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LY LUAN VA THL/C T I I N

CHINH

TRI Nl/dC NGOAI

TRno Liru cm cncH HRNH CHINH TRCN T H € ' G I 6 I
TRONG NHUNG THRP NI€N GflN DRV
NGlJYfiN TRONG BINH'*'

T

ir nhung ndm 80 eua the ky XX ddn
nay, lan sdng cdi cdch bdnh chinh hdu
nhu da didn ra d tdt cd cdc nudc tir Bac My
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ddn Nam Phi, tir Tdy Au den chdu A. Cho
dd cdc nudc cd sy khac nhau vd bdi canh,
truydn thdng vdn hda vd hodn cdnh xd hpi,
sdeh lupc vd myc tidu vd cdi cdch hanh
chinh d mdi nudc cung cd sy khde nhau.
Nhung nguydn nhdn, ndi dung vd phuong
hudng cda cdi cdch hdnh chinh vd ca bdn Id
thdng nhdt.

Cd thd thdy nguyen nhdn sdu xa cda cai
cdch hdnh chinh d cdc nudc trdn thd gidi tir
nhung ndm 80 cda the ky XX ddn nay, dd
Id: todn cau hda, sy phdt tridn cda cdng
nghd thdng tin, quy md qud Idn cda ndn
bdnh chinh vd sy kem linh boat va nhanh
nhay cda ndn bdnh chinh truyen thdng.
Ddc trung quan trpng cda cai cdch bdnh
chinh tren pham vi todn cdu hon 2 thdp ky

*'^ Hoc vien Chinh trj - Hanh chinh khu vuc IV.
LY LUAN CHINH TRI. SO 2-2012

qua chinh la qua trinh nay dupc dua tren
nhung cdn cu tuong ddi chin mudi, dd la:
I.Ly ludn ve su lua chpn cdng cpng
Ly luan vd sy lya chpn cdng cpng
(public choice) dua tren ca sd kinh te hpc
de nghien cdn cdc van dd lien quan tdi
quydt sdeh trong san xudt vd cung dng, dich
vu cdng cpng cda chinh phd, cda "thi
trudng chinh trj" Ly ludn nay cho rang,
cung gidng nhu sy that bai cua thj trudng,
chinh phu cung cd su that bai cua nd, the
hidn d mpt sd diem sau: Mpt Id, tinh chat
"con ngudi kinh td" cda dpi ngu quan chuc,
cda chinh phd dan den vide chinh phu va
dpi ngu quan chuc cd thd vi tdi da hda lpi
ich cda minh md hy sinh lpi ich cdng cpng;
ddng thdi, nguydn nhan thdt bai cda thj

trudng cung chinh Id nguydn nhdn ddn den
that bai cda chinh phd, dd Id sy cd gidi ban
cda ly tinh vd thdng tin... Hai Id, tinh chat
lung doan cda quydn lyc chinh tri thudng
tao ndn hdnh vi "trao ddi", "mua bdn" trong
boat ddng chinh tri cung nhu trong boat
85


dpng cua chinh phu. Ba Id, hieu qua thap
cda bp may quan lieu. Dieu nay vua bieu
hiCMi d sy thieu hut vc dpng luc lam vice va
nang cao hieu qua cdng vice cua gidi quan
lieu, vira bieu hien d hiC'u qua thap trong
thuc liicMi boat dpng giam s;it ciia chinh tri
gia \a dan chung ddi vdi gidi quan lieu.
Bdn Id, su tu "phinh ra" cua bp may quan
lieu khdng chi tao nen su xdi mon vc cac
ngudn luc, ma cdn tao nen hieu qua thap
cua iKMi hanh chinh.
Vi the. ly luan \c su lua chpn cong cpng
cho rang, chinh phu khdng phai la mpt ccr
che cd hieu qua trong \ lec sua chua va bd
sung cho nhung that bai cua thi trudng. Tu
do. ly luan nay chd truang: 77/ir nhdt, gidi
ban \ c pham vi, vai trd cua chinh phu, cda
nen hanh chinh, thyc hien mpt "chinh phd
cd ban" "chinh phu nhd, phuc vu tdt" Vai
trd va tac dung cua chinh phu, cda nen
hanh chinh chi gidi ban vdo vide sdn xudt

