CCIE professional development routing TCP IP volume i 2nd edition 2005 kho tài liệu training

CCIE Professional Development Routing TCP/IP, Volume I, Second Edition
By Jeff Doyle - CCIE No. 1919, Jennifer Carroll - CCIE No. 1402
...............................................
Publisher: Cisco Pr e ss
Pub Dat e: Oct obe r 1 9 , 2 0 0 5
I SBN: 1 - 5 8 7 0 5 - 2 0 2 - 4
Pages: 9 3 6

Table of Cont ent s | I ndex

A det ailed exam inat ion of int erior rout ing prot ocols - - com plet ely updat ed in a new edit ion
A com plet e revision of t he best - selling first edit ion- - widely considered a prem ier t ext on
TCP/ I P rout ing prot ocols
A core t ext book for CCI E preparat ion and a pract ical reference for net work designers,
adm inist rat ors, and engineers
I ncludes configurat ion and t roubleshoot ing lessons t hat would cost t housands t o learn in a
classroom and num erous real- world exam ples and case st udies
Praised in it s first edit ion for it s approachable st yle and wealt h of inform at ion, t his new edit ion
provides readers a deep underst anding of I P rout ing prot ocols, t eaches how t o im plem ent
t hese prot ocols using Cisco rout ers, and brings readers up t o dat e prot ocol and im plem ent at ion
enhancem ent s. Rout ing TCP/ I P, Volum e 1, Second Edit ion, includes prot ocol changes and Cisco
feat ures t hat enhance rout ing int egrit y, secure rout ers from at t acks init iat ed t hrough rout ing
prot ocols, and provide great er cont rol over t he propagat ion of rout ing inform at ion for all t he I P
int erior rout ing prot ocols. Rout ing TCP/ I P, Volum e 1, Second Edit ion, provides a det ailed
analysis of each of t he I P int erior gat eway prot ocols ( I GPs) . I t s st ruct ure rem ains t he sam e as
t he best - selling first edit ion, t hough inform at ion wit hin each sect ion is enhanced and m odified
t o include t he new developm ent s in rout ing prot ocols and Cisco im plem ent at ions. What 's New
I n This Edit ion? The first edit ion covers rout ing prot ocols as t hey exist ed in 1998. The new
book updat es all covered rout ing prot ocols and discusses new feat ures int egrat ed in t he lat est
version of Cisco I OS Soft ware. I Pv6, it s use wit h int erior rout ing prot ocols, and it s
int eroperabilit y and int egrat ion wit h I Pv4 are also int egrat ed int o t his book. Approxim at ely 200

pages of new inform at ion are added t o t he m ain t ext , wit h som e old t ext rem oved. Addit ional
exercise and solut ions are also included.


CCIE Professional Development Routing TCP/IP, Volume I, Second Edition
By Jeff Doyle - CCIE No. 1919, Jennifer Carroll - CCIE No. 1402
...............................................
Publisher: Cisco Pr e ss
Pub Dat e: Oct obe r 1 9 , 2 0 0 5
I SBN: 1 - 5 8 7 0 5 - 2 0 2 - 4
Pages: 9 3 6

Table of Cont ent s | I ndex

Copyright
About the Authors
About the Technical Reviewers
Acknowledgments
This Book Is Safari Enabled
Icons Used in This Book
Command Syntax Conventions
Foreword
Introduction
Objectives
Audience
Changes from First Edition
Organization
Book Features
Part I: Routing Basics
Chapter 1. TCP/IP Review

TCP/IP Protocol Layers
IP Packet Header
IPv4 Addresses
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Host-to-Host Layer
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 1 Command Review
Recommended Reading
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises
Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 2. IPv6 Overview
IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Packet Header Format
Extension Headers
ICMPv6
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Looking Ahead
Review Questions
Chapter 3. Static Routing


Route Table
Configuring Static Routes
Troubleshooting Static Routes
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 3 Command Review
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises

Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 4. Dynamic Routing Protocols
Routing Protocol Basics
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Link State Routing Protocols
Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols
Static or Dynamic Routing?
Looking Ahead
Recommended Reading
Review Questions
Part II: Interior Routing Protocols
Chapter 5. Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Operation of RIP
Configuring RIP
Troubleshooting RIP
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 5 Command Review
Recommended Reading
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises
Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 6. RIPv2, RIPng, and Classless Routing
Operation of RIPv2
Operation of RIPng
Configuring RIPv2
Configuring RIPng
Troubleshooting RIPv2 and RIPng
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 6 Command Review
Recommended Reading

Review Questions
Configuration Exercises
Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 7. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
The Roots of EIGRP: An Overview of IGRP
From IGRP to EIGRP
Operation of EIGRP
Configuring EIGRP
Troubleshooting EIGRP
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 7 Command Review
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises


Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 8. OSPFv2
Operation of OSPF
Configuring OSPF
Troubleshooting OSPF
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 8 Command Review
Recommended Reading
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises
Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 9. OSPFv3
Operation of OSPFv3
Configuring OSPFv3
Troubleshooting OSPFv3

Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 9 Command Review
Recommended Reading
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises
Chapter 10. Integrated IS-IS
Operation of Integrated IS-IS
Configuring Integrated IS-IS
Troubleshooting Integrated IS-IS
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 10 Command Review
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises
Troubleshooting Exercises
Part III: Route Control and Interoperability
Chapter 11. Route Redistribution
Principles of Redistribution
Configuring Redistribution
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 11 Command Review
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises
Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 12. Default Routes and On-Demand Routing
Fundamentals of Default Routes
Fundamentals of On-Demand Routing
Configuring Default Routes and ODR
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 12 Command Review
Review Questions

Chapter 13. Route Filtering
Configuring Route Filters
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 13 Command Review
Configuration Exercises


Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 14. Route Maps
Basic Uses of Route Maps
Configuring Route Maps
Looking Ahead
Summary Table: Chapter 14 Command Review
Review Questions
Configuration Exercises
Troubleshooting Exercise
Part IV: Appendixes
Appendix A. Tutorial: Working with Binary and Hex
Working with Binary Numbers
Working with Hexadecimal Numbers
Appendix B. Tutorial: Access Lists
Access List Basics
Standard IP Access Lists
Extended IP Access Lists
Calling the Access List
Reflexive Access Lists
Keyword Alternatives
Named Access Lists
Prefix Lists
Filter Placement Considerations

Access List Monitoring and Accounting
Appendix C. CCIE Preparation Tips
Laying the Foundations
Following the Certification Path
Hands-On Experience
Intensifying the Study
The Final Six Months
Exam Day
Appendix D. Answers to Review Questions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 14
Appendix E. Solutions to Configuration Exercises
Chapter 1
Chapter 3
Chapter 5
Chapter 6


Chapter 7

Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Appendix F. Solutions to Troubleshooting Exercises
Chapter 1
Chapter 3
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Index


Copyright
CCIE Professional Development Routing TCP/IP Volume
I Second Edition
Jeff Doyle, CCI E No. 1919, Jennifer Carroll, CCI E No. 1402
Copyright © 2006 Cisco Syst em s, I nc.
Published by:
Cisco Press
800 East 96t h St reet
I ndianapolis, I N 46240 USA
All right s reserved. No part of t his book m ay be reproduced or t ransm it t ed in any form or by any

m eans, elect ronic or m echanical, including phot ocopying, recording, or by any inform at ion
st orage and ret rieval syst em , wit hout writ t en perm ission from t he publisher, except for t he
inclusion of brief quot at ions in a review.
Print ed in t he Unit ed St at es of Am erica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
First Print ing Oct ober 2005
Library of Congress Cat aloging- in- Publicat ion Num ber: 2004104363

Trademark Acknowledgments
All t erm s m ent ioned in t his book t hat are known t o be t radem arks or service m arks have been
appropriat ely capit alized. Cisco Press or Cisco Syst em s, I nc. cannot at t est t o t he accuracy of t his
inform at ion. Use of a t erm in t his book should not be regarded as affect ing t he validit y of any
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Warning and Disclaimer
This book is designed t o provide inform at ion about rout ing TCP/ I P. Every effort has been m ade
t o m ake t his book as com plet e and as accurat e as possible, but no warrant y or fit ness is im plied.
The inform at ion is provided on an " as is" basis. The aut hors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Syst em s,
I nc. shall have neit her liabilit y nor responsibilit y t o any person or ent it y wit h respect t o any loss
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The opinions expressed in t his book belong t o t he aut hor and are not necessarily t hose of Cisco
Syst em s, I nc.


