Handbook of water and wastewater tủ tài liệu bách khoa

Appendixes

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


Appendix A
Answers to Chapter
Review Questions
CHAPTER 1 ANSWERS

CHAPTER 3 ANSWERS

1.1

3.1

1.2
1.3

1.4

1.5
1.6

1.7

1.8

A pattern or point of view that determines what is
seen as reality.
A change in the way things are understood and

done.
(1) Assessing and protecting drinking water
sources
(2) Optimizing treatment processes
(3) Ensuring the integrity of distribution systems
(4) Effecting correct cross-connection control
procedures
(5) Continuous monitoring and testing of the
water before it reaches the tap
Water/wastewater operations are usually low-profile activities and much of water/wastewater infrastructure is buried underground.
Secondary
Privatization means allowing private enterprise to
compete with government in providing public services, such as water and wastewater operations.
Reengineering is the systematic transformation of
an existing system into a new form to realize quality improvements in operations, systems capability, functionality, and performance at lower cost,
improved schedule, and less risk to the customer.
A process for rigorously measuring performance
vs. “best-in-class” operations and using the analysis to meet and exceed the best in class.
Planning, research, observation, analysis, adaptation

CHAPTER 2 ANSWERS
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

Operators are exposed to the full range of hazards
and work under all weather conditions.
Plants are upgrading to computerized operations.

Computerized maintenance management system
HAZMAT emergency response technician 24-hour
certification
Safe Drinking Water Act

Answers will vary

CHAPTER 4 ANSWERS
4.1

Matching answers
1.
o
14.
2.
c
15.
3.
t
16.
4.
j
17.
5.
s
18.
6.
p
19.
7.

d
20.
8.
i
21.
9.
e
22.
10. q
23.
11. u
24.
12. k
25.
13. a
26.

v
r
w
l
x
m
y
f
b
z
h
n
g

CHAPTER 5 ANSWERS
5.1
5.2
5.3

(2.5 mg/L)(5.5 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 115 lb/day
(7.1 mg/L)(4.2 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 249 lb/day
(11.8 mg/L)(4.8 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 472 lb/day

5.4

(10 mg/L)(1.8 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 0.65
lb/day
(60 mg/L)(0.086 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 43 lb
(2220 mg/L)(0.225)(8.34 lb/gal) = 4166 lb

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13

(8 mg/L)(0.83 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 85 lb/day

0.65
(450 mg/L)(1.84 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 6906 lb/day
(25 mg/L)(2.90 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 605 lb/day
(260 mg/L)(5.45 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 11,818 lb/day
(144 mg/L)(3.66 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 4396 lb/day
(290 mg/L)(3.31 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 8006 lb/day
(152 mg/L)(5.7 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 7226 lb/day

777

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


778

5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25

5.26

5.27

5.28

5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

(188 mg/L)(1.92 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 3010 lb/day
SS
(184 mg/L)(1.88 MGD)(8.34 lb/day) = 2885 lb/day
SS
(150 mg/L)(4.88 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 6105 lb/day
BOD
(205 mg/L)(2.13 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 3642 lb/day
solids
(115 mg/L)(4.20 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 4028 lb/day
BOD

(2230 mg/L)(0.40 MG)(8.34 lb/gal) = 7439 lb SS
(1890 mg/L)(0.41 MG)(8.34 lb/gal) = 6463 lb
MLVSS
(3125 mg/L)(0.18 MG)(8.34 lb/gal) = 4691 lb
MLVSS
(2250 mg/L)(0.53 MG)(8.34 lb/gal) = 9945 lb
MLSS
(2910 mg/L)(0.63 MG)(8.34 lb/gal) = 15,290 lb
MLSS
(6150 mg/L)(x MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 5200 lb/day
x = 0.10 MGD
(6200 mg/L)(x MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 4500 lb/day
a. x = 0.09
b. 90,000 gpd ÷ 1440 min/day = 62.5 gpm
(6600 lb/day)(x MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 6070 lb/day
x = 0.11 MGD
x = 110,000 gpd ÷ 1440 min/day = 76 gpm
(6350 mg/L)(x MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 7350 lb/day
x = 0.14 MGD
x = 140,000 gpd ÷ 1440 min/day = 97 gpm
(7240 mg/L)(x MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 5750 lb/day
x = 0.10 MGD
x = 100,000 gpd ÷ 1440 min/day = 69 gpm
(2.5 mg)(3.65 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 76.1 lb/day
(17 mg/L)(2.10 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 298 lb/day
(190 mg/L)(4.8 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 7606 lb/day
SS removed
(9.7 mg/L)(5.5 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 445 lb/day
(305 mg/L)(3.5 MGD) (8.34 lb/gal) = 8903 lb/day
(10 mg/L)(3.1 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)

= 398 lb/day
0.65
(210 mg/L)(3.44 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 6025 lb/day
solids
(60 mg/L)(0.09 MG)(8.34 lb/gal) = 45 lb chlorine
(2720 mg/L)(0.52 MG)(8.34 lb/gal) = 11,796 lb
MLSS
(5870 mg/L)(x MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 5480 lb/day
x = 0.11 MGD
(120 mg/L)(3.312 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 3315 lb/day
BOD
(240 mg/L)(3.18 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 6365 lb/day
BOD
(196 mg/L)(1.7 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 2779 lb/day
BOD removed

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

5.42
5.43

(x mg/L)(5.3 MGD)(8.34 lb/day) = 330 lb/day
x = 7.5 mg/L
(5810 mg/L)(x MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) = 5810 mg/L
x = 0.12 MGD
x = 120,000 gpd ÷ 1440 min/day = 83 gpm

5.44

3,400,000 gpd

= 433 gpd/ft 2
(0.785)(100 ft)(100 ft)

5.45

4,525,000 gpd
= 712 gpd/ft 2
(0.785)(90 ft)(90 ft)

5.46

3,800,000 gpd
= 4.4 gpd/ft 2
870,000 ft 2

5.47

280,749 ft 3 day
= 0.4 ft/day
696,960 ft
(0.4 ft/day)(12 in./ft) = 4.8 in./day

5.48

5,280,000 gpd
= 830 gpd/ft 2
(0.785)(90 ft)(90 ft)

5.49

4.4 ac-ft/day
= 0.22 ft/day = 3 in./day
20 ac

5.50

2,050,000 gpd
= 1171 gpd/ft 2
(70 ft)(25 ft)

5.51

2,440,000 gpd
= 863 gpd/ft 2
(0.785)(60 ft)(60 ft)

5.52

3,450,000 gpd
= 627 gpd/ft 2
(110 ft)(50 ft)

5.53

1,660,000 gpd
= 949 gpd/ft 2
(25 ft)(70 ft)

5.54

2,660,000 gpd
= 691 gpd/ft 2
(0.785)(70 ft)(70 ft)

5.55

2230 gpm
= 2.8 gpm/ft 2
(40 ft)(20 ft)

5.56

3100 gpm
= 3.1 gpm/ft 2
(40 ft)(25 ft)

5.57

2500 gpm
= 1.6 gpm/ft 2
(26 ft)(60 ft)

5.58

1528 gpm
= 1.9 gpm/ft 2
(40 ft)(20 ft)

5.59

2850 gpm
= 3.2 gpm/ft 2
880 ft 2

5.60

4750 gpm
= 24 gpm/ft 2
(14 ft)(14 ft)

5.61

4900 gpm
= 12 gpm/ft 2
(20 ft)(20 ft)


779

5.62

3400 gpm
= 9 gpm/ft 2
(25 ft)(15 ft)

5.80

(200 mg/L)(3.42 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 0.9
(1875 mg/L))(0.42 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)

5.63

3300 gpm
= 4.4 gpm/ft 2
(75 ft)(30 ft)

5.81

(190 mg/L)(3.24 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 1.3
(1710 mg/L))(0.28 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)

5.64

3800 gpm
= 12.7 gpm/ft 2
(15 ft)(20 ft)

5.82

(151 mg/L)(2.25 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 0.9
x lb MLVSS

5.65

3,770,000 gal
= 8378 gal/ft 2
(15 ft)(30 ft)

5.66

1,860,000 gal
= 6200 gal/ft 2
(20 ft)(15 ft)

5.67

3,880,000 gal
= 7760 gal/ft 2
(25 ft)(20 ft)

5.68

1,410,200 gal
= 5036 gal/ft 2
(20 ft)(14 ft)

5.69

5,425,000 gal
= 9042 gal/ft 2
(30 ft)(20 ft)

5.70

1,410,000 gpd
= 8650 gpd/ft
163 ft

5.71

2,120,000 gpd
= 11,253 gpd/ft
(3.14)(60 ft)

5.72

2,700,00 gpd
= 11,250 gpd/ft
240 ft

5.73

(1400 gpm)(1440 min/day)
= 8025 gpd/ft
(3.14)(80 ft)

5.74

2785 gpm
= 14.7 gpm/ft
189 ft

5.75

(210 mg/L)(2.45 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
25.1 1000 ft 3
= 171 lb BOD/day/1000 ft 3