va cung ung nhung sdn phdm cdng cdng
cdn thidt. Thu hai, ngay cd vide sdn xudt vd
cung urng cdc san pham hang hda cdng
cpng thdng thudng, chinh phd cung cdn
phat huy vai trd cda cap dja phuong, cdc td
chdrc phi lpi nhuan, doanh nghiep vd cd
nhan. Thu ha, cdi each thd thd hdnh chinh,
van dung co chd thj trudng vao vide san
xudt vd cung irng cac san pham va dich vy
cdng. Bien phdp chd yeu gdm: thidt lap mdi
quan he hop tdc giua khu vyc cdng vd khu
vyc tu; thdng qua cac phuang thdc khac
nhau de ehuydn mpt sd chuc ndng phuc vy
ndo dd trudc day vdn do chinh phd thyc
hien cho cdc td chuc phi chinh phd vd khu
vyc tu; thyc bien sy canh tranh giua chinh
phd vdi cdc td chuc phi chinh phd, tao didu
86

kipn dc cdng chdng lya chpn sy phyc vu
cdng cpng; bpc tap nhung ydu td hpp ly
trong to chuc va boat dpng cda doanh
nghipp. thyc hipn ca che trdch nhiem va
nang cao tinh tich eye cda dpi ngu cong
chirc. Thd tu, cai each trinh ty lap phap,
thuc hipn trinh ty lap phap cd sy tham gia
cua "nhieu trung tam"; manh dan trao quyen
cho cac td chuc xd hpi va td chuc hanh
chinh cap ca sd trong san xuat vd cung img
ciic san pham hang hda cdng cpng. Thu ndm,

chinh tri hda dpi ngu can bp cap cao cda bp
may hanh chinh va xdc djnh trach nhiem
chinh tri doi vdi dpi ngu nay.
2. Ly ludn quan ly cong mdi
Ly luan qudn ly cdng mdi do Thomas
Hood neu ra trong mdt tac phdm dupc xuat
ban vdo ndm 1991. Id sau nhiing ndm 70
cda the ky XX, d Anh va cac nudc thanh
vidn khac cua Td chirc Hop tdc vd Phat
tridn kinh td (OECD) gpi phong trdo cdi
each chinh phd d nhung nudc ndy la phong
trdo qudn ly cdng mdi. Ndi dung chd yeu
md phong trdo qudn ly cdng mdi thyc hien
Id: 1) Thyc bidn qudn ly mot cdch ehuyen
nghidp, de ngudi qudn ly cdp cao chju trach
nhidm ddi vdi kdt qud dat dupc; 2) Xac
djnh tieu chudn vd ddnh gid, do ludng hieu
suat mpt each rd rdng, xdc djnh myc tieu,
myc dich phyc vy cdng cdng vd xdy dung
chi tidu dd lupng hda vd ddnh gid sy thanh
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cdng; 3) Coi trpng ban vide kidm sodt ddu
ra, chd y sy gdn kdt giira phdn bd ngudn luc,
khuydn khich vd ddnh gid hidu qua; 4) Tang
cudng sy canh tranh trong ndi bd khu vuc
cdng, thyc hidn hop ddng nhiem ky vd trinh
ty dau thdu cdng cpng trong ITnh vyc cung

dng cdc sdn phdm vd dich vu cdng; 5) Coi
LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012


trpng hpc tap phong each quan ly cua
doanh nghiep, tang cudng tinh linh boat ve
che dp tuyen dung va thudng phat, su dung
mpt each nhieu hon cac ky nang trong quan
ly ngudn nhan lyc; 6) Nhan manh viec su
dyng mpt each tidt kiem va bao tdn cac
ngudn tai nguyen.
3. Ly ludn qudn tri tdt

Ly luan "quan tri" tdt da dupc Ngan
hang The gidi dua ra trong mot bao cao vao
nam 1989. Bao cao nay cbi rd quan ly cdng
d cac nudc chau Phi da roi vao tinh trang
khdng hoang sau sdc \a la trd ngai ldn nhat
ddi vdi sy phat trien kinh te xa hpi d cac
qudc gia ndy. Do dd. cdn phai cdi cdch
kliudn khd qudn ly cdng hien cd vd ddi mdi
cdc quy tdc dd thidt lap mpt he thdng quan
trj tdt. Ly luan qudn trj nhdn manh tdi trdch
nhidm va quyen ban quan ly cac van de
cdng cpng; ehuydn tir md binh qudn ly hanh
chinh truyen thdng vdi sy dpc quydn cua bp
may bdnh chinh sang binh thanh mpt kdt
cdu qudn ly cd sy tham gia nhidu chd the
(chinh phu, cdc td chuc xa hpi dan su,
doanh nghidp vd cd nhan); tir do binh thanh

