Cong nghe moi xu ly nen dat yeu - Vai dia ky thuat va bac tham

•

:::

A'

C hu bien : NGUYEN VIET TRUNG

NGUY~N DUY LAM

NGUY EN PH lfONG DUY

A

A

' ? '

CONG NGHE• MOl XII LY

NEN OATYEU

.,

.

_.-

..

AI

~

VAl D!A KY THUJ\T VA BAC THAM

...

..t

~

~

~

.

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO THONG VAN TAl


Ne'n chlr ,W-'/I hi dir!1I "lII'img Xl/yen bdl g(ip ,rong '''I,(C
'Ifill xflY (h/J/~

('tiC

CDllg Trillh c(f

sah~1 1t/lIg nUl "ife .\'If '-,' kh 6

k//(III 1'l/1611 khll . Co nhie"u c6J/J; IIghr x/r '_" filII dJr yell, Illy
nhi(711 1rollg 1I11l'"g ncim gdll day. 1101 b~il Un cOllg I/gh¢ wi; dja
k.\-: r'II'~il \'(1 lute rh(tm dang dl(t;C {i'ng dl.mg I'¢ng !"lit' /I'o ng ('(1(,

1I(!,llllh .Hi." (1I/llg , giao rhbl1g, fhu:v Ir;ti de' nil f~IO "ill {!t,t Vell

\Gi

SI/ 1-f1.1 l'i{;t

Irang Ihi cbng, ther;

giall

wi chi phi. Cub;, sach

nth 1n'1I" lui.\' JIll/fill: \'1I11 de' ('0 hall lI}uit lien (Iuan d(;" rhie; ke­
d {rug (h./llf.! ("{Ie 1000i \'q/ Ii¢u dio

":yr~lIl{j, 1J6i TI"(;II . Stich a/we

~I;n ",o~J11 /<111 dtlfl lien, dille khong Irallll khdi 'hie;, sot. e(k

"." !!ili

X;I/

('hdll ,Ilii"" nim (111 I'llliej) thll mqi .,. kit ll CliO b{11I

CACTACGIA

Chuong 1
..

~

~

..

?.,.

KH AI NI~M VE UNG Dl,ING CUA VAl D!A

KY THU~J, BAC THAM TRONG

xAv Dl/NG


CONG TRINH TREN NEN DAT VEU

1. 1.KHAI NI~M
1. L Gi6i

VE UNG DVNG vAl £>!A KY THUAT

thi~u

Cic 10ai vai dia

ky

thu~t

(vic'\ !iit IiI v;\i DKT). dJ

va

dang duqc

"hit.1I c6ng 1)' ln~n khi'lp the gi6i S;'lIl XU;}I r(?ng rai va co the: mang
nhUng len gQi lhlrmlg

m~i

khat nhau va cac each phan Im,li klulc" nhau

0(11 moi cong 1y san xuat. Tuy nhlen, cac k5' ~u .\[1y d~rng thtn'mg chi
do phan bitt de loai vai DKT tlly 1hea SI! pllaTl loar cae cillfC nAng
chinh m :1 v,i] DKT phai thl!c hi¢n.
Trang x':1y dl,mg e,ie cong tdnh, vai DKT thl,Ie hi¢n c1uqc nam (hUe
..u.ng chlnh, ho0c don

Ie hoi;tc ke't hqp ttl)' theo mbi IInh vl!c ling d':lng.

DO III cae ChLTc n;1ng:
. Phan deh gifra cac lo~i
. TieD m eal'. Ihmi! nu6c.

V~1t

li¢u khac nhau .


- LQc Ih :lm.

- Gia co co h9C.


- &10

v~:

cong trlnh.


Khi Ihi(.,"( he' \';\ danh gJ<).
.I

sl,r

lam

VI¢C

ella \";"i i DKT, Inr6'c ,ien chung

dn phai xac J!nh cae Cht'fC n[ll1g chfllh c\\a v,Ii lien quu;1 rai Iinh v\rc
.g dung dang xet. R'll1£ 1-1 m6 \,\ de clak liang d{l trang Clic Iln h
II::

ung dU llg kh:k nhau_ B uO:c tit'p theo lil phill x~ic dinh c:le y(:u 10


"mh IHrong den qWl trinh !~1111 vi~c eua vii DKT V:I xiie cJjnh cae tfnll
chat rna \ ,ij OKT call co d~ kh;\c ph~c duqc d.e anh ill(Ollg do.
Bang ) -1: Unit vuc .mg dung \"a chu-c nang clia \"ai OKT

Chl"rc nting
Linh vl!c ditn hlnh

?hIm

G18 cO Bin

Ti<':u

l ,~

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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•

0

•

\"~

each

Duong (Uit

v~ ~5n

•
•

kho

Duemg dat va bili db xc

De v1\ Cll<; c6ng trlnh ngi1n IllrOc
Gia c6 tlfung va mili

doc

Lqc dllOi rQ d:\

L9c qua d~p dtit
LOic t:ong trlnh c:ii t~o Mt b&ng (huy Iqi
Khep kin d e vimg dflt chlra ehflt thai
c h ~ LI

•
0
0
•
• • •
0
•
•
•
0

TicLlngiim

Ng:m

•

de vilng dlil eh{ra chat thai

0

0

0

0

0
0

D lf
•

Ng;\n ch~n cae hoa t"hft't Ibng hqp
Tr~m b.io dtfong dttong

Silt)

V(Ul

ch) ng

He thong cae
h(,>C

"

V;I ~£11l

~,if)

stll

giil, tri

ph:lm co h
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•

0

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o

• Chm: nJng l: hinh

Chlk n:lllg tht'r hal

.. (fng dl.m g lil)' lhu(x' va~ dill

PI

each

Ti~u

tho.it lllfOC

Gia c6 d[il

i


D:ii d .ll1 xe

• ()i,g dl./J/g hllII lill dillh ( Oll~ Irillh {M(lf 1111(/11 nit-/! . Ldm

{ I.

