2013 wellington ICU drug manual v2013 freemedicalbooks2014

WELLINGTON REGIONAL HOSPITAL

INTENSIVE
CARE UNIT

DRUG MANUAL
second edition
2013
Written by Paul Young
second edition edited by Alex Psirides
Intensive Care Specialists
Wellington, New Zealand
© 2013

1


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References used for all drug monographs are as follows:
!
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Fink, Mitchell et al. />Textbook of Critical Care. 5th edition 2005.

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!
!

Ashley, Caroline and Currie, Aileen. The Renal Drug Handbook. 2nd ed. United
Kingdom: Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd, 2004.

!
!

McClintock, Alan et al. Notes on Injectable Drugs. 5th ed. New Zealand. New
Zealand Healthcare Pharmacists’ Association, 2004.

!
!

Medsafe Drug Data sheets (New Zealand Medicine and Medical Devices Safety
Authority): />
!

MIMS Online: />
Shann, Frank. Drug Doses. 14th ed. Intensive Care Unit. Royal Children’s
Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, 2008.

An online version of this drug manual, optimised for smartphone & tablet viewing, is
available at:
/>An offline version is available for download (as a PDF) from:
/>The most up-to-date version of this drug manual will always be available online.
Should any discrepancies exist between the printed version & those available online, the
latter should always take precedence.

2


Preface
The first edition of the Intensive Care
Drug Manual was developed by Dr.Paul
Young for use in the Intensive Care Unit
in Wellington Regional Hospital in 2011.
This second edition was updated in
2013 with revisions made reflecting the
changes in our unit’s Intensive Care
practice.
On occasion, doses, methods of
administration and indications differ
from those available given in the
product information. In such cases,
recommendations reflect common ICU
practice both here and elsewhere.
All doses have been checked
independently by two Intensive Care
Specialists. However, if you suspect an
error is present, please check data with
alternative sources and notify the editor.
Clinical responsibility remains with the
prescribing doctor.

Specific changes for the second
edition include:
• The monograph for recombinant
activated protein C (Drotrecogin alfa/

Xigris) has been removed
• Entries for Iloprost, Levosimendan &
Tobramycin have been added
• Appendices have been added to
provide more information on common
drug-related queries
• Gentamicin dosage & monitoring has
been changed
• All drug prices quoted are in New
Zealand dollars & are up to date as of
January 2013
Prices have been included to inform
prescribing choices where intravenous or
enteral routes of administration are
equivocal. For example, the intravenous
preparation of Acetazolamide costs 250
times that of a single tablet
(bioavailability >90%).

Paul Young
Alex Psirides
February 2013

wellingtonicu.com

This document (c) 2013 Wellington ICU. It cannot be sold
or altered without permission of the author.

3

A
T A B L E
O F
C O N T E N T S

Acetazolamide
Acetylcysteine
Acyclovir
Adenosine
Adrenaline
Allopurinol
Aminophylline
Amiodarone
Amitriptylline
Amlodipine
Amoxicillin /
Amoxycillin
Amoxicillin-Clavulanic
Acid
Amophtericin B
(Liposomal)
Aspirin
Atenolol
Atorvastatin
Atracurium
Atropine
Azathioprine

7

9
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
31
33
36
39
42
44
46
48
50
52

B
Bendrofluazide
Benzylpenicillin /
Penicillin G

55
57

C
Caffeine
Calcitriol

Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Gluconate
Candesartan
Captopril
Carbamazepine
Carvedilol
Caspofungin
Cefaclor
Cefazolin /
Cephazolin
Cefotaxime

60
62
64
66
68
70
72
75
79
82
85
88
91

Ceftazidime
Ceftriaxone
Cefuroxime

Celiprolol
Charcoal (Activated)
Chloral Hydrate
Chlorpromazine
Cilazapril
Ciprofloxacin
Citalopram
Clarithromycin
Clindamycin
Clonazepam
Clonidine
Clopidogrel
Clozapine
Codeine Phosphate
Colchicine
Coloxyl with Senna
Co-trimoxazole
Cyclizine
Cyclosporin

94
97
100
104
106
108
110
113
116
120

122
125
128
131
133
135
138
140
142
143
147
149

D
Dantrolene
DDAVP / Desmopressin
Dexamethasone Sodium
Phosphate
Dexmedetomidine
Diazepam
Diclofenac Sodium
Digoxin
Diltiazem
Dipyridamole
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Doxazosin

154
156

158
161
163
166
170
174
177
179
181
184

E
Enalapril
Enoxaparin
Ephedrine
Erythromycin
Esmolol
Etomidate

186
189
193
195
198
200

4


F

Felodipine
Fentanyl
Flucloxacillin
Fluconazole
Flumazenil
Fluoxetine
Frusemide

L
202
204
206
209
212
214
216

Ibuprofen
Iloprost
Imipenem with
Cilastatin
Ipratropium Bromide
Isoprenaline
Hydrochloride

247
250
253
256
258

K
Ketamine

260

C O N T E N T S

I

Magnesium Sulphate
277
Meropenem
280
Metaraminol
283
Metformin
285
Methylene Blue
287
Methylprednisolone Sodium
Succinate
289
Metoclopramide
292
Metoprolol
295
Metronidazole
297
Midazolam