mdt kdt cau qudn trj cac vdn dd cdng cpng
cd tinh da dang. Theo dd, vide qudn ly cdc
vdn dd cdng cdng, ngodi phuong thurc do
nen bdnh chinh thyc bidn, cdn cd the thyc
hidn bdng nhidu phuong thurc khde nhau.
Nhu-ng phuong thdrc ndy bao gdm: Thu
nhdt, lidn hop qudn tri. Theo dd, cdn cd sy
phdi kdt hpp gifl-a nen hanh chinh vdi cdc td
chure xa bpi ddn sy, doanh nghidp vd ca
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nhdn de cdng nhau gidi quydt cdc vdn dd xa
hpi. Ca che cu the vd sy lidn hpp quan tri
cd thd thdng qua nhidu binh thd-c, chdng
ban sy hop tdc giira khu vyc cdng vd khu
LY LUAN CHINH TRI. s 6 2-2012

vuc tu (ca quan hanh chinh vdi khu vuc tu);
su hop tac giua ca quan hanh chinh vdi ca
quan hanh chinh; su hop tac giua ca quan
hanh chinh vai cac td chuc xa hpi dan su;
sy hap tac giua cac td chuc xa hpi dan su
vdi khu vuc tu. Thu hai, tu chu va tu quan
trong quan tri. Theo dd, cdn phat huy vai

trd ty quan ciia cac to chuc (hoac cpng
dong) ma thanh vien cua cac td chuc nay co
su tuang dong ve mat lpi ich hay cd su gfin
ket vdi nhau bdi tap quan truyen thdng.
Chinh cac td chuc nay se de ra va thuc hien
cac quy tac nham giai quyet cac vdn dd
cpng cpng trong pham vi cd lien quan tdi
lpi ich cua td chuc minh ma khong anh
budng tdi lpi ich chung cua xa hpi. Thir ba,
su quan trj cua nhieu trung tam. Mo thuc
quan tri nay cho du van xac djnh trach
nhiem quan ly cac van de cdng cpng la do
CO quan chinh phU, ca quan hanh chinh
thyc hien, nhung nhirng co quan nay khong
cdn la trung tam quyen lyc dan nhat dupc
thanh lap dua md hinh quan lieu cua Max
Weber nira, ma la mpt he thong phdc hop
cua cac co quan hanh chinh. Trong nhirng
pham vi nhat dinh, cac co quan nay thuc
hien vide cung cap cac san pham va dich vu
cdng cd the gidng nhau hoac khac nhau
nhdm thda man nhu cau khac nhau cda
cdng dan.
Nhu the, vdi vide nhdn manh tinh da
dang cda hdnh dpng tap thd (cda nhieu chu
thd TG), ly ludn qudn trj ve ban chat da
phd nhan ly ludn hanh chinh truyen thdng.
Nd khdng cbi ndu ldn vdn dd can phai nhin
nhdn lai tinh hpp ly va tinh hop phap ve sy
lung doan, dpc quydn cua ndn hdnh chinh

truyen thdng vd de xuat vide cdn phai doi
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mdi tu duy ve vai trd va chu-c ndng cda ndn
hanh chinh; ma cdn dc xuat hinh thuc hpp
ly va dieu kicMi can thiet de nen hanh chinh
thuc hicMi tdt vai trd quan ly cda minh. Vi
the, ly luan quan tri chu truang: Mot Id, cac
thiet che tham gia qudn ly cdng khdng chi
la CO quan hanh chinh ma cdn la sy tham
gia cua nhieu ca quan. td chdc khac nhau
\ a ca nhan. Nen hanh chinh, bp may hanh
chinh khdng cdn la chu the duy nhat, giu
vai trd doc quyen trong quan ly cac vdn de
cdng cpng. Tren thuc te, d mpt sd ITnh vyc,
cac to chuc phi chinh phu cang cd uu the

trpng vdo vipe cai cdch thd che hdnh chinh,
thiet lap mpt ket cau quan trj tdt, cdng khai,
minh bach, cdng bdng, bap phdp vd cd hieu
qud. Sdu Id, chinh phd vd ndn hdnh chinh
can phai kheo Ido trong vipe sir dung cac
cdng cy qudn ly de thyc hipn thdnh cdng
myc tieu qudn ly cda minh. Bdy la, chinh
phd vd nen hdnh chinh can manh dan thirc
hien vipe trao quydn vd giao quyen cho cdp
dudi, cdc td chure phi chinh phd, thdm chi la
cho doanh nghipp vd ca nhdn dd nham phat
huy tinh tich eye cda cdc nhdn td ndy trong

quan trj.