5.76

5.77

(170 mg/L)(0.120 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
3.5 ac
= 49 lb BOD/day/ac

(160 mg/L)(2.10 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 0.7
(1900 mg/L))(0.255 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)

5.84

(180 mg/L)(3.11 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
(x mg/L)(0.88 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
x = 1262 mg/L MLVSS

5.85

(2650 mg/L)(3.60 MGD)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 20.7 lb MLSS/day/ft 2
(0.785)(70 ft)(70 ft)

5.86

(2825 mg/L)(4.25 MGD)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 19.9 lb MLSS/day/ft 2
(0.785)(80 ft)(80 ft)

5.87

(x mg/L)(3.61 MGD)
 × (8.34 lb/gal) 


= 26 lb MLSS/day/ft 2
(0.785)(60 ft)(60 ft)
x = 2441 mg/L MLSS

5.88

(2210 mg/L)(3.3 MGD)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 21.5 lb MLSS/day/ft 2

(0.785)(60 ft)(60 ft)

5.89

(x mg/L)(3.11 MGD)
 × (8.34 lb/gal) 


= 20 lb MLSS/day/ft 2
(0.785)(60 ft)(60 ft)
x = 2174 mg/L MLSS

5.90

12,110 lb VS/day
= 0.37 lb VS/day/ft 3
33,100 ft 3

5.91

(124,000 lb/day)
 × (0.065)(0.70) 


= 0.08 lb VS/day/ft 3
(0.785)(60 ft)(60 ft)(25 ft)

5.92

(141,000 lb/day)

 × (0.06)(0.71) 


= 0.15 lb VS/day/ft 3
(0.785)(50 ft)(50 ft)(20 ft)

5.93

(21,200 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)


× (0.055)(0.69)


= 0.33 VS/day//ft 3
(0.785)(40 ft)(40 ft)(16 ft)

(140 mg/L)(2.20 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
900 1000 ft 2
= 2.9 lb/BOD/day/1000 ft 2

5.79

5.83

(120 mg/L)(2.85 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
34 1000 ft 3
= 84 lb/BOD/day/1000 ft 3

5.78

x = 3148 lb MLVSS

(0.785)(90 ft)(90 ft)(4 ft) = 25,434
(150 mg//L) (3.5 MGD) (8.34 lb/gal)
25.4 1000 ft 3
=172 lb 3 BOD/day/1000 ft

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


780

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

(22,000 gpd)(8.6 lb/gal)


(0.052)(0.70)


= 0.18 lb VS/day/ft 3
(0.785)(50 ft)(50 ft)(20 ft)

5.113

5.95

2050 lb VS added per day
= 0.06

32,400 lb VS

5.114

5.96

620 lb VS added per day
= 0.09
(174,600 lb)(0.061)(00.65)

5.97

(63,200 lb/day)(0.055)(0.73)
= 0.07
(115,000 gal)(8..34 lb/gal)(0.066)(0.59)

5.98

x lb VS added per day
= 0.08
(110,000 gal)(8.34 lb/ggal)(0.059)(0.58)

5.116 1,785,000 gal
= 3570 gal/ft 2
(25 ft)(20 ft)

x = 2511 lb/day VS

5.117

(150 mg/L)(2.69 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 0.68
(1920 mg/L))(0.31 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)

5.118

x lb VS added/day
= 0.09
(24,500 gal)(8.34 lb/gal)(00.055)(0.56)

5.94

= (0.17 ft/day)(12 in./ft) = 2.0 in./day

5.102 (1765 mg/L)(0.381 MGD)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 28,040 people
0.2 lb/day
5.103

5.115

5.119

3083 gpm
= 2.6 gpm/ft 2

(40 ft)(30 ft)

5.120

(115 mg/L)(3.3 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
20.1 1000 ft 3
= 157 lb BOD/day/1000 ft 3

5.104 (2210 mg/L)(0.100 MGD)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 9216 people
0.2 lb/day

5.121

5.105

2,250,000 gpd
= 448 gpd/ft 2
(0.785)(80 ft)(80 ft)

5.123

5.106

2960 gpm

= 15.6 gpm/ft 2
2
190 ft

5.107

2,100,000 gpd
= 8360 gpd/ft
(3.14)(80 ft)

5.108

3,300,000 gpd
= 519 gpd/ft 2
(0.785)(90 ft)(90 ft)

5.110

500 lb/day VS added per day
= 0.06
(182,000 lb)(0.0664)(0.67)

5.111 (2760 mg/L)(3.58 MGD)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 16 lb/day/ft 2
(0.785)(80 ft)(80 ft)

5.112

(115,000 lb/day)(0.071) (0.70)
= 0.09
(0.785)(70 ft))(70 ft)(21 ft)

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

2,000,000 gpd
= 1000 gpd/ft 2
(80 ft)(25 ft)

x = 566 lb/day

6000 people
= 420 people/ac, x = 14.3 ac
x ac

(161 mg/L)(2.1 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 0.7
5.109
x lb MLVSS
x = 4028 lb MLVSS

(174 mg/L)(3.335 MGD)(8.3 lb/gal)
= 0.5
(x mg/L)(0.287 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
x = 4033 mg/L MLVSS

5.99

(7900 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(0.048)(0.73)
= 0.06
x lb VS
x = 38,477 lb VS
5.100 1733 people/5.3 ac = 327 people/ac
5.101 4112 people/10 ac = 411 people/ac

4.15 ac-ft/day
= 0.17 ft/day
25 ac

2,560,000 gpd
= 10,191 gpd/ft
(3.14)(80 ft)

5.122 1900 people/5.5 ac = 345 people/ac
(140 mg/L)(2.44 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
750 1000 ft 2
= 3.8 lb BOD/day/1000 ft 2
5.124

2882 gpm
= 2.4 gpm/ft 2
(40 ft)(30 ft)

5.125

(30 ft)(16 ft)(8 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 29 min

1007 gpm

5.126

(80 ft)(20 ft)(12 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 1.9 hr
75,000 gph

5.127

(3 ft)(4 ft)(3 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 0.75 hr
(6 gpm)(60 min/hr)

5.128

(0.785)(80 ft)(80 ft)(10 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 1.7 hr
216,667 gpd

5.129

(500 ft)(600 ft)(6 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 60.5 days
222,500 gpd

5.130 12,300 lb MLSS
= 4.5 days
2750 lb/day

781

5.131

5.132

5.133

5.134

(2820 mg/L MLSS)(0.49 MG)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 10.6 days
(132 mg/L)(0.988 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)

5.143

(2810 Mg/L MLSS)(0.325 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
(61000 mg/L)(0.0189 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 
 + (18 mg/L
L)(2.4 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 

7617 lb MLSS
= 5.8 days
962 lb/day + 360 lb/day

(x mg/L MLSS)(0.205 MG)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 6 days
(80 mg/L)(2.10 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)

5.144

x = 4917 mg/L MLSS

5.145

= 7.1 days

(2750 mg/L MLSS)(0.360 MG)(8.35 lb/gal)
 (54100 mg/L)(0.0192 MG)(8.34 lb/gal) 
+ (16 mg/L SS)(2.35 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)


8257 lb
= 7.0 days
866 lb/day + 314 lb/day
(2550 mg/L MLSS)(1.8 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
(6240 mg/L SS)(0.085 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 
 + (20 mg/L
L)(2.8 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 



5.146

(2610 mg/L)(0.15 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 3 days
(140 mg/L)((0.92 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)

5.147

(0.785)(6 ft)(6 ft)(4 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 70 min
12 gpm

5.148

x lb MLSS
= 6 days
(140 mg/L)(2.14 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
x = 14,992 lb MLSS

5.149

(400 ft)(440 ft)(6 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 39.5
200,000 gpd

5.150

(x mg/L MLSS)(0.64 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)

= 8 days
(6310 mg/L)(0.034 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 
 + (12 mg/L)(2.9
92 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 


(x mg/L)(0.970 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)

(x mg/L)(0.64 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 8 days
(1789 lb/day) + (292 lb/day)

(6340 mg/L)(0.032 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 
 + (20 mg/L)(2.6 MGD
D)(8.34 lb/gal) 


(x mg/L)(0.64 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 8 days
2081 lb/day

(x mg/L)(0.970 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 8 days
1692 lb/day + 434 lb/day
(x mg/L)(0.970 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 8 days
2126

x = 3141 mg/L MLSS

5.151

89 mg/L removed
× 100% = 81%
110 mg/L

5.152

216 mg/L removed
× 100 = 94%
230 mg/L

5.153

200 mg/L removed
× 100 = 77%
260 mg/L

x = 2100 mg/L MLSS
5.139

(75 ft)(30 ft)(14 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 3.5 hr
68,333 gph

5.140 12,600 lb MLSS
= 4.5 days
2820 lb/day
5.141

(2408 mg/L)(1.9 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)

38,157 lb
= 9.8 days
(3753 lb/day) + (594 lb/day)

