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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF HEALTH

HANOI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

DO MANH THANG

ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC
RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS AND
EVALUTION THE RESULTS OF MICROSURGICAL
SUPRASELLAR MENINGIOMA

Specialism : NeuroSurgery
Code

: 62720127

ABSTRACT OF MEDICAL DOCTORAL THESIS

HANOI – 2019


THE THESIS HAS BEEN COMPLETED AT:
HANOI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Supervisor:
Ass Prof. Kieu Dinh Hung, MD, PhD.
Ass Prof Ha Kim Trung, MD, PhD

Reviewer 1:
Reviewer 2:
Reviewer 3:

The thesis will be present in front of board of university
examiner and reviewer lever hold at Hanoi Medical University.

The thesis could be found in:
1. National Library
2. Library of Hanoi Medical University
LIST TOPICS OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION


1.

Do Manh Thang, Kieu Dinh Hung (2011), Evalution the
results of surgery treatment meningioma in Ha Noi
Medical University Hospital, Journal of Medicine Viet
Nam, July – Number 2, 13-16.

2.

Do Manh Thang, Kieu Dinh Hung (2011), Diagnose
meningioma in Ha Noi Medical University Hospital,
Journal of Medicine Viet Nam, July – Number 2, 42-45.

3.

Do Manh Thang (2017), Results of microsurgical treatment
suprasella meningioma, Journal of Medicine Viet Nam,
October, Volume 459, 62-68.

4.

Do Manh Thang (2018), Evaluation of prognostic factors
influencing microsurgical visual outcome suprasellar
meningioma, Journal of Medicine Viet Nam, September,
Volume 470, 188-194.


1
INTRODUCTION
Meningioma is the primary brain tumor with the origin of
papillary cells of arachnoid mater. The supra sella meningioma is the
tumor from dura mater superior to pituitary. There are 3 original sites:
tubercle of pituitary gland (tuberculumn sallae), diaphragm of
pituitary (diaphragm sellae) and the superior platform of sphenoid
sinus (planum sphenoid).
The main sign is blurred vision. The early sign is vision loss of
one site, and it could be easily to misdiagnose with ophthalmologic
diseases. Then, in well-developed disease, the rest site could be
affected. Thanks for the imaging diagnosis development (computed
tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging), early diagnosis could
be archived easily and precisely. The specificity could reach 100% in
MRI diagnosis.
Up to now, the most common treatment is surgery. The
technique has been progressed because of microscopic in surgery,
suction ultrasound machine, navigation system. These increased the
possibility to remove entire tumor and low down the complication.
However, the outcome significantly bases on the early diagnosis. It
also the most concern of neurosurgery surgeon. Because of this
reason, this research named “Assessment of clinical and magnetic
resonance imaging characteristics and the outcome of supra
sellar tumor removal surgery” aimed to:

1.

Assessment of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging
characteristics of supra sellar tumor.

2.

Assessment the outcome of microsurgery of supra sellar tumor.


2
The contributions of thesis:
- Assessment of epidemic and clinical characteristics of supra
sellar tumor.
- Assessment the value of diagnostic tests, computed
tomography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, and
planning for surgery.
- Long observation period (29,5) could evaluate the outcome
(the progression of vision…)
The design of thesis:
The thesis includes 119 pages, 48 tables, and 46 pictures and 3
graph. The introduction (3 pages), Chapter 1: General description (55
pages), Chapter 2: Objects and Methodology (10 pages); Chapter 3:
Results (18 pages), Chapter 4: Discussion (30 pages); Conclusion (2
pages); Proposal (1 page); The patient chart (5 pages); The related
publications (1 page); The references (120 publication: 6 Vietnamese,
114 English).
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1.1. The current researches of supra sellar tumor.
1.1.1. The supra sellar tumor in previous publications

In 1614, Felix Plater was the first scientist who described
precisely this tumor. The tubercullum sallar meningioma was
described by Stirlig and Edin in 1897. In 1916, Cushing was the first
surgeon who removed the tubercullum sallar meningioma, he showed
that the tumor developed from tubercullum sallae to schism. In 1922,
Harvey Cushing was the primary scientist who proved the
meningioma originates from the villous cells of arachnoid membrane.