300
Milrinone
303
Morphine Sulphate & Morphine
Tartrate
305
Moxifloxacin
308

O F

232
235
238
240
243
247

T A B L E

219
221
223
226
228
230

H
Haloperidol
Heparin

Hydralazine
Hydrocortisone
Hyoscine Butylbromide
Hyoscine Hydrobromide

262
265
267
270
273
275

M

G
Gabapentin
Ganciclovir
Gentamicin
Glucagon
Glyceryl Trinitrate
Glycopyrrolate

Labetalol
Lactulose
Levosimendan
Lithium
Loperamide
Losartan

N

Naloxone
Neostigmine
Nicotine
Nimodipine
Noradrenaline

311
313
315
317
319

O
Octreotide
Olanzapine
Omeprazole
Ondansetron
Oxycodone

321
323
325
327
329

5


P
T A B L E

Paracetamol
Paracoxib
Paroxetine
Pethidine Hydrochloride
Phenobarbitone
Phenylephrine
Phenytoin
Potassium Chloride
Phosphate
Prednisone
Propofol
Propranolol
Protamine Sulfate

T
332
334
336
338
341
344
346
349
351
353
355
357
359

O F

416
420
422
424

361

C O N T E N T S

W

R
Ranitidine
Remifentanil
Risperidone
Rocuronium
Roxithromycin

396
399
401
403
406
408
410
414

V

Vancomycin
Vasopressin
Vitamin K
Verapamil

Q
Quinapril

Tazocin (Piperacillin &
Tazobactam)
Terlipressin
Thiamine
Tobramycin
Tranexamic Acid
Tramadol
Thyroxine
Thiopentone

Warfarin Sodium
364
366
368
370
372

427

Z
Zopiclone

430

S
Salbutamol
Sildenafil
Simvastatin
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Nitroprusside
Sodium Valproate
Sotalol
Spironolactone
Suxamethonium

374
377
379
381
384
386
389
392
394

APPENDICES
(page 432 onwards)
1. Administration Of Medicines Via Enteral Feeding
Tubes
2. Warfarin Reversal Guidelines
3. Paracetamol Poisoning Treatment Nomogram
4. Therapeutic Drug Level Monitoring

5. Antibiotic Overview
6. Opioid Dose Equivalence

6


Acetazolamide

Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

[1 vial $43.00, 1 tablet 17 cents]

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES
PO, NG, IV
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Diamox (Tab), Glaumox (Vial)

A

ICU INDICATIONS:
1. Diuretic (particularly in the presence of metabolic alkalosis)
2. Correction of severe metabolic alkalosis

c

PRESENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION
PO / NG:
Diamox 250mg tablets (white); for NG use, crush prior to administration.

e

t
a

IV:
Glaumox is supplied as a sterile powder requiring reconstitution. Each vial contains an
amount of acetazolamide sodium equivalent to 500 mg of acetazolamide.
Each 500-mg vial containing acetazolamide should be reconstituted with at least 5 ml of
sterile water for injection prior to use. Reconstituted solutions retain their physical and
chemical properties for 24 hours under refrigeration at 2-8°C or 12 hours at room
temperature

z
a
m
i

DOSAGE IN RENAL FAILURE AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY:
No dose adjustment is required when administered for ICU indications (beware that
acetazolamide is contraindicated in the presence of metabolic acidosis).
This drug is not indicated in patients on renal replacement therapy.

l

DOSAGE IN PAEDIATRICS:
The safety and effectiveness of acetazolamide in paediatric patients below the age of
12 years have not been established.

o

DOSAGE:

For diuresis, the dose is usually 250-375 mg stat. If, after an initial response, the patient
fails to continue to diurese, do not increase the dose but allow for kidney recovery by
skipping medication for a day. Acetazolamide yields best diuretic results when given on
alternate days, or for 2 days alternating with a day of rest.

d

CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Hypersensitivity to acetazolamide or other sulphonamides
2. Metabolic acidosis
3. Cirrhosis (risk of development of hepatic encephalopathy)

7

e

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Acetazolamide is an enzyme inhibitor that acts on carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme that
catalyzes the reversible reaction involving the hydration of carbon dioxide and the
dehydration of carbonic acid.


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

WARNINGS
Fatalities have occurred, although rarely, due to severe reactions to acetazolamide
including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, fulminant hepatic
necrosis, agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia, and other blood dyscrasias.
PRECAUTIONS
General

Increasing the dose does not increase the diuresis and may increase the incidence of
drowsiness and/or paraesthesia. Increasing the dose often results in a decrease in
diuresis.