38,281 lb MLSS
= 8 days
4424 lb/day + 467 lb/day
5.138

(3250 mg/L)(0.33 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
= 4.6 days
(100 mg/L)((2.35 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)
(6320 mg/L)((0.0712 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 
 + (25 mg/L)(2.85 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal) 



x lb MLSS
= 5.5 days, x = 8855 lb MLSS
1610 lb/day SS

(1610 lb/day wasted) 
 + (340 lb/day in SE) 



5.137

(40 ft)(20 ft)(10 ft)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 47 min
1264 gpm

(2850 mg/L MLSS)(0.20 MG)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 4.5 dayss
(84 mg/L)(1.52 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)

5.135 (3300 mg/L)(0.50 MG)


× (8.34 lb/gal)



5.136

5.142

(3120 mg/L MLSS)(0.48 MG)


× (8.34 lb/gal)



= 6.4 days
1640 lb/day wasted + 320 lb/day

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

5.154 175 mg/L removed
× 100 = 56%
310 mg/L
5.155

4.9 =

x lb/day solids
× 100
(3700 gal)(8.34 lb/gal)

x = 1512 lb/day solids


782

5.156

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

0.87 g sludge
× 100 = 6.8%
12.87 g sludge

5.163

5.157 1450 lb/day solids
× 100 = 3.3%, x = 43,939 lb/day
x lb/day sludge
5.158

5.159

4.4 =
3.6 =

258 lb/day
× 100, x = 703 gpd
(x gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)

=

x lb/day solids
× 100
291,000 lb/day sludge

5.161

5.162

=

1138 lb/day + 1231 lb/day
× 100
25,854 lb//day + 34,194 lb/day

=

2369 lb/day
× 100 = 3.9%
60,048 lb/day

 (8100 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(5.1) 


100
 (7000 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(4.1) 
+


100
× 100
 (8100 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal) 
+ (7000 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)


=

3445 lb/day solids + 2394 lb/day soolids
× 100
 67,554 lb/day sludge 


 + 58,380 lb/day sludge 

=

5839 lb/day solids
× 100 = 4.6%
125,934 lb/day sludge

 (4750 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(4.7) 


100
 (5250 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(3.5) 
+


100
× 100
 (4750 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal) 
+ (5250 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)


=

1862 lb/day + 1532 lb/day
× 100
39,615 + 43,785

=

3394 lb/day solids
× 100 = 4.1%

83,400 lb/day sludge

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

2977 lb/day + 6242 lb/day
× 100
74,435 lb/day + 94,576 lb/day

9219 lb/day
× 100 = 5.5%
169,011 lb/day
(3250 lb/day solids)(0.65) = 2113 lb/day VS
(4120 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(0.07)(0.70) = 1684 lb/day VS
98 ft – 91 ft = 7 ft drawdown
125 ft – 110 ft = 15 ft drawdown
161 ft – 144 ft = 17 ft drawdown
=

x = 10,476 lb/day solids
5.160  (3100 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(4.4) 


100
 (4100 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(3.6) 
+


100
× 100
 (3100 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal) 

+ (4100 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)



 (8925 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(4.0) 


100
 (11,340 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal)(6.6) 
+


100
× 100
 (8925 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal) 
+ (11,340 gpd)(8.34 lb/gal))



5.164
5.165
5.166
5.167
5.168

5.169 (3.7 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) = 8.5 ft sounding linne water depth
112 ft – 8.5 ft = 103.5 ft
1033.5 ft – 86 ft = 17.5 ft
5.170 (4.6 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) = 10.6 ft sounding line water depth
150 ft – 10.6 ft = 139.4 ft

171 ft – 139.4 ft = 31.4 ft drawdown
5.171 300 ÷ 20 = 15 gpm per ft of drawdown
5.172 420 gal ÷ 5 min. = 84 gpm
5.173 810 gal ÷ 5 min. = 162 gpm
5.174

856 gal
= 171 gpm
5 min
(171 gpm)(60 min/hr) = 10,260 gph

5.175  (0.785)(1 ft)(1 ft)(12 ft) 


3
× (7.48 gal/ft )(12 round trips)
= 169 gpm
5 min
5.176 750 gal ÷ 5 min. = 150 gpm
(150 gpm)(60 min/hr) = 9000 gph
(9000 gph)(10 hr/day) = 90,000 gal/day
5.177 200 gpm ÷ 28 ft = 7.1 gpm/ft
5.178 620 gpm ÷ 21 ft = 29.5 gpm/ft
5.179 1100 gpm ÷ 41.3 ft = 26.6 gpm/ft
5.180

x gpm
= 33.4 fpm/ft
42.8 ft
x = (33.4)(42.8) = 1430 gpm

5.181  (0.785)(0.5 ft)(0.5 ft) 

3  = 206 gal
× (140 ft)(7.48 gal/ft )
(40 mg/L)(0.000206 MG)

 = 0.07 lb chlorine
× (8.34 lb/gal)




783

5.182  (0.785)(1 ft)(1 ft) 

3  = 640 gal
× (109 ft)(7.48 gal/ft )
(40 mg/L)(0.000640 MG)

 = 0.21 lb chlorine
× (8.34 lb/gal)


5.183  (0.785)(1 ft)(1 ft) 

3  = 633 gal
× (109 ft)(7.48 gal/ft )
(0.785)(0.67 ft)(0.67 ft)


3  = 105 gal
 × (40 ft)(7.48 gal/ft ) 

5.189 (4.0 psi) (2.31 ft/psi) = 9.2 ft
5.190 (94 ft + 24 ft) + (3.6 psi)(2.31 ft/psi)
= 118 ft + 8.3 ft = 126.3 ft
5.191 (400 ft)(110 ft)(14 ft)(7.48 gal/ft3) = 4,607,680 gal
5.192 (400 ft)(110 ft)(30 ft × 0.4 average depth)
× (7.48 gal/ft 3 )
= 3,949,440 gal
5.193

(200 ft)(80 ft)(12 ft)
= 4.4 ac-ft
43,560 ft 3 /ac-ft

633 + 105 gal = 738 gal

5.194

(110 mg/L)(0.000738 gal)

 = 0.68 lb chlorine
× (8.34 lb/gal)



(320 ft)(170 ft)(16 ft)(0.4)
= 8.0 ac-ft

43,560 ft 3 /ac-ft

5.195

(0.5 mg/L chlorine)(20 MG)(8.34 lb/gal)
25/1000

5.184 (x mg/L)(0.000540 gal)(8.34 lb/gal) = 0.48 lb
x=

= 334 lb copper sulfate

0.48
(0.000540)(8.34)

5.196 131.9 ft – 93.5 ft = 38.4 ft

x = 107 mg/L
5.185

5.197

0.09 lb chlorine
= 1.5 lb
5.25/100

707 gal
= 141 gpm
5 min
(141 gpm)(60 min/hr) = 8460 gph

1.5 lb
= 0.18 gal
8.34 lb/gal
(0.18 gal)(128 fluid oz./gal) = 23 fl oz.

5.198  (0.785)(1 ft)(1 ft)(12 ft) 


3
× (7.48 gal/ft )(8 round trips)
= 113 gpm
5 gpm
5.199 (3.5 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) = 8.1 sounding line water depth

5.186  (0.785)(0.5 ft)(0.5 ft) 


3  = 176 gal
 × (120 ft)(7.48 gal/ft )

= 167 ft − 8.1 ft
= 158.9 ft pumping water level

(50 mg/L)(0.000176 MG)

 0.1 lb calcium
× (8.34 lb/gal)



=
hypochlorite
65/100
(0.1 lb)(16 oz./1 lb) = 1.6 oz. calcium hypochlorite

5.187  (0.785)(1.5 ft)(1.5 ft) 

3  = 1387 gal
× (105 ft)(748 gal/ft )
(100 mg/L)(0.001387 MG)

 4.6 lb chloride
× (8.34 lb/gal)


=
of lime
25/100
5.188 (60 mg/L)(0.000240 MG)


× (8.34 lb/gal)


= 2.3 lb
5.25/100

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

5.200

610 gpm
= 21.8 gpm/ft
28 ft drawdown

5.201  (0.785)(0.5 ft)(0.5 ft) 

3  = 220 gal
× (150 ft)(7.48 gal/ft )
(55 mg/L)(0.000220 MG)

 = 0.10 lb chlorine req.
× (8.34 lb/gal)


5.202 780 gal ÷ 5 min = 156 gpm
(156 gal/min)(60 min/hr)

 = 74,880 gal/day
× (8 hr/day)


5.203 (x mg/L)(0.000610 MG)

 = 0.47 lb
× (8.34 lb/gal)



2.3 lb

= 0.3 gal
8.34 lb/gal
(0.3 gal)(128 fl oz./gal) =

Drawdown (ft) = 158.9 ft − 141 ft = 17.9 ft

38.4 fl oz. sodium
m
hypochlorite

x=

0.47
= 92.3 mg/L
(0.000610)(8.34)


784

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

5.204  (0.785)(1 ft)(1 ft) 

3  = 523 gal
× (89)(7.48 gal/ft )
 (0.785)(0.67)(0.67) 

3  = 119 gal
× (45 ft)(7.48 gal/ft )
523 gal + 119 gal = 642 gal

(100 mg/L)(0.000642 MG)

 = 0.54 lb chlorine
× (8.34 lb/gal)


5.205

0.3 lb chlorine
= 5.7 lb
5.25/100
5.7 lb
= 0.68 gal
8.34 lb/gal
(0.68 gal)(128 fl oz./gal) = 87 fl oz.

