TÓM GỌN NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH

1. The singer/the dancer/(the + career) + Proper name ⇒ The singer My Tam or My Tam singer
2. S + not only + V +.......+ but also + V + .......
S + either + V +...... or + .......
S + V + .... +whether + S + V + ....+ or........
3. Generally/Individually/Particularly/Basically, S + V + O
4. Passive sentences: S (⇒ in living things ) + be + V3/Ed .......+ by ......( S as a person can be used in
passive voice. But when looking at the S as things, please use V in passive )
5. S + V + ......+ Without + Noun / Ving
6. (A/An) + Adv + Adj + Noun (Adverb of degree or Adv-ly)
Adverbs of degree : extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty.
Adj ⇒ Verb + ing or Verb + ed
Action Verbs + Adv-ly : Speaker fluently, dance beatyfully,...
7. Exactly +Wh/H – words + S + .....+ is/was not known (unknown).
Wh/H – words: When, what,.../How....
8. One of the

Short Adj. – est
Most + long Adj.
First, second...+ Adj

S + is/was + One of the

+ N (s/es) + Singular Verb (V-S/es) + ........

Short Adj. – est
Most + long Adj.
First, second...+ Adj

+ N (s/es)

9. FULL ADVERB CLAUSES : Adv. Clause, Main clause

Cause: Because/Since + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Opposition (Contradary cause): Although/Though/Even though + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Contrast While + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Condition if + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Unless + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Time: When/while/As/Since/Untill/Once/Before/After + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Adverb Clause Marker with ever: Whenever/wherever/However/ + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Compared: S + V + O. S + V + O or + S + V + O, but + S + V + O (without “but”: wrong)

10. REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
V_ING
When/Although/....+

V3/ED

+

S + V + O..........( Reduced Adv. Clause)

ADJ
EX: When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they do not feel the force of gravity.
ÆWhen orbiting the earth, astronauts do not feel the force of gravity.
Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operartional.
Æ Although damaged, the machine was still operartional.
Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech.
1

Æ Although nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech.

11. Two/ three/ .....+ plural N ⇒ One + V + O, the other / the others + V + O
(≠ from one to another / from one another)
12. Quantity words + of + relative clause (both of, most of, many of, much of, some of....)
EX : I read a number of articles. Most of them were very useful.
I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful.

13. APPOSITIVES
An appositive is a noun phrase that explains or rephrases aother noun phrase.
S, Noun phrase, + V + O +......
EX : The National Road, one of the first highways in North America, conected the East Coast to
the Ohio Valley. (appositive following a nown – The National Road)
EX : A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show. (appositive before
the subject - Buffalo Bill).
S, Noun phrase, + be + no longer + ...../S, Noun phrase, + V + no longer
Noun phrase=A/An/The.....+ Adv + Adj. + Noun
Note: Adv of degree: extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty.
Adv of manner Adj. + ly Æ Adv-ly: beautifully......

14. INVERSIONS
14.1. Not only/ No longer/ Not untill/ Not once/ At no time/ By no means/ Nowhere/ Never/
Seldom= Rarely/Scarcely/ No sooner/Hardly + auxiliary verb + S + main Verb......
EX: Not once was he on time.
14.2.Only in (on, at, by,..) + noun phrase/Only once/Only recently + auxiliary verb + S + main V...
EX: Only in an emergency should you use this exit.
14.3.Only if/Only because/Only untill/Only when/Only after/ + S+V+O + aux.V+ S +main V...
EX: Only when she is satisfied is the sale considered final
14.4. So + Adj. or Participle(VING/ VED) + auxiliary verb + S + V......
EX: So rare is this coin that it belong in a museum.
So confusing was the map that we had to ask the police officer for dicrections.
14.5. Preposition + noun phrase + main verb + S

EX: Off the coast of Califonia lies the Channel Islands. (The channel Islands lies off the coast....)
•

Hardly had + S + V3/ed + O when S + V2/ed + O........

•

No sooner had + S + V3/ed + O + than S + V2/ed + O........

15. CLAUSES/ SENTENSES = S + V + O
I. A simple sentence consist of one clause
EX: People need vitamins
II. A compound sentence consist of two independent clause joined by a conjunction such as
(and, but, or,....)
EX: The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice.
III. A complex sentence consist of an independent clause (called the main clause) and a
subordinate (dependent) clause. Subordinate clause may be adverb clauses, noun clauses, or
adjective clauses.
2


EX: 1/The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold (adverb clause)
2/ I didn’t realize that she was here. ( Noun clause)
3/ The man who is sitting next to you now is my teacher. (Adj. clause)

16. ADJ. CLAUSE:
16.1.Noun (people) who + V +....+ main Verb......(Who ÆSubject)
16.2.Noun (people) whom S + V +....+ main Verb......(Whom ÆObject)
16.3.Noun (people) whose + Noun S + V +.... (Whose ÆPossessive)
16.4.Noun (things) which + V + main Verb......(Which ÆSubject)

16.5.Noun (things) which + S + V + main Verb......(Which ÆObject)
16.6.Noun (things) Preposition + which + S + V + main Verb......(Which ÆObject of Preposition)
EX: That is the top. I will write on it. ÆThat is a topic on which i will write (write on)
-Noun (Place) + where + S + V + ....+ main Verb...(WhereÆ adv of place)
EX: He is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters.
-Noun (Time) + when + S + V + .....(WhenÆ adv of time)
EX: This is the hour when the children ussually go to bed.
* When “which/ that/ whom” are used as objects in relative clauses, they can correctly be omitted.
EX: The painting Ms. Wallace bought is very expensive. (Which omitted)
* Noun (people) who + V + to/in... + main V ... ÆNoun to/in.. whom + V + main Verb....
* In which ≈ where (it depends on the verb & preposition).