1111)1 ((II/g IQc I'll Ilell th o/if /lilac). IIII,I! d,.mg rr(JIIg .Hiy dl.fllg d'fim

(/i rc'mg ,w/r, (/i(()'l/g /Jd/lg sail

/W)' .

kill{ \'1/< do xe. ('(/( cbllg trill" .I(

I'a u /c d{lp IIg(ill I1Ir(fl·.

'TllOa t Ill(l'k: !-; a\l llfun g

!


ch:iu d :1t


• Fui DK' him

1'/'1,'1

111m 111(1/ I(ill,~

ICA

dl ll':lIlh(H11 /lillI' 'TIlt/ill - 11,;"

llib,il IIIr(/(' - Philll ,',II /I) . ll;I,~ cI~m l!. de'II,;/I 1110\'Iil/g

Ilel)

).11111' xitlo uk 1'11/1/1 klul, lI"al/ nw «(lllg 1";/111 \'ci fi"/I 111"'(

I/g(/III//~ :SWt

IIfII.!:

/J/{j/ 111(111:<

hI? MIIM duill dci;

• Gia n of Ocillroll'r!, ('lit- conx Irill/! d,' . d~il" nle
{/ltlll (!tit (Gill «(/ - Ticli r/w(11 malt'). VIlli,\!, gia

/llIij

do(' I'll ('(il I/liJJI.f!,

ni' /luii dfx (/'(Jllg I'i~' c

",jy dUrlg ~/';, d~il)

1'/1

•

" Inm g nil l'{)I1~ 'rilll, ddn UraL [I'll.!: I'()

dll('/ IIg dlip ('110 (Iillg ,,1111 c/f{ IIlim,1!. dl(ill

lui'

I ();, 11//11 '1111

,/./ II//l1!.

uk

r~'

1'(i him nll'flll

\'/.1

d,i;

1.:,;/111 dc111

1I11f1 m (ll /(III,!!.

It/f

eM

•



lIillll

/ -2 em

I(II,V. d',lII!,! llit'll /1/11/) " ;"1'(11

LJKr

1.1.2. Klui nilng lam ,',n d,nh c:lt.'I(tp (bl
C6n~ t:k' gia

co nell rtit c;.'in th le! d6i y(ri 11~1l dill h:l! min. b;'io h(M
IllrOc \':1 dt b! x:'io dl)ll,g, Ken tlSI b! rh~i hoal vi kha n[11lg. lielL IHfO<,
kem \':\ Hong duQC gia cO d~ tlH ch!1I l~ic d6ng ell" lron~ hrgtl!! d c 16'p
d;lt dar len Iren Htll yeu tk, Irong qu;1 Irinh X;I~ dl,mg,

Dei

Ir:in ll

'Hf

ph;, ho:u

n:!y. co

Iht d;it vai DKT (1 gilf.l ph!in d:'i! (ttl])

vii c;k lap dilt nell uh:\m tao ra mQI m~ 1 phan c:ieh, nlm

thing ch ieu day MI dar thi~'1

kc clia duOng,

\-'h

e61h~ gi lt

Vi~c

sIr dl,lI1£ e;1e loai \'~'LI
DKT nlnr: sqi litn 11,IC, sql dun , sqi kllong d¢t... c hn phep tieu Ihex!!
IllI(X' iJ de lOp dfil t~ n dlr(ri vAi DKT. Cic 10;,li \,;li OKT d6 ng th<1l
ClLll g cho phcp lieu lho:h IHT0c.: theo plwcl'l1g 1\;\111 "e;:L!l g. Ifll ](.):,11 \I:ii
litn k.e-l bAul! nh i¢l va lo.:!i \',ii d¢t. C:'u lhi¢n \'[in dt lieu thlkit ~C lam
tflng l~rt.· kh31lg e;it elm de krp dflt va c;ii thi~n dit u kitn lam \'i~c 1 ~1lL
d:li cl\a d:'ft nt n,
Cac /ilJh I'~(C Inrg dUll/.:
V:ii OKT d r~,1(.· d ung cho :
- Duong kh6ng

];'i t

l{tp ao dlft1l1g CUIlf! nhu duong c6 dlrqc );It lop :\0

dlfOn£,
- Duong ehinh n6i

v:.o con£: trinh, d6ng nl
- Dc kho chlr'a. ben b.i i,
- ~ d:)p x~y dl!ng trell nen yell ,
- Cii t~o. ph;il triel) di~n lieh dift danh cho kim COli£!

nghi~p

v:t

x;\ ~

dvng nh:l 0,
Lf!i {ell kll i ,H f dutl g "(i; IJKT

" eho phep Hing CUiJHg. t6p (1.11 d:'tp b;'mg viee l;"l11g kha
IlIrOc ,
10

ll~lI1g

tie ll 111«11


- Gi.IITI chitll S[III di.lO v?to de- lap dat ye'll.

- Giiiln d<;> dOC mai 16p d:tt d:1 p yeu cAu va tfl.llg tlnh 6n d!llh ella chuug.

- Gili' duqc

tOe d¢

hln

dell Cll;} cii<.' lop dill. d~c

bi~t lrung Vllnf!. chuyen

tiep.


- Oii thi¢n c,ie lap dift dflp va keo dili 1U6i thl,) c6ng. trinh.

Cae 'i~/1 chua;1 ,/riit klq uall tT(JlIg ctia nii DKT


- Oil kh?t nang ch6ng lc~i de phii hO<.li do de thao lac khi x:ty dt!lIS .

- KhiJ n:'l.ng l itlL lh
- D¢ ben CliO khi lit'p xuc voi ti lth sang.