5.206 Volume = (4 ft)(5 ft)(3 ft)(7.48 gal/ft3) = 449 gal
5.207 Volume = (50 ft)(20 ft)(8 ft)(7.48 gal/ft3) = 59,840
gal
5.208 Volume = (40 ft)(16 ft)(8 ft)(7.48 gal/ft3) = 38,298
gal
5.209 42 in. ÷ 12 in./ft = 3.5 ft
Volume = (5 ft)(5 ft)(3.5 ft)(7.48 gal/ft3) = 655 gal
5.210 2 in. ÷ 12 in./ft = 0.17 ft
Volume = (40 ft)(25 ft)(9.17 ft)(7.48 gal/ft3) =
68,592 gal

6.24
6.25
6.26

6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.49
6.50

Fillet weld
Square butt weld
Single hem
Single flange
Location of weld

Steel section
Bevel weld
V weld
J-groove weld
4 times true size
Drawing number
180
Break line
Object line
3-D pictorial
Shape; complexity
Limits
Center line; finished surface
Volute
Hem
Seam
Relief valve
Gas; liquid
Butt
Architectural
Plot plan
Line

CHAPTER 6 ANSWERS

CHAPTER 7 ANSWERS

6.1
6.2
6.3

6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13

Screwed joint
Welded joint
Soldered joint
Screwed glove valve
Globe valve
Screwed check valve
Pump
Flexible line
Check valve
Heat exchanger
Expansion joint
Vibration absorber
Battery cell
Motor
Relay
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Knife switch
Fuse
Transformer
Ground
Normally open contacts
Local note reference

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19

7.20

26 ft
77 ft
Eccentric, segmental
Flow nozzle
Ultrasonic flowmeter
4937 gal
4.57
213,904 ft3
103 ft
8064 lb
Always constant
Pressure due to the depth of water
The line that connects the piezometric surface
along a pipeline
0.28 ft
254.1 ft
6.2 × 10–8
0.86 ft
Pressure energy due to the velocity of the water
A pumping condition where the size of the impeller of the pump and above the surface of the water

from which the pump is running
The slope of the specific energy line


785

CHAPTER 8 ANSWERS

CHAPTER 9 ANSWERS

8.1
8.2

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17

9.18
9.19
9.20

8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10

8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16

8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26

8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.35
8.36
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42

Alternator
The effect that causes current flow in a conductor
moving across magnetic lines of force
Mechanical, electrical
Increases, decreases, decreases, increases
To protect an electrical circuit and load
0.2 ohms
Orbits or shells
Protons and neutrons
The value of the resistor, the length of the conductors, and the diameter of the conductors
Direct current flow does not change direction,
whereas alternating current periodically changes
direction.

The magnetic poles
The flux lines, or magnetic flux along which a
magnetic force acts
Natural magnet, permanent magnets, and electromagnets
Chemistry
Battery, two
A series circuit has only one path for current
flow, whereas a parallel circuit has more than
one path.
Source voltage
Voltage drop
Counterclockwise
2 amps
12 volts
16 watts
80 watts
Less, more
Resistivity
Circular mil
Circular mil
Conductivity
Smaller
Doubles
It will withstand high voltages.
The two are directly proportional. As flux density
increases, field strength also increases.
The type of material and the flux density
North pole
Increases
141.4 volts

A voltage is induced in the conductor
AC, cut, counter
Counter
Current has an associated magnetic field
Increase
Increase

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Positive-displacement
High-viscosity
Positive-displacement
High
High
Eye
Static, dynamic
Shut off
V2/2g
Total head
Head capacity, efficiency, horsepower demand
Water
Suction lift
Elevation head
Water hp and pump efficiency
Centrifugal force
Stuffing box
Impeller
Rings, impeller
Casing

CHAPTER 10 ANSWERS
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28

A flexible piping component that absorbs thermal
and/or terminal movement
Fluid
Fluid
Connected
Flow
Pressure loss
Increases
Automatically
Insulation
Leakage
Four times
Routine preventive maintenance
12
Schedule, thickness
Increases
Ferrous
Increases
Iron oxide
Cast iron
Iron
Corrosion
Decreases
Clay, concrete, plastic, glass, or wood
Corrosion-proof
Cement
Pressed
Turbulent, lower
Steel

786

10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.34
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.38
10.39
10.40
10.41
10.42
10.43
10.44
10.45
10.46
10.47
10.48
10.49
10.50

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

Fusion
Flexible

Aluminum
Annealed
Fusion
Metals, plastics
Laminar flow
Reinforced nonmetallic
Wire-reinforced
Dacron®
Diameter
Flexibility
E.E.
Reinforced, pressure
Flexible
Expansion joint
Vibration dampener
Plain
Bends
Pressure
Plug
A long-radius elbow

CHAPTER 11 ANSWERS
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8

11.9
11.10
11.11

11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.20

Na
H2SO4
7
Base
Changes
Solid, liquid, gas
Element
Compound
Periodic
Solvent, solute
An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive
or negative electrical charge as a result of having
lost or gained one or more electrons
Colloid
Turbidity
Result of dissolved chemicals

Toxicity
Organic
0; 14
Ability of water to neutralize an acid
Calcium and magnesium
Base

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10

Spheres, rods, spirals
Typhoid, cholera, gastroenteritis
Amoebic dysentery, giardiasis
Cyst
Host
Plug screens, machinery; cause taste and odor
problems
12.11 No; bacteria is Machiavellian—it is a survivor.

CHAPTER 13 ANSWERS
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6

13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10

CHAPTER 14 ANSWERS
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

Secondary maximum contaminant levels
Transpiration
Surface water
Agriculture, municipal wastewater plants, habitat
and hydrologic modifications, resource extraction,
and urban runoff and storm sewers
14.5 Solids content
14.6 Turbidity
14.7 Universal solvent
14.8 Alkalinity
14.9 Neutral state
14.10 Lead

CHAPTER 15 ANSWERS
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

15.5

CHAPTER 12 ANSWERS
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

Bacteria, viruses, protozoa
During rain storms
No
Binary fission

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Ecosystem
Benthos
Periphyton
Plankton
Pelagic
Neuston
Immigration
Autotrophs
Lentic
Dissolved oxygen solubility

15.6

Muffle furnace, ceramic dishes, furnace tongs, and
insulated gloves

15 minutes
A sample collected all at one time; representative
of the conditions only at the time taken
For pH, dissolved oxygen, total residual chlorine,
fecal coliform, and any test by NPDES permit for
grab sample
A series of samples collected over a specified
period of time in proportion to flow
Collect from well-mixed location; clearly mark
sampling points; easy location to read; no large or
unusual particles; no deposits, growths, or floating
materials; corrosion-resistant containers; follow
safety procedures; test samples as soon as possible.


787

15.7
15.8

Refrigerate at 4°C.
Absorption of water during cooling, contaminants,
fingerprints, etc.

CHAPTER 16 ANSWERS
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

Cone of depression
12 in.
Concrete
Surface water, groundwater, GUDISW
Groundwater under the direct influence of surface
water
16.6 Easily located; softer than groundwater
16.7 The study of the properties of water and its distribution and behavior
16.8 Zone of influence
16.9 GUDISW
16.10 Prevent large material from entering the intake

CHAPTER 17 ANSWERS
17.1

A potential reserve area, usually distinct from the
treatment plant, where natural or artificial lakes are
used for water storage, natural sedimentation, and
seasonal pretreatment with or without disinfection
17.2 Collection area into which water drains
17.3 Either of two choices in water utility management—keep it out of the watershed or take it out
during treatment
17.4 Control algae and in turn decrease taste and odor
problems
17.5 Best management practices
17.6 True
17.7 True
17.8 True
17.9 False

17.10 False

18.9

18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13
18.14

18.15
18.16
18.17
18.18
18.19
18.20
18.21

18.22
18.23
18.24

18.25

CHAPTER 18 ANSWERS
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8

Calcium (Ca) and magnesium
Buffer
Sodium hydroxide
Chlorine feed rate (lb/day) = Dose (mg/L) × flow
(MGD) × 8.34
= 1.2 mg/L × 1.6 MGD × 8.34 = 16.0 lb/day
2.4 (60 ÷ 25 = 2.4)
Chlorine dose (mg/L) – chlorine residual (mg/L)
= 1.0 mg/L – 0.5 mg/L = 0.5 mg/L
Residual = Dose – demand
= 6.0 mg/L – 3.3 mg/L = 2.7 mg/L
Dose (mg/L) =

