu ý:
* Suppose còn có thể được dùng để đưa ra lời gợi ý.
Suppose you ask him = Why don't you ask him.
* Lưu ý thành ngữ: What if I am?: Tao thế thì đã sao nào? (mang tính thách thức)

25