10 BUỔI lấy gốc buổi 5 câu bị động điều kiện mong ước so sánh

10 BUỔI LẤY GỐC TIẾNG ANH THPT 2020
GV: Chí Châu

MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC CÂU CƠ BẢN TRONG TIẾNG ANH
I. PASSIVE SENTENCES – CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG
In a passive sentence, the subject does not perform the action in the sentence. In fact, the
action is performed on it.”
a. Forming the passive – Thành lập câu bị động
 In the passive, the _________ of the active verb becomes the __________ of the passive verb
E.g.
Active sentence: Tommy helped the old man
Subject:
Verb :
Object :
→ ___________ was helped by __________
 Only transitive verbs (?) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use intransitive verbs (happen,
sleep, come, seem)
(?) Transitive verbs are verbs that can be followed by an object.
E.g. An accident happened.
b. Passive transformation – Chuyển sang câu bị động
Active: S

V

O

Passive: S

be V3/Ved

by so/ sth

Tense

Active

Passive
Be + Ved/V3

Simple present

V/Ves/s

am/ is/ are + Ved/V3

Present

am/ is/ are + Ving

am/ is/ are + being + Ved/V3

Present perfect

has/ have + Ved/V3

has/ have been + Ved/V3

Simple past

Ved/V2

was/ were + Ved/V3

Past progressive

was/ were + Ving

was/ were + being + Ved/V3

Past perfect

had + Ved/V3

had + been + Ved/V3

Simple future

will + Vbare

will + be + Ved/V3

progressive


Modal verbs

should/ must/ can/ could/ may/

should/ must/ can/ could/ may/

might/… + Vbare

might/… + be + Ved/V3

Be going to

be going to + Vbare

be going to + be + Vbare

Future perfect

will have + Ved/V3

will have + been + Ved/V3

In the question form of passive verbs, an auxiliary verb precedes the subject.
Was the boy helped by Marry?
Is the boy being helped by Mary?
Has the boy been helped by Mary?
EXERCISE 1: Fill in the blanks to form passive sentences
Question 1: Tom opens the door.

→ The door _________________________________ by Tom.

Question 2: Tom is opening the door.

→ The door _________________________________ by Tom.

Question 3: Tom has opened the door.

→ The door _________________________________ by Tom.

Question 4: Tom opened the door.

→ The door _________________________________ by Tom.

Question 5: Tom was opening the door.

→ The door _________________________________ by Tom.

Question 6: Tom had opened the door.

→ The door _________________________________ by Tom.

Question 7: Tom will open the door.

→ The door _________________________________ by Tom.

Question 8: Tom is going to open the door. → The door _________________________________ by Tom.
Question 9: Tom will have opened the door. → The door _________________________________ by Tom.
Question 10: Is Tom opening the door?

→ ______________ the door ___________________ by Tom.

Question 11: Did Tom open the door?

→ ______________ the door ___________________ by Tom.

Question 12: Has Tom opened the door?

→ ______________ the door ___________________ by Tom.

EXERCISE 2: Change the active to passive if possible. Some verbs are intransitive and cannot be
changed.
Question 1: Our plan succeeded at last.

→ ________________________________________.

Question 2: The assistant manager interviewed me. → ________________________________________.
Question 3: Lighting didn’t cause the fire.

→ ________________________________________.

Question 4: Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago.→ ________________________________________.
Question 5: Did the army surround the enemy?

→ ________________________________________.

c. Using the passive – dùng dạng bị động
- Dạng bị động thường được dùng nhiều nhất khi ta không biết hoặc không biết chính xác người đang thực
hiện hành động.
E.g. Oil has been discovered at the North Pole.
- Khi người nói muốn nhấn mạnh người hoặc vật tiếp nhận hành động.
E.g. This ancient building was built in 1400.


II. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES
a. Conditional sentences
 Type 0: Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 0 dùng để diễn đạt những sự thật tổng quan, những dữ
kiện khoa học luôn luôn xảy ra với một điều kiện nhất định.

If clause

Main clause

Simple present

Simple present

Câu mệnh lệnh
If you heat ice, it turns into water.
If there is a shortage of any product, prices of that product go up.
If he comes, call me = call me if he comes.
 Type 1: Câu điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
If clause

Main clause

Simple present

Simple future

If he runs, he will het there on time.
The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.
 Dạng đặc biệt/ biến thể
If clause

Main clause

Use

Example
If the fog gets thicker, the plane may be

Simple
present

May/might

Khả năng

diverted.

Can/ may

Cho phép

If you finish your homework, you can go out

Must/should

Khuyên bảo

If you want to lose weight, you must eat less
bread

Present
continuous

Nhấn mạnh hành
Simple future động đang diễn ra

ở hiện tại

If you are looking for Peter, you will find him
upstairs.

Nhấn mạnh hành
Present

Simple future

Perfect

May/might

động đã kết
thúc/hoàn thành
trước 1 hành động
khác

If you have finished, you may go out


 Type 2: Câu điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại
If clause

Main clause

Simple Past

Would/could/should/may/might + Inf

(to be were)

 Fact → Conditional sentence
Fact: I don’t have a map (Hiện tại)
→ If I had a map, I would lend it to you.
 Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2
If I were you, I’d plant around the house (I’m not you)
→ ___________________________ , I’d plant around the house
→ If I ________________________, I’d plant around the house
If I lived near my office, I’d be in time for work. (I don’t live near my office).
→ Were he ___________________ near his office, I’d be in time for work.
 Type 3: Câu điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ
If clause

Main clause

Past perfect

would / could / might/should + have +P.P

 Fact → Conditional sentence
He helped me (QK), I won the prize.
→ If he hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have won the prize.
If we had found him earlier, we might have saved him.
→ Fact: ________________________________________________________________________________.
If I had worked harder last year, I could have passed the exam.
→ Fact: ________________________________________________________________________________.
 Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3
If you had obeyed orders, the disaster wouldn’t have happened

→ Had you obeyed orders, the disaster wouldn’t have happened
If he hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t pass the exam
→ _____________________________, I couldn’t pass the exam.
Choose the best option to complete each of the following sentences
1. If I ______ the bus this afternoon, I will get a taxi instead.
A. miss

B. will miss

C. missed

D. had missed

2. We’ll have to go without John if he ______ soon.
A. won’t arrive B. will arrive

C. arrives

D. doesn’t arrive

3. If you ______ your homework, I _____ you watch TV.
A. won’t do/ let B. did/ won’t let

C. don’t do/ won’t let

D. won’t do/ don’t let

4. If you _____ this switch, the computer _____ on.
A. press/ comes B. will press/ comes

C. press/ can come

D. have pressed/ will comes

5. “Would you like some cake?”- “no thanks. If I ________ cake, I ______ fat.”


A. ate/ will get

B. ate/ would get

C. would eat/could get D. am eating/ will get

6. Pam broke her arm in the accident. It_______ much worse if she hadn’t been wearing her seat belt.
A. will be

B. would have been

C. was

D. were

7. “My boss made me work overtime again.”_ “if I _____ you, I _____ my job.”
A. were/ would have quit

B. am/ will quit

C. was/ must quit

D. were/ would quit

8. “I don’t know whether to take that job or not”- “_____ you, I _____ it. ”
A. if I had been/ would have taken

B. should I be/ will take

C. if I were/ would have taken

D. if I were/ would take

9. If you _____ me about the bad service, we’d have eaten there.
A. didn’t tell

B. wouldn’t have told

C. hadn’t told

D. had told

10. The teacher was absent today, so class was canceled. If she _____ absent again tomorrow, class____
tomorrow, too.
A. is/ will cancel