220 lb/day Cl2
= 8.5 mg/L
3.1 × 8.34

Chlorine residual = 8.5 mg/L − 6.9 mg/L = 1.6 mg/L

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

A description of the soil encountered during well
construction, water quantity, well casing information, and well development and testing
Dug well
Disinfection residual, turbidity, coliform analysis

National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)
Fit for human consumption
First, determine the required chlorine feed rate:
Feed rate (lb/day) = Dose (mg/L) × flow (MGD)
× 8.34 = 0.6 mg/L × 1 MGD × 8.34 = 5.0 lb/day
If we require 5 lb/day of chlorine, we will require
more pounds of hypochlorite because it is not
100% chlorine; 68% of the hypochlorite is available chlorine, and 68% = 68/100 = 0.68. Next:
(Cl2 fraction)(hypochlorite) = Available chlorine
(0.68)(x lb/day hypochlorite) = 5.00 lb/day Cl2
x lb/day hypochlorite = 5.00/0.68
x = 7.36 lb/day hypochlorite
Public
The transport of water from one location to another
Acute
Reduction of pathogens to safe levels
Hypochlorites
Reduce the number of pathogens to safe levels in
water before the contact time is completed.
Feed rate (lb/day) = Dose (mg/L) × flow (MGD)
× 8.34
= 0.4 mg/L × 5/3 MGD × 8.34 = 17.68 lb/day Cl2
Residual = Dose – demand
= 10 (mg/L) – 2.6 (mg/L) = 7.5 mg/L
Turbidity can entrap or shield microorganisms
from the chlorine.
Feed rate (lb/day) = Dose (mg/L) × flow (MGD)
× 8.34
= 0.8 × 2.6 × 8.34 = 17.35 lb/day soda ash
Given:

Flow
0.75 MGD
Shape Circular
Size
Radius = 20 ft
Depth 10 ft
Find the detention time.
a. Find tank volume:
Volume = πr2h
Volume = π × (20 ft)2 × 10 ft = 12,560 ft3
b. Flow = 0.75 MGD × 1,000,000 = 750,000 gpd

12,560 ft 3 × 7.4824 hr
= 3 hr
750,000 gal/day
18.26 Chemical feed rate = Dose (mg/L) × flow (MGD)
× 8.34
= 35 mg/L × 2 MGD × 8.34
= 70 × 8.34 = 584 lb/day of alum
Detention time (hr) =


788

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

18.27 Yes
18.28 Chlorine residual
18.29 A link that connects two systems and a force that
causes liquids in a system to move

18.30 Moderate
18.31 Negative; low
18.32 Peristaltic metering pump
18.33 Purchase of buffer zone around a reservoir; inspection of construction sites; public education
18.34 Given:
No. of filters 3
Size (each)
10 ft × 7 ft
Operating
1 out of service
Filtration rate 280 gal/min (total capacity for both
filters)
Find the filtration rate square foot of filter:
Area of each filter = 10 ft × 7 ft = 70 ft2
Total area of filters = 70 ft2 = 140 ft2 total
Filtration rate =

280 gal/min
= 2 gal/min/ft 2 of filter
140 ft 2

18.35 Given:
Filter area
300 ft2
Backwash rate 15 gal/ft2/min
Backwash time 8 min
Find the amount of water for backwash.
We have been given information on per foot of
filter but we want to find the total water required
to backwash the entire filter.

a. Find total filtration rate:
15 gal
= 4500 gal/min
ft 2 /min
b. Gallons per 8-minute backwash time
300 ft 2 ×

18.36
18.37
18.38
18.39
18.40
18.41
18.42
18.43
18.44
18.45

4500 gal
× 8 min = 36,000 gal used
min
Velocity = Distance traveled ÷ time
Velocity = 600 ft ÷ 5 min = 120 ft/min
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Chlorination and filtration
Pump more than rated capacity
Hypochlorous acid
Protozoa
Removal/inactivation of most resistant pathogens
Corrosivity

Turbidity, paddles speed, pH
We want to find the velocity; therefore, we must
rearrange the general formula to solve for velocity:
V = Q/A
Given:
Q = Rate of flow = 11.2 cfs
A = Area in square feet
Width = 2.5 ft
Depth = 1.4 ft

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

18.46

18.47
18.48
18.49
18.50
18.51
18.52

18.53
18.54
18.55
18.56
18.57
18.58
18.59

18.60

18.61

Find the average velocity.
Step 1.
Area = Width × depth = 2.5 ft × 1.4 ft = 3.5 ft2
Step 2.
Velocity (ft/sec) = Flow rate (ft3/sec) ÷ area (ft2)
Velocity = 11.2 ft3/sec ÷ 3.5 ft2 = 32 ft/sec
Given:
Height
100 ft
Diameter 20 ft
Shape
Cylindrical
Find total gallons of water contained in the tank.
a. Find the volume in cubic feet:
Volume = 0.785 × (diameter)2 × height
= 0.785 × (20 ft)2 × 100 ft
= 0.785 × 400 ft2 × 100 ft = 31,400 ft3
b. Our problem asks how many gallons of water
will it contain:
31,400 ft3 × 7.48 gal/ft3 = 234,872 gal
Rapid mix, flocculation, sedimentation
Removal of color, suspended matter, and organics
Transform soluble ions to insoluble compounds
3 to 4 times the theoretical amount
5%
Given:
Distance 1500 ft
Time

4 min
a. Find the velocity in ft/min:
Velocity = 1500 ft ÷ 4 min = 375 ft/min
b. Convert minutes to seconds:
375 ft/min × 1 min/60 sec = 6.25 ft/sec
Gate
Achieve optimum corrosion control
50%
Sodium fluoride (NaF)
Mottled teeth enamel
0.75 mg/L
Amount of chlorine to add for breakpoint chlorination; correct amount of coagulant to use for
proper coagulation; length of flash mix; proper
amount of mixing and settling time
Corrosion control technology
Given:
Flow
350 GPM
Pipe size 6 in.
Find the velocity (ft/sec) = Distance ÷ time
a. Convert gallons to ft3:
350 gal/min ÷ 7.48 gal/ft3 = 46.8 ft3/min
b. Find cross-sectional area of pipe:
Area of circle = πr2
= 3.14 × (3 in. × 3 in.) = 28.26 in.2
c. Convert square inches to square feet:
28.26 in.2 ÷ 144 in.2/ft2 = 0.20 ft2


789

18.62
18.63
18.64
18.65
18.66
18.67
18.68
18.69
18.70
18.71
18.72
18.73
18.74
18.75
18.76
18.77
18.78
18.79
18.80
18.81

18.82
18.83
18.84

18.85
18.86
18.87
18.88

18.89
18.90
18.91
18.92

d. Find ft/min:
46.8 ft3/min ÷ 0.20 ft2 = 234 ft/min
e. Convert minutes to seconds:
234 ft/min × 1 min/60 sec = 3.9 ft/sec
Air, chlorine, or potassium permanganate
pH, alkalinity, hardness
Adsorption
Prior to the rapid mix basin
Before the backwash, water reaches the lip of the
wash water trough.
Chlorine
True
True
79,269 gal
Powdered activated carbon
Iron and manganese
Copper
Soluble polyvalent cations
Gains an electron in going from the +2 oxidation
state to the +3 form
Bicarbonate
Negative head
Gravity
Influent
Uniform

Maximize the conversion of organic carbon from
the dissolved phase to the particulate phase; the
removal of natural organic material; optimize the
removal of DHP precursor material.
30 hours
Phenyl arsine oxide
Given:
Surface area of pond = 20 ac
Height of water collected = 2 in.
Find the number of gallons collected in the reservoir after the storm.
a. Convert acres to ft2:
20 ac × 43,560 ft2/ac = 871,200 ft2
b. Convert inches to feet:
2 in. × 1 ft/12 in. = 0.167 ft
c. Calculate volume of water collected:
Area × height = 871,200 ft2 × 0.167 ft = 145,490 ft3
d. Convert ft3 to gallons:
145,590 ft3 × 7.48 gal/ft3 = 1,089,013 gal
20.0 lb/day Cl2
70 ft × 0.4 = 28 ft
28 ft × 0.433 = 12.1 psi
Groundwater
Aeration, boiling, adsorption
Addition of powdered activated carbon
Permeability
Water table
Waterborne

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

18.93
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18.97
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18.99

Coagulant
Greater
Copper sulfate
Lime
Disinfected
Oxygen
Binary fission

CHAPTER 19 ANSWERS
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11
19.12

19.13
19.14
19.15
19.16
19.17
19.18
19.19
19.20
19.21
19.22
19.23
19.24
19.25
19.26