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Dedications
I would like t o dedicat e t his book t o m y wife, Sara, and m y children, Anna, Carol, Jam es,
and Kat herine.
Jeff
I would like t o dedicat e t his book t o m y husband, Mike, and sons, Mit chell and Jonat han.
Their pat ience and support helped m e com plet e t his book.
Jennifer

About the Authors
Je ff D oyle ( CCI E No. 1919) specializes in I P rout ing prot ocols, MPLS, and I Pv6. He has designed
or assist ed in t he design of large- scale I P service provider net works t hroughout Nort h Am erica,
Europe, Japan, Korea, and t he People's Republic of China. Jeff has present ed num erous
corporat e sem inars, and has also spoken at NANOG, JANOG, APRI COT, and at I Pv6 Forum
conferences. Jeff holds a BA from Mem phis St at e Universit y, and st udied Elect rical Engineering
at t he Universit y of New Mexico. Jeff lives in Denver, Colorado.
Je n n ife r Ca r r oll ( CCI E No. 1402) is an independent net work consult ant in Redm ond,
Washingt on. She has designed, im plem ent ed, and opt im ized m any TCP/ I P net works, and has
developed and t aught a variet y of net working and int ernet working courses on rout ing prot ocols
and Cisco rout ers over t he past 15 years. Jennifer can be cont act ed at j


About the Technical Reviewers
Fr a n k Kn ox , Chief Technical Officer, has been wit h Skyline Com put er for a lit t le over six years.
He is a dual CCI E ( CCI E No. 3698: SNA/ I P and Rout ing/ Swit ching) as well as a CCSI . I n addit ion
t o his CTO responsibilit ies, Frank t eaches several advanced Cisco- relat ed courses, including a
one- week CCI E Lab Preparat ion Workshop. He is considered t o be an expert in m ainfram e
at t ached rout er t echnologies and in t he t echnologies and issues associat ed wit h int egrat ed
net working ( for exam ple, SNA/ I P and Voice/ Dat a) . He has m ore t han 37 years of net working
experience wit h I BM, GTE ( Verizon) Direct ories, and Skyline Com put er Corp. This experience
includes field service, field support , product planning, m anagem ent , and all facet s of net working
educat ion. I n addit ion, he developed and t aught several courses for t he Universit y of Dallas
Telecom m unicat ions MBA program . Frank also has an MS degree in Telecom m unicat ions from
Pace Universit y ( 4.0 GPA) .
Aft er working in various roles as an engineer wit hin Cisco for t he past 6.5 years, St e ve n
Edw a r d M oor e t ransit ioned t o t he I P Rout ing Prot ocol Scalabilit y Team . There, his focus
encom passes all aspect s of ext ending net work and prot ocol scalabilit y: considering new feat ures

and opt im izat ions t o t he prot ocol archit ect ure, designing t est s t o m easure current prot ocol
scalabilit y, working wit h cust om ers t o im plem ent scaling funct ionalit y in t heir net work, and
part icipat ing in event s such as Net workers t o educat e ot hers on how t o enhance t heir net work's
perform ance and scalabilit y from t he rout ing perspect ive.
Re n a Ya n g is a soft ware engineer at Cisco Syst em s. She has m ore t han six years of experience
im plem ent ing code in Cisco I OS. She current ly works on I S- I S. Before t his, she focused on I Pv4,
UDP, access list s, policy rout ing, and rout ing infrast ruct ure. Rena holds a bachelor's of science
and m ast ers of engineering in com put er science from MI T.


Acknowledgments
Many t hanks t o Bret t Bart ow, Chris Cleveland, Andrew Cupp, San Dee Phillips, and all of t he st aff
of Cisco Press who m ade t his book possible.
The t echnical edit ors, St even Moore, Rena Yang and Frank Knox, did a fant ast ic j ob. We want t o
t hank t hem for t heir out st anding advice and recom m endat ions.
We want t o t hank Frank Knox, Carl Pike, Chris Tonini, and t he rest of t he em ployees of Skylabs
net works. Skylabs' lab set up and access t o t he lab is easy t o use and had everyt hing we needed
t o com plet e all t he configurat ions and case st udies in t his book.