A

Laboratory Tests
No tests are required in addition to routine ICU blood tests.

c
e

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Acetazolamide interferes with the HPLC method of assay for theophylline. Interference
with the theophylline assay by acetazolamide depends on the solvent used in the
extraction; acetazolamide may not interfere with other assay methods for theophylline.

t
a
z
o

IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS FOR THE ICU
Acetazolamide modifies phenytoin metabolism with increased serum levels of
phenytoin.
Acetazolamide increases lithium excretion and the lithium levels may be decreased.
Acetazolamide and sodium bicarbonate used concurrently increases the risk of renal
calculus formation.
Acetazolamide may elevate cyclosporin levels.

l
a
m
i
d
e

ADVERSE REACTIONS
Body as a Whole:
Headache, malaise, fatigue, fever, pain at injection site, flushing, flaccid paralysis,
anaphylaxis.
Digestive:
Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea.
Hepato-Biliary Disorders:
Abnormal liver function, cholestatic jaundice, hepatic insufficiency, fulminant hepatic
necrosis.
Metabolic/Nutritional:
Metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, including hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, loss
of appetite, taste alteration, hyper/hypoglycaemia.
Nervous:
Drowsiness, paraesthesia (including numbness and tingling of extremities and face),
depression, excitement, ataxia, confusion, convulsions, dizziness.
Skin:
Allergic skin reactions including urticaria, photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Special Senses:
Hearing disturbances, tinnitus, transient myopia.
Urogenital:
Crystalluria, haematuria, glycosuria, renal failure polyuria.

Acetazolamide

8


Acetylcysteine

Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

[1 vial $25.53]

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES:
PO, NG, IV
ALTERNATIVE NAMES:
Acetadote, Parvolex

A
c

ICU INDICATIONS:
1. paracetamol overdose
2. non-paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure

y
s
t
e
i
n
e

9

c

DOSAGE IN PAEDIATRICS
Paracetamol Overdose
150mg/kg over 15 minutes; 50mg/kg over the next 4 hours, 100mg per kg over the next
16 hours. Total dose 300mg/kg in 20 hours
Note: In children, N-acetylcysteine should be given intravenously as a 40 mg/mL
solution in 5% dextrose in water. This is to prevent possible hyponatraemia.

l

Initial Dose in Second Dose Third Dose in
Total ml
ml
in ml
ml
50
37.5
12.5
25
75
60
45.0
15.0
30
90
70
52.5

17.5
35
105
80
60.0
20.0
40
120
90
67.5
22.5
45
135
‘x’
0.75x
0.25x
0.5x
1.5x
e.g. 76kg: 0.75 multiplied by 76 = 57ml for the initial infusion dose and 19ml and 38ml
for the 2nd and 3rd doses respectively
Weight kg

y

DOSAGE:
Paracetamol Overdose:
150mg/kg over 15 minutes; 50mg/kg over the next 4 hours,100mg per kg over the next
16 hours. Total dose 300mg/kg in 20 hours
Initial dose:
150mg/kg in 200ml of D5W over 15 minutes

Second dose: 50mg/kg in 500ml of D5W over 4 hours
Third dose:
100mg/kg in 1000ml of D5W over 16 hours

t

PRESENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION:
PO / NG:
Give IV solution orally (unlicensed section 29 use - see below)
IV:
Acetadote and Parvolex are supplied as sterile solutions in 10ml vials containing 20%
(200 mg/ml) acetylcysteine.
Compatible with 5% dextrose. Prepare immediately before use and discard any
solution not used within 24 hours.
Note: Section 29 drug when administered orally (requires specific notification to
Director-General of Health as unapproved route of administration)

e

It is not recommended for use as a preventative agent in contrast-induced nephropathy.


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

DOSAGE IN RENAL FAILURE AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
No dose adjustment is required.

A

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Paracetamol Overdose
Acetylcysteine likely protects the liver by maintaining or restoring the glutathione levels,
or by acting as an alternate substrate for conjugation with, and thus detoxification of, the
reactive metabolite.

c

CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Hypersensitivity or previous anaphylactoid reactions to acetylcysteine

e
t

WARNINGS
Serious anaphylactoid reactions, including death in a patient with asthma, have been
reported in patients administered acetylcysteine intravenously.

y
l

PRECAUTIONS
General
The total volume administered should be adjusted for patients less than 40 kg and for
those requiring fluid restriction (use DOSAGE IN PAEDIATRICS regimen).

c

Laboratory Tests:
No tests are required in addition to routine ICU blood tests

y

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
None reported

s

IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS FOR THE ICU
None known

t
e
i
n
e

ADVERSE REACTIONS
Body as a Whole:
Urticaria, vasodilatation, rash and itch
Cardiovascular System:
Hypotension
Digestive System:
Dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting
Nervous System:
Abnormal thinking (dysphoria), Gait disturbances
Respiratory System
Bronchospasm, coughing, dyspnoea
Skin & Appendages
Angioedema, facial erythema, palmar erythema, pruritus, pruritus, rash, sweating
SEE APPENDIX 3 FOR THE PARACETAMOL POISONING TREATMENT

NOMOGRAM

Acetylcysteine

10


Acyclovir

Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

[1 vial $2.87, 1 tablet 7 cents, 1 tube $13.47]

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES:
PO, NG, IV, TOP
ALTERNATIVE NAMES:
Zovirax, Acyclovir, Aciclovir

A

PRESENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION:
PO / NG:
Acyclovir is available in 200mg, 400mg and 800mg tablets; 200mg dispersible tablets
are also available.