19.27
19.28
19.29
19.30
19.31

The licensed operator and the responsible official
The amount of organic material in a sample that
can be oxidized by a strong oxidizing agent
Prevent disease, protect aquatic organisms, protect
water quality
Dissolved and suspended
Organic indicates matter that is made up mainly
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and will decompose into mainly carbon dioxide and water at
550°C; inorganic materials, such as salt, ferric

chloride, iron, sand, gravel, etc.
Algae, bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, virus
Carbon dioxide, water, more organics, stable solids
Toxic matter, inorganic dissolved solids, pathogenic organisms
Raw effluent
From body wastes of humans who have disease
Disease-causing
Domestic waste
Industrial waste
4.4%
2.3 ft
5250 gal × 8.34 lb/gal = 43,785 lb
14,362 gal
850.7 lb/day
686 kg/day
0.121 MGD
8477 people
9.41 lb/gal
Cutter may be sharpened or replaced when needed.
Cutter alignment must be adjusted as needed
Grit is heavy inorganic matter; sand, gravel, metal
filings, egg shells, coffee grounds, etc.
0.7 fps
A large amount of organic matter is present in the
gut. The aeration rate must be increased to prevent
settling of the organic solids.
To remove settleable and flotable solids
To remove the settleable solids formed by the biological activity
7962 gpd/ft
Stabilization pond, oxidation pond, polishing pond

Settling, anaerobic digestion of settled solids, aerobic/anaerobic decomposition of dissolved and


790

19.32

19.33
19.34
19.35
19.36
19.37
19.38
19.39
19.40
19.41
19.42
19.43
19.44
19.45
19.46
19.47
19.48
19.49
19.50
19.51
19.52

19.53
19.54

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Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

colloidal organic solids by bacteria producing stable solids and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis
Products of oxygen by algae; summer effluent is
high in solids (algae) and low in BOD; winter
effluent is low in solids and high in BOD.
Eliminates wide diurnal and seasonal variation in
pond dissolved oxygen
Standard, high rate, roughing
Increase waste rate
Decrease, decrease, decrease, increase, increase
10 containers
88 days
103 cylinders; $2823.49
4716 lb/day
21.5 lb
27 days
64.1%
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
By increasing the primary sludge pumping rate or
by adding dilution water
7.0 pH
Because the microorganisms have been killed or
they are absent
The time to do the test, 3 hours vs. 5 days

Dark, greasy
Increases
Temperature, pH, toxicity, waste rate, aeration tank
configuration
Can function with or without dissolved oxygen;
prefer dissolved oxygen but can use chemically
combined oxygen such as sulfate or nitrate
Organic
Living organisms
Final
Colloidal
Not possible
Aerobic, facultative

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

19.59
19.60
19.61
19.62
19.63
19.64
19.65
19.66
19.67
19.68
19.69
19.70
19.71
19.72

19.73
19.74
19.75
19.76
19.77
19.78
19.79
19.80
19.81
19.82
19.83
19.84
19.85
19.86
19.87
19.88
19.89
19.90
19.91
19.92
19.93

Different
Reduced
Temperature
BOD
F/M
Secondary clarifier weirs
To separate and return biosolids to the aeration
tank

Declining
1.5 and 2.5 mg/L
Increased MLVSS concentration
Decreased waste rate
Decreased MCRT
Concentration of aeration influent solids
Complete mix is more resistant to shock loads
Decrease the grit channel aeration rate
Increase
Floor level
$22.77
Anoxic
C:N:P
Secondary
Are not
2 ft/sec
Lower
Chlorine residual
2 hr
0.1
800 gpd/ft2
Monochloramine
0.2 to 0.5
Nitrogen
Decrease explosive hazard, decrease odor release,
maintain temperature, collect gas
Algae
Dissolved solids
0.0005 ppm

APPENDIX B
Formulae
AREA

EFFICIENCY

a. Rectangular tank:
A=L×W

Efficiency (% removal) =

b. Circular tank:
A = πr2
or
A = 0.785 × (diameter)2

WEIR LOADING

Influent − effluent
×100
Influent

Weir loading (overflow rate) =

Total gpd
Length of weir

VOLUME
a. Rectangular tank:

V=L×W×H
b. Circular tank:
V = πr2 × H
or
0.785 × (diameter)2 × H

FLOW
Gal/day (gpd) = gal/min (gpm) × 1440 min/day
Gal/day (gpd) = gal/hr (gph) × 24 hr/day
Million gallons/day (MGD) = (gpd)/1,000,000

SURFACE SETTLING RATE
Surface settling rate =

Total gpd
Surface area of tank

DETENTION TIME
Detention time (hr) =

Capacity of tank (gal) × 24 hr/day
Flow rate (gpd)

HORSEPOWER
Horsepower (hp) =

gpm × head (ft)
3960 × total efficiency

DOSE

lb = ppm × MG × 8.34 lb/gal
ppm = lb/(MG × 8.34 lb/gal)

791

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


Second Edition

Handbook of

Water and Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Operations

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


Second Edition

Handbook of

Water and Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Operations
Frank R. Spellman

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7530-4 (Softcover)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Spellman, Frank R.
Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations / Frank R. Spellman. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
“A CRC title.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-7530-4 (alk. paper)
1. Water treatment plants--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Sewage disposal plants--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3.
Water--Purification--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Sewage--Purification--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
TD434.S64 2008
628.1’62--dc22
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and the CRC Press Web site at


© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

2008018725


Contents
Preface ...........................................................................................................................................................................xxxv
To the Reader ..............................................................................................................................................................xxxvii
Author ..........................................................................................................................................................................xxxix
Part I. Water and Wastewater Operations: An Overview............................................................................................1
Chapter 1. Current Issues in Water and Wastewater Treatment Operations ...........................................................3
1.1
1.2

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................3

The Paradigm Shift .................................................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 A Change in the Way Things Are Understood and Done......................................................................... 4
1.3
Multiple-Barrier Concept ........................................................................................................................................5
1.3.1 Multiple-Barrier Approach: Wastewater Operations .................................................................................6
1.4
Management Problems Facing Water and Wastewater Operations........................................................................8
1.4.1 Compliance with New, Changing, and Existing Regulations ...................................................................8
1.4.2 Maintaining Infrastructure..........................................................................................................................9
1.4.3 Privatization and/or Reengineering..........................................................................................................11
1.4.4 Benchmarking...........................................................................................................................................13
1.4.4.1
Benchmarking: The Process ...................................................................................................14
1.5
Water: The New Oil? ............................................................................................................................................16
1.5.1 Characteristics of Water ...........................................................................................................................16
1.5.2 Water Use .................................................................................................................................................17
1.6
Technical Management vs. Professional Management.........................................................................................19
Chapter Review Questions ................................................................................................................................................23
Thought-Provoking Question ............................................................................................................................................23
References and Suggested Reading ..................................................................................................................................23

Chapter 2. Water/Wastewater Operators....................................................................................................................25
2.1
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................25
2.2
Setting the Record Straight ...................................................................................................................................26
2.3
The Computer-Literate Jack or Jill.......................................................................................................................26

2.4
Plant Operators as Emergency Responders ..........................................................................................................27
2.5
Operator Duties, Numbers, and Working Conditions ..........................................................................................28
2.6
Operator Certification and Licensure....................................................................................................................29
Chapter Review Questions ................................................................................................................................................30
References and Suggested Reading ..................................................................................................................................30
Chapter 3. Upgrading Security .....................................................................................................................................31
3.1
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................31
3.2
Consequences of 9/11 ...........................................................................................................................................31
3.3
Security Hardware/Devices ...................................................................................................................................34
3.3.1 Physical Asset Monitoring and Control Devices.....................................................................................34
3.3.1.1
Aboveground Outdoor Equipment Enclosures.......................................................................34
3.3.1.2
Alarms .....................................................................................................................................34
3.3.1.3
Backflow-Prevention Devices .................................................................................................36
3.3.1.4
Barriers ....................................................................................................................................36
3.3.1.5
Biometric Security Systems....................................................................................................39

v

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

vi

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

3.3.1.6
Card Identification and Access and Tracking Systems ..........................................................40
3.3.1.7
Fences......................................................................................................................................40
3.3.1.8
Films for Glass Shatter Protection .........................................................................................41
3.3.1.9
Fire Hydrant Locks .................................................................................................................42
3.3.1.10 Hatch Security.........................................................................................................................42
3.3.1.11 Intrusion Sensors.....................................................................................................................43
3.3.1.12 Ladder Access Control............................................................................................................43
3.3.1.13 Locks .......................................................................................................................................43
3.3.1.14 Manhole Intrusion Sensors .....................................................................................................44
3.3.1.15 Manhole Locks........................................................................................................................44
3.3.1.16 Radiation Detection Equipment for Monitoring Personnel and Packages ............................44
3.3.1.17 Reservoir Covers .....................................................................................................................45
3.3.1.18 Side-Hinged Door Security.....................................................................................................46
3.3.1.19 Valve Lockout Devices ...........................................................................................................47
3.3.1.20 Vent Security ...........................................................................................................................47
3.3.1.21 Visual Surveillance Monitoring ..............................................................................................48
3.3.2 Water Monitoring Devices .......................................................................................................................48
3.3.2.1
Sensors for Monitoring Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Contamination.................49
3.3.2.2