B. is/ will be canceled

C. was/ would be canceled

D. was/ would cancel

11. If he ____ me, I’ll be ready to help him.

A. ask

B. will ask

C. asks

D. to ask

12. When winter comes, I ____ a new coat.
A. buying

B. buy

C. will buy

D. buys

13. What would Tom do if he ____ the truth?
A. would know

B. has known

C. knows

14. If I ____ you, I wouldn’t do that.
A. be

B. were

C. was

D. had been

15. If I had been absent from class yesterday, I____ the math test
A. would missed B. would have missed

C. will miss

D. miss

D. knew


III. WISH SENTENCES – CÂU MONG ƯỚC
(?) When do we use wish sentences?
“Wish is used when the speaker wants reality to be different, to be opposite.”

TRUE STATEMENT
A wish about

WISH SENTENCE

My friend will not tell me the secret I wish (that) my friends would tell me the

the future

secret.
I cannot go to school tomorrow.

I wish (that) I could go to school tomorrow.

A wish about

I don’t know the first answer in the

I wish (that) I knew the first answer in the

the present

examination this morning.

examination this morning.

This corporation’s infrastructures

I wish (that) this corporation’s infrastructures

haven’t been improved yet.

had been improved.

It is raining heavily at the moment.

I wish (that) it weren’t raining heavily at the
moment.

A wish about

Jimmy didn’t attend class yesterday I wish (that) Jimmy had attended class

the past

yesterday.

EXCERCISE 1: Complete the sentence with an appropriate auxiliary verb.
Question 1: I am not rich, but I wish ________________________________________________________.
Question 2: My teacher didn’t explain about it, but I wish _______________________________________.
Question 3: The sun isn’t shining, but I wish__________________________________________ right now.
Question 4: I don’t have a car, but I wish ____________________________________________________.
Question 5: I can’t speak English fluently, but I wish __________________________________________.
Question 6: I’m not living in a densely-populated city, but I wish _________________________________.
Question 7: She isn’t old enough to get married, but she wishes __________________________________.
Question 8: They didn’t go to the movie, but they wish _________________________________________.

IV. COMPARISION OF ADJETIVES AND ADVERBS - CÂU SO SÁNH
a. Positive form – So sánh bằng
 Công thức: As + adj/adv + as
E.g.
He is as tall as me = He is as tall as I am.
He works as hard as me = He works as hard as I do.
 as + adj + noun + as
E.g.
I earn as much money as him.
There are as many cats in my room as in his room.


 Trong so sánh “không bằng” ta có thể dùng so...as thay cho as....as
E.g.
I am not so/as tall as you.
He doesn't works as/so hard as me.

EXERCISE
Question 1:

The blue car is…………….……………………….…..the red car. (fast)

Question 2:

Peter is …………………………….………………..……Fred. (not/tall)

Question 3:

The violin is…………...…………………….………the cello. (not/low)

Question 4:

This copy is ………………………….……………..the other one. (bad)

Question 5:

Oliver is ……………………………………..……….Peter. (optimistic)

Question 6:

Today is ………………………………………..yesterday. (not/windy)

Question 7:

The tomato soup was………….………..the mushroom soup. (delicious)

Question 8:

Grapefruit juice is………………………….…… lemonade. (not/sweet)

Question 9:

Tom has………………………………………..... (almost/ money) John.

