CÁC NHÂN tố TÁC ĐỘNG đến VIỆC CÔNG bố THÔNG TIN kế TOÁN MÔI TRƯỜNG TẠI CÁC DOANH NGHIỆP NUÔI TRỒNG THỦY SẢN VIỆT NAM tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY
----------

LAM THI TRUC LINH

THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE
DISCLOSURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN
AQUACULTURE ENTERPRISES VIET NAM

Major: Accountancy Code

: 9340301

PhD THESIS - SUMMARY

Ho Chi Minh City - 2019


The study was complete at:
University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City
Supervisor:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Khac Hung
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huynh Duc Long

Reviewer 1:..................................................................
......................................................................................
Reviewer 2:..................................................................
......................................................................................
Reviewer 3:..................................................................

......................................................................................
The dissertation will be presented to the Dissertation
Board at the school level:.............................................
At …. hours …. day ... month .... year ….
The dissertation can be found at the library:
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................


1.
Introduction
1.1 Topic reasoning
The disclosure of information environment is an
important step in the implementation of environmental
accounting (Chen & Roberts, 2008). Three categories of
information must be disclosed: environmental expenses,
environmental assets, environmental liabilities on the balance
sheet, the income statements and notes of financial statements
(Senn, 2018). In foreign studies, environmental information
published mainly through the annual report, the disclosure may
be voluntary or mandatory. According to (Deegan, & 2000;
O'Donovan, 2002) announced the voluntary environmental
information in the annual report is the way that organizations
use to convey a specific message about the activities and
measures for environmental protection. In addition, the
publication of the enterprises environmental information is
considered in response to the pressure of the stakeholders such
as environmental regulators, providers and communities,
business management (Cormier et al, 2005; Neu et al, 1998).

Through the publication of environmental information, the
businesses desire to enhance legitimacy by the publication of
environmental investments and persuade the community to
believe that businesses are very interested in the protection of
the environment. Environmental information published
primarily nonfinancial information. Depending on the object
using the information, their concern that business will announce
spending for environmental activities or just emphasize the
environmental impact and the measures that businesses have
done (Eltaib Eltaib Elzarrouk, 2012)
The results of the research on environmental disclosure in the
developed and the developing countries from (Al-khuwiter,
2005) indicates that announced the environmental information
in developed countries more advanced than the research has
been done in the developing countries.In developed countries,
research on the determinants and the quality of the
environmental information disclosure; investigate the
relationship between environmental information and
environmental and economic efficiency. In contrast, in the
developing countries, the focus of the study is whether

-

-1-


companies have published environmental information or not
and the amount of this information.
Environmental information can be provided in various
forms as the qualitative statement, quantitative data, financial

reports, graphics or images, the CEO's report. This information
can be presented in annual reports or independent report or
sustainability report according to Global Reporting Initiative
(GRI), through press releases, company web sites and other
media (Mata et al, 2018).
In previous studies, the factors were identified to affecting the
quality and level of environmental information disclosure such
as:
(1) Environmentally sensitive sectors (Gamble Associates,
1995 &; Fekrat et al, 1996; Deegan and Gordon,1996; Cormier
and Gordon, 2001; Liu and Anbumozhi, 2008; Suttipun et al,
2012; Barbu et al, 2012)
(2) Pressure from the policy, manager, environmental
management agency, public (Walden and Schwartz, 1997; Neu
et al, 1998; Rowe & Wehrmeyer, 2001; Suttipun et al, 2012; Li,
2014)
(3) Publication information standard environment, the
environmental accounting guidelines (Fortes & Akerfeldt,
1999; Gamble et al, 1995; Deegan and Rankin,1996; Suttipun et
al, 2012; Jerry, 2015; Kaya, 2016)
(4) The attitude of managers (Suttipun et al, 2012; Ngo Thi
Hoai Nam, 2017).
These studies are done in the context between the different
countries in order to assess the extent of environmental
information between countries or between industries in the
same country. The publication of environmental information is
the next step of implementing environmental accounting. So,
the term environmental disclosure in the foreign studies is
published information of environmental accounting
In Vietnam, environmental accounting is researched

of acadamic aspects, there are also a number of specific studies
on the application of environmental accounting in the
enterprises of oil and gas processing, processing of aquatic
products. These researchs only to record, measure and provide
information about adequate environment for users