c

IV:
Acyclovir sodium for IV administration comes in a vial containing 250mg in 10ml. It is a
clear, colourless to pale yellow solution. Do not refrigerate. Stable in compatible IV

fluid for 24 hours at room temperature. Do not use solution if it appears cloudy or
visible crystals are present. Acyclovir solution is highly alkaline. It should not be
administered by mouth.
Administer as:
EITHER: 25mg/ml solution via a controlled rate infusion pump over at least one hour
(preferred method if administering via a central line)
OR: dilute 25mg/ml solution to make a solution of 5mg/ml using a compatible IV fluid
(eg dilute 5ml into 25ml total) and then administer by controlled infusion over at least
one hour (preferred method if administering via a peripheral line)
Compatible with the following IV fluids:
Saline, Hartmann’s, Glucose and Sodium Chloride

o
r

11

i

Varicella Zoster Infections including Varicella Pneumonia
Adults and Adolescents (12 years of age and older):
10 mg/kg IV infused at a constant rate over 1 hour, every 8 hours for 7 days.

v

Herpes Simplex Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
Adults and Adolescents (12 years of age and older):
5 mg/kg IV infused at a constant rate over 1 hour, every 8 hours for 7 days.

l

DOSAGE:
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Adults and Adolescents (12 years of age and older):
10 mg/kg IV infused at a constant rate over 1 hour, every 8 hours for 10 days.

y

TOP:
Each gram of Zovirax cream 5% contains 50 mg acyclovir in an aqueous cream base. It
is supplied in 2 g tubes.

c

ICU INDICATIONS:
1. Herpes Simplex encephalitis
2. Prophylaxis in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant patient (at risk of CMV)
3. Varicella Pneumonia
4. Uncomplicated Herpes Simplex or Varicella Zoster infection in an
immunocompromised patient.
5. Treatment of Shingles


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

OR (for uncomplicated Shingles in the non-immunocompromised patient):
800 mg five times daily for 10 days (There are no data on treatment initiated more than
72 hours after onset of the zoster rash.)
NOTE: IV therapy is indicated in the immunocompromised and in patients with Varicella
pneumonia

A

Cold sores (in the non-immunocompromised)
Acyclovir cream should be applied 5 times per day for 4 days. Therapy should be
initiated as early as possible following onset of signs and symptoms. Data indicating
efficacy are poor and use in the critically ill has not been studied.

c

NOTE: Obese patients should be dosed at the recommended adult dose using ideal
body weight.

y
c
l
o

DOSAGE IN RENAL FAILURE AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY:
Dose in renal impairment [GFR (ml/min)]
<10
2.5-5mg/kg every 24 hours
10-25
5-10mg/kg every 12 hours
>25-50
5-10mg/kg every 12 hours
Dose in renal replacement therapy
CAPD
Dose as for GFR <10ml/min
HD

Dose as for GFR <10ml/min
CVVHDF
Dose as for GFR 10-25ml/min

v
i

DOSAGE IN PAEDIATRICS:
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Paediatrics (3 months to 12 years of age):
20 mg/kg IV infused at a constant rate over 1 hour, every 8 hours for 10 days.

r
Herpes Simplex Infections in Immunocompromised patients
Paediatrics (under 12 years of age):
10 mg/kg IV infused at a constant rate over 1 hour, every 8 hours for 7 days.
Varicella Zoster Infections including Varicella Pneumonia
Paediatrics (under 12 years of age):
20 mg/kg IV infused at a constant rate over 1 hour, every 8 hours for 7 days.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
Acyclovir is a synthetic purine nucleoside analogue with in vitro and in vivo inhibitory
activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1), 2 (HSV-2), and varicella-zoster
virus (VZV).
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
1. hypersensitivity to acyclovir or valacyclovir
WARNINGS
Acyclovir for injection is intended for IV infusion only, and should not be administered
topically, intramuscularly, orally, subcutaneously, or into the eye.
IV infusions must be given over a period of at least 1 hour to reduce the risk of renal
tubular damage. Renal failure, in some cases resulting in death, has been observed

with acyclovir therapy
Acyclovir

12


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/haemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS), which
has resulted in death, has occurred in immunocompromised patients receiving acyclovir
therapy.

A
c
y

PRECAUTIONS
General
Precipitation of acyclovir crystals in renal tubules can occur if the drug is administered
by bolus injection. Ensuing renal tubular damage can produce acute renal failure.
Abnormal renal function (decreased creatinine clearance) can occur as a result of
acyclovir administration and depends on the state of the patient's hydration, other
treatments, and the rate of drug administration. Concomitant use of other nephrotoxic
drugs, pre-existing renal disease, and dehydration make further renal impairment with
acyclovir more likely.
Approximately 1% of patients receiving IV acyclovir have manifested encephalopathic
changes characterised by either lethargy, obtundation, tremors, confusion,
hallucinations, agitation, seizures, or coma.

c

Laboratory Tests
No tests are required in addition to routine ICU blood tests.

l
o

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
None reported

v

IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS FOR THE ICU
Coadministration with other nephrotoxic drugs increases the risk of renal toxicity

13

r

Acyclovir

i

ADVERSE REACTIONS
Body as a Whole:
Anaphylaxis, fever, pain, peripheral oedema.
Cardiovascular System:
Hypotension.
Digestive System:
Diarrhoea, gastrointestinal distress, nausea.