3
1.1.2. The studies of supra sellar meningioma in Viet Nam
- From 1997 to 2003, Vo Van Nho, Cho Ray hospital performed
surgery for 35 patients with the total tumor removal archieved 97,14% (69)
- In 2009, the conference of Neurology in Vietnam, Ly Ngoc
Lien reported the microsurgery for supra sellar tumor.
1.2. The differences between the tuberculum sellar meningioma
and suprasella meningioma.
The two types of tumors are totally different origin
1.3. The anatomy of suprasellar area
1.3.1. Characteristics of suprasellar area.
The suprasellar area is located in the center of skull base. From
anterior to posterior, there are planum sphenoidale, tuberculum
sellae, diaphragma of sellae consequently. The inferior of diaphragm
is the pedicle and posterior tuberculum
The borderline of sellae
- The lateral is the carotid artery and cavernous vein
- The anterior is the optic nerve and arachnoid membrane
- The posterior is the pedicle and the optic chiasm, the A1 of
anterior cerebral artery, and the anterior communicating artery
- The inferior is the pituitary gland

Therefore the unique way to approach the tumor is the anterior
lateral of the planum spenoidale.
The dura mater of supra sellae is fluctuating and has orifices for
pineal pedicle, artery and nerve passing through.
1.3.2. The related structure of supra sellae area
- The optic nerve and schism


4
- The olfactory nerve
- Artery: the anterior cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery,
optic artery, the Heubner artery.
- Pituitary and pituitary pedicle
1.4. The histopathology of meningioma
The meningioma of skull base is normally benign
World health organization (WHO) proposed 3 types of
classification in 1979, 1993 and re-edited in 2000
- The benign meningioma, low recurrence WHO grade I
- The meningioma with high recurrence WHO grade II
- The meningioma with super high recurrence WHO grade III
1.5. The risk factors
- Gene and chromosome
- Hormonal factors: Progesteron and Estrogen play an important role
- Radiation
- Head trauma
1.6. Clinical signs and symptoms
It is characteristic of poor signs and symptoms. The chief complain
is vision loss. Headache is caused by the irritation of tumor with
meninges without increasing intra-cerebral pressure. Others are epilepsy,
insomnia… More rarely, endocrines disturbance could present.

1.7. Imaging diagnosis
Magnetic resonance imaging is 100% specificity. In T1: Tumor
has equal or low signal in comparison with gray matter. In T2: Tumor
has equal or lower signal than gray matter. After contrast injection,
the tumor has high intake and dural tail sign (specific sign of


5
meninges tumors in MRI). The tumor vascular could be visualized,
thickening the skull base and edema the surrounding structure
1.8. Treatment
1.8.1. Surgery
The main treatment is surgery. There is a large amount of
techniques. However the purpose are vision progression and low
down the complications.
6 pathways:
- Frontal-temporal approach (Pterion)
- Unisubfrontal approach
- Bisubfrontal approach
- Through eyebrows (Keyhole)
- Interhemispheric fissure approach
- Endonasal Transphenoidale
The Simpson classification:
Level I: Whole tumor and dura mater removal
Level II: Whole tumor removal and ablation of dura mater
Level III: Whole tumor removal, without dura mater intervention
Level IV: Partial tumor removal
Level V: Simple pressure release
1.8.2. Others
- Radiation

- Gamma knife
- Proton radiation


6
CHAPTER 2: OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1. Objects
Patients diagnosed and performed surgery with histopathology
confirm of meningioma at Neurosurgery department of Viet Duc
hospital from 04/2012 to 10/2016.
2.2. Methodology:
2.2.1. Design:
- Description, prospective, without control study
- There was 57 patients was
2.2.2 Sample size
According to formulation

n: sample size
α: confidence index
p: success proportion
Evaluated sample size was at least 54 patients
2.3. Contents
Purpose 1:
2.3.1. Characteristics of objects
- The frequency of supra sellar tumor among meninges tumors
- Sex and age
- Chief complain
- The duration from blurred vision to administration
2.3.2. Clinical signs and symptoms
- The clinical characteristics at administration time

- The clinical characteristics before surgery according Glasgow
coma scale
- The clinical characteristics after discharge according Karnofsky scale