Tin" II'lE vi~l clla ~'a'i OKT klJi pill;" dieh eac /01' 1'6 /tim on

t'i""

eo"g 'ri"h
- Cdi 111;(;" lillil

ill,," Iluiin

ot

I1lnl giatll kh:i nt\ng hi lac Irong qu.'\' I{mh lieu Ihoat, 16 me, {';ll:J
\ .Ii OKT ph:1i dlrQC so s:1n h val kfch IhHOt- h~l di'll khi lit' du<,1C Sle dl;lng
l,lm lOp th{lm nuVc . O ie l~i \':Ii OKT voi sqi lien II,K', sqi kh6ng d¢' eo

c.iu Inie dQ ng t:lm ba chicli \,:1 16 1110 phil hqp d6i voi llnh hlnh Ih[(111 \'il
3n (;:ic-h Silm die lOp. Hem nu-n, v:ii fJKT con eho phep lh:fm ngay
" 1>1 ~ u dung 10Q i dft'l d{lp c6 kh:i n:1ng Iho:11 nu(Jc kCJTl .

;'(1

(Uu dii chi ra clog de ph.1 hO<,li doi voi viii OKT Ihllong xii)'

III ch(lIIg va lrong qmi Irlnh Ill i ('ong. (Koerner and Koerner,
dJp de lop diff V;\ dfim nen b£\ng de thiel hi xUy dtmg
'; anlt huang r{11 Ion d(£n vai DKT. Nh ieu cOn£, ty san
li gl(li !hi en I1hlfll g. IOQi vai DKT kh:l deo dui,

I

IUII!l:

di nf, /llur plui

ho:~ i

!->til ("hrlc

so v6i dc IOQi viii kh:ie .

II


- V{' h('11
T~\I

( 'flO

kill (/(;" _1m

nil

(illit l,ill"~

en de 10;'11 di DKT Mil bl phii huy khi phoi dUol dnh ~;ing In,)!

IrOi " V;h mfilrollf! qua !rInh x:\y dlfll!;" viii DKT hi phoi Imng m¢! Ihoi
ginn d:\i dlr6i ;lnh sang . Do d6. dn chl?n I~i vaj l"IJ d(J ben eao khi b,
phoi nflllg. Vi d\l nlllr I;tl c,i c;it· s:in ph~;Jll tii'lI dlUdn CUi! C6ng I)
POLYFELT duqc ~:in X II ~1 llf Polymers chat Itrqng CiiO. duqc IhlI
Ilghi¢m tfon£ thie[ bi d~c bi~ 1 M cung c;'ip ra de S:1Il ph:'im c6 khu
n?lng cao ch6ng ,,~r ph:\ huy etta anh sa ng_ Cic [hit nghit m lrollg pho n~
Ihi nghi¢m chi ra rtlllg: vai DKT POL YFELT cO kha ni1ng ch6ng l'hill
:tn h sang 161 hOll et'k san phrim viii DKT khllc (xem Hlnh J- 3)"
niOI GIAN (THlHGj

,.,...
OfT 001
l POl l'ESTV
POll' AA~ I O;:

Hill;'

' ·3 S,it" ~"/lIIg ria tlfe

rjlll (/;(1 Pol.\jell (rid

IIgJ.;!:m b(i ,

GI'(I/t'c/lllim/l'U/1/I"u/ UJJ/("It. II.A, 19851)

- Tit'l

~irlll

kinlt phi
Thi~ 1 1;£ v:ii DKT hiro hi~u c6 Ihe tie", ki¢m dirge ,u- 10 - 50% g
thie"' kt' h,1/I d:1u do 1.1nf!, dt rqc lic-'n d<) xay dlfllg vi) tic'l "19m dlrqC"' ,

12


'i~u.

Them vao do, do dc I IC'I ki~m lrong ';;IY d lmg. chi phi d~Ulh cho

bjo dlrffll~ cHug c6 the: ( jet ki¢m chrqc to) 25 %- (l FAL. 19(2). Tuy
nh;cn. vi¢c li€1 ki¢m ehil )'~11 Ili"tm \rong khau Illng IUtS; the:> va Iinh
ehfil lam "i~c t61 cilll h~ thOng dtIO'ng bQ.

1.1.3, Tit' u thoat nu6c va th (im nu6'c trong dat
Ok h~ th6ng litu Ihool mr6c thuang hi hong h1\>C nu6:c bt pha 1100.li hOi cac 16p dal :wng quanh. V i ~c lAc h~. th6ng
lieu se dan tai cac ph;1 h ~i CI.1C ~ c6ng trin h, TInh hinh n;'I)' dillS (ra
ne n phtic ti.IP vi n6i ch ung d:ll b Cho1 l1 A kh~ mill !len d~ lam Ide cae

Uing lqc.
1.1.3.1. PlJ.uong phap gbli (juyet
D~ c h6 ng bi lole. vai OKT co Iht' dlrqc d~ 1 g itia lOp dtlt dn thoat
HfOe va lOp dffl du6i d6. Khi d6. vaj DKT Itun hai nhi¢m VI.I Iii lam lOp
phflll each gilra hai lap do1't va 1~ 1l1 lap 19C giO' dfil fl! I1 hi ~ n va c ho 11 U'OC
di qua eha)' vao h~ (hOng tieu trong qua trinh h¢ Ih6ng Iilm vi¢c,
Vai DKT cung eli i thi¢n Iht:m cho 16'p 19C IV nhien va dam b:io
chung e6 I h~ la m vi~ '",u dili. Trong th~ dung vai DKT day va 11~llg han lam tAng khii nAng Ihoal nuOc theo
'm~ 1 nflm ngnng. Vf d~l.v:ii DKT POLYFELT co 1.:11<\ ming Ih[im r!(t
luy¢t vm va c6 thf eho phep lieu Ihoal mt6c. vaj dill ~t mjn e6 til? dm
bJo

ho...

L.l .3.2. Cae linh "I!C Ung d1Jng
• Tieu Iho~t Illroc hai ~ll It dLIanp:,

, nng II,>C dlr6i rq dii V?I w ang eh,'m d{IL


- Tting IQC titu tho;\1 mr(IC troll~ dl.: ),,In "~n dqng:,

,Ti~ u mrOt.' acae s.ln golfva de bJi dllhl eiil.