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Icons Used in This Book


Command Syntax Conventions
The convent ions used t o present com m and synt ax in t his book are t he sam e convent ions used in
t he I OS Com m and Reference. The Com m and Reference describes t hese convent ions as follows:
Boldfa ce indicat es com m ands and keywords t hat are ent ered lit erally as shown. I n act ual
configurat ion exam ples and out put ( not general com m and synt ax) , boldface indicat es
com m ands t hat are m anually input by t he user ( such as a sh ow com m and) .
I t alics indicat e argum ent s for which you supply act ual values.
Vert ical bars ( | ) separat e alt ernat ive, m ut ually exclusive elem ent s.
Square bracket s [ ] indicat e opt ional elem ent s.
Braces { } indicat e a required choice.
Braces wit hin bracket s [ { } ] indicat e a required choice wit hin an opt ional elem ent .


Foreword
I n 1976, when I saw m y first Arpanet I MP at Digit al Equipm ent Corporat ion, net works as we
know t hem t oday were in t heir infancy. SNA, XNS, and DECnet were under early developm ent ,
and packet swit ching versus circuit swit ching was t he hot t opic of t he day. Those of us involved
in t he design of t he swit ching and rout ing algorit hm s were dealing wit h rout ers ( alt hough we
didn't call t hem t hat ) t hat had 64 kilobyt es of m em ory, dat a link of 56 kilobit s were considered
blindingly fast , and net works wit h 256 nodes were big enough t hat if you were t he salesm an who
sold t hose 256 com put ers, you would ret ire fabulously wealt hy.

Thirt y years is a long t im e, and t oday t he individual net works t hat m ake up t he I nt ernet cont ain
t housands or t ens of t housands of nodes, while t he I nt ernet as a whole cont ains hundreds of
m illions of com put ers. Most st riking in t he evolut ion over t his hum an generat ion is t hat t he
foundat ions of t he I nt ernet laid down in t he TCP/ I P prot ocol suit e have survived m ost ly int act
t hrough four or m ore generat ions of com put ing archit ect ures, t hree com plet e generat ions of
operat ing syst em t echnology, and an increase of five orders of m agnit ude in t ransm ission
speeds.
Yet , we st ill t reat rout ing in packet - swit ched net works as a black art . Why is t hat ?
First , designing robust , scalable dist ribut ed algorit hm s is hard. Despit e our best int ent ions t o
m ake t hem sim ple, com plexit y creeps in t o deal wit h t he inevit able special cases, opt im izat ions,
peculiar t opologies, and link t echnologies one encount ers. Because a " fork lift upgrade" of an
ent ire net work is rarely feasible, we have m ult iple generat ions of t echnology present
sim ult aneously, and we m ust m aint ain backward- com pat ibilit y wit h essent ially no disrupt ion t o
deployed services. As policies governing t he rout ing of packet s becom e m ore sophist icat ed, our
abilit y t o devise aut om at ed discovery and configurat ion procedures get s overwhelm ed, and we
fall back on m anual configurat ion and perform ance t uning t echniques. Finally, as t he
environm ent in which t hese net works are operat ed has evolved from a cooperat ive one where
t rust was im plicit t o one in which t he net work is subj ect t o bot h inside and out side at t ack,
designing and deploying rout ing syst em s t hat can be m ade secure has becom e an urgent
priorit y.
Rout ing TCP/ I P t ackles t his black art com prehensively. The present Volum e 1 covers all t he
needed fundam ent als of TCP/ I P net works and gives you all t he t ools needed t o underst and how
rout ing is accom plished wit hin a single adm inist rat ive region of t he I nt ernet . St raight forward
ideas of packet - swit ched rout ing are present ed first in t he chapt ers on addressing and st at ic
rout ing. The m ost popular I GPsRI P, EGRP, OSPF, and I SI Sare covered in dept h. Advanced t opics
in rout e redist ribut ion, rout e filt ering, and policy rout ing round out Volum e 1.
This second edit ion also adds essent ial m at erial on I Pv6 as well as bringing all t he m at erial up t o
dat e wit h exam ples and configurat ions for t he lat est releases of Cisco I OS.
For anyone want ing a com prehensive underst anding of how rout ing in TCP/ I P net works really
works, from t he design principles of rout ing algorit hm s, t o t he evolut ion of addressing schem es,

t o t he pract ical aspect s of designing and configuring t he rout ing of large aut onom ous syst em s,
t his is t he book for you.
David Oran
Cisco Fellow