7
The outcome was classified into 3 groups:
Good outcome: 80-100 grade
Average outcome: 50-70 grade
Not good outcome: 0-40 grade
2.3.3. Magnetic resonance imaging
The characteristics of supra sellar tumor on MRI
- Intake of the contrast: strong, normal, averagr
- Clear border line, equal signal in T1, and slightly increase
signal in T2
- The density of signal: homogenous or not
- Dural tail sign
- Edema the surrounding structure
Location of tumor on MRI
- Pineal tubercle
- Diaphragm of sella
- Planum sphenoidale
- Pineal tubercle and diagphragma
- Tubercle and planum
Size of tumor
- < 2 cm
- 2-3 cm
- 3-4 cm
- > 4 cm
The purpose 2

2.3.4. The outcome evaluation
2.3.4.1. Indication
- The diagnosis of supra sellar tumor before surgery
- Without comorbidities


8
- Without senior patients
- Acceptance for surgery
2.3.4.2. Patients evaluation before surgery
- MRI evaluation following coronal and sagittal slides: size,
location, and the root of tumor conform operation
- The invasion of tumor
- The relation of tumor with optic nerve, optic chiasma, anterior
cerebral artery, optic artery, internal carotid artery, cavernous,
ventricle III, pedicle adenoma
- The vascularization inside tumor
- Microscopic NC4, Vario 700, Pentaro 8, Leika.
2.3.4.3. The surgical approaches
- Frontal-temporal approach
- Bisubfrontal approach
- Unisubfrontal approach
- Keyhole
- Temporal approach
* Evaluation after surgery
The outcome according to Simpson
- The relation of size and level of tumor removal
- The relation of location and level of tumor removal
- The relation of surgical approach and level of tumor removal
Complication

Histopathology results
The patient status after discharge
Outcome evaluation: The average duration of re-examination
was 29.5 months. Patients was received vision evaluation and MRI


9
2.4. Data analysis
- 57 patients in study was analyzed by SPSS 16.0 and Exel 2010
- 43 re-examined patients was analyzed by Stata 14.0
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS
3.1. Clinical results
3.1.1. Age
The supra sellar tumor was common in middle aged patients 4050 years old. The youngest was 27 years old, the oldest was 67 years
old, the average was 48,6 years old
3.1.2. Gender
The female/male ratio was 4,7/1. Female was acquired more
than male
3.1.3. The duration of preoperative symptoms to admission.
The duration of preoperative symptom to admission < 12
months mostly. The average duration was 11,9 months
3.1.4. Clinical signs and symptoms
The visual impairment was common (93% patients), also
headache (96,5%). The others was not specific, there was no case
with pituitary dysfunction.
3.2. Magnetic resonance characteristics
3.2.1. The location of tumor conform operation
The supra sellar tumor originating from diaphragm sella was the
most common 47.35% (both C1 and C2)

10
3.2.2. The size
The most common size was 2-4 cm (68,41%), the average size
was 2,9 cm. The smallest size was 1 cm, the largest size was 4,9 cm.
3.2.3. Others
The supra sellar tumor with high intake of contrast
The homogenous signal was 79%
The appearance of dural tail sign and without dural tail
The edema of cerebral structure surrounding the tumor only in 4
patients and all of them was the supra sellar tumor from planum
sphenoidale.
The tumor relative with around organize in MRI
The tumor relative with around organize in operation
3.3. The outcome
3.3.1. The approaching pathway
The approaching pathway
The most common was frontal temporal pathway
3.3.2. The outcome following Simpson classification
There was no patient with tumor removal Simpson I. Total
tumor removal with ablation the dural mater was 54,38% patients.
Partial tumor removal was 43,85%
3.3.3. The size and tumor removal
The tumor removal was not related to the size of tumor, no
statistically significant p=0,48


11
3.3.4. The location and tumor removal
The tumor removal did not relate with the location of tumor, no

statistically significant p = 0,13
3.3.5. The approach and tumor removal
The approaching way did not relate to the tumor removal, no
statistically significant p = 0,12
3.4. The histopathology
The supra sellar tumor was mostly benign Grade I, among this
the epithelial tumor was 57,89%.
3.5. Complication
There was two case with intra-cerebral hematoma, one of this
had to perform the second surgery. One case with meningitis,
antibiotics prescribed. Only one death case because of contusion,
patients died in the second surgery. The others had good outcome.
3.6. Clinical status after discharge
Because of the treatment median duration was 6,5 days,
therefore after discharge, it could not easy to evaluate the vision.
3.7. The recurrence
The average duration for re-assessment was 29.51 months, there
was 3 in 47 patients indicated recurrence. The proportion of
recurrence was 6,38%


12
3.8. Long-term observation and vision progression
3.8.1. The continuous variable
The average age of patients was 49 ± 11 years old. Duration of
incubation was 10,5 ± 10,3 months. The average size of tumor was
2,9 ± 0,9 cm. The smallest was 1 cm, and the largest was 4,7 cm
3.8.2. The un-continuous variable
Gender, Visual impairment, Location, Approaching way, Tumor
removal, Histopathology, Visual recovery.