Question 10: Peter………………………………………..…. (not/have/children) John.
Question 11: Tom ……………………………………… (not/drive/dangerously) John.
Question 12: Mrs. Jones……………………………….……..Mrs. Smith. (talk/loudly)
Question 13: Steve…………………………………………….…Melisa. (not/do/well)
Question 14: The impala run ………………………………..the cheetah. (not/run/fast)
Question 15: Tom ………………………………………………………..John. (funny)
b. Comparative form – So sánh hơn
• Công thức với tính từ/trạng từ ngắn: Adj/Adv + er + than
E.g.
I am taller than him = He isn’t so tall as me.
I work harder than him = He doesn’t work as hard as me.
• Công thức với tính từ/trạng từ dài: More + Adj/Adv + than
E.g.
I am more beautiful than her.
She dances more beautifully than me.
• Tính từ/ Trạng từ dài là những tính từ/trạng từ có từ 2 âm tiết trở lên.
 Lưu ý:
Tuy narrow, clever và quiet là tính từ dài (2 âm tiết) nhưng ta vẫn thêm -er cho so sánh hơn: narrower,
cleverer, quieter
Những tính từ, trạng từ mà gốc của từ kết thúc là “y” thì đổi thành “i” rồi thêm “er”:
E.g.
early → earlier; easy → easier; busy → busier; happy → happier
• Những trạng từ được cấu tạo từ tính từ bằng cách thêm “ly” thì ta dùng more + adv:

E.g. more slowly, more quietly, more easily, more carefully …


 Những trường hợp đặc biệt:
• good/ well → better • ill/ bad/ badly → worse • little → less • many/ much → more
• far→ farther/ further • old → older/ elder
Lưu ý:
• Older/ Elder:
- Khi muốn diễn đạt anh (chị) lớn, anh (chị) cả trong gia đình ta thường dùng elder brother, elder sister.
- Nhưng muốn diễn đạt lớn hơn bao tuổi thì ta dùng older.
E.g.
My elder brother is three years older than me.
Nam is Linh’s elder brother.
• Farther/ Further:
- Farther: Thường được dùng để nói về khoảng cách địa lý.
E.g.
London is farther north than Juneau.
- Further: Thường dùng với nghĩa bóng “thêm vào”, “hơn nữa”.
E.g.
I will give you further details later.
For further information, …….
until further notice.
• Cách dùng “more” và “less”:
more/less + adj/adv + than
E.g.
There are more people today.
He did more carefully than me.
He did less carefully than me.
• Ta có thể nhấn mạnh sự hơn nhiều bằng cách dùng "much/far/a lot, many, greatly, a great deal” hoặc
hơn ít bằng cách thêm "a bit/ a little/ slightly" trước hình thức so sánh..

E.g.
I am far taller than you.
This house is slightly more expensive than that one.
• So sánh số lần:
Dùng so sánh bằng và số lần để trước so sánh.
E.g.
I am twice as heavy as you.
• So sánh số lượng:
Dùng so sánh HƠN và số lượng để trước so sánh
E.g.
I am 2 kg heavier than you.


I am 3 years older than you.
EXERCISE: Complete the sentences using a comparative form
Question 1:

It’s too noisy here. Would you mind moving somewhere _____________? (quiet)

Question 2:

Our living room is so small. I want it a bit _______________. (big)

Question 3:

The national high school graduation examination is surprisingly easy. I expected it to be

________________. (different)
Question 4:

You are talking too fast. I wish you could talk ________________. (slow)

Question 5:

Your recently results are not good. I believe you can do ______________. (good)

Question 6:

You’re standing too near the hot stove. Please move a bit ________________ away. (far)

Question 7:

This kind of wine is very week. I would like to drink a _______________ (strong) one.

Question 8:

The price was extremely cheap. I supposed it should be _________________ (expensive).

Question 9:

They’ve made these chocolate bars _____________ (smaller).