• Ttt:u tHJO'e oc:k Ct~llg trrnh kic'n Irue \'3 Ih:'II1& canh .


- Ticl! IHIlle.: cho cons nghi';p_

1.1.3.J, I.I)i h:h dla \' i ~c !'tlf(h.lng nii UKT

- 016ng duvc cae pha hO:.11 h~ Ih6ng ti~u IlITOC.


- 010 pileI' SlI' lh,m8 h¢ th6ug lieu 110.

• Cho phcp Slrdl,JIlg dUUllg lieu eho kich tllu6:c !lho.

· Gi:l.m dao bai ,

- Gi31ll de V~l1 Ii~u !him trong xfly dl.rng.

- C6 Iht k h6ng d n dung ca(' 6u£ thu uuoc.


· Ttlllg lien

d~

xt'ty tlt.mg.


- B:io d lton£, lien II.IC Iren m<)\ vim!; r(mg lUll.

L.l .J.4. Cit: lieu chulin thie', kl! quan In.m g e u~ vai DKT


.() Jl r.l\nh trong qu,! lrlnh tham rllfVc, li eu IHIIk

• Kh,i nl'lng eh6ng ph;'i
· Up d~t linh ho:,tl.

1.1.3,S. Tinh

lfU \' i~L

ho~ i

do de thao tal' trong },,:ly dl.mg.


eua vai f)K'" khi sfr dl:ln g nhlt m()1 t:1ng I~('


lieu thoal nlf(1c


· Cdi lhifll lill" MIlIl Ih,fllllllrd(
Th:im mrOc 1(1ch lte 1ll1ng Ihu II hfil cun vai DKT. Tuy Ilhicn. lI1(>t s6

I~i \'.ii DKT e6 linh eh61 than1 hon de IO~li kh:i.e. Ph:1n b6lh rna !r~n

viii DKT, v,ii DKT kMug d~ t . sqi lien I\IC co l ila n:'lllS th{un rntQc 101

han cae \

XUtlt sc cU lle d p c.ic lo:)i viii DKT co phfl!! b6 t6i Htl trong qua Irinh

th6m .

• KIIlI lIfillg dl(jilg IJI/(i 11()~/i lroll,,<

.n;'· d//I'~' (00

v.ii DK T lit)! hoi ph.1i cli tHong d<) till 16n dc ch(JIIg l:.ti de ]lila

ho:!i khi hip d!ll va qu:; Irinlt <1;1p <1:"'-1. T:l1 l:a c:k lo:ri \',ii OKT tl~U


'J

,


dlU :U1 CUll de con!! t)' danh lie n!,'! nlnt POLYFELT dt!u eh6ng ehlU
Jlf(,X: ,Ip h,fc X[IY dunp. !:le dqllg len dHing, Qua Ilwc

t(-

khat th:k. cOlht

nhJu xel v,ii POLYFELT co I..ha n~lIlg chong ch,u pha h()'~l COlO han

uhic (1 h~t khlic ,

- L ip d~ill.:h(; cI~ '/,ill,«, '111" hoW
Up do!! !tnh la);.,I! 1:\ m\JI tI:)c !inh qu,1Il tn,mg trong vi¢c ap dung
th[im mrOc de dam b;io l-ang voi ; DKT hI lOp CUOI cimg tit'p ;ttUC vvi doJl

d n tho:it 111(&, Lien ke'! co h(,X~ Ctla v,ii DK T kh6ng dc;t. sqi lieu IL,le ,~C
giup eho v i ~e li.p d:)! dt clang hon so vai de !il'::l1 kCI b;1ng nhi~t. Tfnh l inh ho",1. mem deo eua vai DKT cho phip
lap d;''it !hllnh tirng dili J11~ 1 deh d6 J;mg doi voi de 100,Ii tlttl kh,1<,: nlHIU
m;j kh6ng bi ;ip h!e qUii Ia n va VI v~y lrhi x:ly dLOlg,
- (lei

klt(1II

DI,ra lren vi¢<.' so 5.1l1 h gia klli hip d~t voi
:, ~

VI~C

lI!a ch(;m lap IQC trung

dlOlg h¢ th6ng lho.it nllOc , trong hflu he', de (Tllong hqp eho Ih:l'y

ng si(d\lng viii OKT Iii bi~ n phap kinh Ie nb:i't. HOll nU_ OJ

con n5m Irong khftu cho phcp giam kfch IhllOC cua ranh lieu IlUOC,

.... oog. Mu he', de tnrong hqp. kinh phi co

-t Gia c!) mai va dc, d~p
img m:'ii J& kh6nt! dU(JC

;Iu~ tici ki~m

(hrqc 30 •

6n d!nh

6 m()1 gOt.:

gia co thllong. kem

;,: mOllg lllu6n HOll lll'ra, xu; mon v:t rtr.. Ir¢1 bC 1ll:lt co lh~ xay
,h:\n cll,) Illlii (I(X.-,

1.\11

I.,U, PhuO'ng phap ghi i quyet


~e

D:.II nhleu llYp v;ii DKT trong gia co ehrq<: dill va Jilm 1;'lIlg lin h 1m d!ltil ella Ill;\i. Gia c6 cl[\\ ~c {'.IO

ra dicu kl~11 all to;\lI trollg. viec lhi C(lllg dc m:\i kh,\ d& (tlic"n hlnh Iii
Imii voi eli? doc m = 1). "l11:1m chi (";Ie c6ng trlllh clitp kiln cao v(\I1 citrO("
dam b,'lo :1I1 10;"11).

Them v;\o do, khi Vat DKT c1Uqc

kh ;1 n;lng chong ;i p Itre

1l)('J

d~1

Ie,; cl\[\11 cl'm m.\; dO<:

~c (,.10 rll

r(mg kill Mill nell . vii nlur V(l)' sc t;lng them

dll ch0t hanlrong tmang hqp J..:h6ng d;}t ViIi DKT. Kll.111ang tholll Illr6c:
t61 theo miH pldng ell:! v{li DKT khong del. 'sqi liell tue ~e lam gi3m
nhe ap hre nucre 16 ron g lren m,ii doc. lam tang Ihem tinll 611 d\nh gitra

df!1 vii V;\I DKT va nhH \' ~y thl e6 th~ w d~H1g dilt dfnh I..c"t. co ch[lt
hrQ'ng thi.lp bOll vao vi¢c x;1y dl.mg cOng trinh.
Cai Ihi¢11 Ilnh hlnh Ihoat nt!oe eung co ngi1"ia 1;1 giam :ip il!c tham VII
I;:\ng tinh 6 n d\ll h eua e6ng trinh,
1.1.4.2. Cole nnh "lfc ling dl;ln g
~

Gia co tuOn£. va mai dOc,


- Gin e6 du vb de

In.1 ch6ng.

- D uong kc'l hqp Irong de cong trinh de.


- Sua chrra de mai d6c b! hong.

1.1.4.J. LQi i(:h elm \'i¢( sir dung Hti tH':'!'

- ella phcp

X[I),

dl.mg de m;)! dlrcmg r/':lng hl)"!1

CI

dinh ntin dtJp

mil


k holl~ ({in !flng them chitll r~m~ ch:in nen d.1p b"ng clic"h gia c6 de


m:"ii V:lt;"lJl!,; d¢ doc In:"ii.

- GI~m kh6i Ii (mg dflt di\p. do \'~y g.i;\m gili x;1y dlo1.!! .

. Cho pile], SIf dUllg de thi nghi¢m hi0n ll"lr

- Tiing 611 dinh clw le de 111.ij JOc.

- Cho phep X;IY dlfllg dc eong trlnh d.-It <.:6 Ih:'l1h g;ln 1l!lI11hing Ji'mg .

- T :lllg khl'IU'-III!; th,fm \'5 tho;\t Illroe theo!":' 11M

16

-(lIIg trlnh .



- C6 kha nang ch61lg ch ju die

1.1.5.

pna ho~i

khi da.m Il~n.

6n djnh mfn mung de d*p

Vi¢c xay d~Olg dt d~ p Irtn nen d ~t yeu thoong rj'I kh6 khttn va

(huang xuycn )..... y fa hl! hong eye
I~n

b9 do cae 1hiel hi

th i cOng n(lIlg de

cong trin h. cae cOng trlnh xi\y d\fll£ Iren nen ytll con co Xli [he' rno

r<,>ng thea de phuong. 'l.'o ntn kh:; nang cit lall 0 ntll de. d ~ p vii kef
quo; Ht de pna hl\)' xii)' ra .

1.loS.1. Phltcmg phap gi:ii quy€t

V:ii DKT dlfqC d:)1 I h~n h cae lap cung v6i cae la p d:l't d~p sc gifr
eho chieu day de lOp d ~it d.lr On dtnh. Di€u nay eho phep cae thief bj
thi cOng n<)ng di l<;Ii

dedltng han

vll tflllS nhanh 1& d~ xay d~rng. Khil

nang lieu ,ho:h lllIOc theo m~lI ph i1ng va phuong g6c eua v:ii DKT kM
t6t sc eho pher (::'Ing nhan h gu:1 !finn ct'i ke"1 va wong d¢ kh ang dt eua
de lOp dfil. d<~c bi~t khi xo'ly dt,fIlg theo nhitu giai daq,n.
Khi g~ p ap l~rc d~ nen Ion
caa gay

hi ~ n

C I'W

ban Ih.1n c6ng trinh doi vai dc d~ p

u.rqn g h'in ngung 16'11 (hi vai DKT 5e Irq gili p gia

.1ng chin ~ ca cling v~ dam

1 ~ ll g

kha

baa tin h 6 n djnh eua eOng trinh. PhI.1 thn¢':

yen dn (hi€, k€ va dc thOng 56 ~llh hlrcmg kh:k. c6 Ihf d~' mcil
'" hay nhi~u lap v:\i DKT c6 kh :\ nang chjn keo ll.li g~n nen d~ gia c6
!! trinh.

..lO

fin" I'~(C

kllg d~mg


g ket hgp gino thOng tr~n do!! d~lp.


'; c hA n d~ bie n vtt ct~ sOng bi~n.


"oi

h Cfia I'i~c $/t d~mg
fJKT

z h~ ,,6 an to?l n trong thiet k ~.

&;

II~'U C.IO

cua de

d~p.


17


• Giam de djch chuyc'n eua d~ kc [roug qua 11'1nh ':1)' dl.mg.
• T:tllg I.:ha nAng lam "i~e ella dt d~p do [inh <.lOng !lhal sau khi lun eua

cOng Lrluh tAng ltu.
• Tflng nhanh t6c d~ xfl)' dlfTlg.

Cae c/u'/ilu I"iii kl qua" rr~mg cria va'i DKT
• Cutmg de)

va m6 dun co dan mo.


· Khi nang

Ih~m

va tieu thoot nucre cao.


- Kha nilng eao chill cac plui ho~i trung xfly dUlI£ .

· Kha n1l.ng cao chOng phil hffi:ti lao hOa. dl) ~n eao.