Nervous System:
Aggressive behavior, agitation, ataxia, coma, confusion, delirium, dizziness,
hallucinations, obtundation, paraesthesia, psychosis, seizure, somnolence. These
symptoms may be marked, particularly in older adults
Haematologic and Lymphatic:
Disseminated intravascular coagulation, haemolysis, leukopaenia, lymphadenopathy.
Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas:
Elevated liver function tests, hepatitis, hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice.
Musculoskeletal:
Myalgia.
Skin:
Alopecia, erythema multiforme, photosensitive rash, pruritus, rash, Stevens-Johnson
syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, urticaria. Severe local inflammatory reactions,
including tissue necrosis, have occurred following infusion of acyclovir into
extravascular tissues.
Special Senses:
Visual abnormalities.
Urogenital:
Renal failure, elevated blood urea nitrogen, elevated creatinine.


Adenosine

Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

[1 vial $17.43]

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES:
IV
ALTERNATIVE NAMES:

Adenocor

A

ICU INDICATIONS:
1. Conversion to sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT),
including that associated with accessory bypass tracts (Wolff-Parkinson-White
Syndrome).

d
e
n
o

PRESENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION:
IV:
Adenosine comes in a vial containing 6mg in 2mls solution
Compatible with the following IV fluids:
Normal Saline
Store at room temperature
DO NOT REFRIGERATE as crystallisation may occur. The solution must be clear at the
time of use.

s
i
n
e

DOSAGE:
Adenosine injection should be given as a rapid bolus by the peripheral IV route. It

should be given as close to the patient as possible and followed by a rapid saline flush
(this is best achieved by using a three-way tap system)
The recommended IV doses for adults are as follows:
Initial dose:
6 mg given as a rapid IV bolus (administered over a 1-2 second period).
Repeat administration:
If the first dose does not result in elimination of the supraventricular tachycardia within
1-2 minutes, 12 mg should be given as a rapid IV bolus. This 12 mg dose may be
repeated a second time if required.
Central venous administration of adenosine has not been systematically studied;
however, in the ICU setting this route of administration is acceptable.
DOSAGE IN RENAL FAILURE AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY:
No dosage adjustment is required in renal failure or renal replacement therapy.
DOSAGE IN PAEDIATRICS:
Paediatric Patients with a Body Weight < 50 kg:
Initial dose:
Give 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg as a rapid IV bolus given either centrally or peripherally. A saline
flush should follow.
Repeat administration:
If conversion of PSVT does not occur within 1-2 minutes, additional bolus injections of
adenosine can be administered at incrementally higher doses, increasing the amount
given by 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg. Follow each bolus with a saline flush. This process should
continue until sinus rhythm is established or a maximum single dose of 0.3 mg/kg is
used.

14


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

Paediatric Patients with a Body Weight > 50 kg:
Administer the adult dose.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
Adenosine slows conduction time through the A-V node, can interrupt the reentry
pathways through the AV node, and can restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including PSVT associated with WolffParkinson-White Syndrome.
Intravenously administered adenosine is rapidly cleared from the circulation via cellular
uptake, primarily by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Adenosine has a halflife of less than 10 seconds in whole blood.

n
o
s
i
n
e

IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS FOR THE ICU
Digoxin with or without verapamil use may be rarely associated with ventricular
fibrillation when combined with adenosine (see WARNINGS).
15

e

PRECAUTIONS
General
See CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS

d

WARNINGS

Heart Block
Adenosine injection exerts its effect by decreasing conduction through the A-V node and
may produce a short lasting first-, second- or third-degree heart block. Appropriate
therapy should be instituted as needed. Patients who develop high-level block on one
dose of adensoine should not be given additional doses. Because of the very short halflife of adenosine, these effects are generally self-limiting.
Asystole and VF
Transient or prolonged episodes of asystole have been reported with fatal outcomes in
some cases. Rarely, ventricular fibrillation has been reported following adenosine
administration, including both resuscitated and fatal events. In most instances, these
cases were associated with the concomitant use of digoxin and, less frequently with
digoxin and verapamil. Although no causal relationship or drug-drug interaction has
been established, adenosine should be used with caution in patients receiving digoxin
or digoxin and verapamil in combination.
Arrhythmias at Time of Conversion
At the time of conversion to normal sinus rhythm, a variety of new rhythms may appear
on the electrocardiogram. They generally last only a few seconds without intervention,
and may take the form of premature ventricular contractions, atrial premature
contractions, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, skipped beats, and varying degrees
of A-V nodal block. Such findings are seen in 55% of patients.
Bronchoconstriction
Adenosine has been administered to a limited number of patients with asthma and mild
to moderate exacerbation of their symptoms has been reported. Adenosine should be
used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease or asthma. Adenosine should
be discontinued in any patient who develops severe respiratory difficulties.

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CONTRAINDICATIONS:
1. Second- or third-degree A-V block (except in patients with a functioning artificial
pacemaker).

2. Sinus node disease, such as sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia
(except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker).
3. Known hypersensitivity to adenosine.


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

The effects of adenosine are antagonised by methylxanthines such as caffeine and
theophylline. In the presence of these methylxanthines, larger doses of adenosine may
be required or adenosine may not be effective.
Adenosine effects are potentiated by dipyridamole (persantin). Thus, smaller doses of
adenosine may be effective in the presence of dipyridamole.
Carbamazepine has been reported to increase the degree of heart block produced by
adenosine.

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ADVERSE REACTIONS
The half-life of adenosine is less than 10 seconds. Thus, adverse effects are generally
rapidly self-limiting.
Body as a Whole:
Apprehension
Cardiovascular System:
Facial flushing, headache, sweating, palpitations, chest pain, hypotension
Respiratory System:
Bronchospasm, shortness of breath/dyspnea, chest pressure

Digestive System:
Nausea, metallic taste, tightness in throat, pressure in groin.
Nervous System:
Lightheadedness, dizziness, tingling in arms, numbness, blurred vision, burning
sensation

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Adenosine

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Adrenaline

Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

[1 vial $1.05]

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES:
IV, IM, SC, NEBULISED
ALTERNATIVE NAMES:
Adrenaline mini-jet, EpiPen, Anapen

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ICU INDICATIONS:
1. Cardiac arrest

2. Anaphylaxis
3. Upper airway obstruction
4. Inotrope / vasopressor

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DOSAGE:
Cardiac arrest:
10ml of 1:10000 (i.e 1mg) IV
OR
3-10mg of 1:1000 via ETT can be used if IV access cannot be obtained
NOTE: in cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery, consideration should be given to
immediate sternotomy. If adrenaline is administered in this setting, a standard 1mg
dosage is inappropriate due to the risk of rebound hypertension leaking to fatal
haemorrhage. Give bolus doses of 1ml of 1:10000 and uptitrate gently if circulation is
not restored.
Anaphylaxis:
0.05ml/kg of 1:10000 IV with dose titrated to effect followed by IV infusion if required.
OR
0.01ml/kg of 1:1000 IM (avoid administration in the buttocks)

Post-extubation stridor or other upper airway obtruction:
Use the 1:1000 vials up to max. dose 5ml and administer via a nebuliser (if giving less
than 4mg, make up to at least 4ml with 0.9% saline).
IV Infusion:
10mg in 100ml of D5W or normal saline at up to 20ml/hr titrated to effect

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PRESENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION:
IV:
Adrenaline comes in vials containing 1mg in 1ml (1:1000) and vials containing 1mg in
10ml (1:10000). Mini-jets that contain 1mg in 10ml are also available.
The standard dilution for adrenaline by infusion in the ICU is 10mg in 100ml of
compatible IV fluid
Compatible with the following IV fluids:
Normal saline, D5W, Glucose and Sodium Chloride, Hartmann’s
Store at room temperature. Protect from light. Do not refrigerate. Solutions that are
discoloured pink or brown should not be used.
IM:
Although IM use is said to be preferred in anaphylaxis and other emergencies, the IV
route is generally more appropriate in the ICU setting. Use 1:1000 solution undiluted for
administration by the IM route.
Nebulised
Use 1:1000 solution and (if required) make up to a total of 5ml using normal saline prior
to administration


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

DOSAGE IN RENAL FAILURE AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY:

No dosage adjustment is required in renal failure or renal replacement therapy.

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DOSAGE IN PAEDIATRICS:
Cardiac arrest:
0.1ml/kg of 1:10000 IV
0.1ml/kg of 1:1000 via ETT
Anaphylaxis:
0.05ml/kg of 1:10000 IV
OR
0.01ml/kg of 1:1000 IM
Severe Croup:
Use the 1:1000 vials at a dose of 0.5ml/kg/dose, max. dose 5ml and administer via a
nebuliser (make up to at least 4ml with 0.9% saline).
IV Infusion:
0.3mg/kg in 50ml D5W at 0.5-10ml/hr (0.05-1mcg/kg/min)

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CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic drug. It activates an adrenergic receptive mechanism
on effector cells and imitates all actions of the sympathetic nervous system except
those on the arteries of the face and sweat glands. Adrenaline acts on both alpha and
beta receptors.

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CONTRAINDICATIONS:
There are no absolute contraindications to the use of adrenaline in a life-threatening
situation.

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WARNINGS
Adrenaline by infusion commonly leads to hyperlactataemia and hyperglycaemia.
Adrenaline by infusion may worsen dynamic outflow tract obstruction and paradoxically
reduce cardiac output (particularly if used in the setting of hypovolaemia)
PRECAUTIONS
General
Some patients may be at greater risk of developing adverse reactions after adrenaline
administration. These include: hyperthyroid individuals, individuals with cardiovascular
disease, hypertension, or diabetes, and the elderly.
Laboratory Tests:
Adrenaline infusion commonly leads to increased lactate.
measure lactate levels if there are clinical concerns.

It may be necessary to

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
None reported
IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS FOR THE ICU
The effects of adrenaline may be potentiated by tricyclic antidepressants and
monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

Adrenaline

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Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

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ADVERSE REACTIONS
Body as a Whole:
Apprehension, nervousness, anxiety and sweating.
Cardiovascular System:
Palpitations, tachycardia, pallor.
Respiratory System:
Hyperventilation, pulmonary oedema
Digestive System:
Nausea and vomiting,
Nervous System:
Headache, tremor, dizziness, weakness, cerebrovascular haemorrhage

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Adrenaline

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Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

Allopurinol

[100mg tablets 2 cents, 200mg tablets 2 cents]

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES:
PO, NG
ALTERNATIVE NAMES:
Progout, Allohexal, Apo-Allopurinol

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ICU INDICATIONS:
1. Prophylaxis against gout
2. The management of patients with leukaemia, lymphoma and malignancies who
are receiving cancer therapy which causes elevations of serum and urinary uric
acid levels.

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PRESENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION:
PO / NG
100mg and 300mg tablets (white); tablets may be crushed and administered via the
nasogastric tube.

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DOSAGE:
Gout:
The minimal effective dosage is 100-200 mg daily and the maximal recommended
dosage is 800 mg daily. The appropriate dosage may be administered in divided doses
or as a single equivalent dose with the 300 mg tablet. Dosage requirements in excess of
300 mg should be administered in divided doses.

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Prevention of hyperuricaemia in patients at risk of tumour lysis syndrome:
For the prevention of uric acid nephropathy during the vigorous therapy of neoplastic
disease, treatment with 600-800 mg daily for 2-3 days is advisable together with a high
fluid intake.

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DOSAGE IN RENAL FAILURE AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY:
Dose in renal impairment [GFR (ml/min)]
<10

100mg daily / alternate days
10-20
100-200mg daily
>20-50
200-300mg/daily
Dose in renal replacement therapy
CAPD
Dose as for GFR <10ml/min
HD
Dose as for GFR <10ml/min
CVVHDF
Dose as for GFR 10-20ml/min
Note – with all grades of renal impairment, commence with 100mg/day and increase if
serum urate response is unsatisfactory. Doses of less than 100mg/day may be required
in some patients.
DOSAGE IN PAEDIATRICS:
Prevention of hyperuricaemia in patients at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Children, 6-10 years of age, with secondary hyperuricaemia associated with
malignancies may be given 300 mg allopurinol daily while those under 6 years are
generally given 150 mg daily. The response is evaluated after approximately 48 hours

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Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

of therapy and a dosage adjustment is made if necessary.
10mg/kg 12-24 hrly.

Weight-based dosage is

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CONTRAINDICATIONS:
1. Hypersensitivity to allopurinol

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CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
Allopurinol is a structural analogue of the natural purine base, hypoxanthine. It is an
inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of
hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid, the end product of purine
metabolism in man.
Allopurinol is approximately 90% absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

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PRECAUTIONS
General
An increase in acute attacks of gout has been reported during the early stages of
allopurinol administration, even when normal or subnormal serum uric acid levels have
been attained.

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WARNINGS
The most frequent adverse reaction to allopurinol is skin rash. Skin reactions can be
severe and sometimes fatal. Therefore, treatment with allopurinol should be

discontinued immediately if a rash develops.

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IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS FOR THE ICU
Mercaptopurine/Azathioprine:
Allopurinol inhibits the enzymatic oxidation of mercaptopurine and azathioprine to 6thiouric acid.
Allopurinol

21

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Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Allopurinol is not known to alter the accuracy of laboratory tests.

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Laboratory Tests:
The correct dosage and schedule for maintaining the serum uric acid within the normal
range is best determined by using the serum uric acid as an index. It may, on occasion
be appropriate to measure a uric acid level in a patient on allopurinol in the intensive
care unit.

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Bone marrow depression has been reported in patients receiving allopurinol, most of
whom received concomitant drugs with the potential for causing this reaction. This has
occurred as early as 6 weeks to as long as 6 years after the initiation of allopurinol
therapy.

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Some patients with pre-existing renal disease or poor urate clearance have shown a
rise in creatinine during allopurinol administration. In patients with hyperuricaemia due
to malignancy, the vast majority of changes in renal function are attributable to the
underlying malignancy rather than to therapy with allopurinol. Although the mechanism
responsible for this has not been established, patients with impaired renal function
should be carefully observed during the early stages of allopurinol administration so that
the dosage can be appropriately adjusted for renal function.


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

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In patients receiving mercaptopurine or azathioprine, the concomitant administration of
300-600 mg/day of allopurinol will require a reduction in dose to approximately one third
to one fourth of the usual dose of mercaptopurine or azathioprine. Subsequent
adjustment of doses of mercaptopurine or azathioprine should be made on the basis of
therapeutic response and the appearance of toxic effects.
Warfarin:
Allopurinol prolongs the half-life of warfarin.
Thiazide Diuretics:
Renal function may be more likely to deteriorate with the combination of allopurinol and
thiazide diuretics and, in patients on thiazide diuretics, allopurinol dosage levels should
be more conservative.

Amoxicillin:
An increase in the frequency of skin rash has been reported among patients receiving
amoxicillin concurrently with allopurinol compared to patients who are not receiving both
drugs. The cause of the reported association has not been established.
Cyclosporin:
Cyclosporin levels may be increased during concomitant treatment with allopurinol.
Monitoring of cyclosporin levels and possible adjustment of cyclosporin dosage should
be considered when these drugs are co-administered.

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ADVERSE REACTIONS
Body as a Whole:
Skin rash, fever, chills,
Cardiovascular System:
Vasculitis
Respiratory System:
Bronchospasm, asthma, pharyngitis, rhinitis.
Digestive System:
Cholestatic jaundice, diarrhoea, nausea, LFT derangement, gastritis, dyspepsia
Nervous System:
Peripheral neuropathy, neuritis, paraesthesia, somnolence.
Musculoskeletal System:
Exacerbation of gout during initial treatment, arthralgias
Haematological System:

Eosinophilia and mild leukocytosis or leukopaenia

Allopurinol

22


Aminophylline

Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

[1 vial $5.38]

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES:
IV
ALTERNATIVE NAMES:
Aminophylline (DBL)

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ICU INDICATIONS:
1. Management of acute life threatening asthma (particularly in children)

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DOSAGE:
Asthma and COPD:
IV aminophylline is very rarely used for treatment in asthma or COPD in adults in our
Intensive Care Unit. The dilution when used for adults is 500mg in 500ml of compatible
IV fluid (ie 1mg/ml) at 0.5-1mg/kg/hr (usually 0-40ml/hr).

Dose adjustment for obesity
Theophylline does not distribute into fatty tissue. Dosage should be calculated on the
basis of lean (ideal) body weight.
Note: Do not use standard dosing for IV infusion if the patient is already on oral
theophylline; dosage should be worked out after determining the serum
concentration.

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DOSAGE IN RENAL FAILURE AND RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY:
While dose adjustment in renal failure is possible, dosage is complex and the risk of
toxicity is high. Aminophylline should be ceased if the patient develops significant renal
impairment.

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DOSAGE IN PAEDIATRICS:
Aminophylline Infusion in Life threatening asthma
Dose if patient aged 1 – 9 years:
• 1.1 mg/kg/hour
• Add 55 mg/kg of IV aminophylline solution (25 mg/ml) to a 50 ml syringe and make up
to 50ml with 5% dextrose
• Then infuse at 1 ml/hr
Dose if patient aged 10 – 15 years and weight < 35 kg:
• 0.7 mg/kg/hour
• Add 35 mg/kg of IV aminophylline solution (25 mg/ml) to a 50 ml syringe and make up
to 50ml with 5% dextrose
• Then infuse at 1 ml/hr

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PRESENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION:
IV:
250mg/10ml (solution). For adult administration dilute 500mg in 500ml of compatible IV
fluid to make a concentration of 1mg/ml.
Store at room temperature 15-30°C; protect from light
Compatible with: normal saline, D5W, D10W, Glucose and Sodium chloride,
Hartmann’s.
Do not mix with other medications – many medications with precipitate if mixed with
aminophylline.


Wellington ICU Drug Manual v2 2013

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Dose if patient aged 10 – 15 years and weight > 35 kg

• 0.7 mg/kg/hour
• Draw up neat IV Aminophylline solution (25 mg/ml) into a 50 ml syringe
• Then infuse at 0.028 ml/kg/hr
For example if you have a 40 kg child then infusion rate will be 40 x 0.028 = 1.12 ml/hr
Dose adjustment for obesity
Theophylline does not distribute into fatty tissue. Dosage should be calculated on the
basis of lean (ideal) body weight. Use the 50th percentile of expected weight for age
Note: Do not use standard dosing for IV infusion if the patient is already on oral
theophylline; dosage should be worked out after determining the serum
concentration.

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CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
Aminophylline is a 2:1 complex of theophylline and ethylenediamine. The activity is of
theophylline alone. Theophylline directly relaxes the smooth muscle of the bronchial
airway and pulmonary blood vessels, thus acting mainly as a bronchodilator and smooth
muscle relaxant. It has also been demonstrated that aminophylline has a potent effect
on diaphragmatic contractility in normal persons and may then be capable of reducing
fatigability and therapy improve contractility in patients with chronic obstructive airway
disease. The exact mode of action remains unsettled.

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CONTRAINDICATIONS:
1. Hypersensitivity to either aminophylline or ethylenediamine.

2. Active peptic ulcer disease
3. Underlying seizure disorders (unless receiving appropriate anticonvulsant
medications).

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WARNINGS
In individuals in whom theophylline plasma clearance is reduced for any reason, even
conventional doses may result in increased serum levels and potential toxicity. Reduced
theophylline clearance has been documented in the following readily identifiable groups:
(1) patients with impaired liver function;
(2) patients over 55 years of age, particularly males and those with chronic lung
disease;
(3) those with cardiac failure from any cause;
(4) patients with sustained high fever;
(5) neonates and infants under 1 year of age; and
(6) those patients taking certain drugs (see DRUG INTERACTIONS).
Serious side effects such as ventricular arrhythmias, convulsions or even death may
appear as the first sign of toxicity without any previous warning. A serum concentration
measurement is the only reliable method of predicting potentially life-threatening toxicity.
Theophylline products may cause or worsen arrhythmias and any significant change in
rate and/or rhythm warrants measurement of a serum level and consideration of
cessation of the drug.
PRECAUTIONS
General
See WARNINGS

Aminophylline

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