Chemical Sensors: Arsenic Measurement System .................................................................49
3.3.2.3
Chemical Sensors: Adapted BOD Analyzer...........................................................................50
3.3.2.4
Chemical Sensors: Total Organic Carbon Analyzer...............................................................50
3.3.2.5
Chemical Sensors: Chlorine Measurement System ...............................................................50
3.3.2.6
Chemical Sensors: Portable Cyanide Analyzer......................................................................51
3.3.2.7
Portable Field Monitors to Measure VOCs............................................................................52
3.3.2.8
Radiation Detection Equipment..............................................................................................52
3.3.2.9
Radiation Detection Equipment for Monitoring Water Assets ..............................................53
3.3.2.10 Toxicity Monitoring/Toxicity Meters ..................................................................................... 54
3.3.3 Communication and Integration...............................................................................................................54
3.3.3.1
Electronic Controllers .............................................................................................................54
3.3.3.2
Two-Way Radios .....................................................................................................................55
3.3.3.3
Wireless Data Communications..............................................................................................55
3.3.4 Cyber Protection Devices.........................................................................................................................55
3.3.4.1
Antivirus and Pest-Eradication Software ...............................................................................56
3.3.4.2
Firewalls ..................................................................................................................................56
3.3.4.3
Network Intrusion Hardware and Software............................................................................56

3.4
SCADA..................................................................................................................................................................57
3.4.1 What Is SCADA? .....................................................................................................................................58
3.4.2 SCADA Applications in Water/Wastewater Systems ..............................................................................59
3.4.3 SCADA Vulnerabilities ............................................................................................................................59
3.4.4 The Increasing Risk .................................................................................................................................60
3.4.5 Adoption of Technologies with Known Vulnerabilities ..........................................................................60
3.4.6 Cyber Threats to Control Systems...........................................................................................................62
3.4.7 Securing Control Systems........................................................................................................................62
3.4.8 Steps to Improve SCADA Security .........................................................................................................62
The Bottom Line on Security ...........................................................................................................................................66
Chapter Review Question .................................................................................................................................................66
References and Suggested Reading ..................................................................................................................................67
Chapter 4. Water/Wastewater References, Models, and Terminology......................................................................69
4.1
Setting the Stage ...................................................................................................................................................69
4.2
Treatment Process Models ....................................................................................................................................69
4.3
Key Terms Used in Water and Wastewater Operations........................................................................................69
Chapter Review Question .................................................................................................................................................77
References and Suggested Reading ..................................................................................................................................78

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


Contents

vii

Part II. Water/Wastewater Operations: Math and Technical Aspects......................................................................79
Chapter 5. Water/Wastewater Math Operations.........................................................................................................81
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.5

Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................81
Calculation Steps...................................................................................................................................................81
Equivalents, Formulae, and Symbols....................................................................................................................81
Basic Water/Wastewater Math Operations............................................................................................................81
5.4.1 Arithmetic Average (or Arithmetic Mean) and Median ..........................................................................81
5.4.2 Units and Conversions .............................................................................................................................84
5.4.2.1
Temperature Conversions........................................................................................................84
5.4.2.2
Milligrams Per Liter (Parts Per Million)................................................................................85
5.4.3 Area and Volume ......................................................................................................................................86
5.4.4 Force, Pressure, and Head........................................................................................................................86
5.4.5 Flow ..........................................................................................................................................................88
5.4.6 Flow Calculations.....................................................................................................................................89
5.4.6.1
Instantaneous Flow Rates .......................................................................................................89
5.4.6.2
Instantaneous Flow into and out of a Rectangular Tank .......................................................89
5.4.6.3
Flow Rate into a Cylindrical Tank .........................................................................................90
5.4.6.4

Flow through a Full Pipeline ..................................................................................................90
5.4.6.5
Velocity Calculations ..............................................................................................................90
5.4.6.6
Average Flow Rate Calculations ............................................................................................91
5.4.6.7
Flow Conversion Calculations ................................................................................................91
5.4.7 Detention Time.........................................................................................................................................91
5.4.8 Hydraulic Detention Time........................................................................................................................92
5.4.8.1
Hydraulic Detention Time in Days......................................................................................... 92
5.4.8.2
Hydraulic Detention Time in Hours .......................................................................................92
5.4.8.3
Hydraulic Detention Time in Minutes....................................................................................93
5.4.9 Chemical Dosage Calculations ................................................................................................................93
5.4.9.1
Dosage Formula Pie Chart......................................................................................................93
5.4.9.2
Chlorine Dosage......................................................................................................................94
5.4.9.3
Hypochlorite Dosage...............................................................................................................94
5.4.10 Percent Removal.......................................................................................................................................95
5.4.11 Population Equivalent or Unit Loading Factor........................................................................................96
5.4.12 Specific Gravity........................................................................................................................................96
5.4.13 Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge ..........................................................................................96
5.4.14 Chemical Coagulation and Sedimentation...............................................................................................96
5.4.14.1 Calculating Feed Rate.............................................................................................................96
5.4.14.2 Calculating Solution Strength.................................................................................................97
5.4.15 Filtration ...................................................................................................................................................97

5.4.15.1 Calculating the Rate of Filtration ...........................................................................................97
5.4.15.2 Filter Backwash.......................................................................................................................97
5.4.16 Water Distribution System Calculations ..................................................................................................98
5.4.16.1 Water Flow Velocity................................................................................................................98
5.4.16.2 Storage Tank Calculations ......................................................................................................99
5.4.16.3 Distribution System Disinfection Calculations ......................................................................99
5.4.17 Complex Conversions.............................................................................................................................100
5.4.17.1 Concentration to Quantity.....................................................................................................101
5.4.17.2 Quantity to Concentration.....................................................................................................101
5.4.17.3 Quantity to Volume or Flow Rate.........................................................................................102
Applied Math Operations....................................................................................................................................102
5.5.1 Mass Balance and Measuring Plant Performance .................................................................................102
5.5.2 Mass Balance for Settling Tanks ...........................................................................................................102
5.5.3 Mass Balance Using BOD Removal......................................................................................................102
5.5.4 Measuring Plant Performance................................................................................................................103

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


viii

5.6

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

5.5.4.1
Plant Performance/Efficiency................................................................................................104
5.5.4.2
Unit Process Performance/Efficiency ...................................................................................104
5.5.4.3

Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge .......................................................................104
Water Math Concepts..........................................................................................................................................104
5.6.1 Water Sources and Storage Calculations ...............................................................................................104
5.6.2 Water Source Calculations .....................................................................................................................105
5.6.2.1
Well Drawdown.....................................................................................................................105
5.6.2.2
Well Yield..............................................................................................................................105
5.6.2.3
Specific Yield ........................................................................................................................105
5.6.2.4
Well Casing Disinfection ......................................................................................................106
5.6.2.5
Deep-Well Turbine Pumps....................................................................................................106
5.6.2.6
Vertical Turbine Pump Calculations .....................................................................................106
5.6.3 Water Storage Calculations ....................................................................................................................107
5.6.4 Copper Sulfate Dosing ...........................................................................................................................107
5.6.5 Coagulation and Flocculation ................................................................................................................108
5.6.5.1
Coagulation ...........................................................................................................................108
5.6.5.2
Flocculation...........................................................................................................................108
5.6.5.3
Coagulation and Flocculation Calculations..........................................................................108
5.6.6 Determining Chemical Usage ................................................................................................................113
5.6.7 Sedimentation Calculations....................................................................................................................114
5.6.7.1
Calculating Tank Volume ......................................................................................................114
5.6.7.2

Detention Time......................................................................................................................114
5.6.7.3
Surface Overflow Rate ..........................................................................................................115
5.6.7.4
Mean Flow Velocity ..............................................................................................................115
5.6.7.5
Weir Loading Rate (Weir Overflow Rate)............................................................................116
5.6.7.6
Percent Settled Biosolids ......................................................................................................116
5.6.7.7
Determining Lime Dosage (mg/L) .......................................................................................117
5.6.7.8
Determining Lime Dosage (lb/day)......................................................................................118
5.6.7.9
Determining Lime Dosage (g/min) ......................................................................................118
5.6.8 Filtration Calculations ............................................................................................................................119
5.6.8.1
Flow Rate through a Filter (gpm).........................................................................................119
5.6.8.2
Filtration Rate .......................................................................................................................120
5.6.8.3
Unit Filter Run Volume ........................................................................................................121
5.6.8.4
Backwash Rate......................................................................................................................122
5.6.8.5
Backwash Rise Rate..............................................................................................................122
5.6.8.6
Volume of Backwash Water Required (gal) .........................................................................123
5.6.8.7
Required Depth of Backwash Water Tank (ft) .....................................................................123