-

-2-


In addition, these studies also identified the factors
that impact the environmental information disclosure. (Hoang
Thuy Dieu Linh, 2013; Hoang Thi Bich Ngoc, 2017; Ngo Thi
Hoai Nam, 2017).
However, Hoang Thuy Dieu Linh (2013) reviews the
publication of environmental information currently do not meet
the needs for information for the parties concerned. From
survey of researchers, the publication of environmental
information in aquaculture enterprises in Vietnam are mainly
qualitative and published according to the instructions of
circular No. 155/2015/TT-BTC or according to the global
reporting initiative (GRI). This mean is not yet announced
environmental informations from the results of environmental
accounting as the study foreign
The information disclosure of environmental accounting
as a way to convey the message of the business with respect to
environmental issues. In industry sensitives for environment,
the environmental information disclosure of environmental
accounting is necessary in response to the pressure from the

Government, investors, customers, the community is the objects
affected by the operation of the enterprise, the factors were
discovered from the previous research work and the extent of
the influence factors to the disclosure of environmental
accounting information in aquaculture enterprises in Vietnam or
not, need to be verified. So, I decide to choose the topic "The
factorsaffecting the disclosure of environmental accounting
information in the aquaculture enterprises Vietnam" as my
thesis.
1.2 Objectives and research questions
Overall goal
To determine status information disclosure of
environmental accounting, influence factors and the extent of
the impact of the factors to the disclosure of environmental
accounting information in aquaculture enterprises Vietnam.
Specific goals
Objective 1: To determine status information disclosure
of environmental accounting in aquaculture enterprises
Vietnam
Objective 2: To identify the factors that impact on the
-

-3-


disclosure of environmental accounting information in
aquaculture enterprises Vietnam
Objective 3: To measure the influence of factors impact
on the disclosure of environmental accounting information in
aquaculture enterprises Vietnam

Study questions
Question 1: In aquaculture enterprises Vietnam have
disclosure of environmental accounting information?
Question 2: The factors that would impact on the
disclosure of environmental accounting information in
aquaculture enterprises Vietnam?
Question 3: The level of influence the factors that impact
on the disclosure of environmental accounting information in
aquaculture enterprises Vietnam?
3. Research object
- Object analysis: Information of environmental accounting is
disclosured and the factors that impact on the disclosure of
environmental accounting information of aquaculture
enterprises Vietnam
- Data collection object: is a person from the Board of
Directors, a chief accountant or accounting charge and an
officer in charge of the aquaculture business or enterprise
environment in aquaculture enterprises Vietnam
4.The scope of research
Timing: for seafood companies listed: information
collected from financial statements and annual report the year
2017. For survey information collected from January to
February 2018
Place: According to figures from the General Statistics
Bureau, in the Mekong River Delta is the main aquaculture
region of Vietnam with more than 70% of the production and
the area should the author choose the Cuu Long River Delta
collect information.
5.Research method
To make the thesis the author using mixed methods

include qualitative methods and quantitative methods, in
particular as follows:
-

-4-


5.1Qualitative research method
First to use qualitative method to identify the factors that
impact on the disclosure of environmental accounting
information. Through previous studies of environmental
information and theoretical basis identify the factors that impact
on the disclosure of environmental accounting information then
perform in-depth interviews with experts on environmental
accounting, expert on audit, manager in aquaculture enterprises.
After that, identify new factors and measure the factors that
impact the disclosure of environmental accounting information
in aquaculture enterprises Vietnam. From this result, the author
build a research model.
5.2Quantitative research method
Based on the model in step qualitative research, the author
conducted surveys, collect data to analyze the level of influence
the factors that impact on the disclosure of environmental
accounting information in aquaculture enterprises in Vietnam.
Authors use factor analysis model to explore specific steps
(EFA) as follows: evaluate the reliability of scales with
Cronbach coefficient Alpha, then proceed to analyze the EFA,
through the relevancy of the EFA extracted variance test, then
rename for variables
After redefining the variables, the regression analysis

conducted by the regression coefficient test, testing the level of
explanation of the model through the coefficient R2, analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and the last is Spearman test.
6.Thesis’s contribution
6.1 In terms of reasoning, academic
- Use the institutional theory, legitimacy theory, resource
dependence theory, the stakeholder theory as a basis for the
interpretation of the information disclosure of environmental
accounting in the aquaculture business Vietnam
- Build model of impact factors to the disclosure of
environmental accounting information in aquaculture
enterprises Vietnam.
-Thesis research results added to data research on the factors
impacting the enterprise information announced in Vietnam as
well as in the developing countries, where the protection of the
environment have not been properly concerned.
-

-5-


6.2 In term of practicality
- Help for accountant recorded information of environment
accounting and disclosure information for stakeholder.
- Help for enterprises manager identify the role and benefits of
disclosure of environmental accounting information to improve
performance, the reputation of the business especially when
involved in international markets.
- Help for policy makers devise policy on information
disclosure in environmental accounting. In terms of accounting

law does not yet have regulations on environmental accounting,
the studies provide information to planning agencies build and
route in guidance information disclosure in environmental
accounting consistent with characteristics of Vietnam and catch
up with the development trend of environmental accounting
international
7. Structural thesis
Chapter 1: Overview of previous studies
Chapter 2: Theoretical basis
Chapter 3: Research Methods
Chapter 4: Research Results and discussion
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Policy Implications
Chapter 1: Overview of previous studies
1.1 Foreign studies
1.1.1 Environmental accounting
-Environmental accounting occurs in the early 1970s, the first
stage called social accounting and environment.
Mathews (1993, p. 64)as:
Voluntary disclosures of information, both qualitative and
quantitative made by organizations to inform or influence a
range of audiences. The quantitative disclosures may be in
financial or non-financial terms.
- Concepts of Environmental accounting from studies by Gray
et al. (1993), Schaltergger et al. (2000), Bartolomeo et al.
(2000), Yakhou et al. (2003), MOE (2005)
1.1.2 Disclosure of Environmental accounting information
Disclosure of environmental information is the disclosure of
environmental accounting information in the balance sheet, the
statement of income and Notes to the financial statements. The

-

-6-


information to be disclosed includes environmental costs,
environmental assets, environmental liabilities (Senn, 2018).
1.1.3 Factors affecting the disclosure of environmental
accounting information
Typical studies for this group include studies by Gamble et al.
(1995), Hackston & Milne (1996), Frost and Wilmshurst
(1996), Fekrat et al. (1996), Deegan & Gordon (1996), Deegan
& Rankin (1996), Adams et al (1998), Deegan et al. (2000),
Cormier and Gordon, (2001), Liu & Anbumozhi (2008),
Suttipun & the (2012), Bhattacharyya (2014), Jerry (2015),
Kaya (2016).
1.2 Research in the country
1.2.1 The studies on environmental accounting in business
including the EA and the EMA were conducted by Trinh Hiep
Thien (2010), Hoang Thuy Dieu Linh (2013).
1.2.2 For study on the application of environment in specific
enterprises such as petroleum processing and seafood
processing by Hoang Thi Bich Ngoc (2017), Ngo Thi Hoai
Nam (2017)
1.2.3 Researches on factors influencing the disclosure of
information on environment: Including studies by Pham Duc
Hieu et al. (2010); Hoang Thi Bich Ngoc (2017); Ngo Thi Hoai
Nam (2017); Trinh Hiep Thien (2010), Hoang Thuy Dieu Linh
(2013), Nguyen La Soa et al (2018)
1.3 A review of the researches

Through analysic of previous research, the author reviewed
content as follows:
(1) Environmental information is disclosured the information of
environmental accounting through the annual report, the social
responsibility report, sustainable development reports or
environmental statements independently. The foreign research
use the term environmental information disclosure to imply is
the disclosure of information about the environment when
making environmental accounting. For research in Vietnam,
announced the environmental information includes information
relating to the environment as defined, not results from the
implementation of environmental accounting
(2) Environmental information is provided in the form of
quantitative, qualitative; financial or non financial
-

-7-


(3) The content of information is provided depends on the
regulations on environmental information disclosure every
country, or according to the guidelines of the GRI
(4) Assessment of extent of environmental information
disclosure through the page number, from being published or
number of items published in total according to
regulations/guidelines combined with grading when
information presented in the form of quantitative, qualitative or
finance, non financial.
(5)The factors that impact the environmental information
disclosure

Developed countries have applied environmental
accounting and rules on disclosure of information environment:
the research towards the factors impacting the level of
publication/quality of environmental information disclosure or
the study of the relationship between the industry business,
corporate scale, profit, environmental efficiency with
environmental information disclosure.
For the developing countries, environmental
accounting is still new,theseresearch has published
environmental information or not or why published or not
published or any factors that influence the level of
environmental accounting information disclosure.
1.4 Gap in research
Firstly, there are quite a number of foreign research about
factors that impact the accounting information announcement
environment, analytical methods are mostly graded disclosure
then regression analysis to examine the degree of correlation
between the factors to dependent variable. However, this
research was done in the context of developed countries.
Secondly, There are many differences in results of factors
impact on the disclosure of environmental accounting
information in different countries, at least in different times, in
different industrial areas.
Thirdly, Vietnam is developing country. Environmental
accounting is still new and have no guidelines for
Environmental accounting. The publication of environmental
information is primarily qualitative and published according to
the instructions of circular No. 155/2015/TT-BTC or according
-

-8-


to the GRI. Not yet published environmental information from
the results of environmental accounting as the foreign studies.
Limitation of this research: Only study content of
environmental information, benefits, objects of environmental
accounting; described the environmental information, the
reason making or not making. There are no research that
determined factors affecting and levels of influence.
Because of gap study on information disclosure of
environmental accounting, I decide to research "The factors
affecting the disclosure of environmental accounting
information in the aquaculture enterprises Vietnam" to verify
the elements have been discovered from the previous research
has impact on the disclosure of environmental accounting
information in the context of aquaculture enterprises Vietnam.
After that, building scale models of impact factors and
measuring the level of influence the factors that impact on the
disclosure of environmental accounting information in the
aquaculture business Vietnam.
Chapter 2: Theoretical basis
2.1. Overview of EA and disclosure information EA
- EA in the business includes EFA and EMA (UNDSD, 1996,
IFAC, 2005)
- Content of EA: Recognition and measurement of assets,
liabilities, compensation, benefits / benefits from environmental
-Disclosure of environmental information: is an announcement
by the enterprise. (1) Information about the environment:
Presentation of environmental policy; Describle the

environmental issues that the company may encounter;
improvements that the company has made; Level of
implementation of environmental protection measures in
accordance with the law. (2) Environmental accounting
information: assets, costs, liabilities, environmental income.
2.2. Background theory and researches apply background
theory to the publication of environmental information
- Background theories: legal theory, institutional theory,
resource dependency theory, and stakeholder theory.
- From background theory, previous studies use theoretical
background, author summarizes the factors in table 2.4

-

-9-


Table 2.4.Factors influencing the disclosure of information
and the relationship with relevant background theories
Or
der

1

2

3

4
5

6

-

Factors

Pressure
(policy,
management,
environmental
management, public)

tandards
for
Environmental
Information Disclosure
/
Environmental
Guidelines

Sensitive environment

Background
theory
Institutional theory
Legitimacy
theoryStakeholder
theory
Resource

dependency theory
Institutional theory
Legitimacy
theoryStakeholder
theory
Resource
dependency theory

Resource
dependency theory

Company size
Listed abroad

Institutional theory

Useful for users.

Stakeholder theory

7

Improve
the
competitive ability

8

The

image

of

Previous research
by the author
Walden & Schwartz
(1997); Neu et al
(1998); Rowe &
Wehrmeyer (2001);
Suttipun et al (2012)
Li (2014)
Fortes & Akerfeldt
(1999); Gamble et al
(1995); Deegan &
Rankin
(1996);
Suttipun et al (2012);
Jerry (2015); Kaya
(2016); Hoang Thuy
Dieu Linh (2013)
Barbu et al (2012;
Gamble et al (1995)’
Fekrat et al (1996);
Deegan & Gordon
(1996);
Cormier & Gordon
(2001);
Liu & Anbumozhi
(2008); Suttipun et al

(2012)
Hackston & Milne
(1996);
Liu
&
Anbumozhi (2008)
Hackston & Milne
(1996)
Wilmshurst (1996);
Rowe & Wehrmeyer
(2001); Suttipun et al
(2012)
Fortes & Akerfeldt
(1999)

the

Deegan et al (2000)

-10-


9
10

11

12

company.

Legitimacy theory

Accounting attitude

Stakeholder theory

Managerial attitude
Monitor
the
implementation
of
remedial
measures
after
environmental
violations
Financial resource

Legitimacy theory

Stakeholder theory

Deegan et al (1996);
Suttipun et al (2012)
Suttipun et al (2012)
Hoang Thuy Dieu
Linh (2013)

Deegan

(1996)

&

Suttipun et al (2012)

Chapter 3: Research Methods
The study was designed in two stages:
Stage 1: Qualitative research
Step1: Summarize previous studies on environmental
information disclosure identifying issues that have been studied
before and confirming differences in information disclosure.
Step 2: Collection of environmental information published in
the annual report, financial statements of aquaculture
enterprises listed to assess the status of environmental
information disclosure. This result is the basis for discussions
with experts to identify factors that affect the publication of
environmental information.
Step 3: In-depth discussion with experts who are
knowledgeable about CIS, representatives of auditing experts
and representatives of aquaculture enterprises to identify factors
and factors that affect the impact factors. Disclosure of
environmental information at aquaculture enterprises in
Vietnam. From that, the author presents a model of factors
influencing the publication of environmental information at
aquaculture enterprises in Vietnam.
Stage 2: Quantitative research
Step 4: Based on the research model in stage 1, the author
conducted survey using survey questionnaire then coded data,
clean data.

Step 5: The author uses the exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
model as follows: Assess the reliability of the scale using the
-

-11-

Rankin


Cronbach Alpha coefficient, then perform the EFA analysis,
The appropriate qualification of the EFA, covariance testing,
then renames the variables. After redefining the variables,
conduct regression analysis by examining the regression
coefficients, verifying the level of interpretation of the model
through the adjusted R2 coefficient, analysis of variance
(ANOVA) to verify the suitability of the model and finally test
the variance of the residual constant with the Spearman test.
Chapter 4: Research Results and discusssion
4.1 Current state of environmental information
dissemination by Vietnamese aquaculture enterprises
- No EA information is presented in the B/S and P/L
- There are EA information presented on notes of income
staments in some enterprises
4.2 Qualitative research results
Benefits of
environmental
accounting

Pressure from government,
importers, investors, financial

institutions, communities

To guide the
implementation of
environmental
accounting.

Attitude of managers

the disclosure of
environmental
accounting
information in
aquaculture
enterprises Vietnam

Knowledge of
environmental accounting

Financial resources for
implementing
environmental protection
solutions

Supervision of
environmental protection
solutions in enterprises

Figure 4.1. Model factors affecting the disclosure of environmental
information in aquaculture enterprises Vietnam

-

-12-


4.3. Results of quantitative research
4.3.1. Measure the factors affecting the disclosure of
environmental information at aquaculture enterprises in
Vietnam
- For independent variables: Evaluate the reliability of scale
through seven factor from 25 observed variables. After
removed 2 variables the results have 23 variables observed
initially grouped into 06 groups with the total variance value
extracted = 74,891%> 50%: satisfactory; It can be said that
these six factors explain 74.891% of the variance of the data.
- For dependent variables: The results show that the four
observed variables were grouped into one group. Total value of
variance = 68,956%> 50%: satisfactory; It can be said that one
factor explains 68.956% of the variance of the data.
- Renamed variables: From the extracted results, there are 6
factors (23 variables) affecting the disclosure of environmental
accounting information of aquaculture enterprises in Vietnam.
Merge variable the financial resources for implementing the
environmental protection measure and the attitude of the
environmental protection manager into a group. The author
decides to use seven observation variables grouped together
into a new variable named "Attitude of managers of
environmental protection". Measurement variables include four
measurement variables for managers' perception of

environmental protection and three variables for the budget
supporting environmental protection.
4.3.2. Analysis of regression models
- To test the significance of the regression coefficient: The sig
value of the independent variables is less than 0.05. Thus, it is
possible to assert that the independent variables included in the
model are statistically significant, with a significance level of α
= 5%, which can explain the variation of F_CBTT
- Verification of the level of interpretation of the regression
model: R2 = 0.646> R2 adjusted = 0.631 means that the
dependent variable is explained 63.1% by the independent
variable.
- ANOVA: An ANOVA analysis table with sig = 0.000
indicates that the regression model is consistent with the data

-

-13-


set obtained, the variables included in the statistically
significant level of significance. %. This model is therefore
suitable for testing these hypotheses.
-Heteroskedasticity: The results show that sig of correlations
between ABSRES and independent variables are greater than
0.05, so that the residual variance is homogeneous, assuming
constant variance is not violated.
Variab
le code

Independent variable

Absolut
e value

%

Impact
order

Beta

F_AL

The pressure from the Government,
investors, importers, the financial
institutions, the community about
environmental information