Question 10: The situation is getting _______________. (bad)
Question 11: Fortunately her mother’s illness was ______________ we though at first.
Question 12: Happiness and health are _________________ (important) materialism.
Question 13: Well, as far as I’m concerned, I’m of the opinion that sport is __________________ (interest)
music.
Question 14: We are not able to hear your words. Could you speak a little _______________?(slowly)
Question 15: It was ________________ (busy) usual in the downtown area today.
c. Superlative form – So sánh nhất

• Công thức tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn: The Adj/ Adv + est
E.g. I am the tallest student in the class.
• Công thức tính từ/ trạng từ dài: The most Adj/ Adv
E.g. I am the most beautiful girl in my class.
• Một số từ cần lưu ý:
Adj/adv

Adj/adv

Superlatives

Good/well

Better

The best

ill/bad/badly

Worse

The worst

Little

Less

The least

Many/much

More

The most

Far

Farther/further

The farthest/furthest

Old

Older/elder

The oldest/eldest

 Lưu ý:
• Nếu chỉ có 2 đối tượng thì chỉ dùng so sánh hơn, so sánh nhất chỉ dùng khi có từ 3 đối tượng trở lên.
• Đối tượng trong so sánh nhất đã xác định nên luôn phải có “the” ngoại trừ trường hợp có sở hữu cách.
E.g. This is my best book.
• Nếu muốn nói nhất trong số các đối tượng thì dùng of phía sau.


E.g. I like Jane the most of all brothers and sisters.
Of the three girls, Mary is the tallest.
• So sánh hơn nhất hay đi với cấu trúc: S + have + ever + PII:
E.g. This is the most beautiful girl I have ever met.
This is the best film I've ever seen.
Một số Idiom dùng so sánh hơn:

• as soon as: càng sớm càng tốt
• as well as = and
E.g. I need to learn English as well as Math.
 Lưu ý:
• Có thể lược bớt mệnh đề sau “than”: than expected/scheduled/anticipated
E.g.
I did the exam better than I had expected.
= I did the exam better than expected.
• at the latest: là muộn nhất
E.g. You should submit by Friday at the latest.
• at least: ít nhất
E.g. You should study at least 4 courses to get mark 10.
d. Double comparatives – So sánh kép
• Dạng 1: Một chủ ngữ (càng ngày càng)
 Với tính từ/trạng từ ngắn:
S + V + adj-er + and + adj-er
E.g.
It is hotter and hotter
 Với tính từ/trạng từ dài:
S + V + more and more + adj/ adv
S + V + less and less + adj/ adv
E.g.
The exams are more and more difficult.
He becomes less and less industrious.
• Dạng 2: 2 chủ ngữ (càng…càng)
The + so sánh hơn + S + V, the + so sánh hơn + S + V
E.g.
The hotter it is, the more unpleasant I feel.
The younger you are, the easier it is to learn.
The more you study, the higher your results are.

EXERCISE: Complete the sentences, using the structure …er and ..er or more and more.
1. The ____ you study for these exams, the ____ you will do.
A. hard – better

B. harder - more successfully

C. much – better

D. more – good

2. She doesn't really like vodka, so the ____ a bottle you find, the ____ it will be for us!
A. small – cheaper

B. smaller – cheap

C. smaller – good

D. smaller – cheaper

3. My neighbor is driving me mad! It seems that the ____ it is at night, the ____ he plays his music!
A. later - more loud

B. late – louder

C. later – louder

D. more late – loud

4. He spent a year in India and loves spicy food. The ____ the food is, the ____ he likes it.
A. hotter – more

B. hot – much

C. hotter – much

D. hot – more

5. Of course you can come to the party! The ____ the ____.
A. more – merrier

B. more – good

C. many – better

D. more – best

6. She will be really angry about that vase being broken! The ____ she knows about it, the ____.
A. more – better

B. less – better

C. worse – worse

D. worse – better

7. He has 6 large dogs to protect his house. The ____ the dog, the ____ he feels.
A. big – safer

B. biger – safer

C. bigger – safer

D. more big - more safe

8. Earning money has always been the thing that pleases him most. The ____ he becomes, the ____ he is.
A. more rich – happier

B. richer – happyer

C. richer – happier

D. richest – happiest

9. You must drive slower in built up areas. The ____ you drive in the city, the ____ it is that you will have an
accident.
A. faster – probable

B. quicker – probably

C. faster - more probably

D. quicker - more probable