5.6.8.8
Backwash Pumping Rate (gpm) ...........................................................................................123
5.6.8.9
Percent Product Water Used for Backwash..........................................................................124
5.6.8.10 Percent Mud Ball Volume.....................................................................................................124
5.6.8.11 Filter Bed Expansion ............................................................................................................125
5.6.9 Water Chlorination Calculations ............................................................................................................125
5.6.9.1
Chlorine Disinfection............................................................................................................125
5.6.9.2
Determining Chlorine Dosage (Feed Rate)..........................................................................125
5.6.9.3
Calculating Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual.............................................................126
5.6.9.4
Calculating Dry Hypochlorite Rate ......................................................................................128
5.6.9.5
Calculating Hypochlorite Solution Feed Rate......................................................................129
5.6.9.6
Calculating Percent Strength of Solutions ...........................................................................130
5.6.9.7
Calculating Percent Strength Using Dry Hypochlorite........................................................130
5.6.10 Chemical Use Calculations ....................................................................................................................130
5.6.11 Fluoridation ............................................................................................................................................131
5.6.11.1 Water Fluoridation ................................................................................................................131
5.6.11.2 Fluoride Compounds.............................................................................................................131

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


Contents

5.7

ix

5.6.11.3 Optimal Fluoride Levels .......................................................................................................132
5.6.11.4 Fluoridation Process Calculations ........................................................................................133
5.6.12 Water Softening......................................................................................................................................137
5.6.12.1 Calculating Calcium Hardness as CaCO3 ............................................................................137
5.6.12.2 Calculating Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 .......................................................................137
5.6.12.3 Calculating Total Hardness ...................................................................................................138
5.6.12.4 Calculating Carbonate and Noncarbonate Hardness............................................................138
5.6.12.5 Alkalinity Determination ......................................................................................................139
5.6.12.6 Calculation for Removal of Noncarbonate Hardness...........................................................140
5.6.12.7 Recarbonation Calculation....................................................................................................140
5.6.12.8 Calculating Feed Rates .........................................................................................................141
5.6.12.9 Ion Exchange Capacity .........................................................................................................141
5.6.12.10 Water Treatment Capacity ....................................................................................................142
5.6.12.11 Treatment Time Calculation (Until Regeneration Required)...............................................143
5.6.12.12 Salt and Brine Required for Regeneration ...........................................................................143
Wastewater Math Concepts.................................................................................................................................144
5.7.1 Preliminary Treatment Calculations.......................................................................................................144
5.7.1.1
Screening...............................................................................................................................144
5.7.1.2
Grit Removal.........................................................................................................................145
5.7.2 Primary Treatment Calculations.............................................................................................................147
5.7.2.1
Process Control Calculations ................................................................................................147
5.7.2.2

Surface Loading Rate (Surface Settling Rate/Surface Overflow Rate) ...............................147
5.7.2.3
Weir Overflow Rate (Weir Loading Rate)............................................................................148
5.7.2.4
BOD and Suspended Solids Removed (lb/day) ...................................................................148
5.7.3 Trickling Filters ......................................................................................................................................148
5.7.3.1
Trickling Filter Process Calculations ...................................................................................149
5.7.3.2
Hydraulic Loading ................................................................................................................149
5.7.3.3
Organic Loading Rate ...........................................................................................................149
5.7.3.4
BOD and Suspended Solids Removed .................................................................................150
5.7.3.5
Recirculation Flow ................................................................................................................150
5.7.4 Rotating Biological Contactors..............................................................................................................150
5.7.4.1
RBC Process Control Calculations.......................................................................................151
5.7.4.2
Hydraulic Loading Rate........................................................................................................151
5.7.4.3
Soluble BOD .........................................................................................................................151
5.7.4.4
Organic Loading Rate ...........................................................................................................152
5.7.4.5
Total Media Area ..................................................................................................................152
5.7.5 Activated Biosolids ................................................................................................................................152
5.7.5.1
Activated Biosolids Process Control Calculations ...............................................................153

5.7.5.2
Moving Averages ..................................................................................................................153
5.7.5.3
BOD or COD Loading..........................................................................................................153
5.7.5.4
Solids Inventory ....................................................................................................................153
5.7.5.5
Food-to-Microorganism Ratio ..............................................................................................154
5.7.5.6
Gould Biosolids Age.............................................................................................................155
5.7.5.7
Mean Cell Residence Time...................................................................................................155
5.7.5.8
Estimating Return Rates from SSV60 ...................................................................................156
5.7.5.9
Sludge Volume Index ............................................................................................................157
5.7.5.10 Mass Balance: Settling Tank Suspended Solids...................................................................157
5.7.5.11 Biosolids Waste Based on Mass Balance.............................................................................158
5.7.5.12 Oxidation Ditch Detention Time ..........................................................................................158
5.7.6 Treatment Ponds.....................................................................................................................................159
5.7.6.1
Treatment Pond Parameters ..................................................................................................159
5.7.6.2
Treatment Pond Process Control Calculations .....................................................................159
5.7.6.3
Hydraulic Detention Time (Days) ........................................................................................159

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x

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

5.7.6.4
BOD Loading........................................................................................................................160
5.7.6.5
Organic Loading Rate ...........................................................................................................160
5.7.6.6
BOD Removal Efficiency .....................................................................................................160
5.7.6.7
Population Loading ...............................................................................................................160
5.7.6.8
Hydraulic Loading Rate (In./Day) (Hydraulic Overflow Rate) ...........................................160
5.7.7 Chemical Dosing ....................................................................................................................................160
5.7.7.1
Chemical Feed Rate ..............................................................................................................161
5.7.7.2
Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual ................................................................................162
5.7.7.3
Hypochlorite Dosage.............................................................................................................162
5.7.8 Chemical Solutions ................................................................................................................................163
5.7.8.1
Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (gpd) ..............................................................................164
5.7.8.2
Chemical Feed Pump: Percent Stroke Setting .....................................................................164
5.7.8.3
Chemical Solution Feeder Setting (mL/min) .......................................................................165
5.7.8.4
Chemical Feed Calibration ...................................................................................................165

5.7.8.5
Average Use Calculations .....................................................................................................166
5.7.8.6
Process Residuals: Biosolids Production and Pumping Calculations..................................167
5.7.8.7
Primary and Secondary Solids Production Calculations......................................................167
5.7.8.8
Primary Clarifier Solids Production Calculations ................................................................167
5.7.8.9
Secondary Clarifier Solids Production Calculations ............................................................167
5.7.8.10 Percent Solids........................................................................................................................168
5.7.8.11 Biosolids Pumping ................................................................................................................168
5.7.8.12 Estimating Daily Biosolids Production ................................................................................168
5.7.8.13 Biosolids Production in Pounds per Million Gallons ..........................................................168
5.7.8.14 Biosolids Production in Wet Tons/Year................................................................................169
5.7.8.15 Biosolids Pumping Time.......................................................................................................169
5.7.8.16 Biosolids Pumped per Day in Gallons .................................................................................169
5.7.8.17 Biosolids Pumped per Day in Pounds..................................................................................169
5.7.8.18 Solids Pumped per Day in Pounds.......................................................................................169
5.7.8.19 Volatile Matter Pumped per Day in Pounds.........................................................................169
5.7.8.20 Biosolids Thickening ............................................................................................................170
5.7.8.21 Gravity/Dissolved Air Flotation Thickener Calculations .....................................................170
5.7.8.22 Centrifuge Thickening Calculations .....................................................................................171
5.7.8.23 Biosolids Digestion or Stabilization.....................................................................................172
5.7.8.24 Aerobic Digestion Process Control Calculations .................................................................172
5.7.8.25 Volatile Solids Loading (lb/ft3/day) ......................................................................................172
5.7.8.26 Digestion Time, Days ...........................................................................................................172
5.7.8.27 pH Adjustment ......................................................................................................................172
5.7.8.28 Anaerobic Digestion Process Control Calculations .............................................................173
5.7.8.29 Required Seed Volume in Gallons........................................................................................173

5.7.8.30 Volatile Acids/Alkalinity Ratio.............................................................................................173
5.7.8.31 Biosolids Retention Time .....................................................................................................173
5.7.8.32 Estimated Gas Production in Cubic Feet/Day......................................................................173
5.7.8.33 Percent Volatile Matter Reduction........................................................................................174
5.7.8.34 Percent Moisture Reduction in Digested Biosolids .............................................................174
5.7.9 Biosolids Dewatering .............................................................................................................................174
5.7.9.1
Pressure Filtration .................................................................................................................174
5.7.9.2
Plate and Frame Press Calculations .....................................................................................174
5.7.9.3
Belt Filter Press Calculations ...............................................................................................175
5.7.9.4
Rotary Vacuum Filter Dewatering Calculations...................................................................177
5.7.9.5
Sand Drying Beds .................................................................................................................178
5.7.10 Biosolids Disposal..................................................................................................................................179
5.7.10.1 Land Application Calculations .............................................................................................179
5.7.10.2 Biosolids to Compost............................................................................................................181
5.7.10.3 Composting Calculations ......................................................................................................181

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC