OReilly UNIX in a nutshell 4th edition oct 2005 ISBN 0596100299

UnixinaNutshell,4thEdition
ByArnoldRobbins
...............................................
Publisher:O'Reilly
PubDate:October2005
ISBN:0-596-10029-9
Pages:906

TableofContents|Index

Asanopenoperatingsystem,Unixcanbeimprovedonbyanyoneandeveryone:
individuals,companies,universities,andmore.Asaresult,theverynatureofUnix
hasbeenalteredovertheyearsbynumerousextensionsformulatedinanassortment
ofversions.Today,UnixencompasseseverythingfromSun'sSolaristoApple'sMac
OSXandmorevarietiesofLinuxthanyoucaneasilyname.
ThelatesteditionofthisbestsellingreferencebringsUnixintothe21stcentury.It's
beenreworkedtokeepcurrentwiththebroaderstateofUnixintoday'sworldand
highlightthestrengthsofthisoperatingsysteminallitsvariousflavors.
DetailingallUnixcommandsandoptions,theinformativeguideprovidesgenerous
descriptionsandexamplesthatputthosecommandsincontext.Herearesomeofthe
newfeaturesyou'llfindinUnixinaNutshell,FourthEdition:
Solaris10,thelatestversionoftheSVR4-basedoperatingsystem,GNU/Linux,
andMacOSX
Bashshell(alongwiththe1988and1993versionsofksh)
tschshell(insteadoftheoriginalBerkeleycsh)
Packagemanagementprograms,usedforprograminstallationonpopular
GNU/Linuxsystems,SolarisandMacOSX
GNUEmacsVersion21
Introductiontosourcecodemanagementsystems

Concurrentversionssystem
Subversionversioncontrolsystem
GDBdebugger
AsUnixhasprogressed,certaincommandsthatwereoncecriticalhavefalleninto
disuse.Tothatend,thebookhasalsodroppedmaterialthatisnolongerrelevant,
keepingittautandcurrent.
Ifyou'reaUnixuserorprogrammer,you'llrecognizethevalueofthiscomplete,upto-dateUnixreference.Withchapteroverviews,specificexamples,anddetailed
command.


UnixinaNutshell,4thEdition
ByArnoldRobbins
...............................................
Publisher:O'Reilly
PubDate:October2005
ISBN:0-596-10029-9
Pages:906

TableofContents|Index



Copyright



Dedication

Preface



Audience



ScopeofThisBook



Conventions



UsingCodeExamples



Safari®Enabled



HowtoContactUs



Acknowledgments

PartI:CommandsandShells
Chapter1.Introduction



Section1.1.Unixinthe21stCentury



Section1.2.ObtainingCompilers



Section1.3.BuildingSoftware



Section1.4.What'sintheQuickReference



Section1.5.Beginner'sGuide



Section1.6.Solaris:StandardCompliantPrograms

Chapter2.UnixCommands



Section2.1.Introduction



Section2.2.AlphabeticalSummaryofCommonCommands



Section2.3.AlphabeticalSummaryofSolarisCommands



Section2.4.AlphabeticalSummaryofGNU/LinuxCommands



Section2.5.AlphabeticalSummaryofMacOSXCommands



Section2.6.AlphabeticalSummaryofJavaCommands

Chapter3.TheUnixShell:AnOverview



Section3.1.IntroductiontotheShell



Section3.2.PurposeoftheShell



Section3.3.ShellFlavors




Section3.4.ShellSourceCodeURLs



Section3.5.CommonFeatures




Section3.6.DifferingFeatures
Chapter4.TheBashandKornShells

Section4.1.OverviewofFeatures



Section4.2.InvokingtheShell



Section4.3.Syntax



Section4.4.Functions



Section4.5.Variables



Section4.6.ArithmeticExpressions



Section4.7.CommandHistory



Section4.8.JobControl

Section4.9.CommandExecution



Section4.10.RestrictedShells



Section4.11.Built-inCommands(BashandKornShells)



Chapter5.tcsh:AnExtendedCShell



Section5.1.OverviewofFeatures



Section5.2.InvokingtheShell



Section5.3.Syntax

Section5.4.Variables



Section5.5.Expressions



Section5.6.CommandHistory



Section5.7.Command-LineManipulation



Section5.8.JobControl



Section5.9.Built-inCommands



Chapter6.PackageManagement



Section6.1.LinuxPackageManagement

Section6.2.TheRedHatPackageManager



Section6.3.Yum:YellowdogUpdaterModified



Section6.4.up2date:RedHatUpdateAgent



Section6.5.TheDebianPackageManager



Section6.6.MacOSXPackageManagement





Section6.7.SolarisPackageManagement
PartII:TextEditingandProcessing
Chapter7.PatternMatching

Section7.1.FilenamesVersusPatterns



Section7.2.Metacharacters



Section7.3.Metacharacters,ListedbyUnixProgram



Section7.4.ExamplesofSearching



Chapter8.TheEmacsEditor



Section8.1.ConceptualOverview



Section8.2.Command-LineSyntax



Section8.3.SummaryofCommandsbyGroup

Section8.4.SummaryofCommandsbyKey



Section8.5.SummaryofCommandsbyName




Chapter9.Thevi,ex,andvimEditors



Section9.1.ConceptualOverview



Section9.2.Command-LineSyntax



Section9.3.ReviewofviOperations



Section9.4.viCommands

Section9.5.viConfiguration



Section9.6.exBasics




Section9.7.AlphabeticalSummaryofexCommands
Chapter10.ThesedEditor



Section10.1.ConceptualOverview



Section10.2.Command-LineSyntax



Section10.3.SyntaxofsedCommands



Section10.4.GroupSummaryofsedCommands

Section10.5.AlphabeticalSummaryofsedCommands



Chapter11.TheawkProgrammingLanguage



Section11.1.ConceptualOverview



Section11.2.Command-LineSyntax



Section11.3.PatternsandProcedures



Section11.4.Built-inVariables



Section11.5.Operators

Section11.6.VariableandArrayAssignment



Section11.7.User-DefinedFunctions



Section11.8.Gawk-SpecificFeatures



Section11.9.ImplementationLimits



Section11.10.GroupListingofawkFunctionsandCommands



Section11.11.AlphabeticalSummaryofawkFunctionsandCommands



Section11.12.OutputRedirections

Section11.13.SourceCode
PartIII:SoftwareDevelopment
Chapter12.SourceCodeManagement:AnOverview



Section12.1.IntroductionandTerminology



Section12.2.UsageModels



Section12.3.UnixSourceCodeManagementSystems



Section12.4.OtherSourceCodeManagementSystems



Chapter13.TheRevisionControlSystem



Section13.1.OverviewofCommands

Section13.2.BasicOperation



Section13.3.GeneralRCSSpecifications



Section13.4.AlphabeticalSummaryofCommands



Chapter14.TheConcurrentVersionsSystem



Section14.1.ConceptualOverview



Section14.2.Command-LineSyntaxandOptions



Section14.3.DotFiles



Section14.4.EnvironmentVariables

Section14.5.KeywordsandKeywordModes




Section14.6.Dates



Section14.7.CVSROOTVariables



Section14.8.AlphabeticalSummaryofCommands



Chapter15.TheSubversionVersionControlSystem



Section15.1.ConceptualOverview



Section15.2.ObtainingSubversion

Section15.3.UsingSubversion:AQuickTour



Section15.4.TheSubversionCommandLineClient:svn



Section15.5.RepositoryAdministration:svnadmin



Section15.6.ExaminingtheRepository:svnlook



Section15.7.ProvidingRemoteAccess:svnserve



Section15.8.OtherSubversionComponents



Chapter16.TheGNUmakeUtility



Section16.1.ConceptualOverview

Section16.2.Command-LineSyntax



Section16.3.MakefileLines



Section16.4.Macros



Section16.5.SpecialTargetNames



Section16.6.WritingCommandLines



Chapter17.TheGDBDebugger



Section17.1.ConceptualOverview

Section17.2.Command-LineSyntax



Section17.3.InitializationFiles



Section17.4.GDBExpressions



Section17.5.TheGDBTextUserInterface



Section17.6.GroupListingofGDBCommands



Section17.7.SummaryofsetandshowCommands



Section17.8.SummaryoftheinfoCommand



Section17.9.AlphabeticalSummaryofGDBCommands

Chapter18.WritingManualPages



Section18.1.Introduction



Section18.2.Overviewofnroff/troff



Section18.3.AlphabeticalSummaryofmanMacros



Section18.4.PredefinedStrings



Section18.5.InternalNames



Section18.6.SampleDocument

PartIV:CommandsandShells



AppendixA.ISO8859-1(Latin-1)CharacterSet



Bibliography



UnixDescriptionsandProgrammer'sManuals



UnixInternals



SystemandNetworkAdministration



ProgrammingwiththeUnixMindset



ProgrammingLanguages

TCP/IPNetworking




SoftwareDevelopment



Emacs



Standards



O'ReillyBooks



AbouttheAuthor



Colophon

Index


UnixinaNutshell,FourthEdition
byArnoldRobbins
Copyright©1995O'Reilly&Associates,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
PublishedbyO'Reilly&Associates,Inc.,101MorrisStreet,Sebastopol,CA
95472.
O'Reillybooksmaybepurchasedforeducational,business,orsalespromotional
use.Onlineeditionsarealsoavailableformosttitles(safari.oreilly.com).For
moreinformation,contactourcorporate/institutionalsalesdepartment:(800)
998-9938or
Editor:

MikeLoukides

ProductionEditor:

ColleenGorman

CoverDesigner:

EdieFreedman

InteriorDesigner:

DavidFutato

BackCoverIllustration:

J.D."Illiad"Frazer

PrintingHistory
May1989:

FirstEdition.


June1992:

SecondEdition.

August1999:

ThirdEdition.

October2005:

FourthEdition.

NutshellHandbook,theNutshellHandbooklogo,andtheO'Reillylogoare
registeredtrademarksofO'ReillyMedia,Inc.TheInaNutshellseries
designations,UnixinaNutshell,theimageofatarsier,andrelatedtradedress
aretrademarksofO'ReillyMedia,Inc.
Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheir
productsareclaimedastrademarks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthis
book,andO'ReillyMedia,Inc.wasawareofatrademarkclaim,thedesignations

havebeenprintedincapsorinitialcaps.UNIXisaregisteredtrademarkofThe
OpenGroup.
Whileeveryprecautionhasbeentakeninthepreparationofthisbook,the
publisherandauthorassumenoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions,orfor
damagesresultingfromtheuseoftheinformationcontainedherein.
ISBN:0-596-10029-9
[M]


Dedication
Tomywife,Miriam.Mayourdreamscontinuetocometrue.
Tomychildren,Chana,Rivka,Nachum,andMalka.
TothememoryofFrankWillison.


Preface
ThefourtheditionofUnixinaNutshellbringsthebookintothe21stcentury.
Theterm"UNIX"isaregisteredtrademarkofTheOpenGroup.Itisusedfor
brandingsystemsascompliantwiththevariousstandardsthatcollectivelydefine
thebehaviorofamodernUnixsystem.Moreinformallythough,manysystems
inusetodayareUnixwork-alikes,eventhoughtheirsourcecodebasewas
developedindependentlyfromtheoriginalUnixsystems.
Thus,thegoalofthiseditiontopresentthebroaderstateofUnixintoday's
world.Inparticular,it'simportanttocoverboththecommercialvariants,and
thosewheresourcecodeforthesystemandtheutilitiesarefreelyavailable.To
thisend,wehavechosentocoverthesesystems,whicharerepresentativeof
"Unix"today:

Solaris10
SolarisisthemostpopularcommercialsystembasedontheoriginalUnix

SystemVcodebase.

GNU/Linux
GNU/Linuxsystemshavegainedahugefootholdinthecommercial
marketplace.Whilecurrentlyusedmostheavilyforback-endservers,
GNU/Linuxisalsostartingtogaingroundinthedesktopmarket.

MacOSX
Apple'srewriteoftheiroperatingsystemhasacorebasedonMachand
variousBSDtechnologies.ThecommandsetisderivedfromFreeBSD.
Thus,besideshavinganexcitinguserinterface,MacOSXisrepresentative


oftheBSDstrainoffreeUnix-likesystems.
ThecommandscoveredbythecurrentPOSIXstandardformthecoreofour
presentation.Eachspecificsystemhascommandsthatareuniquetoit;theseare
coveredtoo.Finally,manyimportantandusefulutilitiesaredistributedasFree
orOpenSourcesoftwareontheInternet.Wehavedoneourbesttocoverthose
aswell,includingpresentingtheInternetURLfromwhichyoucandownloadthe
sourcecode,incaseyourparticularsystemdoesn'tincludethatutilityinits
distribution.
Thiseditionhasthefollowingnewfeatures:
CoversSolaris10,thelatestversionoftheSVR4-basedoperatingsystem
fromSunMicrosystems,[*]GNU/Linux,andMacOSX.
[*]TheversionusedforthisbookwasforIntelx86-basedsystems.

Chapter2,UnixCommands,hasbeenheavilyreorganizedandrevised,in
ordertocoverthethreesystems.
Chapter3,TheUnixShell:AnOverview,hasbeenreworked,nowcovering
Bash,[*]ksh93,andtcsh.

[*]BecausetheFreeSoftwareFoundationtreats"Bash"and"Emacs"aspropernouns,wedo
too,hereandthroughoutthebook.

Chapter4,TheBashandKornShells,nowcoversthepopularBashshell,
alongwiththe1988and1993versionsofksh.Coverageofthevanilla
Bourneshellhasbeendropped.
Chapter5,tcsh:AnExtendedCShell,nowcoversthewidely-usedtcsh
shellinsteadoftheoriginalBerkeleycsh.
Chapter6,PackageManagement,isnew.Itcoverspackagemanagement
programs,whichareusedforprograminstallationonpopularGNU/Linux
systems.ItalsodescribessimilarfacilitiesforSolarisandMacOSX.
Chapter8,TheEmacsEditor,nowcoversGNUEmacsVersion21.


Chapter9,Thevi,ex,andvimEditors,nowcontainsmergedcoverageof
theviandextexteditors.Importantcommandsandfeaturesfromthe
popularvimeditorarealsoincluded.
Chapter10,ThesedEditor,nowincludescoverageofGNUsed.
ThecoverageofawkinChapter11,TheawkProgrammingLanguage,has
beenupdatedaswell,droppingseparatecoverageoftheoriginal,"old"awk.
Chapter12,SourceCodeManagement:AnOverview,whichprovidesan
introductiontosourcecodemanagementsystems,hasbeenadded.
Chapter14,TheConcurrentVersionsSystem,onCVS,hasbeenadded.
Chapter15,TheSubversionVersionControlSystem,ontheSubversion
versioncontrolsystem,isbrandnew.
Chapter16,TheGNUmakeUtility,hasbeenrevisedtofocusonGNU
Make.
Chapter17,TheGDBDebugger,ontheGDBdebugger,isbrandnew.
Astimemarcheson,once-popularornecessarycommandsfallintodisuse.Thus,
withtheexceptionofChapter18,whichdescribeshowtowriteamanualpage,

allthematerialonthevenerabletrofftextformattingsuitehasbeenremoved
fromthebook.Wehavealsoremovedthepreviousedition'smaterialonSCCS
andonobsoletecommands.


Audience
ThisbookshouldbeofinteresttoUnixusersandUnixprogrammers,aswellas
toanyone(suchasasystemadministrator)whomightofferdirectsupportto
usersandprogrammers.Thepresentationisgearedmainlytowardpeoplewho
arealreadyfamiliarwiththeUnixsystem;thatis,youknowwhatyouwantto
do,andyouevenhavesomeideahowtodoit.Youjustneedareminderabout
thedetails.Forexample,ifyouwanttoremovethethirdfieldfromadatabase,
youmightthink,"IknowIcanusethecutcommand,butwhataretheoptions?"
Inmanycases,specificexamplesareprovidedtoshowhowacommandisused.
Wehavepurposelychosentoomitsystemadministrationcommands.System
administrationisacomplicatedtopicinitsownright,andtheBibliographylists
severalgoodbooksonthisimportantsubject.
Thisreferencemightalsohelppeoplewhoarefamiliarwithsomeaspectsof
Unixbutnotwithothers.Manychaptersincludeanoverviewoftheparticular
topic.Whilethisisn'tmeanttobecomprehensive,it'susuallysufficienttoget
youstartedinunfamiliarterritory.
Finally,ifyou'renewtotheUnixoperatingsystem,andyou'refeelingbold,you
mightappreciatethisbookasaquicktourofwhatUnixhastooffer.The
"Beginner'sGuide"sectioninChapter1canpointyoutothemostuseful
commands,andyou'llfindbriefexamplesofhowtousethem,buttakenote:this
bookshouldnotbeusedinplaceofagoodbeginner'stutorialonUnix.(You
mighttryLearningtheUnixOperatingSystemforthat.)Thisreferenceshould
beasupplement,notasubstitute.(Therearereferencesthroughoutthetextto
otherrelevantO'Reillybooksthatwillhelpyoulearnthesubjectmatterunder
discussion;youmaybebetteroffdetouringtothosebooksfirst.Also,seethe

Bibliography.)


ScopeofThisBook
UnixinaNutshell,FourthEdition,isdividedintofourparts:
PartI(Chapters1through6)describesthesyntaxandoptionsforUnix
commandsandfortheBash,Korn,andtcshshells.PartIalsocovers
packagemanagement.
PartII(Chapters7through11)presentsvariouseditingtoolsanddescribes
theircommandsets(alphabeticallyandbygroup).PartIIbeginswitha
reviewofpatternmatching,includingexamplesgearedtowardspecific
editors.
PartIII(Chapters12through18)summarizestheUnixutilitiesforsoftware
developmentRCS,CVS,Subversion,makeandGDB.Italsocovers,in
brief,whatyouneedtoknowtowriteamanualpageforyourprograms.
PartIVcontainsatableofISOLatin-1charactersandequivalentvalues
(ISO8859-1(Latin-1)CharacterSet)andaBibliographyofUnixbooks.


Conventions
Thisbookfollowscertaintypographicconventions,outlinedbelow:

Constantwidth
isusedfordirectorynames,filenames,commands,programnames,
functions,andoptions.Alltermsshowninconstantwidtharetyped
literally.Itisalsousedtoshowthecontentsoffilesortheoutputfrom
commands.

Constantwidthitalic
isusedinsyntaxandcommandsummariestoshowgenerictext;these

shouldbereplacedwithuser-suppliedvalues.

Constantwidthbold
isusedinexamplestoshowtextthatshouldbetypedliterallybytheuser.

Italic
isusedtoshowgenericargumentsandoptions;theseshouldbereplaced
withuser-suppliedvalues.ItalicisalsousedtoindicateURLs,macro
packagenames,librarynames,commentsinexamples,andthefirst
mentionofterms.

%,$,#


areusedinsomeexamplesastheCshellprompt(%)andastheBash,
BourneorKornshellprompts($).#isthepromptfortherootuser.

?,>
areusedinsomeexamplesastheCshellsecondaryprompt(?)andasthe
Bash,BourneorKornshellsecondaryprompts(>).

,
areusedinsomeexamplestorepresentthespaceandtabcharacters
respectively.Thisisparticularlynecessaryfortheexamplesinthechapters
ontextediting.

program(N)
indicatesthe"manpage"forprograminsectionNoftheonlinemanual.For
example,echo(1)meanstheentryfortheechocommand.

[]
surroundoptionalelementsinadescriptionofsyntax.(Thebrackets
themselvesshouldneverbetyped.)Notethatmanycommandsshowthe
argument[files].Ifafilenameisomitted,standardinput(usuallythe
keyboard)isassumed.Endkeyboardinputwithanend-of-filecharacter.

EOF
indicatestheend-of-filecharacter(normallyCTRL-D).


^x,CTRL-x
indicatesa"controlcharacter,"typedbyholdingdowntheControlkeyand
thexkeyforanykeyx.

|
isusedinsyntaxdescriptionstoseparateitemsforwhichonlyone
alternativemaybechosenatatime.
Afinalwordaboutsyntax.Inmanycases,thespacebetweenanoptionandits
argumentcanbeomitted.Inothercases,thespacing(orlackofspacing)mustbe
followedstrictly.Forexample,-wn(nointerveningspace)mightbeinterpreted
differentlyfrom-wn.It'simportanttonoticethespacingusedinoptionsyntax.

Thisiconsignifiesatip,suggestion,orgeneralnote.

Thisiconindicatesawarningorcaution.


UsingCodeExamples
Thisbookisheretohelpyougetyourjobdone.Ingeneral,youmayusethe
codeinthisbookinyourprogramsanddocumentation.Youdonotneedto

contactusforpermissionunlessyou'rereproducingasignificantportionofthe
code.Forexample,writingaprogramthatusesseveralchunksofcodefromthis
bookdoesnotrequirepermission.SellingordistributingaCD-ROMof
examplesfromO'Reillybooksdoesrequirepermission.Answeringaquestionby
citingthisbookandquotingexamplecodedoesnotrequirepermission.
Incorporatingasignificantamountofexamplecodefromthisbookintoyour
product'sdocumentationdoesrequirepermission.
Weappreciate,butdonotrequire,attribution.Anattributionusuallyincludesthe
title,author,publisher,andISBN.Forexample:"UnixinaNutshell,Fourth
Edition,byArnoldRobbins.Copyright2005O'ReillyMedia,Inc.,0-596-100299."
Ifyoufeelyouruseofcodeexamplesfallsoutsidefairuseorthepermission
givenabove,feelfreetocontactusat


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HowtoContactUs
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Acknowledgments
ThanksagaintoYosefGoldforsharinghisofficewithme.DebCameronagain
revisedChapter8.ThankstoMikeLoukidesatO'ReillyMediaforhisworkas
editor.ChuckToporek,alsoofO'ReillyMedia,answerednumerousMacOSX
andMacintosh-relatedquestions,forwhichI'mgrateful.J.D."Illiad"Frazerof
UserFriendly(seeprovidedthegreatcartoonon
thebackcover.It'sarelieftofinallyknowthetarsier'sname.
ThankstoJenniferVespermanforpermissiontoadaptmaterialfromEssential
CVSforChapter14.Similarly,BenCollins-Sussman,BrianW.Fitzpatrick,and
C.MichaelPilatogavepermissionformetoadaptmaterialfromVersionControl
withSubversionforChapter15,whichIgreatlyappreciate.AndthankstoAndy
Oram,EllenSiever,StephenFigginsandAaronWeberformakingavailable
materialfromLinuxinaNutshellforuseinpartsofthebook.
ThankstoDavidG.Korn(AT&TResearch)andChetRamey(CaseWestern
ReserveUniversity)foransweringmyquestionsabouttheKornshellandBash.

KeithBosticofSleepycatSoftwareansweredseveralquestionsaboutBerkeley
DB.GlennBarryofSunMicrosystemshelpedoutontheSolarisside.
Thankstothefollowingpeople,inalphabeticalorder,forreviewingthebook
duringitsvariousstages:NelsonH.F.Beebe(UniversityofUtahMathematics
Department),JonForrest(UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,Civiland
EnvironmentalEngineering),andBrianKernighan(PrincetonUniversity
ComputerScienceDepartment).ChetRamey,co-authorandmaintainerofBash,
reviewedChapter4,andBramMoolenaar,theauthorofvim,reviewedChapter
9,forwhichIthankthem.
AspecialthankstoDr.UriDegen,LevOrpaz,JulioKadichevski,andSid
GordonofNessTechnologies,andtoMikeHendricksonandMikeLoukidesof
O'ReillyMedia,forenablingmetofinishthiseditioninatimelyfashion.
Onceagain,thankstomywifeMiriamforherlove,patience,andsupport,andto
mychildrenfornotgivingMommy(toomuch)hasslewhileIwasworking.


NofAyalon
ISRAEL
ArnoldRobbins


PartI:CommandsandShells
PartIpresentsasummaryofUnixcommandsofinteresttousersand
programmers.ItalsodescribesthemajorUnixshells,includingspecial
syntaxandbuilt-incommands.Itroundsoffwithanoverviewofpackage
managementsoftware.
Chapter1,Introduction
Chapter2,UnixCommands
Chapter3,TheUnixShell:AnOverview
Chapter4,TheBashandKornShells

Chapter5,tcsh:AnExtendedCShell
Chapter6,PackageManagement


Chapter1.Introduction
TheUnixoperatingsystemoriginatedatAT&TBellLabsintheearly1970s.
SystemVRelease4(SVR4)camefromUSL(UnixSystemLaboratories)inthe
late1980s.UnixsourceownershipiscurrentlyamatteroflitigationinU.S.
courts.BecauseUnixwasabletorunondifferenthardwarefromdifferent
vendors,developerswereencouragedtomodifyUnixanddistributeitastheir
ownvalue-addedversion.SeparateUnixtraditionsevolvedasaresult:USL's
SystemV,theBerkeleySoftwareDistribution(BSD,fromtheUniversityof
California,Berkeley),Xenix,etc.
SVR4,whichwasdevelopedjointlybyUSL(thenadivisionofAT&T)andSun
Microsystems,mergedfeaturesfromBSDandSVR3.Thisaddedabouttwo
dozenBSDcommands(plussomenewSVR4commands)tothebasicUnix
commandset.Inaddition,SVR4providedaBSDCompatibilityPackage,akind
of"secondstring"commandgroup.Thispackageincludedsomeofthemost
fundamentalBSDcommands,anditspurposewastohelpusersofBSD-derived
systemsmakethetransitiontoSVR4.