0,171

13,5

5

F_LI

The benefit when implementing
environmental accounting

0,169

13,3

6

F_HD

Instructions
implementing
environmental accounting

0,186

14,6

4

F_KT

Level of understanding about
accounting's environment accounting

0,207

16,3

2

The supervision of the authorities

F_GS
with regard to the measures of environmental
protection in enterprises

0,346

27,2

1

F_UH
NQL

Attitudes supportive of the Manager
on the protection of the environment

0,192

15,1

3

Total

1,271

100

4.4 Compare and discuss research results
4.4.1 Compared with previous studies

4.4.1.1 Factors affecting the disclosure of environmental
information in aquaculture enterprises Vietnam
There were 9/12 factors from the previous studies confirmed in
this study. These are the policy pressures, community; Benefits
of Environmental accounting Information Disclosure
Guideline;Three factors including: useful for users of

-

-14-


information, enhancingcompetitiveness, image of the company
confirmed in this study and grouped together in the factor of
benefits in implementing the environment. he attitudes of
managers and financial resources for implementing
environmental protection measures are grouped into one factor
that is the attitude of the manager; The monitoring of the
implementation of remedial measures after environmental
violations is also confirmed, but the content includes
monitoring when enterprises operate and after the violation of
business; The last factor that belongs to the accounting is also
confirmed, but added content not only the attitude but also the
ability to implement the publication of information technology.
4.4.1.2 On the factors that measure the factors affecting the
disclosure of environmental information in aquaculture
enterprises Vietnam
This research identified 23 variable observations measuring 6
impact factors and 4 observing variables measuring the
publication of environmental information at aquaculture

enterprises Vietnam. Previous studies have identified the
impact factors but have not identified the variables for these
factors. In Tables 2.4 and 4.28, the benefit variable for
implementing EA inherited three factors from the previous
study, making the remaining observation a new one from the
study.
Chapter 5.Conclusions and policy implications
5.1 Conclusions
5.1.1 On the environmental accounting information
disclosure of the aquaculture business in Vietnam
The research results showed that, on the balance sheet
and Income statement does not have any information on
environmental accounting. The information about the pledge,
statement of policy, measures to protect the environment or
ensuring the practice of advanced aquaculture was published in
the annual report. Some of them business have information
about investments for implementation of environmental
management systems such as the construction of the feed, waste
treatment systems, aquaculture, advanced process, the
environmental liabilities such as tax charges, fees,
compensation, pay for the environmental management

-

-15-


system.These information is disclosured in annual report or
Notes to the financial statements. The information is mainly
qualitative, no quantitative information about the value of the

investment assets, liabilities, income, environmental costs has
yet to be determined through the accounting report.
5.1.2 About the results of the impact factor to the disclosure of
environmental accounting information in aquaculture
enterprises Vietnam
Factor analysis results explore has identified six research model
factors in order of diminishing impact as follows:
(1) The supervision of the authorities with regard to the
measures of environmental protection in enterprises
(2) Level of understanding about accounting's environment
accounting
(3) Attitudes supportive of the Manager on the protection of the
environment
(4) Instructions implementing environmental accounting
(5) The pressure from the Government, investors, importers, the
financial institutions, the community about environmental
information
(6) The benefit when implementing environmental accounting.
The factor has been inherited from the previous research and
develop more specific content in the context of research in
aquaculture enterprises in Vietnam. The greatest contribution of
the study is to build models of the impact factor and the
observed variables measuring the levels of influence of these
factors impact on the disclosure of environmental accounting
information in aquaculture enterprises Vietnam.
5.2 The policy implication
5.2.1 Strengthen the supervision of the State Agency
on environment protection measures
The research results showed that compliance with the law
on the protection of the environment in aquaculture are

reflected through environmental reporting system, the reporting
of environmental impact assessment. However, the fact the
implementation according to the commitments in the
environmental protection plan are limited. Some businesses did
not operate waste processing systems as committed. Therefore,
the authorities should improve the management system, the

-

-16-


investment to upgrade the facilities, the equipment for the
systems of management, control of environmental pollution;
perfecting the system of warning and environment risk of
fisheries at the same time capacity building training for staff
and management, environmental pollution control.
Besides the need to strengthen inspection, Inspector for
the input factors of production such as: food, medicines,
chemicals and Biologicals. Need coordination between the units
of the Ministry of agriculture and rural development and the
Ministry of agriculture and rural development with the Ministry
of natural resources environmental & to check, inspect the
waste discharge activities from the production facility. In
particular, sanctions measures in violation of the environmental
sector in aquaculture also need to consider the level of
influence to take appropriate enforcement measures sufficient
to require implementation of environmental protection
measures have committed.
Next, refine on Law the protection of the

environment in aquaculture, ensuring the Law system to bring
effectiveness and deterrent, the important thing is the awareness
of the responsibility education, the obligation to protect the
environment of the business. The environmental criteria should
ensure compatibility with international practices.
5.2.2 Accountants need to be trained, guided implementation
of environmental accounting
"The level of knowledge of the environmental accounting of
accountants" stand the second of the factors affect the
information disclosure of environmental accounting in
aquaculture enterprises in Vietnam. In Vietnam, environmental
accounting has not been guided. It has not be taught to students
in university. Environmental accounting is known only from the
academic research for students, research students, research
articles. Therefore, to be able to train on environmental
accounting requires a lot of time to issue regulations of the
State on environmental accounting and the training programs of
the University.
In this study, the author proposed accounting based on the
characteristics of operation in enterprise organizations apply
environmental accounting to credited, measurement of

-

-17-


information related to environmental activities, from which the
publication of environmental accounting information the
request of the parties concerned. Derived from the resolution of

environmental issues in enterprises from which determine the
solution perform, noting the information on financial and
material according to the accounting perspective. The personal,
relevant departments must participate in and provide
information as well as solutions to the problems related to the
proposed system. The specific content of the proposal as
follows:
(1) Identify business problems related to environmental
issues
(2) Propose solutions to make environmental issues in
business
(3)
The Organization recorded and measured the
accounting object
- Environmental assets
Some objects are recorded as assets in the environment
aquaculture business:
+ Materials, chemicals used to treat the environment.
+ Tools, instruments used for environmental protection
+Waste processing
contamination.

equipment,

processing

equipment

+ The warehouse contained food, sanitary workers meet the
prescribed standards

- Environmental liabilities
+ Payable by law: includes costs to comply with environmental
legislation such as the costs of training staff to manage the
environmental management system, the costs of environmental
monitoring, waste disposal costs, tax free environment fee
+ Payable related to remedial: the cost of cleaning up, cleaning
the pond after manufacturing costs, ensure the health of its
employees join seafood (insurance, health check)
+ The penalties due to non-compliance or incomplete
compliance with current rules on the environment when
aquaculture
-

-18-


+ Compensation (depending on the complaint, grievance):
compensation for residents around the area of aquaculture due
to water supplies, waste from aquaculture of the enterprise
caused, compensation for workers due to be affected from drug
use, chemicals in aquaculture
- Income benefits from the environment
+ Income from the sale of by-products, wastes
+ Income from the sale of food, including sewage sludge, food
container from the process dredged pond
+ The revenues from the State's subsidies for investments made
by standard VietGAP/Gloabal GAP
+The fare sale by selling at a higher price from the
implementation of advanced process, foster
- Environmental costs

The cost of the environment in the aquaculture business
includes:
+ The cost of raw materials, product creation: including the
costs of drugs, fisheries, animal feed mill
+ The cost of materials not product creation: the cost of
medicines, chemical water treatment.
+ Handling costs and waste control: depreciation, cost of
fertilizer lime sedimentation tank clean water sources, water
treatment process in aquaculture, cost the manager made the
pond management, responsible for the implementation of the
standard certification
+ The cost of prevention and environmental management: The
costs incurred for the purpose of prevention and environmental
management
+ Research and development costs: are the costs for research
and development activities related to the environment and
environmental protection, which is the cost for the development
of products using materials research costs, the system of
machinery, new equipment to reduce waste, the cost of
researching new solutions to improve management methods, ...

-

-19-


+ Less tangible costs: business should have expected for this
due to cost in the process of raising business for the operation
of polluting the environment around the compensatory aid as
the cost to households around the use of clean water because

the water source contaminated
(4) To set the report on environmental accounting for
disclosure of information for the object using the
information
5.2.3. Managers need to steer the department implemented
environmental accounting, strengthen awareness for workers
on the protection of the environment in aquaculture
The attitude supportive of manager have a great impact to the
enterprise information disclosure EA. If managers are aware of
the importance and benefits of environmental accounting, They
will:
-Strengthen advocacy activities on the protection of the
environment in the region of aquaculture in order to raise the
awareness of employees in order to change the behavior to
produce safe food associated with environmental protection.
-Guides or organized for the staff participating in
seminars/training training guide and share management
experience, the Environmental Protection region.
- the study applied the technology of waste water treatment,
solid waste business suit
- Promote the application of the technology of water-saving
farming, food waste discharge restrictions, ensure biosafety and
environmental protection.
5.2.4. Issued regulations, instruction apply environmental
accounting
If the environmental accounting is issued, the enterprises will
presented the report and clearly disclosure information.
Therefore, the necessary to are created the legal framework for
applying environmental accounting
The countries has implemented environmental accounting

have those regulations, guidelines for environmental accounting
although voluntary but are studied, and developed to be
implemented extensively.
With integration and the global environment problems, the
accounting information provided to the user as more

-

-20-


meaningful information when the information on the
environmental impacts and the measures that businesses make
to protect the environment, investments, costs and benefits from
the environment to be published. When issuing regulations,
instructions for performing environmental accounting will have
a positive impact on the ability to implement environmental
accounting and accounting information announcement
environment for stakeholders.
5.2.5 Environmental information needs from the Government,
investors, importers, community creates the pressure forcing
the aquaculture business to announce environmental
accounting information
All the external stakeholders outside the business usually
needs the information but in different levels. The parties
include:
(1) The Government, they are interested in the environmental
protection problems of aquaculture businesses because it
significantly affects the quality of the nation's environment.
Accounting information of enterprises have an important role in

providing financial information relating to environmental issues
serves to manage the aquaculture industry. Environmental
accounting information in enterprises will have important
implications in the statistical data about the environmental
protection measures that businesses have announced and
implemented, has put out the base environmental policy.
(2) for the investors, business partners, and financial institutions
they are funding for businesses, their advantage depends on the
results of business activities. When there are environmental
risks will significantly influence to the benefit of the investors.
Therefore, the needs of environmental accounting information
to help them assess the real situation and risks.
(3) for consumers, local residents and the non-governmental
organizations on the environment: they are interested in issues
such as management of toxic wastes from aquaculture,
pollution of water resources from sewage water, products that
meet environmental criteria and responsibility of the business
before it issues.
(4) for the audit organization using environmental accounting
information of the enterprises to ensure an auditor objectivity,

-

-21-


integrity and credibility of environmental accounting
information in order to ensure legal compliance of the financial
statements prior to published in order to protect the interests of
the parties concerned. Environmental accounting information

should be published for this object in the form of EFA
information including: environmental assets, environmental
liabilities, revenues, costs, environment environmental policy
the business done.
5.2.6 Fully aware of the benefits of implementing
environmental accounting
Fully aware of the benefits and costs when implemented
environmental accounting will determine the disclosure of
environmental accounting information
or not. If have
regulation, the disclosure of enterprises will help business good
compliance with law, business image will increase. The
supportive of consumers and people around the region of
aquaculture will be the benefits that businesses get from
transparency in information disclosure in environmental
accounting. Form of the information published can the
commitment, policies, environmental protection measures with
regard to the public interest is however the object as investors,
business management, auditing, then the information published
should reflect the data about physical and currency. This is
useful, for their decisions when investing in the business.
One of the pillars of sustainable development, environment for
business survival and development must ensure the
harmonization of existing benefits and the ability to grow in the
future. Therefore, the investment for environmental protection
also benefits comply with the law, to create beautiful images
before the use of community resources effectively is an
important issue.
Implementation of environmental accounting that will help
businesses analyze production processes in the period would be

wasted inputs or ineffective to take measures to improve.
Therefore, to make accounting information disclosure and the
environment, businesses need to keep track of information
about matter and currencies before and after implementation of
the measures, the investment for the environment to evaluate
the full benefits.

-

-22-


5.3 Research limitationsand subsequent research
The results answer the three questions research has solved the
research objectives
Firstly: In aquaculture enterprises Vietnam have not yet
announced the environmental accounting information that only
initially announced for environmental information according to
the instructions of circular No. 155/2015/TT-BTC
Secondly: there are six factors that impact to the disclosure of
environmental accounting information in the aquaculture
enterprises Vietnam.
Thirdly: the degree of influence of these factors to the
disclosure of environmental accounting information in
aquaculture enterprises Vietnam: (high to low)
(1) Supervision of the authorities with regard to the measures
of environmental protection in businesses.
(2) Knowledge of environmental accounting
(3) Attitudes supportive of the manager on the protection of the
environment

(4) Guide the implementation of environmental accounting.
(5) Pressure from the Government, importers, investors,
financial institutions, the community on environmental
information
(6) Benefit of environmental accounting
However, this thesis is still limitations. It need to be conducted
for the research in the future:
Firstly, the survey sample is only made with respect to
aquaculture companies in the delta of Mekong River.
Secondly, the research results initially measure the impact of
these factors to the disclosure of environmental accounting
information without considering the relationship between the
factors together.

-

-23-