Introduction
Rout ing is an essent ial elem ent of all but t he sm allest dat a com m unicat ions net works. At one
level, rout ing and t he configurat ion of rout ers are quit e sim ple. But as net works grow in size and
com plexit y, rout ing issues can becom e at once bot h large and subt le. Perversely, perhaps, we
are grat eful for t he difficult problem s large- scale rout ing can present as net work syst em s
consult ant s, t hese problem s are our bread and but t er. Wit hout t hem , t he phrase " You want fries
wit h t hat ?" could be an unfort unat e part of our daily vocabulary.
Cisco Cert ified I nt ernet work Expert s are widely recognized for t heir abilit y t o design,
t roubleshoot , and m anage large net works. This recognit ion com es from t he fact t hat you cannot
becom e a CCI E by at t ending a few classes and t hen regurgit at ing som e m em orized fact s ont o a
writ t en t est . A CCI E has proven expert ise in an int ense, fam ously difficult hands- on lab exam .


Objectives
This book is t he first of t wo volum es t hat focuses on TCP/ I P rout ing issues. Early in t he writ ing of
t he first edit ion, Kim Lew, form er Cisco Syst em s program m anager, said, " Our obj ect ive is t o
m ake CCI Es, not t o m ake people who can pass t he CCI E lab." We ent irely agree wit h t hat
st at em ent and have used it as a guiding principle t hroughout t he writ ing of t his book. Alt hough
t he book includes m any case st udies and exercises t o help you prepare for t he CCI E lab, m y
prim ary obj ect ive is t o increase your underst anding of I P rout ingbot h on a generic level and as it
is im plem ent ed on Cisco rout ers.

Audience
The audience for t his book is any net work designer, adm inist rat or, or engineer who needs a full
underst anding of t he int erior rout ing prot ocols of TCP/ I P. Alt hough t he pract ical aspect s of t he
book focus on t he Cisco I OS, t he inform at ion is applicable t o any rout ing plat form .
The book is not only for readers who plan t o becom e CCI Es, but for people who wish t o advance
t heir knowledge of TCP/ I P rout ing. These readers will fall int o one of t hree cat egories:
The " beginners" who have som e basic net working knowledge and wish t o begin a deep
st udy of net working.
The int erm ediat e- level net working professionals who have experience wit h rout ers, Cisco or
ot herwise, and plan t o advance t hat experience t o t he expert level.
The highly experienced net working expert s. These individuals have ext ensive hands- on
expert ise wit h Cisco rout ers and are ready t o t ake t he CCI E lab; however, t hey want a
st ruct ured review and series of exercises for verificat ion and validat ion.
CCI E Professional Developm ent : Rout ing TCP/ I P, Volum e I focuses prim arily on int erm ediat elevel net working professionals while offering t o beginners a st ruct ured out line of fundam ent al
inform at ion and t o expert s t he required challenges t o hone t heir skills.


Changes from First Edition
There are several fact ors influencing t he changes cont ained in t his second edit ion. The first
fact or is t he CCI E it self. When I ( Jeff) wrot e t he first edit ion of t his book, t he CCI Especifically
what is now called t he Rout ing and Swit ching specialt y of t he CCI Ewas t he only cert ificat ion
Cisco Syst em s offered. Now, t here is a series of cert ificat ions creat ing a pat h t o t he CCI E at t he
pinnacle. Moreover, t he t ypical net working professional is m ore knowledgeable t han in 1997.
Given t his, we have elim inat ed t he first chapt er of t he original book, which covered such very
basic concept s as t he definit ion of bridges and rout ers and net work addresses. ( When was t he
last t im e you even saw a bridge in a net work?)
The second fact or influencing t he changes in t his edit ion is t he changes in t he Cisco Syst em s
I OS. I GRP, which was frequent ly used when t he first edit ion was writ t en, is now a legacy
prot ocol whose m ain significance is as t he ancest or of EI GRP. Therefore t he I GRP chapt er of t he
first edit ion has been elim inat ed and I GRP is covered for hist orical perspect ive early in t he EI GRP