ban so X di cac ca quan bdnh chinh trong
vice cung cdp djch vy vd san phdm cdng
cpng. Hai la, vd mat thyc tidn, ndn bdnh
chinh khdng pbai la chd thd duy nhdt cda
quan ly cdng, nhidu td chuc vd cd nhdn dya
vao phuang thuc cda minh dd tham gia vdo
boat dpng quan ly cdng cpng. Ba Id, su
phdn djnh tren thyc td cda cdi gpi la cdng
vdi tu, ndn hdnh chinh vdi xd bdi, ndn hdnh
chinh vdi thj trudng la tuong ddi. Bon Id,
giira ndn bdnh chinh vdi cdc td chdc xd hpi
vd cd nhan tdn tai mdt mdi quan he hpp tdc,
phdi hop vd nuong tya lan nhau. Trdch
nhidm chd yeu cda ndn bdnh chinh trong
md thuc qudn tri nay khdng cdn Id tryc tidp
sdn xudt vd cung dng sdn phdm vd djch vy

Q^ ^bd phdn loai cdc md hinh vd cdi cdch
j^^^b chinh cdng trdn thd gidi thdnh 3 mo
hinh nhu sau: md binh cdi cdch mang tinh
^idu chinh vd thich img dien ra d cdc nudc
phat tridn; md binh cdi cdch mang tinh
ehuydn ddi md hinh nhu Nga, cdc nudc
edng Au...; md binh cdi cdch mang tinh
phat tridn dien ra d cdc nudc thupc thd gidi
thu ba vdi trinh dp phdt tridn kinh td con
chua cao. Cho dd 3 md hinh cdi cdch hanh
chinh ndi trdn dien ra trong dieu kidn cd su

khde nhau vd mdt thd che d mdi nudc,
nhung phuang budng, npi dung vd bien
phdp cdi each ddu tuang ty nhau, dd Id:
^^5^ /^ ^^^ ^^.^^ ,^. ^. ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^.
^^• ,,.^ ^.^^^ ^^,^^^^^ ^^^ ^.^ ^^^^ ^^^^^

cdng cdng, md Id dd ra vd thyc hipn cdc quy
tac de didu chinh mdi quan h? phdi hop
giua ndn bdnh chinh vdi cdc td chure xd hpi
trong sdn xudt vd cung dng sdn phdm vd
djch vy cdng; hinh thdnh mpt mdi quan hp
tin cdy vd lau ddi giu:a ndn bdnh chinh vdi
cdc td chdrc xa bdi. Ndm Id, chinh phd cung
nhu ndn hdnh chinh mudn phdt huy tdc
dyng cua minh trong qudn trj edn phdi chd

yd mat thuc tiln, ddc trung cua nd Id thu
hep vd khdng gian tdc dung cua chinh phu,
^da ndn hdnh chinh, chu trpng phdt huy tac
dyng cda ca chd thi trudng vd vai trd cda xa
hpi dan sy. "Nha nudc nhd, xa hpi ldn"
chinh Id sy khdi qudt cd dpng ddi vdi bidn
phdp cdi cdch nay. Theo dd ndn hdnh chinh
chi dam nhdn chdrc nang va vai trd cdn thidt
vd ehuydn mpt sd chdrc nang cua nd cho thj

88

LY LUAN CHINH TRI. S 6 2-2012

trudng vd xa hdi ddn sy. 6 phuong didn
nay, bien phdp chd yeu md cdc nudc thyc
hidn la: Thu nhdt, phi qudc bun hda. Thdng
qua cdc phuong thurc nhu bdn, cho thud,
lidn doanh, cd phdn dd ehuydn mdt sd
doanh nghidp nhd nude bode don vj sy
nghidp nhd nudc cho cdc td ebd:c phi chinh
phd, cdc td chure mang tinh ty nguydn vd
khu vyc tu doanh. Ddy Id ndi dung chd ydu
cda cdi cdch hdnh chinh dd dupe nudc Anh
vd mpt sd nudc phdt tridn thyc hidn d thai
ky ddu trong nhiing 80 cda thd ky XX den
nay. Trong thdi ky ndy, nhidu ITnh vyc
thude quydn kinh doanh bode quydn sd hliu
cda nhd nudc (chdng ban nhu didn, thdng
tin lidn lac, giao thdng, nudc. dudng sdt,
than dd, ddu khi) da dupe ehuydn giao cho
cdc td chdrc, don vj "phi nhd nudc" Thu hai,
ddn doanh hda. Cd ngudi ddnh ddng ddn
doanh hda vdi phi qudc bun hda, cho rdng
ddn doanh hda Id vide bdn tdi sdn cda nhd
nudc cho tu nhan. Cdch ly gidi ndy Id chua
day du. Trdn thyc te, ngodi y nghTa Id phi
qudc bun hda, ddn doanh hda cdn cbi vide
su dung CO che thj trudng dd cung cdp cdc
djch vu cdng cpng. Thdng qua dan doanh
hda, nhd nudc (chinh phu) ehuydn mdt sd
chdrc ndng trudc day do minh ddm nhan
nhu xdr ly rdc thdi, sua chua vd bdo tri

dudng sd, bdo vd tdi nguydn thidn nhidn,
thdm chi la qudn gido, phdng chdng tdi
pham, cdp phdt curu trp, cham sdc trd em...
cho doanh nghidp vd cdc td chdrc xd bdi.
Thu ba, ndi Idng kidm sodt vd qudn chd.
Npi hdm cda kidm sodt rdt rpng, thdng
thudng Id chi sy khdng chd vd kidm sodt tir
trdn xudng dudi trong ndi bd chinh phd
cung nhu bd mdy hdnh chinh; cd Idc cung
chi su can thiep mang tinh cuong chd cda
LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012

bd may hanh chinh ddi vdi boat ddng kinh
td; cd Idc, cd noi (My) lai chi tdt cd nhung
boat dpng can thiep cda bp may hanh chinh.
Tuong d-ng nhu vdy, bam nghTa cda ndi
Idng kiem sodt vd qudn chd cung cd 3 nghTa:
ngliTa hep nhdt Id cbi ndi Idng sy kidm soat
nghidm ngdt cda co quan cdp trdn ddi vdi
cap dudi vd cdng chuc, trao cho cap dudi vd
cdng chire quydn ty chd nhdt djnh; nghTa thd
bai Id gidm thidu sy can dy mang tinh cudng
chd cda bp mdy hdnh chinh ddi vdi boat
dpng kinh td; van dung co chd thj trudng de
didu khidn hdnh vi cda doanh nghidp; ham
y thur ba cda nd Id gidm thidu pham vi can
thiep cda chinh phd ddi vdi ddi sdng kinh td
xd hpi. Ndi Idng kidm soat d nghTa thur hai
vd thur ba cung lidn quan tdi vide thyc hidn
"nhd nudc nhd, xd hdi ldn"

Tuy nhidn, nhung ndm 80 cda thd ky XX,
d cdc nudc phdt tridn, vide tap trung cdi
cdch nham thu hep pham vi boat dpng vd
gidm thidu vai trd, tdc dyng cda ndn hdnh
chinh cung da dua ddn mpt sd vdn dd xa hpi.
Chdng ban nhu coi nhe cdc gid tri nhu trdch
nhidm, binh ddng vd ddn chd cua hanh
chinh cdng, coi nhe tinh ddc thd cda bdnh
chinh cdng, coi nhe quydn cdng dan vd tinh
hpp phdp cda phyc vu cdng... Didu ndy
khidn ngudi ta tdng budc y thdrc dupc rdng
"nhd nudc nhd" khdng phdi Id myc dich tdi
uu cda cdi each bdnh chinh; "nhd nudc tdt"
mdi Id didu md cdi cdch hdnh chinh cdng
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theo dudi. Do dd, tir nhung ndm 90 cda thd
ky XX ddn nay, cdi cdch hdnh chinh khdng
cdn la sy rdi bd vd "rdt lui" cda chinh phd
vd ndn hdnh chinh ddi vdi tdt cd cdc ITnh
vyc, ma la xdc dinh vd lya chpn ITnh vyc
thich hpp cda sy "can thiep"
89


Hai Id, cdi cdch phuang thdc vai tro, tdc
dung cua chinh phu, did yeu Id su- dyng ca
che tbi trudng vd ca che xd hpi de sdn xuat

vd cung ung cac san pham va djch vy cdng
ma cdng dan can. Vi the. cac nudc dd tim
kiem va tao ra nhieu cdng cu khde nhau
trong vice sdn xuat vd cung d-ng cdc sdn
phdm \ a djch vy cdng cpng. Td- thyc te tai
cac tieu bang va chinh quyen dja phuang
cda My, Osboumc vd Gaeblcr quan sat thdy,
\'iec cung cdp cac djch vy cdng cpng, bdn
canh cac each thdng thudng, cdn cd 36 bipn
phap lua chpn khac nhau. Ngodi cdc cdng
cy truydn thdng nhu thiet lap cdc quy djnh
vd phuang phdp chd tdi, kiem sodt vd ndi
Idng kidm sodt, kiem sodt vd didu tra, cdp
gidy phdp, chinh sdeh thud, tdi trp, trp cdp,

cdch. Myc tieu cda cai each thd che hdnh
chinh cdng d cdc nudc phdt tridn la tdng
cudng sy tham gia vd ndng cao hidu qua
cda bdnh chinh cdng. Bidn phdp chd ydu vd
cai cdch the che bao gdm: Thu nhdt, nhung
cdi cdch lien quan ddn phdn cdp vd phan
quyen, the hipn d ba phuong dipn: trung
uong phdn quyen cho chinh quyen dja
phuang; manh dan dy quyen cho cdc dan vj,
ca quan cap dudi; tdng cudng tinh chu
dpng vd sy ty chd cho dpi ngu cdng chdc.
Thu hai, thyc hipn sy tach bach giu-a hoach
djnh chinh sdeh vd thyc hipn chinh sach.
Didu ndy cd thd ban chd dupe sy "tinh
todn" vd lpi ich ddc thd cua bd phdn chd

djnh chinh sdeh, ddng thdi gdp phan nang
cao hipu qua thyc bidn chinh sdeh.

cho vay, bao lanh vay tidn, ky kdt hop ddng;
cdn ed cdc cdng cu mdi, bao gdm: nhupng
quydn thuong mai, bd trp ky thudt, quan be
hop tdc cdng vd tu, thdng tin, thidt lap quan
he phdi hop giua cdc don vj trong khu vyc
cdng, doanh nghidp nira cdng nd-a tu, djch
vu tinh nguydn, doanh nghidp qudc doanh,
chimg khodn cd gid, thu mua, bdo hidm,
khen thudng, tridu tap vd td chirc cupc hpp
cda Idnh dao cdc to chdrc phi chinh phd,
thay ddi chinh sdeh ddu tu cdng, gay dp lyc
ldn chinh phd... Cung cdn cd cdc cdng cy
phdi sinh tidn phong, bao gdm d4u tu vdn
chu sd hu-u, cdc hidp hpi ty nguypn, hpp tdc
sdn xudt bode ty chd kinh doanh, qudn ly
nhu cdu, bdn, trao ddi vd su dyng tdi sdn,
ddi mdi thj trudng...

g^n Id, cdi cdch chi dp nhdn su.
p^^^^
hudng chd ydu la ndng cao tinh
tich eye, tinh thdn trdch nhidm vd chdt
i ^ ^ g ph^c vu cda dpi ngu can bp, cong
^birc. Cdc bidn phdp dupe dp dyng bao gdm:
chinh tri hda dpi ngu cdn bp hdnh chinh cdp
^ao; sir dyng chd dp hop ddng thay cho chg
j p cdng chire sudt ddi; thyc hidn chd dp

j ^ gj^ hipu sudt cdng vide vd cdc chd dp
khuydn khich trong qudn ly... Khde vdi cac
^^^^ phdt tridn, tdn chi va myc dich chu
yg^ ^da cdi cdch thd chd hdnh chinh cdng d
^dc nudc dang phdt tridn chinh Id tdng
^udng tinh cdng khai, minh bach vd nang
^ao trdch nhiem cua ndn hdnh chinh. Bien
ph^p chd ydu vd cdi each thd chd hdnh
^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ pj^,^ ^^.-.^ hao gdm:

Ba la, cdi cdch the chi hdnh chinh cong.
Bdt kd Id cdc nudc phdt trien hay cdc nudc
dang phdt tridn, deu xdc djnh cdi cdch thd
chd hanh chinh la npi dung chu ydu cua cai

xay dyng vd hodn thien cdc quy djnh ve
hanh vi cua cdn bp, cdng chd:e, chu trpng
ve phdm chdt dao dure vd chudn myc hanh
vi cda dpi ngu cdn bp, cdng chdrc; ban hdnh

90

LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012


va hoan thien be thdng cdc quy dinh vd
tdng cuang sy kidm soat ddi vdi vide mua
sdm cua nen bdnh chinh; hoan thidn co che
kidm sodt hanh chinh, chdng ban nhu thanh
lap CO quan gidm sdt dpc lap, hodn thien

quy djnh phap luap dd bao dam cdng khai
boa thong tin.
Ndm Id. hoi dirdng ndng luc hdnh chinh.
Bidn phap ca ban cUa cai each la tien hanh
bdi dirdng \ a ddi mdi ky nang cho nhan
vidn hanh chinh d khu vuc cdng nhdm nang
cao chat luong cua dpi ngu nay. Bien phap
cy thd bao gdm: ddi mdi td chirc. tang
cudng ndng lyc dap dng cda td chu-c ddi
vdi nhu cau \ a sd thich cda cdng ddn; tang
cudng sy phoi bop lan nhau giu-a cdc co
quan hdnh chinh; tdng cudng bdi dudng dd
ndng cao chdt lupng ngudn nhdn lyc...

may hanh chinh thich irng tdt ban
vai nen
kinh te thj trudng, dap d-ng tdt ban nhu cau
cua cdng dan va xa hpi. Tuy nhien, vide
tinh gian nhan vien thudng gap nhidu khd
khan. Nhung bien phap didn hinh ma cac
nudc trdn thd gidi thyc hidn dl tinh gian
,^han vien hanh chinh bao gdm: thyc hidn
cac bien phap mang tinh bdt bupc va khdng
bat bupc trong tinh gian, ca che chd yeu
cua nd la khuyen khich sy tu nguyen nghi
huu sdm, thyc hidn nghiem ngat cac quy
dinh tuyen dyng vd huu tri...; cd chinh sach
va bien phap den bd, bao gdm mpt gdi vd
trp cap sa thai vd cdc chi phi vd bdi dudng
dd tim kiem vide lam mdi; cai each chinh

sach tidn luong, chang ban nhu quy dinh
rniic trdn tidn luong, ngirng cap luong, tien
td hda cac khoan trp cdp va phdc lpi khdng

Trong cdc ydu td cdu thdnh ndng lyc
hanli chinh, ndng lyc hoach djnh chinh sdeh
cd vai trd dac bidt quan trpng. Dd cd thd
ndng cao dupe ndng lyc hoach djnh chinh

^"^ len ma .
Tir nhung kinh nghidm ve cdi each bdnli
chmh cdng d cdc nudc trdn the gidi, cd the rdt
ra nhung bai hpcfrongcai each hdnh chinh:

sdeh cdng cua chinh phd, cdc nudc dang
phdt trien dd chd y tdi mdt sd ndi dung nhu:
xdy dyng vd hodn thidn cdc quy djnh vd
trinh ty xdy dyng chinh sdeh, ddm bdo tinh
hpp ly hda vd tidu chudn hda cda trinh ty
chd dinh chinh sach; cdi thidn quy trinh
thdng tin; tang cudng bdi dudng vd ndng
cao ndng lyc phan tinh chinh sdeh cho dpi
ngu can bd cdng chuc.

jhu nhdt, giai quydt vdn dd lpi ich trong
thyc hidn cdi each hdnh chinh. Cdi each
hanh chinh tat ydu dan ddn sy dieu chinh vd
mat lpi ich ddi vdi cdc bdn cd lien quan, ma
sy khdng ung bp, thdm chi la phan khdng
cda bp phan ma lpi ich cda bp bj dnh hudng.

Sd dung bidn phap thich hpp ndo hda gidi
trd lyc ndy la vdn dh then chdt dam bdo cho
sy thdnh cdng cda cdi each bdnh chinh.

Sdu Id. tinh gidn nhdn vien vd bp mdy
hdnh chinh Day la dieu de thdy nhat ve cdi
cdch hdnh chinh trdn todn cdu. Vide tidn
hdnh tinh gidn nhdn vidn vd bp mdy trudc
tien Id nhdm gidm dp lyc tdi chinh, ha thdp
chi phi bdnh chinh; ridp ddn Id ldm cho bp

Thu hai, sy dng hp chinh tri. Cdi cdch
hdnh chinh khdng don gidn Id "van di ky
thudt", md Id mpt vdn dd chinh tri phd-c tap.
Nhdn dupc sy dng hp lau ddi, cd hidu qud
cua chinh trj Id didu kidn cdn thidt cho sy
thdnh cdng cda cdi each hdnh chinh cdng.

LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012

91


Chdng ban, tai nhieu nudc, chuang trinh vc

Thir ndm, tac dyng va vai trd cda chinh

cai each hanh chinh thudng do ca quan

quyen dja phuang. Kinh nghidm qudc te

quycMi luc (qudc hpi) thdng qua, ddng thdi

cho thay, trong cai each hanh chinh, chinh

qua trinh thuc bien chuxrng trinh nay chiu

(|uyCMi dia phuang cd vai trd va tdc dyng rdt

su giam sat chat die cua ca quan quyen lire.

quan trpng. Rat nhieu each lam mdi vd cai

Tliir }ia, \ c tinh noi sinh cua c;ii each.
Nlm Ciiu cua cai each hanh chinh co the den
tir ben ngoai, eung c6 the la den tir ben
trong. Doi \oi cac nudc dang phat trien, do
sue cp eua cong dan \ e su can thiet eiia cai
each hanh chinh khdng Idn nen quyet tam
chinh tri \ e eai each hanh chinh cua chinh

each hanh chinh duac thyc hien thanh cong
tren thuc tc la do chinh quyen dja phuang
khdi xudng, thue bien va duy tri. Vi the,
lam the nao de phat huy tinh tich eye va tac
dyng cua cap dia phuang trong cdi each
hanh chinh cung la yeu td quan trpng cho
sy thiinh cong cua cai each hanh chinh.

tri gia khdng cao. Vi the, d eae nudc dang

Thir sdu, van de trach nhidm hanh chinh.

phat trien. phan nhieu nhung ngi dung va

Muc dich va yeu cau cua cdi each hanh
chinh la lam cho nen hanh chinh thyc hien
tdt ban trach nhiem ma nd dam nhdn doi
vdi cong dan va xa hpi. Cai each khdng
phai la lam suy yeu trach nhiem cda chinh
phu, cua nen hanh chinh doi vdi cdng dan
va xa hpi, ma la thdng qua cai each dd thiet
lap moi quan he tot dep giua nen hanh
chinh vdi cdng dan \ a lam cho nen hanh
chinh thuc hien tdt trach nhidm cda nd doi
vdi xa bpi va cdng dan.

ket qua \ e cai each hanh chinh thudng la do
sue cp \a su thuc day tu ben ngoai (quoc
te). Kinh nghiem ve cai each hanh chinh tu
nhung nam 80 cua the ky XX dc'n nay cho
thay, neu thieu hut nhu cau npi sinh va sue
ep tu ben trong thi qua trinh cai each hanh
chinh rat kho dat dupc thanh cong, cho du
dat dupc thanh cdng thi cung rat kho duy tri
dupc ket qua. Do do, nang cao nhan thuc
cua cong dan ve tinh tat yeu va nhu cau cua
cai each la mpt dieu kien bao dam cho su
thanh cdng cai each hanh chinh.
Thu tu, van de van hda hanh chinh. Cai

each hanh chinh khdng chi dan gian la vdn
de ky thuat va doi mdi ky thuat quan ly, ma
cdn la cdng vice rat phuc tap lien quan den
doi mdi chinh trj va su thay ddi ve truydn
thong van hda. Dd lam cho dpi ngu can bp
cdng chure cd sy doi mdi can ban ve nhan
thd-c vd hanh vi cua minh doi vdi cdng vide,
sur menh vd quan be cda nd vdi cdng dan Id
mpt vide ddi hdi mot qua trinh rat lau dai
va khd khan.
92

77j/f liay. van de nang lyc hanh chinh.
Cai each hanh chinh thudng tdn tai mpt
nghjch ly: de ra va thuc hien cdc ndi dung
\ e c;ii each hanh chinh bode qudn ly ddi vdi
qua trinh cai cdch ddi bdi cao vd ndng luc
hanh chinh, ma nhung nudc cd nhu cdu buc
thiet nhat vd cdi each bdnh chinh ciing la
nhung nudc cd ndng lyc hdnh chinh yeu
nhat. Vi the, bdi dudng vd ndng cao ndng
lyc hdnh chinh khdng cbi Id ndi dung quan ^
trpng cda cdi cdch bdnh chinh, md cdn la
bidn phdp quan trpng dd "vuot thodt" khoinghjch ly ndi trdn vd dat dupc sy thanh
cdng trong cdi cdch hdnh cbinb.a
LY LUAN CHINH TRI, SO 2-2012