17. REDUCED (SHORTENED) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
17.1.Present participles (V-ing) are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs
(active meaning)
* NOUN, WHICH/.....+ V + O, MAIN VERB + O ÆNOUN, VING + O, MAIN VERB + O
EX: Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.
Æ Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.
Or joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state.
17.2.Past participle (V3/ed) are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs (passive
meaning)
EX: William an Mary College, Which was founded in 1693, is the second – oldest university in the
United States.
Æ William an Mary College, founded in 1693, is the second – oldest university in the United States.
*NOUN, WHICH/.... + BE + V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB + O Æ NOUN , V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB +
O
17.3. Noun (people) who + V +... + main V ... Æ NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O
Noun (people) who + be V3/ed +... + main V ... Æ NOUN+ V3/ed + O + MAIN VERB + O
17.4.Noun (things) which + V + main V ... Æ NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O
Noun (things) which + be V + main V ... Æ NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O

17.5. S1 + V + O, S2 + V + O (S1=S2) ⇒ V-ing /V3/ed + ..., S2 + V + O ( S as thing ⇒ V3/ed
S as person ⇒ V-ing)
3


18. CLAUSE WITH “IT”
18.1.IT + BE + ADJ + FOR SOMEONE + TO INFINITIVE
EX: It is important to be punctual for appointments.
18.2.IT TAKE/TOOK + SOMEONE + TIME PHRASE + TO INFINITIVE
EX: It take him a long time to learn a language.
18.3. IT WAS IN + ADVERBIAL TIME + THAT + S + V + O (Noun clause)
EX: It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state.
18.4. IT WAS PROPER NAME/ S. PRONOUN + RELATIVE CLAUSE
EX: It was Jack who did most of the work
It was she who came to class with this news
18.5. IT BE THE FIRST/SECOND.... S + HAVE/HAS + V3/ED + O.
18.6. IT BE SAID/BELIEVED....TO V(BE) + O or S + BE + SAID/BELIEVED.... TO V(BE) + O
19. NEARLY/ALMOST + ADV-LY

20. NOUN CLAUSE: SUBJECT or OBJECT
20.1. SUBJECT: WH/H-WORDS + S + V +.... + SINGULAR VERB + O
20.2. OBJECT: S + V + WH/H-WORDS + S + V +.... (What, where,....., How....)
20.3. WITH “THAT”: OBJECT
S+

Say, know, understand, think,
believe, hear, feel, rumor

+ That + S + V + O (NOUN CLAUSE)

* (THE FACT/ THE REASON) + THAT + S + V + .....+ MAIN VERB + (NOUN CLAUSE)

21. PARRALLEL STRUCTURES:

VS/ES

ADJ

and

ADJ

ADV

but

ADV

NOUN

or

NOUN

VERB

as well as

VERB

V2/ED Have/has/had+V3/ED Be + Ving

Will/ Can + V1

V + to + V1

VS/ES

V2/ED

V1

V3/ED

VING

V1

22. PASSIVE VOICE : S(things) + Be + V3/ED .......By +.....+ O
23. CAUSTIVE VERBS:
23.1. S + MAKE(S) + IT + ADJ + FOR + SOMEONE + TO – INFINITVE + .......
23.2. S + MAKE(S) + ADJ + O.C (OBJECT COMPLIMENT)
23.3. S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + ADJ.....
23.4. S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + V1.....
24. NOUN (things) of NOUN: the flow of liquids
25. OF THE MANY/NUMBER (TWO/...) + NOUNS/ES = ONE OF (ONLY ONE) + NOUNS/ES
26. OUT (PREPOSITION)
4

OUTER (ADJ) : OUTER SPACE

IN

INNER

27. S + V + ADJ./ADV-LY + ENOUGH + (FOR S.O)+ TO – INF
S + V + ENOUGH + NOUN + TO – INF (V1)
28. WHATEVER + TYPE/KIND/SORT + OF + N + V ...., S + V + O
29. S + V + FROM + TIME/PLACE...+ TO + TIME/PLACE
S + V + FROM ONE + SINGULAR NOUN + TO + ANOTHER
•

PREVENT/PROTECT .......FROM........

•

PREFER + N/VING ........TO N/VING

30. NO/NOT
30.1. NO : OBJECT
- S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN
- THERE + BE + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN
30.2. NO : SUBJECT
SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN + VS/ES + O
NO +

PLURAL NOUN + VPLURAL + O

30.3.NOT: S + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + MAIN VERB + O.

- S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN
- THERE + BE + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN
* NOT HAVING + NOUN ≠ HAVING + NO +NOUN
31. BY MEANS: BY BUS/....... or ON FOOT.
THAT IS + NOUN ≠ IS THAT (=MEAN THAT) + S + V + O.
32. S + BE + SAID/THOUGHT/KNOWN/BELIEVED/RUMORED + THAT + CLAUSE
TO BE....
33. FOR + NOUN + OF NOUN AND NOUN (COMPARED), S + V + O.
34. LIKE ≠ UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE, S + V + O.
S + V + O + LIKE ≠ UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE.
S + V + O + AS (JUST AS) A CLAUSE.
* S + FEEL LIKE + VING ...........
35. S + APPOINT + SOMEONE + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER).
S + THINK OF/ABOUT + ONESELF + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER): as morden
citizens
36. S + V + O + IN THAT + S + V + O (IN THAT POINT)
37. HUNDREDS/THOUNDSANDS/MILLIONS/BILLIONS/... + OF + PLURAL NOUN
38. NOUN + AS YOU/WE KNOWN + S + V + O
EX: English as we know it is not hard to study.
39. MAYBE = PERHAPS BECAUSE + A CLAUSE/ BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE
40. A/AN + .......+ ADJ. – ADJ. – ADJ...... + SINGULAR NOUN.
EX: A four – month – old baby
5