• Kha nAng cao chOng chjll anh sang.
Sri d~mg

wii DKT POLYFELT wji tn/.l e die" gia eo' dti'r
cac thl nghi~m nghien dnl V~l l ime nghi~m chung 10 v:'Li OKT

POLYFELT co lfnh phil hl/P kh:i t61 kl1i dilllg gia co' da't. M"t s6 ~h:JI
hi~n vt khil nAng nang cao t[nh chAt eua (]<.i"\ khi Slt dl.H1g vai OKT

POL YFELT dU'qc trinh b~ly dlr6i day:

Kill; ming cO dcin l"Ila "c;i DIT [/"Ollg qua Trinh him I'il/'" rl ill.'< len
Tir dc kll {IUa thi nghi~m ... ~ d~ dan lren lam dan khOng bj gim
h~11 dJ chi ra rdng duVi wc d'-:ln£ eua 'ai m;mg thuang xuyen, khn n~ ng
co dan cua vai DKT Ilng len theo IhOi gian ( H1nh 1-4). Tu)' nhien,
Iron!,! c.k thi nghi ~m voi t5'm don hi h'.1Il ehe- (H1nh 1-5), tinh diin e ua
viii DKT POLYFEL T hiu nhu ra't nho. Cie kc'l qUlI thi nshi~1Tl trt n v:li
DKT bi gi6i han phil hqp \'6i elk nghien eml ellil Uy ban Qu6c gia
Duong

COlO 1&

M}'. N6 eho k€1 qua: sau n1Qt nam su dy.ng , c1nra lim '

lh:"!y hi¢n tVQllg d;io tren v;i.i DKT kh6ng d¢t Hcit1llua. Irong

d:1't chju

ta i trQng thl/o-IIS xuytll . kh;i ll:1ng co dan eua v:ii D KT rOLYFEI.T e6

m6dun va clrCJng dQ eao hOlllrong de thl' llghi~m Irclll[\m <.lon.

18


'"
"

(z

.. TH TRQNG PH.4. l1ilY

-~

v-­...,-­

~

"Z• " V

...

,

...

m

'"

'"

-

'"

'"

roo

THOI GIAN

.. ..
'" ,

(G<>J

J -4 Qllelll"~ /Ji~ il d~lIIg \'(/i rfun gial/ n ia I'lii dia

ky rhlll)' Polyfd r

t!hiel1l keo 2(f'

ito

'1'0 TAl TRONG F'tiAMUY

z~

'"

100

200

'JOO

*

sao

toO

100

100

IlOO 1000

THO! GiAN
(GIO)

c: hie;, d~lIIg w:1i ,I/(] /

~eo dum

op II/!" ( /(i,

,l!ilj 2(f

('I ltl

n ii d!o ky

111II ~il

19


•

Kilo mill,!! fill;;" Hi 11l! :1 ril (}{if

fI"I. 'II

lilli/ pluj'IR

Val POLY FELT kh6ng dt;:t. sqi lien Il,lC cho phep.sir dl.mp voi btil

ky 10<:1; ddt dAp nao sdn co k~ d. cJU[ dfnh 11m. ncu qu:. Irlnh I~r d:~l \,:1

dam nen phu http. vOl kha nftng li~u IlIIOC 16t"lrcn m~ t phallS. no chI)
phip glam Iba:p :.Ip I~rc IlIJOC \6 r6ng , liing nhanh qu:i Irlnh cO ktl , lAng

Idui nAng chOng elil cua dit. Vi \~y, cho phep d.y dlfll Eo nhanh han va
an loan han. So stinh v6i de v~t Ii¢u khac d(lIIg M g ia cO, lac d(>ng
hlang h6 cua dat dft gia cO (llIC 13 Mi lam gi;im klw n:1 ng etlt) dll'Q'<.· gilt
khOng dbi (Hlnh 1-6). Ap i,,!c nllo<: 16 r6ng gi:im xu61 IS kh6 kco Iheo
sl,l' giAm sire khans cAt tren ~ m~t eua da't v6i vai OKT.

"

"

"
"
•
•

•
,

"'"

"­

'"

1 ~<'<1,

""

4

~· ~vq.

s6

..

~
~

oM

-.

Polyfelt
~

I-l illli 1·6 S6· 1i~1f tin fihl hilll !"Ila aJl/~(1

,hi ( .(}/lg

20

,­

IIfonf{

1"111111 dal

dlM(

If; riJIIg (mll,l! qlla II illll


•
•

T

iJl'''

1'/(1/,1:

Ya] OK" POLYFELT (1Lrgc i:ml lir polypropylene. olefin veri de)
H IU 2 dln 13. Olefin tao ra mQ! trong nhfmg "rfi polymer co de) ~n
nha! \'~ c6 tinh tro- dOl vrn hau hel de dung m6i (xem Bang I· 2).
"rons. eh~ t~o, quj Ir'inll I ~O sqi lien ' ':Ic dU'gc IhllC hi~ nne nhl!3
~) propylel1e. d~c bi¢1 Irong ky Ihu~1 dln dung dii che' t~o ra
"OIYFELT.

thing I- 2. Saic chong ch! u pha hOl;l i ctia cae val OKT
PolypropyJelle*

I Polyethylene '"

Polyester

1·loon hilo

Hoan Mo

To,

Dat

D'.\'

KhOng dlJl

d!ch kiem

Hoon h,io

T61

D{lt

-: ,l6ng d~) cao

D~t

T6t

X!iu

RA! t6r

Rl't [61

R:f116t

Hoan hilO

X!'iu

Rat 161

l ei

Polymer! Tinh

to

e h ~1

b

... \3

nhi~,

de) ColO

ng mlll uai

H();.11l

h~io

T6t

:?of' vOng ngo61 6nh song m¢t troi
I

hOil,~ /{Ii CCIe ,,11<1

h(x;; 1roll,l: .niy (h.m,1!,

,ien xfly dlfOg. bao ~6m gia e6 de ldp dril, clp ph6i va tfnh
! II,? deu eua d~i d&p, rilltong: phap di p d!'it. d(> day lap dfl di
\en \";\ de lhj~'1 bj dtim n~n. Tat

c:i d

e qu:i Irlllh d6 !~O n(;11 tai

dUIl£ lo!n c6ng lrlnh lrong 'ilia Irlnh x,ly dl.mg (xern B,ing J.

21


•


Lo~i

Ihiel b,

V~I li~u

dt..p

d~m n~n


Cit pha b\1i
dt'n th6
Xc th6 ng
Ihuang


g~n

Iron lir m!1l

Cu\)i C.II phrtn lOp Iii' 161

dt'n [rung blnh (:5"75mrn)

Cu\)i phlln lap kern (s75mm)
Ca t pha bl,li Ill' mjn 1m 1M


I:X) g6 gh~ b:1I1 duu do
{(Ii IfI;mg cao (cm)

< IS

15 + 30

>30

Tha:p

Th5p

Tha:p

Vira

Th~p

ThSp

phai
Rrt
cao
Vira

ph.ii

Xe lu

banh thep
CU9i c:11phlll1 lOp lir !lit

ho~c ban h
dt'n tru ng bi nh (s75mm)

hm

CUQi pMIl lap kern

(~75 mm )

Cao

Cao

Vlnt

ph:i.i

Thap

Thap

Vir.
phai

Tha:p

KhOng Ra'i

COlO

Cao

H¢ s6 an loon d6i v6i va i DKT POL YFELT cho mOi cons Irinh el;l
tM Irong Bang 1- 4 dii duqc ngh ien cUu dl,la Irtn de s6 li¢lI trong
phong th i nghi~m vi\. ngooi hi~n tNOng . Ok nghien CUll thi Ilghi~m

Irong phbng cling nhlJ cac kt 'l qua thi n g h i~m co.a Koerner ( 1990) va
Allen ( 1991) da c hi fa d .ng POLY FELT kh6 ng d~t it b! pha ho<~ i do
clic tai trc;mg trong xi'ly dlfIlg hon de 10000i vai DKT khac.


,

l -l. cae hI; s(i an loan khi eh!u tai xa} dlf"g ella \ .Ii
POL ' "[I.T /I'OLYfF.LT it bj pha hnai do xay dung hon cae l o~i
Ui..
!'

loll

T~ g. \~Iy

~ IUOIlg

H~

d lmg

s6 an lo~m

vii i (g/m-)

t:r.

200 ·350

>350

Kh6ng dua fa

2.0

1.8

2,0

1,5

1.1

1.15

1. 1

1,05

~

;,"nit iJKT wi dar

I:

Troo~

...
£,

b¢ d6i v6i \'i~c Ij p d;)t

<200

_-'8I',nh

r

<:I.IC

\'ltC

'\Iie

Ihi6"1 k ~ giu c6 b~ n g viii DKT, pha; danh gia duQC rna sat

~p rra d.
dt dam bao chuytn v~n

mQ t

cad

l.u trQng tl' d:(, d€n lap gia c6. B;ing 1-5 clio bit ·t mil sat gili'a
Q d e I~ i dal khac nhau. Cae luUi diu ky lhu~t m3 diu l~O

lhu¢c vao diu I~ O h~t eua da't ddp thuemg gt\.y ra rna sat t&n,
,ii DKT POLYFELT dam 000 bien dOi iing suat mOl each

III ng3~ c.i d6i voi d:fl dinh .

Lo~i

"

--

.~

SCI

".'

IAn

1J"

h ~u

,cl

bl,li·

c:

].KO

c:

-

B1.l i

1.35

12.4:! 1J.J2

.'"
1.20

3S

Ii .]);

0.60
4 . 14

J2

32

SCI

St:,

3,on

ph'"
16p d u

"an

4,20

0
0
40

0
0

22

l .:"iO
ll}l) IOJ .'

1.6:'­

J()

Cil Polyfd
kha
TS

elil
2U.7U 1li,WI
.l()

C"

ph,

"

~(,

IJ

0

IJ

0

,.

'0

10

0

0

23



{/(;i f.:.ihll killli !,ili

Viii l)KT co Iht SlT d~ng X:I)' dlmg 11191 each k h~ an to~\L) voi m;ii

giam duqc di~n tich d ~'l chiem
eht! va kh6i hrqng d!(t d~p. Gi:i xII)' dim!; sc p.iam doing k~, neu tTdICqc rlltl i dAp gln c6, VI viI! Ii ~ u chlp va vai DKT 1.>6 trf khit thoili mai
ncn vi~e tiel ki ~ m kinh phi do tiet ki¢m dugc kh6i IUQT1g phii da.p va
11-1: I V

lila khOng dn gia c6

nhi~u,

chat htQ11g do II ph:ii gia co. cling. d6ng thO; lit" ki¢1ll duqc dtlL CUI.:

e6ng trlnh c6 ImiL

--

doc duqc gw c6 hfi.ng POL YFELT eho kc·t qUi'1 161.

1.2. KHAI NI~M
~
NEN
f>ATYEU

VE Ap

DI,ING SAC THAM f>E GIA

co

1.2.1. Khai ni ~m
D~e

trung ehfnh elm ntn Mt yeu iii tinh bic·n d<;lllg cao va khn n:tng
chju hii [hip. VI v~y, van de hin va o n dinh cua nen Ii\. cae van de
chroh lrong Ifn h lotin thiet kc cae cons tr'nh tr~n nen yeu, N h i~u cOng
tr"inh dlIang de, d~ p xay dL!:ng (ren n~n dift ytu e6 dQ Iun III 30 % Mn
h(1]l 50 % chit u eao d<\'1 dip. D(> l un nay l<;li x;iy ra trong khoang thm
gian da·i cung v61 hi¢n tlIqng lUn khOng deu khit n eho c6 tht lam nUt
gay hay Sl!P dOc:i cOng trlnh . gily h~u qua d u ,
Vi¢c Jam On d!nh ntn Mt bang d e bi~n phap thoat mr6c thjng dUll!,
dICt;1C ap dl!ng noi dat bao hoa nuOc va yeu nhu sct ho~c bun set. cae
I ~i etal nay c6 d~e die"m l?l e6[ dat rfit yC'u va eo Ihe: tfch rllng I .

a

thlIOng chua day n\JOc (n u6c 16 r6ng). K hi

co tai Ir<;mg nhlI tn;lIIg 1U'QJ1.:­

elHl duong d~p, ella nlIOc. etILl d~p de t,\c dvng 16; nen cla"t yell thi se c
the xuil hi~ll d(> lUll rat lOll. Ctie d(> lUll nay la nguyen nhan ella nhii"J1:­
sl! c6 nghiem Irqng k hac,

Btll elr SI.r tUllg {iii mlO CUllg co th ~ lam ![mg ap It.re nl16c 16 r6ng
trong Gic lo;:ti dar kh6n g ,hflm thi mr6c nay {hoa! ru nll chfun III 0(11 _

•

24


Hall nii:I, up ILlC IIlr6c 16 r6ng d5. b! tang: cao n£l> c6 Ihe g[l)

c.

Jmh d.H d.i n
, _ I!, co m;1"1 6n d!n h cling ian h lmon g dc'n m(re d¢ an Io<\n etla. ol!n
\1('!l h¢ Ih6ng thoot nu6c th:1ng d lin g "e e llo pher ttlng. nhanh
rU t nu6c 16 rOng vil lo~ i bO nguy co m!ll On dillh tnrm , '!,lo0
t., d.11' d U'~ ntn cao.
, bltn pha p n h~n 1!,lo0 lam Ihoot mrOc nhmlh k6 hqp vui vi¢c eMt
ru6c In Ill!?! bi~n phap xl! Iy nt n nhAm ItllIS nhanh qu;\ Jrll1h c6
. ncn dfi! co h~ ~6 th5m nllo !lhrr Mt SCI. bun ~cl V.v ., . . Nhrr v~y
1u~

nguy co hi ll khOng Mu, d ~c bi~1 Iii. dam bao eho phlin Ian
hi¢ n het Irong g iai d o~n Ui.U1g thi congo sail d6 d\!n g ilti

1 X ll ~!

u dung thl tr! s6 de.) lUll

tier

thcu c hi con d:1 11110 ho~(; hdu nlnt

,; .... hOng .

To- rOc d:\y. ch ling 13 dt u biel r.1ng c6 nhitu gitl i phap d i lao dn!

bll" lam cQC cat , gicng cal v.v ... Chung dl1<;1C ~p dl,m g tilY Iruang
.:... t ~ Va d:i dem 1'.li nhieu thanh cong trong Iinh vl!c d!3 ky thuAt.
l' khoang 20 ntlm gan day. kh~p lilt gioi da va d,1.I\£ ph:lt lrie'n dc
"k th3'm nlura che sifn c1t Ihay th~ giai phap dung CQC cal hay
-; coit nhu lNoc dily .
cu c6ng trtnh giao thOng i1 Vi~1 Nam dot dung b;ic th:'im nhlt tren
~ 5 Ilr Ha NQi 'di Hal Phang. dlrong. d~u du 00 Xu iJ Dti N:'I:ns.
;. d.lu d u Ti~n C~ru (H5i phong). Tuyen ca Mall di Nflm Ca.n
mh Hai) .

.,

I~.I.C

(ham lam rang nhanh qua Irinh co k ef nhtr th€ nao

.. 12- llhanh I.jUU trlnh c6 kel.

phai lam giam 'luang d uo-ng dj

-.: 16 rong tir dfIl . Ditu nay co tht dal dlf'.1C bing each Iftp d~t
lh,ull ddl qU.1Hg n!tau va cung d m den d¢ sa u cll(l lap d(ll

25

,.

y~'u.

C.k dong IHrOc 16 r6n!! dllll ap h.re sc eh:l), thco lnr6ng m'un
Il£ang d~'n b:ic thffm g~ n d6 nhat V:I tho.it nl m¢ t c;i<: h IV do. Do v:)y,
thai gl3.n c6 ke't ~e gi:im dang k~ viI k~'t thuc e6 k~t Ilgay trong gim
dO<,lIl dang Ihi cOngo
N~u vi~ di)t them lai tn;lIlg b6 sung. Igia tail kho tlH!c hi~n thi m¢t
h~ th6ng hut eMn khOng co Ih ~ dl1gc hlp d~11 M 1',10 rd :JP lI!e rut nlIoc
16 r6ng gi6ng nhu khi co gia l;ii trl1Oc,
Cdc flnll I'~(( iiI' "{lil t:: di e'" hillll clia hac thii",

xny dVllg dlfOllg (HO. duemg stl!. sil n b,..y va de

C;ii 1,.10 d1"t vI!. dc dt,r :ln n;;to vet

X.ly dvng bt'li C<1ng

Xfly dl/ng dO thi v?t khu cong nghi ~p

D~t tai Inr6c cr khu vl!c kho b;ii hoZic se dip d{it

1.2.3. Gi6i

Ihi ~ u

bole Iham Mcbradrain

Tren Ih! (mollg Vi¢1 Naill hi~n eo nhieu I ~i bj"c Ih:fm co chj"l

lugng kho:ic nhau do nhieu COllg Iy i:J Ha Lan . H an QuOC-. Oai Loon.


Malayx ia. v.v.. cMo bjn. Vi~n C6ng ngh~ Ch~u
n gh i ~ m

\1ft

n h~n

xua:1. Doly fa

lo~i

A (AIn

dii thi


xel 161 vt lo.. j bj"e Iham Mebradrain do Hi] Lan san

bt1'c tham chc san baa g6m loi nhl!a polypropylene


dugc gia c6ng d:}c bi~ t de co d(:t m~m COlO va chuy~ n ,ai duQt hrqng

nuCle e,!c d~li thea c:i hai ben ella l:i Jll:~t lUi nhl!a. LOi nhlJ.:t n ~y dlrqc

bao bc;lc beJi IUp vo 13 v~t Iiii'll v,ti lqc kh6n£ d~1 r:'11 t-in M ng

polypropylene! va co de d;)c tinh lQt.' tlJy~t h,io. Co hai ki~tl b:\'c Ih :lm

MEBRADR AtN lit6ng dl.l1lg dlTqc ky hi~1I I~ t."lD 7407 \,;1 MD 7007.

ph ll 11I,1P vOi de d,! lin eo yeu du Ih6ng thuang khi chi~u Mill thfim

d ~'n 20 III v,) mlre d~ nen Ion nh:"It III 10 (if . Con kieu MD S~ Ihl phll


,
26