chapt er. The I OS com m and suit e it self has expanded t o accom m odat e new funct ions and
opt ions; we have m ade every effort t o include t he com m ands and prot ocol ext ensions t hat did
not exist in t he lat e 1990s.
Last ly, a prot ocol t hat exist ed m ost ly only in proposal form in 1997I Pv6is now in t he early st ages
of worldwide deploym ent . You can expect t o need a det ailed knowledge of t his prot ocol and t he
ext ensions t o I P rout ing prot ocols t hat support it in t he near fut ure, if not already, so t his second
edit ion delves deeply int o rout ing I Pv6.
Ot her changes in t his edit ion are sem ant ic. For exam ple, in t he first edit ion, I ( Jeff) m ade a point
of different iat ing bet ween a " net work" as a dat a link and an " int ernet work" as a set of net works
connect ed by rout ers. Alt hough t hat t erm inology is cert ainly accurat e, it is clum sy, and
" int ernet work" is seldom used t hese days. I nst ead, " net work" usually refers t o everyt hing from a
local link t o worldwide aut onom ous syst em s operat ed by t he likes of Level 3, NTT, and Sprint .
We have at t em pt ed t o bring t he t erm inology in t his edit ion up t o m odern, com m on usage.


Organization
The 14 chapt ers of t he book are divided int o t hree part s.
Part I , " Rout ing Basics," exam ines t he basics of I Pv4 and I Pv6, and t he basics of rout ing.
Alt hough m ore advanced readers m ay wish t o skip t he first chapt er, we recom m end t hat t hey at
least skim Chapt er 3, " St at ic Rout ing," and Chapt er 4, " Dynam ic Rout ing Prot ocols." And, of
course, if you are not yet fam iliar wit h I Pv6, Chapt er 2, " I Pv6 Overview," is a m ust - read.
Part I I , " I nt erior Rout ing Prot ocols," covers t he I P I nt erior Gat eway Prot ocols. Each prot ocolspecific chapt er begins wit h a discussion of t he t heory, m echanics, and param et ers of t he
prot ocol. This general overview is followed by case st udies on configuring and t roubleshoot ing
t he prot ocol using Cisco Syst em s' I OS in various net work t opologies.
The Ext erior Gat eway Prot ocol, BGP, and t opics such as m ult icast rout ing, Qualit y of Service,
rout er securit y and m anagem ent , and Net work Address Translat ion, are covered in " Rout ing
TCP/ I P, Volum e I I ."
Part I I I , " Rout e Cont rol and I nt eroperabilit y," exam ines t he t ools available for creat ing and
m anaging int eroperabilit y wit h m ult iple I P rout ing prot ocols, and also such t ools as default
rout es and rout e filt ering. As such, t he chapt ers of t his last part provide an int roduct ion t o t he

t ools necessary for building t he com plex rout ing policies int roduced in Volum e I I . These
chapt ers, like t he ones in Part I I , begin wit h concept s and conclude wit h case st udies.


Book Features
Most chapt ers conclude wit h a set of review quest ions, configurat ion exercises, and
t roubleshoot ing exercises. The review quest ions focus on t he t heoret ical aspect s of t he chapt er
t opic, whereas t he configurat ion and t roubleshoot ing exercises address Cisco- specific aspect s of
t he chapt er t opic.
Also at t he end of each chapt er is a t able wit h a brief descript ion of all im port ant Cisco I OS
com m ands used in t hat chapt er. The convent ions used t o present t hese com m ands are t he sam e
convent ions used in t he I OS Com m and Reference and present ed earlier in t his int roduct ion.


Part I: Routing Basics
Chapt er 1 TCP/ I P Review
Chapt er 2 I Pv6 Overview
Chapt er 3 St at ic Rout ing
Chapt er 4 Dynam ic Rout ing Prot ocols