41. ALLOW:
41.1. S + ALLOWS/ALLOWED + VING + .......EX: The teacher allows speaking loudy in class.
41.2. S + BE (NOT) + ALLOWED + TO + V1....EX: He is not allowed to smoke here

42. INFINITIVES

42.1. S + V + to infinitive + O (infinitive as object of a verb)
EX: She forgot to read the directions.
She pretended to cry or She pretended not to know how to eat dog meat.
42.2.To infinitive + O + singular V ......... (infinitive as subject of a verb)
EX: To read the directions is important.
42.3. To/in order to + infinitive + O, S + V + O (Purpose)
EX: To learn how to cook, she took lessions.
42.4. It + Be + Adj + (For someone) to infinitive (infinitive after to be + Adj.)
EX: It is important to read the dicrections.
42.5. S + be + the first..........+ person + to be + V3/ed.........
EX: John Glenn was the first American to obit the Earth.
42.6. S + be + the first ......+ person + to be + V3/ed............
EX: Roberta was the first person to be asked to speak at the meeting.
43.

GERUNDS PREPOSITION (in, on, at, about, with, without,...) + Ving

43.1. VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES (Simple present) + O. (Gerund as subject of a verb)
EX: Playing chess is enjoyable.
43.2. S + V + (Preposition) +VING + NOUN PHRASE. (Gerund as Object of a Verb)
EX: He enjoy playing chess.
43.3. S + V + N + PREPOSITION + VING +NOUN. (Gerund as Object of a Preposition)
EX: He passes the time by playing chess.
43.4. S + V + PREPOSITION + MY /YOUR/OUR/THEIR/HIS/HER/....+VING +.....
EX: We objected to her cutting class last week.
43.5.S + V + PREPOSITION + PROPER NAME’S +VING +.....
EX: We objected to Alice’s cutting class last week.
43.6.VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O.
43.7. Not + VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O.
Singular S

(PLEASE GO TO ENCLOSED SHEETS OF GERUNDS)

6


Gerunds: VING
I. Defination: The gerund is a Verb + ing form used as a noun. It can function as a subject,
subject of a complement, object, object of a preposition.
EX: 1) Writting essays in English requires practice. (Subject)
2) My hobby is collecting stamp = Collecting stamp is my hobby.
(subject of a complement)
3) I like skiing (Object)
4) She is afraid of walking alone at night (Object of a preposition)
II. Formation: (Sự hình thành của Gerunds)
Preposition
Noun and preposition
Adjectives and Preposition

Gerund

Verbs and Preposition
Idoms and Preposition
Verbs
1. Gerund sau giới từ : Giới từ + VING
EX: Before going to school, he stoped by at his friend house.
By listening, he quickly picked up the language.
2. Gerunds sau các danh từ nhất định kết hợp với giới từ sau:
-

Choice of (lựa chọn)/ Posibility of ( Khả năng)/ excute for (xin lỗi)/ reason for(lý do)/

intention of (xu hướng)/method for (of) (phương thức)

-

EX: She há no excuse for behaving in that matter.

3. Gerunds sau các tính từ nhất định + giới từ sau: Be + Adj + Prep + VING (Gerund)
-

Accustomed to(quen với)/afraid of (sợ)/amazed at (ngạc nhiên)/interested in (quan tâm)/
fond of (thích)/tire of(chán)/ tire from(mệt)/ good at (giỏi về)/bad at(dở về)/successful
in(thành công)/capable of(có thể)/Busy with(bận rộn)/excited about(hồi hộp)/ against/be
or get + used to/.....

-

EX: The chidren are excited about going on holiday.

4. Gerund sau các động từ nhất định + Giới từ sau:
-

Approved of: Chấp thuận

-

Give up: Từ bỏ

-

Be better off: tốt hơn

- succeed in: thành công

-

Put off: Dập tắt, trì hoãn

- insist on: nài nỉ, đòi

-

Worry about: Lo lắng về

- keep on = go on = carry on: tiếp tục

- think of = think about : Nghĩ về
- depend on = count on = rely on: lệ thuộc vào

5. Gerund sau các thành ngữ cố định:

7

-

Look forward to: mong chờ, ngóng mong

- take to: quan tâm

-

It’s no use: mất công, không có lợi

-

It’s worth: xứng đáng

- can’t stand = can’t bear: không chịu được

-

It’s no worth: Không xứng đáng

- can’t resist: Không thể chống lại

-

There is no + VING

- what a nuisance...!: Phiền quá

- can’t help: Không tránh khỏi, không thể không


-

Be busy: bận

- It’s much use: rất có lợi

EX: We are looking forward to seeing you soon.

6. Gerund sau các động từ nhất định
-

Admit: thừa nhận

- delay: hoãn lại

- practise: thực tập

-

Miss: bỏ lỡ

- regret: lấy làm tiếc

- resent: bực tức

-

Risk: Liều lĩnh

- appreciate: hiểu rõ, nhận thức

- finish: hoàn hành

-

Deny: phủ nhận

- postpone: trì hoãn

- quit=stop: ngưng

-

Avoid: tránh xa
quan

-

Mind: phản đối, khó chịu
nhở

- like/love

- recall: nhớ lại, nhắc

-

Resume: giành lại

- try: cố gắng

- dislike: Không thích

-

Detest=hate: ghét, ghê tởm

- forgive: tha thứ

- mention: đề cập

-

Pardon: tha lỗi

- tolerate: khoan hồng, tha thứ

- understand: hiểu

-

Recomend: giới thiệu, dặn dò

-

Imagine: tưởng tượng

- consider: xem xét=involve: liên

- enjoy = fancy: thích

- prevent from: ngăn ngừa
- Discuss:thảo luận

- Defer: chìu theo
- recollect: thu gom lại

EX: He practises speaking English everyday.

7. Gerund or infinitive after certain verb (Gerund hoặc Infinitive sau các động từ nhất
định) sau:
-

Begin=star: bắt đầu

- like/love: thích, yêu thương

-

Can’t stand=bear: không thể chịu đựng

- prefer: thích hơn

-

Dread: lo sợ

- intend: dự tính

- Hate: ghét

-

*Stop: ngừng

-*remember: nhớ

-*forget: quên

-

Allow: cho phép

- Agree: đồng ý

- advise: Khuyên bảo

-

Dislike: không thích

- Attemp: nổ lực=*try: cố gắng, thử

-

Mean: có nghĩa là

- Permit: cho phép

-

Regret: tiếc

- study: học

-Propose:đề nghị

- continue: tiếp tục

- Leave: rời đi
- plan: dự trù
- neglect: sao lãng

*: Tất cả các động từ ở phần 7 được dùng 2 cách (Gerund & Infinitive) mà ý nghĩa không
thay đổi, ngoại trừ 4 động từ có dấu *
EX1: He started studying after dinner = He started to study after dinner: sau bữa tối, anh ấy
bắt đầu học.
EX2: She stopped studying English ≠She stopped to study English
(Cô ấy không học tiếng anh nữa ≠ Cô ấy ngừng làm một điều gì đó để học tiếng anh)
EX3: I remember locking the door before I left ≠ I remember to lock the door before I left
(tôi đã khóa cửa rồi bây giờ tôi nhớ rõ việc này ≠ Tôi nhớ về việc khóa cửa trước khi đi để
khóa)
EX4: I tried helping her but she failed ≠ I tried to help her
( tôi đã thử giúp bà ấy ≠ tôi đã cố giúp bà ấy)

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III. Function of Gerunds ( Chức năng của Gerunds)
1. Gerunds as Subjects: Gerunds như là chủ từ

VING + V + O or VING + O + V + O

EX: Worrying is not going to help OR Worrying about it is not going to help you
2. Gerund as Subject of complement :

S + V + VING + O or VING + O + V + O

EX: My hobby is collecting stamps OR Collecting stamps is my hobby OR seeing is believing

Lưu ý: Nếu chia ở thì hiện tại đơn thì động từ luôn chia ở hình thức số ít (be: is/was)
3. Gerund as Object

S + V + VING

EX: I like swimming
4. Gerund as Object of preposition:

S + V + Prep + VING + O.

EX: She is fond of working with animals
5.

Gerund as a possessive adjective or noun:

EX1: Possesive Adj : Your being right doesn’t mean my being wrong
(Adj + Gerund)
EX2: Possesive noun: My father’ walking improves his health
(Noun’s Gerund)

9


DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED = INDIRECTED SPEECH
(Noun Clause in Conversation)
I. STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH: Câu tường thuật ở dạng xác định:
Nghiên cứu kỹ các câu sau đây rồi đưa ra công thức và qui luật chung:
EX:

1) Direct speech:

She say to me : “I am ill today”

Reported speech:

She tell me (that) she is ill that day
1

2) Direct speech:

2

4 5

6

She said to me : “I am ill today”

Reported speech:

She told me (that) she was ill that day
1

•

3

2

3

4

5

6

Rules: cách đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu tường thuật (câu gián tiếp) theo số thứ tự sau:

1. Đổi say to thành tell hoặc said to thành told
2. Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:) hoặc dấu phẩy (,).
3. Đổi dấu ngoặc kép thành chữ that (có thể bỏ được)
4. Đổi đại danh từ và tính từ sở hữu cách trong ngoặc kép thành:
™ Ngôi thứ nhất: I, me, my, mine / We, us, our, ours:
Cùng ngôi với chủ từ của động từ giới thiệu
™ Ngôi thứ hai: you, your, yours
Cùng ngôi với túc từ của động từ giới thiệu
™ Ngôi thứ 3: She, he, they, it: Không đổi, giữ nguyên.
EX:

She

She

said to

told

me

me

“I

(that)

hope

She

hoped

you

will.....”

I

would.....

5. Đổi thì của động từ trong ngoặc kép nếu động từ giới thiệu ở quá khứ (said/...) như sau:
Hiện tại

Quá khứ

Simple present (walk)

Simple past (walked)

Present progressive (is walking)

Past progressive (was walking)

Present perfect/simple past (has walked/walked)

Past perfect (had wwalked)

Past progressive (was walking)

Past perfect progressive (had been walking)

Simple future (will walk)

Conditional present (would walk)

Conditional present (would walk)

Conditional perfect (would have wwalked)

Past perfect/ Conditional perfect

Không đổi

10


6. Đổi vài từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn sau:
Direct

Reported

Now

Then

Today

That day

This morning

That morning

Tomorrow

The following day/the next day/the day after

Yesterday

The day before / the previous day

Ago

Before

This

That

These

Those

Here

There

Come

Go

Next week/month/year

The next week/month/year

Last night /week/month/year

The night /week/month/year before

The day before yesterday

Twos day before

The day after tomorrow

In two day’s time

A year/....ago

A year/...before

II. QUESTIONS: Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu hỏi. Có 2 dạng câu hỏi:
1. YES/NO QUESTIONS:
S + say/said + to + O, “Auxiliary verbs + S + V1 + ..........?”
Æ S + ask/asked/..... + O + if + S + V + .....
Lưu ý: * O = me, you, us, them, him, her
* Axiliary verbs ( trợ động từ): am, is, are, were, was, can, might, must, will, do, does, did,....
2. WH/H QUESTIONS:
S + say/said + to + O, “WH/H + Auxiliary verbs + S + V1 + ..........?”
Æ S + ask/asked/..... + O + WH/H + S + V + .....
EX:

I said, “Where are you going now, Mary”
Æ

EX:

She usually says to me, “What time is it now?”
Æ

11

I asked Mary where she was going then
She usually asks me What time it is then.


•

Rules: Gồm 8 bước:

1. Đổi say to thành ask/wonder/want to know/inquire
2. Bỏ dấu phẩy (,)
3. Đổi dấu ngoặc kép thành If (liệu) /whether (có..không) nếu ở dạng 1 (YES/NO question). Còn
ở dạng 2 thì WH/H question giữ nguyên: what/who/where/when/why/how/.....
4. Đổi các đại danh từ hoặc tính từ sở hữu cách giống như ở dạng câu xác định (Xem phần 4/I)
5. Chuyển chủ từ lên trước động từ thành câu xác định
6. Đổi thì của động từ trong ngoặc kép (hạ thì) nếu động từ giới thiệu ở quá khứ (Xem phần 5/I)
7. Đổi các từ chỉ nơi chốn hay thời gian (Xem phần 6/I)
8. Đổi dấu chấm hỏi (?) thành dấu chấm (.).
•

Lưu ý các điểm hết sức cần chú ý:
a) Trợ động từ must khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp phải dùng had to, nhưng must not vẫn là
must not (nếu mang tính cấm đoán). Need not (needn’t) đổi thành did not have to.
EX: The teacher said: “You must do the exercises carefully”
Æ The teacher said that we had to do the exercises carefully.
EX: The girls said, “You needn’t come with us if you do not want to”
Æ The girls said that =asked me I did not have to come with them if I did not want to.
b) Thì quá khứ trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp không thay đổi nếu nghĩa
của nó rõ ràng.
EX: Tom said to me, “My mother died of canser in 1985”
Æ Tom told me his mother died of canser in 1985.
c) Thì hiện tại không thay đổi nếu nghĩa của nó là chân lý, điều hiển nhiên.
EX: He said, “The Earth revoles around the sun”
Æ He said that the Earth revoles around the sun.
d) Khi động từ giới thiệu ở thì hiện tại đơn/hiện tại tiếp diễn/hiện tại oàn thành/ tương lai
hoàn thành Không hạ thì và cũng không thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi
chốn, chỉ đổi các đại từ nhân xưng.
EX: The door says/ is saying/has said/will say, “You have to stay here”
Æ The door says/ is saying/has said/will say that I have to stay here.

12


III. COMMANDS: DẠNG MỆNH LỆNH THỨC. GỒM HAI LOẠI
1. Positive commands: mệnh lệnh thức ở dạng xác định
S + say/said to + O, “V1 + O +...., please”
Æ S + ask/asked... + O + to V1 + O +..........
EX: She said to Bill, “Please wait for me here”
Æ She asked Bill to wait for her there.
2. Negative commands : Mệnh lệnh thức ở dạng phủ định
S + say/said to O, “Don’t/Never + V1 + O +......, (please)”
Æ S + ask/asked... + O + not to/never to +V1 + O
EX: She said to me, “Don’t touch anything in this room now, please”
Æ She ordered me not to touch anything in that room then.
EX: The officer always says to his men, “Never turn your backs to your enemies today”
Æ The officer always commands his men never to turn their backs to their enemies that day
•
1.

Rules:
Đổi say to thành ask/advise(khuyên)/order(ra lệnh)=command/ beg(van xin)/ warn(cảnh
báo) / request(đề nghị)=suggest.

2. Bỏ dấu phẩy (,).
3. Bỏ dấu ngoặc kép (“”)
4. Nếu câu trong ở dạng mệnh lện xác định thì đổi thành to+V1 , bỏ please (nếu có). Nếu câu
trong ngoặc kép ở dạng mệnh lệnh phủ định thì đổi thành Not to/never to +V1, bỏ please (nếu
có).
5.

Đổi các đại danh từ hoặc tính từ sở hữu cách (xem phần 4/I)

6. Đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn nếu có ( Xem phần 6/I)
Lưu ý: Hai dạng câu mệnh lệnh thức khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp không hạ thì, luôn giữ nguyên V1
(nguyên mẫu), chỉ thêm to hoặc not to/never to +V1.

GET IT IN YOUR MIND!

13


SENTENCE STRUCTURES FOR LEVEL B
together with
1. Singular S,

along with

+ Noun phrase, singular Verb + O......

accompanied by
as well as
Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Singular S

Singular V
Non-count noun + singular verb + O........

2. Non of the +
Plural count noun + Plural verb + O........

Ex: Non of the counterfeit money has been found.
Non-count N singular verb
Non of the students have finished the exam yet.
Singular N & Non-count noun + singular verb + O........
3. No +
Plural noun + Plural verb + O........
Ex: No example is relevant to this case.
No examples are relevant to this case.
4. a. Neither

nor
+ Noun +

Either

+ Plural noun + Plural verb + O........
or

Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
b. Neither

nor
+ Noun +

Either

+ Singular noun + Singular verb + O........
or

Ex: Neither Jack or Bill is going to the beach today.

5. V-ing + Singular verb+ O........( V-ing: Gerund as Subjects)
Ex: Writing many letter makes her happy.
6. a/. A number of + Plural noun + Plural verb (A number of=Many)
Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic.
b/.The number of + Plural noun + Singular verb ........
Ex: The number of days in a week is seven
7. a/. S (person do the action) + need + to-infinitive + O........
Ex: His friend needs to learn English well
V-ing
b/. S ( an inanimate object as S: Vật vô tri, vô giác) + need +

+ ......
tobe + V 3/ED

14

Ex: The grass needs cutting or The grass need tobe cut


c/. S + Be + in need of + N...........(be in need of = need)
Ex: He is in need of money
8. a/. Who + VS/ES + O ?

Ai làm gì mình?

Ex: Who loves her?
b/. Who + auxiliary verb + S + V + O ?

Mình làm gì ai?

Ex: Who do you love?
9. When
Where
How

auxiliary
+

be

+S+V+O?

do/does/did

Why
Ex: Where do you live?
10. a/. S + V + question word (When....) + S + V + ........ (Embedded questions)
Ex: We have not find out where the meeting will take place.
b/. Auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V +......?
Ex: Do you know where the meeting will take place?
as if
11. a/. S + VS/ES (present) +

as though

+ S + V2/ED (past) ......(.....như thể là.......)

Ex: He acts as though he were rich.
as if
b/. S + V3/ED (past) +

as though

+ S + had + V3/ED (past perfect)

Ex: He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (He didn’t see a ghost)
12. S + V2/ED + O, S + would + V1 ...............
Ex: When he was young, he would swim once a day.
13. S + used to +V1 + O......(thường thường: chỉ một thói quan trong quá khứ)
Ex: When he was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit)
14. a/. S + be + used to +Ving+ O......(quen quen với, BE chia ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ là tùy ý)
Ex: Mary is used to reading books everyday.
b/. S + get + used to +Ving+ O......(dần dần làm quen với, từ từ quen với....)
Ex: Mary gets used to swimming everyday.
Note: Be used to = Be accustomed to but

Get used to = become accustomed to

™ Would rather .....than.......: thích ...... hơn
12. a/. S + would rather + V1 + N + than + Noun.
Ex: Peter would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.
b/. S + would rather + V1 + O + Adverb of time + than + Adverb of time (present).
Ex: Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today.
c/. S + would rather + have + V3/ED ...+ than +..... (past).
Ex: Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.
15


™ Would rather that: thích ...... hơn
13. a/. S1 + rather that + S2 + Verb in simple form ( Present subjunctive)

Ex: She would rather that he take this train. (take giữ nguyên mẫu)
b/. S1 + rather that + S2 + V2/ED +.....( Present contrary to fact)
Ex: John would rather that it were Spring now. (It is not Spring now)
c/. S1 + rather that + S2 + had +V3/ED +.....( Past contrary to fact)
Ex: John would rather that Jack had gone to class yesterday.
( Jack did not go to class yesterday).
Note: Negative form:
-

Would rather not + V1

-

Would rather not have + V3/ED

-

Would rather that .....+ not + Vnguyên mẫu

™ Prefer .....to...........: thích......hơn........
14. a/. S + prefer + Noun + to + Noun
Ex: He prefers football to tenis.
b/. S + prefer + Ving + O + to + (Ving) + O
Ex: He prefers playing football to watching film.
15. S + would like + to V1 + O. (would like: thích)
Ex: I would like to visit Japan.
Had better
Should
16. S +

ought to

+ V1 + O ..........(............nên......: some choice)

Be supposed to
Ex: You should study tonight.
17. a/.

S + must + V1 + O....... (........ phải......: no choice)

Ex: You must study tonight.
b/.

S + must + be + N....... (........ chắc có lẽ ......: not sure)

Ex: He must be a doctor.
c/. S + must have + V3/D + O....... (........ chắc có lẽ đã......:a logic conclusion in the past)
Ex: It must have rained last night. (It probably rained last night).
18. S + have to + V1 + O .......(......phải..... = must).
Ex: He has to call his insurance agent today. (complete obligation).
19. S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/pronoun
Ex: My house is the same height as his.
20. S + V + different from + Noun
Ex: Their teacher is different from ours.
21. a/. S + V + Adj/Adv + enough + (for someone to + V1.......)
Ex: It is not cold enough for you to wear a heavy jacket.
16


b/. S + V + enough + Noun

Ex: Do you have enough sugar for the cake?.
22. a/. Because + S + V + O, S + V + O (or Because there +be + S......)
Ex: Because there was a traffic jam, the students arrived late.
b/. Because of + N/noun phrase, S + V + O....
Ex: The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.
23. a/ . S + V + ....+ so that/in order that + S + V.....( ....để....)
Ex: He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
b/. S + V + .... + to/in order to + V1 +.....
Ex: He studied very hard to pass the test.
24. a/. S + V + so + Adj/Adv + that + S + V.....( .....quá..... đến nỗi.......)
Ex: The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
Note:
i/. S + V + so + many/few +plural count noun + that + S + V.......
Ex: He had so many children that they formed his own baseball team.
ii/. S + V + so + much/little +non-count noun + that + S + V.......
Ex: The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
b/. S + V + such + a/an +Adj + singular count noun + that + S + V......(...quá.. đến nỗi....)
Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors
= S + V + so + Adj + a/an + singular count noun + that + S + V......
Ex: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors
c/. S + V + such +Adj + plural count noun/non- count noun + that + S + V......
Ex: This is such difficult homework that he never finish it.
™ CAUSATIVE VERBS: Nhờ, bảo, bắt ai làm gì cho mình.
25. a/.S + have + someone + V1 (verb in simple form) + O. (Active)
Ex: Mary had John wash the car.
b/. S + get + someone + V1 + O. (Active)
Ex: Mary got John to wash the car.
c/. S + have/get + something + V3/ED (verb in past participle) + (by someone). (passive)
Ex: Mary had the car washed by John.
26. S + make + someone + V1 + O.........( bắt ai làm gì)

Ex: The robber made the seller give him the money
27. S + let + O + V1.......(.....cho phép.......)
Ex: The teacher let the student leave class early
28. S + be + scared of + Ving + O.
Ex: She is scared of living on her own in such a big city.
29. S + reminds + someone + of + Noun /Ving......
Ex: That picture reminds me of the time when we loved each other.
17


1. It takes/took somebody + time + to infinitive ........ (Ai đó mất bao lâu để làm gì....)
2. S + be + such + (a/an) + noun or S + be + so +adj + (a/an) + noun . .....như thế.....
3. S + need not + have + V3/ED + O......Lẽ ra không cần phải.....
4. Time clause:
a/. Since + S + V2/ED + O ....., S + have/has + V3/ED + O.......
Khác với

It + be + time + since + S + V2/ED.......( Since đôi khi có thể bỏ đi)

b/. As soon as + S + have/has + V3/ED + O, S + will + V1 + O........
5. Superlative ......+ S + have/has + ever + V3/ED..........nhất........đã từng.........
6. Noun Clause (........that): S + say/believe/know/rumour......(that) + S* + V........
-

It is said/believed/known/rumoured/reported that + S + V...Người ta nói/tin/đồn/báo cáo
rằng....

-

Hoặc S* + be + said/.....+ tobe + .......

7. S + had better + V1 + .......= It would be advisable for Sb. + to do Sth.
8. S + find that + S + V.....nhận thấy rằng......
9. S + find + Sb. + to-infinitive.......Nhận thấy ai đó......
10. S + happen + to-infinitive..........tình cờ.............
11. It happens/ed that S + V.........
12. Not until + S + had + V3/ED + O + did + S + V1 + ........(Luôn đảo ngữ ở vế sau)
13. It was not until + time + that + S + V2/ED ..........mãi cho đến.........thì....
Or

S + did not + V1 + O + until + time (time clause).

14. The only/first/last + Noun + to + V1 + O + be + Noun........
The only/first/last + Noun + who/which + V (usually V2/ED) + be + Noun........
15. S + spend/waste + time + Ving + O..........
16. S + apologize to + Someone + for + keeping + someone + waiting. Xin lỗi vì để ai đợi
17. Leave + Sth. + Ving.....................
18. It + be + stupid = silly = foolish/shy/careless + of + someone + to do + Sth......
Ai thật khờ/e thẹn/bất cẩn làm gì............
19. S + be tire of + someone + Ving......Không thích ai làm gì
20. S + be + busy + Ving.......
21. S + find/found it + adj +V1 /Ving......nhận thấy thật......để......
22. S + see + someone/living things + V1/Ving.......
23. S + see + Sth. + V3/ED (by....)
24. S + shake hands with someone........bắt tay với ai.....
25. S + make friends with someone....kết bạn với ai....
26. Let + someone + V1 + Sth. or Let + Sth./yourself.....+ be + V3/ED......

18

MAKE: LÀM, SẢN XUẤT, CHẾ TẠO RA
1. Make cake

: Làm bánh

2. Make noise

: gây ồn

3. Make a promise = promise

: hứa hẹn

4. Make trouble

: gây phiền toái

5. Make difference

: khác với

6. Make progress = progress

: tiến bộ

7. Make money = earn momey

: kiếm tiền

8. Make a speech

: soạn bài đọc, diễn văn

9. Make a mistake

: phạm lỗi

10. Make decision = reach decision

: đưa đến quyết định

♣ make up one’s mind

: quyết định
DO: LÀM, THỰC HIỆN

1. Do one’s best = try one’s best

: cố gắng hết sức

2. Do homework/housework

: làm bài tập về nhà/ công việc nhà

3. Do exercise

: tập thể dục

4. Do + Someone a favour = help someone

:giúp ai

5. Do a job/work

: làm việc

6. Do shopping = go shopping

: mua sắm

7. Do business

: kinh doanh
EXPRESSIONS

1. Write a good hand

: Viết chữ đẹp

2. Take pot-luck

: có gì ăn nấy

3. Take (a) pride in

: tự hào về

4. Take cold

: cảm lạnh

5. Show zeal for

: tỏ ra sốt sắng với, tỏ ra nhiệt tình với

6. Say not so

: chớ có nói thế

7. save one’s breath

: làm thinh

8. Ask me another

: không biết, đưng hỏi tôi nữa

9. Bear/keep in mind

: Ghi nhớ, mang trong tâm trí

10. Come to life

: Cải tử hoàng sinh

11. Come true

: trở thành sự thật

12. Do good

: làm việc thiện, làm phúc

13. Do one’s needs

: đi vệ sinh

14. Refuse for good

: khả năng từ chối
I very much hope you learn all by your heart!

19


GIỚI TỪ WITH
1. Agree with

: đồng ý với

2. Begin with

: bắt đầu

3. Communicate with

: liên lạc với

4. Compare to/with

: so sánh với

5.

: cạnh tranh, đua đòi với

Compete with/against

6. Comfier with

:làm lúng túng, bối rối, mơ hồ

7. Comply with

: tuân theo, chiều theo

8.

:làm tương phản với

Contrast with/to

9. Cope with

:đối phó, đương đầu

10. Correspon with

:tương ứng với, phi hợp với, giao thiệp = thư từ

11. Finish with

:hoàn tất

12. Help with/in

: giúp đỡ

13. Disgust with = hate

: căm ghét

14. Interfere with/on

: gây trở ngại, quấy rầy

15. Interface in

: xen vào, can thiệp vào

16. Mix with

: dính dáng, giao thiệp, hợp tác

17. Be occupied with

: choáng, chiếm chổ

18. Part with

: chia lìa, từ biệt

19. Please with

: hài lòng với

20. Quarrel with Sb. / about Sth.

: cải nhau với ai/ về cái gì

21. Reason with

: viện lý lẽ

22. Satisfied with

: hài lòng với, làm mãn nguyện

23. Threaten with

: đe dọa, làm cho ai sợ
VERBAL PHRASE

20

1. Take down

: tháo xuống, ghi chép, sỉ nhục, giảm, hạ

2. Take in

: mời vào, đưa vào, tiếp đón, gồm có

3. Come to

: đến, lên tới, hồi tỉnh lại, tình ngộ

4. Break up

: vỡ từng mảnh, giải tán, chia ly, sụt lở

5. Beak down

:đập vỡ, kiệt sức, vỡ nợ, bị phá sản

6. Break in

: đánh bể, tập

7. Break off

: giới hạn, hủy bỏ, thủ tiêu, rời ra

8. Make out

: đặt, xác minh, giải thích, nhận ra

9. Make up

: Gồm có, chứa đựng, bao hàm

10. Put on weight

: lên cân, mập ra, béo ra

11. Turn down

: gấp, gập xuống, bẽ, lụi, bác bỏ


GIỚI TỪ TO
1. Be accustomed to

: tập cho quen với

2. Be amount to

: lên đến, lên tới

3. Appeal to

: kêu gọi, cầu cứu

4. Apply to ≠ Apply for

: ứng dụng, áp dụng ≠ Hỏi xin việc

5. Attach to

: gắn, dán, trói, buộc

6. Attend to

: chú ý đến

7. Belong to

: thuộc về

8. Challenge to

: thách đố, thách thức

9. Compare to / with

: so sánh với

10. Be condemn to ( to death)

: kết án, kết tội ( tử hình)

11. Confess to

: thú nhận, thú tội

12. Confine to

: Giam giữ, giam cầm

13. Consent to

: đồng ý, hài lòng

14. Convert to

:biến đổi, đổi

15. Entitle to

: cho đề tựa ( tên sách)

16. Listen to

: lắng nghe

17. Mention to

: đề cập đến

18. Object to (Vt)

: phản đối, chống đối

Object to (Vi)

: ghét, không thích

19. Occur to

: xảy ra, tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên

20. Prefer to

: thích....hơn

21. Reply to

: đáp trả, trả lời

22. Respond to

: phản ứng lại, đáp lại

23. See to

: chuẩn bị

24. Submit to

: chịu phục tùng, đệ trình, đưa ra ý kiến

25. Surrender to

: đầu hàng

26. Turn to

: Biến thành, trở thành, hóa thành

27. Refer to

: liên hệ đến, ám chỉ đến

28. Look forward to

: trông mong
VERBAL PHRASE

1. Put up with Sb.

: chịu đựng ai

2. Put up = to raise = to hold up

: giương, căng (ô)

3. Put Sb. up

: cho ai trọ lại

4. Put out = to extinguish

: dặp tắt (lửa)

5. Put on ≠ take off

: mặc vào ≠ cởi ra

6. Put down = to write = to copy

: ghi chép

7. Put off = to postpone = to cancel = call off : hoãn lại
21

8. Put away = to store Sth. in it

: cất đi


GIỚI TỪ AT
1. Attend at

: tham dự, có mặt

2. Amuse at/by

:làm buồn cười

3. Arrive at/in

: đến ( một thị trấn,...)

4. Be astonish at/by

: gây ngạc nhiên

5. Call at = stop

: ngừng lại

6. Exclaim at

: la to

7. Glance at

: nhìn lướt, nhìn thoáng

8. Guess at

: đoán

9. Knock at

: gõ vào (cửa,....)

10. Look at

: nhìn vào

11. Point at/to

:điểm vào, chỉ vào

12. Shock at/by

: bị xúc động bởi

13. Stare at

: nhìn đăm đăm

14. Surprise at/by

: gây ngạc nhiên

15. Wonder at/about

: tự hỏi về, ngạc nhiên về

16. Work at/on

: làm việc tại
GIỚI TỪ FOR

22

1. Account for = Explain

: giải thích, cắt nghĩa

2. Ask for/of

: hỏi về

3. Act for/on

:hành động vì

4. Appologize for

: xin lỗi về

5. Blame for

:mắng, chửi về

6. Beg for

: khẩn cầu, van xin về

7. Call for

: gọi, đến tìm

8. Charge for

: tính giá, đòi trả

9. Exchange for

:đổi ra

10. Hope for

: hy vọng ở

11. Look for

: tìm kiếm

12. Mistake for

: phạm lỗi lầm về

13. Mourn for/over

: than khóc, thương tiếc

14. Pay for

: trả lương, tiền

15. Prepare for

: chuẩn bị

16. Provide for

: cung cấp

17. Search for

: lục lọi, tìm kiếm, thăm dò

18. Thank for

: Cám ơn về

19. Vote for Sb./on Sth.

: Bỏ phiếu bầu ai, bỏ phiếu vì động cơ

20. Wait for Sb. / Wait on Sth.

: đợi ai/ đợi điều gì