3.8.3 Single variable analysis the factors relating to visual recovery
In single variable analysis, the long duration from visual impairment
to admission significantly related to vision poor recovery
3.9. The visual recovery after re-assessment
Recovery 62,62%, No change 25,37%, worse 11,95%
3.9.1. Age and recovery
The recovery did not relate to the age of patients, no statistically
significant, p=0,77
3.9.2. Gender and recovery
The visual recovery did not relate to the sex, no statistically
significant p = 0,14
3.9.3. The duration of preoperative symptom to admission and
recovery
The earlier admission, the more visual recovery, statistically
significant, p = 0,009


13
3.9.4. The location and recovery
The sequence of location with high outcome was A + B and A,
C2 and B+C, B + C1. However the amount of patients with sphenoid,
diaphragm of sella, tubercle of sella + planum sphenoidale was small,
no statistically significant p = 0,93
3.9.5. Tumor size and recovery
The visual outcome did not relate to tumor size, no statistically
significant p = 0,39
3.9.6. The approaching way and recovery
The visual outcome did not relate to pathway, no statistically
significant p = 0,84
3.9.7. Tumor removal and recovery

The tumor removal did not relate to visual recovery, no
statistically significant p = 0,24
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION
4.1. The clinical characteristics of supra sellar tumor
4.1.1. The epidemic characteristics
The supra sellar tumor took 2-10% of meningioma
Results: The supra sellar tumor/meningioma = 13,38%
This result was the same with others study such as Lindsay 1984
(10,7%), Rachneewan 2013 (18%) but lower than Duong Dai Ha
2010 (33,78%)


14
4.1.2. Gender
Female was higher proportion than male (female/male = 4,7/1).
This result was higher than Chuan Weiwang 4/1 and Micrrocerrahi
3,5/1; lower than Racheneewan 6/1 ( Table 4.1)
4.1.3. Age
In female and male, the average age was 48,1 and 48,6 years
old. This result was suitable with Cushing period the average age was
40-50, and Liu Yi 2014 (48,5 years old)
4.1.4. The duration of preoperative symptom to admission
In the study, patients from visual impairment to admission
before 12 months took 64,39%. The average duration from blurred
vision to admission was 11,9 months. This result was suitable with the
others: Ratchaneewan 208, Microcerrahi 2008, Nevo Margalit 2013.
4.1.5. Clinical characteristic
Blurred vision was the most common chief complain. The silent
development of tumor caused the gradual progress of signs and
symptoms. In this study, 57 patients with 114 eyes, there was 4

patients with normal eye (8 normal eyes). And 53 patients (106 eyes)
with mono or bilateral damage 93% (81 eyes damaged with 9 blinded
eyes, and 72 blurred eyes). In comparison with Jose Alberto 91,3%
patients with blurred eye, Seung joo Lee 95% blurred eye, higher
than Hischam 87,1%, Martin 77%. However in the report of Naoki
and Mostapha the visual impairment was 100%.


15
Head ache took 95,6% of chief complain. This insidious
symptoms was not be well noticed and could be misdiagnose with
other disease
In conclusion, blurred vision and head ache always went
together. Physician should consider to indicate earlier MRI. The
others: epilepsy and endocrine disturbance,… was rare.
4.1.6. Magnetic resonance imaging:
4.1.6.1. The location of supra sellar tumor
In this study, the supra sellar tumor in diaphragm area was
divided into two locations: C1 ( the tumor locating posterior, anterior
and inferior the schism) and the C2 (the tumor locating inferior and
posterior the schism). The results of our research: The C location
including C1 (7%), C2 (40,35%). The pituitary pedicle (24,56%) (B),
planum sphenoidale (5,26%) (A), pituitary pedicle and diaphragm
(19,3%), pedicle and planum sphenoidale (3,5%). In 2014, Liu Yi
proposed the C location (C1 10%, C2 43%). B: 25%. A: 21%,
Ratchaneewan 2013: Location A+B: 6,25%. B+C: 40,63%. B:
15,63%. C: 6,25%. In conclusion, the supra sellar tumors mostly
originate from the diaphragm of pituitary, and rarely from the planum
sphenoidale.
According to many authors, the location of tumor could predict

the possibility of recovery. Liu Yi proposed the sequence of good
outcome: planum sphenoidale (A), diaphragm posterior to schism


16
(C2), pituitary pedicle (B), diaphragm of pituitary anterior the schism
(C1). This also in our study.
4.1.6.2. The size of tumor
In this study, the tumor size 2-3 cm took 35,08%, 3-4 cm took
33,33%. The average size was 29 mm. The smallest tumor was 10 mm,
and the largest was 49 mm. In comparison with Seungjoo Lee,
Ratchaneewan, Uchick, Pietro: 28,6 mm; 2,7 mm; 2,6 mm; 26,5
respectively.
4.1.6.3. The magnetic resonance imaging characteristics
In this study the specificity of MRI on the supra sellar tumor
was 100% and confirmed by histopathology. The high intake of
contrast was 93%, the homogenous was 79%, the dural tail was
49,12% and only 7% patients with brain edema. Ratchaneewan 90%;
90,6%; 33,3% and no edema respectively.
In conclusion, the specific image of supra sellar tumor on MRI
was: decrease signal in T1, equal with grey matter, high intake of
contrast, homogenous, dural tail without sella turcica widening.
4.2. The outcome
4.2.1. The surgical pathway
There was 7 doctors with 5 pathways, the most common was the
frontal-temporal incision 42,1%. The bifrontal incision (3,5%),
unifrontal incision (28,07%), and Keyhole (17,54%), right temporal
incision (1,75%). Other authors such as Uschick (2005), there were
53 patients selected and only with temporal approach, Seungjoo Lee

17
(2016) reported 100 patients with the supra sellar tumor approached
by three

incisions

frontal-temporal (75%),

Keyhole

(24%),

longitudinal fissure (1%), Martin (2015) reported 27 patients with the
supra sellar tumor approached by two incisions: frontal-temporal
(81,48%), unifrontal (18,52%).
Some authors also proposed the prediction possibility of incision
with the outcome . For example Liu Yi, Nakaruma showed the most
advantage of frontal-temporal approach.
4.2.2. The outcome according to Simpson classification
In 1957, Simpson proposed the tumor removal with 5 level.
In this study, most of surgeon approved the impossible of
Simpson 1 with tumor removal because of the anatomy. Therefore, in
this study, it is classified into three level: Level 1: Total tumor
removal with or without ablation of dural mater (Simpson 2 and 3).
Level 2: Partial tumor removal (Simpson4) and Level 3: Biopsy
(Simpson 5)
According to the aforementioned classification, this study had
54,38% Level 1, 43,85% Level 2, 1,77% Level 3
The Level 1 in this study was lower than the others, Margant 80%,

Ahmed 81%, Naoki (87,5%)
4.2.3. The complication during and after surgery
In this study, 2 patients with intra cerebral hemorrhage at frontal
lobe, one patient with contusion, three patients with brain edema, one


18
patient with meningitis and one patient with spinal fluid leaking.
Most of them were received conservative treatment with good
outcome.
4.2.4. The mortality after surgery
Only one patient died in this study, the rest was stable and the
duration of treatment last 5 days. The cause of death was intra
cerebral hematoma even re-performed surgery.
4.2.5. The patient status after discharge
According to Karnofsky, 8 patients was graded with 50-70
(assistance requirement), and 48 patients with 80-100 grade, 1
patient death.
4.2.6. The histopathology result
According to many researchers, most of the skull base tumor
was benign: 96,5% WHO Grade 1, Grade 2 and 3 took 3,5%. In this
study, epithelial tumor took the main proportion.
4.2.7. The visual outcome
In this study, the average duration of re-examination was 29,5
months. The shortest was 12 months and the longest was 60 months.
In 57 patients: 1 patients died after 5 days, one patient death after 4
years because of another disease not relating to the supra sellar
tumor, 8 patients loss of contact. There were only 47 patients reexamined: 4 pre-surgery normal vision with stable after surgery. In
43 patients (8 eyes) with visual impairment: 62,68% visual

