Nguyễn Trọng Long
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Suprasegmental features
Suprasegmental features
and Prosody
and Prosody
Lect _ Nguyen Trong Long 2009
Lect _ Nguyen Trong Long 2009
Prosody
Prosody
An informal definition
An informal definition
: The ‘music’ of a language, its
: The ‘music’ of a language, its
characteristic ‘melody’ and ‘rhythm’.
characteristic ‘melody’ and ‘rhythm’.
A more formal definition
A more formal definition
: The system of prosodic
: The system of prosodic
contrasts that a language employs.
contrasts that a language employs.
Supra-segmental features
Supra-segmental features
: Phonetic features that span
: Phonetic features that span
more than a single speech segment. Features that span a
more than a single speech segment. Features that span a
whole syllable or are only apparent when one syllable is
whole syllable or are only apparent when one syllable is
compared with others in its neighbourhood.
compared with others in its neighbourhood.
Typical suprasegmental features
Typical suprasegmental features
:
:
–
Voice pitch
Voice pitch
–
Loudness or vocal effort
Loudness or vocal effort
–
Length or relative duration of a syllable
Length or relative duration of a syllable
Suprasegmental features realize or express prosodic
Suprasegmental features realize or express prosodic
contrasts.
contrasts.
English Prosody
English Prosody
Made up of three prosodic systems:
Made up of three prosodic systems:
–
Stress: operates at the level of the word
Stress: operates at the level of the word
–
Rhythm
Rhythm
–
Intonation: operates at the level of the phrase or
Intonation: operates at the level of the phrase or
whole utternace.
whole utternace.
Stress: the relative prominence of a syllable.
Stress: the relative prominence of a syllable.
Rhythm:
Rhythm: patterns of stress in time.
Intonation: the pitch pattern of an utterance.
Some complications
Some complications
Prosody in languages that are related to English can be
analysed under three main headings (word stress,
rhythm, intonation).
However, for tone languages (Chinese, Vietnamese, and
many others) or other languages whose prosodic system
is quite different from that of English (like Japanese), the
3-way division of prosody into stress, rhythm and
intonation applies only in part.
Prosodic interference or transfer effects (interference of
L1 prosody on L2) can be a major source of difficulty for
second language learners.
English word stress
English word stress
Locate the main stress (most prominent syllable) in these
Locate the main stress (most prominent syllable) in these
words:
words:
electric
electric
electrician
electrician
permit (n) permit (v)
permit (n) permit (v)
Locate the
Locate the
unstressed
unstressed
syllables in the words above.
syllables in the words above.
Unstressed syllables undergo vowel reduction.
Unstressed syllables undergo vowel reduction.
Syllables that are not reduced, but not the most
Syllables that are not reduced, but not the most
prominent in the word are called
prominent in the word are called
‘secondary stressed’
‘secondary stressed’
syllables.
syllables.
Hence we may distinguish 3 levels of stress in
Hence we may distinguish 3 levels of stress in
English words:
English words:
–
Primary
Primary
: main stress or accent
: main stress or accent
–
Secondary
Secondary
: unreduced and not accented
: unreduced and not accented
–
Tertiary: reduced or unstressed.
Tertiary: reduced or unstressed.
Some word stress alternations in English:
Some word stress alternations in English:
diplomat
diplomat
diplomacy
diplomacy
diplomatic
diplomatic
photograph
photograph
photography
photography
photographic
photographic
It is sometimes hard to distinguish between
It is sometimes hard to distinguish between
secondary and tertiary levels of stress.
secondary and tertiary levels of stress.
or
or
??
??
There is some dialect variation with vowel reduction.
There is some dialect variation with vowel reduction.
English word stress ‘likes’ to follow an alternating pattern
English word stress ‘likes’ to follow an alternating pattern
of stressed and unstressed syllables:
of stressed and unstressed syllables:
S U S U S U S S U S U
S U S U S U S S U S U
Word stress is culminative in English
Word stress is culminative in English
.
.
Polysyllabic words in English have a single center of stress
Polysyllabic words in English have a single center of stress
prominence, the accented syllable.
prominence, the accented syllable.
Even in long words, which might be said to have two
Even in long words, which might be said to have two
primary stressed syllables:
primary stressed syllables:
psycholinguistics
psycholinguistics
One syllable in the word tends to carry the
One syllable in the word tends to carry the
accent
accent
in the
in the
intonation contour of a whole utternace.
intonation contour of a whole utternace.
(incredulous)
(incredulous)
The stress pattern of a word ‘culminates’ in a single
The stress pattern of a word ‘culminates’ in a single
syllable – the one that potentially carries phrase accent.
syllable – the one that potentially carries phrase accent.
Compound words
Compound words
Words that are composed of words:
Words that are composed of words:
hot-dog
hot-dog
hot dog
hot dog
[
[
h
h
t
t
d
d
g]
g]
[
[
h
h
t
t
d
d
g]
g]
compound
compound
phrase
phrase
look-in
look-in
look in
look in
[
[
l
l
k
k
]
]
[
[
l
l
k
k
]
]
<opportunity>
<opportunity>
<look in>
<look in>
Compound word has initial stress.
Compound word has initial stress.
The second element of the compound is
The second element of the compound is
de-
de-
accented.
accented.
(Compared with the 2
(Compared with the 2
nd
nd
element of the
element of the
phrase)
phrase)
Only one accented syllable per word.
Only one accented syllable per word.
Stress is important for the sound pattern of
Stress is important for the sound pattern of
English words
English words
Non-native speakers of English should
Non-native speakers of English should
practice hearing and producing these
practice hearing and producing these
stress contrasts:
stress contrasts:
an
an
insult
insult
to in
to in
sult
sult
an
an
overflow
overflow
to over
to over
flow
flow
an
an
increase
increase
to in
to in
crease
crease
a
a
walkout
walkout
to
to
walk
walk
out
out
See exercises from
See exercises from
Peter
Peter
Ladefoged
Ladefoged
.
.