19
progression; 25,37% no change; 11,95% worse. The same sequence
in other studies was: Hischam 53,2%; 29,8%; 17%; Nakurama 68%;
20%; 12%; Bassiouni 65%; 20%; 15%.
4.2.8. The recurrence
In 47 patients, there were 3 patients with recurrence and reperformed surgery in Viet Duc hospital. Hischam with 62 patients
observation in 6 years had 3,4% recurrence. Xingang Li with 43
patients, and average 5,4 years of re-examination duration, there was
4,6% recurrence. Fifty three patients of Uschick, with 29,9 months of
duration, there was 3,7% recurrence.
4.3. The visual recovery
4.3.1. Age and the visual recovery
4.3.2. The duration from blurred vision to admission in the relation
with visual recovery
The earlier, the better outcome, statistically significant, p=0,009
The re-examination in 43 patients with vision impairment, it
could be proposed the distribution of supra sellar tumor:
A (from the planum sphenoidale): 1 (2,33%)
B (from pituitary tubercle): 12 (27,9%)
C (from pituitary diaphragm)
- C1 (anterior schism): 2 (4,65%)
- C2 (posterior schism): 19 (44,19%)


20
A+B: 2 (4,65%)
B+C: 7 (16%)
The outcome following the sequence good-no change- worse:
A: 100% good outcome

B: 66,66%-16,66%-16,66%
C1: 50%-50%-0%
C2: 73,68%-15,78%-10,54%
A+B: 100% good
B + C: 71,42% - 28,58% - 0%
According to the location of the tumor , the sequence of good
visual outcome was: A + B and A, C2 and B+C, B and C1. This result
was the same with Liu Y A>C2>B>C1 (106). Chuan wiwang
proposed the best location was diaphragm (78,6%), gradually lower
planum (75%), tubecle (69%)
4.3.3. The tumor size and visual outcome
It was the result:
- Tumor < 2cm: good 70%
- Tumor 2-3 cm: good 54,5%
- Tumor 3-4 cm: good 73,3%
- Tumor > 4 cm: good 55,5%
Many authors showed the tumor size could affect the outcome.
However, the was not in our study, no statistically significant p = 0,39)


21
4.3.4. The surgical incision and visual outcome
In 43 re-assessment patients with visual impairment, the surgical
incision result was:
- The frontal-temporal incision: 20 patients with 64,7% good;
23,52% no change; 11,78% worse.
- The unifrontal incision: 13 patients with 72,2% good; 16,66%
no change; 11,14% worse
- The Keyhole: 9 patients with 61,53% good; 15,38% no change;
23,09% worse

- The bifrontal incision: 01 patient and the result was worse
This result also met Nakamura, however different with 57
patients of Uschick approached by unique frontal-temporal incision.
Chokyu with bifrontal incision had 90,6% visual recovery. In
conclusion, the visual outcome did not relate to surgical incision, no
statistically significant p = 0,84.
4.3.5. The tumor removal and visual outcome
In 43 re-assessment patients, 58,13% with Simpson 2 and 3;
39,53% with Simpson 4; 2,32% with Simpson 5. However the visual
recovery archieved 62,68%, the same with Liu Yi 2014 (the total
removal 79%, and visual recovery 66%), and higher than Hischam
(the total removal 80%, visual recovery 53,2%). It was proposed that
the possibility of visual recovery does not depend on the total or
partial tumor removal, but significantly relates to which part of tumor


22
removed and the conservation of dural mater, subarachnoid, optic
nerve, schism… The level of tumor removal did not relate to visual
recovery, p = 0,24
4.3.6. The comparison of visual recovery factors with other
authors.
Patien

Recovery

Zevgaridis (2001)
Goel (2002)
Margalit (2003)

t
60
63
50

visual
65
70
18

Schick.U (2005)

53

37,7

Pamir (2005)

42

58

Nakamura (2006)
Chuan – Weiwang

56

67,9

45

60

43

62,68

authors

(2011)
Research
groups
(2018)

factors
Duration, age, visual stage
Duration
Duration, tumor size
Duration, elderly
Duration, age >60, edema,
remove tumor
Duration, approach
Duration, tumor location,
approach

Duration