Quy hoạch giao thông và an toàn giao thông cho thành phố, đường và phương tiện giao thông an toàn hơn -Transport planning and traffic safety making cities, roads, and vehicles safer

MAKING CITIES, ROADS, & VEHICLES SAFER


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MAKING CITIES, ROADS, & VEHICLES SAFER

edited by

Geetam Tiwari
Dinesh Mohan

Boca Raton London New York

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Contents
Chapter 1 Understanding the Road Safety Performance of OECD
Countries

1

Kavi Bhalla and Dinesh Mohan

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

OVERVIEW
ECONOMIC DETERMINISM: ROAD SAFETY PERFORMANCE AS A
DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME
RISK SUBSTITUTION: CAR OCCUPANTS ARE AT MUCH LOWER RISK
THAN PEDESTRIANS
POLITICAL ACTION: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS AND
INTERVENTIONS
CONCLUSION: WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES?

Chapter 2 Road Traffic Injury as a Public Health Problem

2
4
7
10
13

17

Dinesh Mohan

2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4

2.5

INTRODUCTION
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND HUMAN ERROR
ROAD TRAFFIC INJURY AS A DISEASE
2.3.1
There is no basic difference between traffic injuries and the
occurrence of any other disease
2.3.2
Road traffic injury can be defined as a disease that results
from an acute exposure of the human body to a transfer of
energy from the environment around it
2.3.3
“Accidents” and injuries are not “Acts of God”
2.3.4
Not all injuries can be prevented
2.3.5
Injury control measures can be developed systematically
DEVELOPING INJURY CONTROL MEASURES
2.4.1
Safe infrastructure and systems
2.4.2
The energy control approach and Haddon’s ten strategies
2.4.3
Resource allocation analysis, strategy identification, and
planning -- Haddon’s matrix
SUMMARY

Chapter 3 Public Health Burden of Road Traffic Injuries

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Kavi Bhalla

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3.1

3.2

3.3

HEALTH IMPACTS OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.1
Why do countries build roads?
3.1.2
How does road transport harm health?
MAGNITUDE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH BURDEN OF ROAD TRAFFIC
3.2.1
About the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Project
3.2.2
Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
MEASURING THE LOCAL BURDEN OF INJURIES
3.3.1
General approach
3.3.2
Definitions of key concepts
3.3.3
Triangulating from local data sources

Chapter 4 Land Use-Transportation Planning, Mobility and Safety

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45

Geetam Tiwari

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6

INTRODUCTION
ROAD TRAFFIC CRASHES AND LAND USE PLANNING
4.2.1
Transportation planning system and safety
CONFLICTS AND TRADE OFFS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
TRANSPORT-LAND USE PATTERNS IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES
4.4.1
Urban planning policies and relocation of poor households
IMPACT OF TRIP LENGTH AND MODE OF TRAVEL ON FATALITY RISK
MOBILITY AND SAFETY CONFLICT

Chapter 5 Safety Promotion: Education and Legislation

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59

Dinesh Mohan

5.1
5.2
5.3

5.4

5.5

INTRODUCTION
INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
ON ‘HUMAN ERROR’
LIMITATIONS OF ROAD USERS
5.3.1
Perception of risk
5.3.2
Involvement of the whole population
5.3.3
Evidence on limits of education
5.3.3.1
Example 1. Promotion of seat belt use
5.3.3.2
Example 2. Promotion of helmet use

5.3.3.3
Example 3. Children and traffic safety
5.3.3.4
Example 4. Driver education
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
5.4.1
Effective education programmes
5.4.2
Unsuccessful education programmes
CONCLUSIONS

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Chapter 6 Recording of Traffic Crashes

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71

Geetam Tiwari

6.1
6.2

6.3

INTRODUCTION
TRAFFIC CRASH DATA
6.2.1
Primary level data in India
6.2.2
Error analysis of data recording forms
6.2.3
Reliability and accuracy of recorded data --- case study
Bangalore
6.2.4
Critical variables for identifying causal factors
6.2.5
Use of data in recommending countermeasures
6.2.6
Black spot analysis
6.2.7
RADMS (Road Accident Data Management System) Tamil
Nadu

6.2.8
Filling out the Accident Recording Form (ARF)
6.2.8.1
Role of the Admin cell
6.2.8.2
Strengths and weaknesses of RADMS
6.2.9
National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) data
CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 7 Traffic Conflict Techniques: Some Data to Supplement
Accident Analysis

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89

Christer Hyden

7.1

7.2

INTRODUCTION
7.1.1
The lack of safety assessments
7.1.2
The insufficiency of using only accidents in assessment
7.1.3
Traffic conflicts -- an overview
THE SWEDISH TRAFFIC CONFLICTS TECHNIQUE
7.2.1
Training of observers and reliability
7.2.2
A new definition of serious conflicts
7.2.3
Product validation
7.2.4
Process validation
7.2.5
Use of the technique
7.2.5.1
Recording
7.2.5.2
Analysis of conflict studies
7.2.6
Example of practical use of conflict, behavioural and

interactional studies in India
7.2.6.1
Background
7.2.6.2
Results
7.2.6.3
Output of the project
7.2.7
A novel approach to the severity concept
7.2.8
Image processing -- more conflicts, more information
7.2.8.1
Background

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Contents

7.2.8.2
7.2.8.3

Video analysis system at Lund University
(Laureshyn 2010)
105
Video analysis system at University of British
Columbia (Ismail et al 2009)
105

Chapter 8 Statistical Considerations in Road Safety Research

109

Shrikant I. Bangdiwala

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

8.6
8.7
8.8

INTRODUCTION
SAMPLING WHAT WE STUDY
NON-CONSTANT EXPOSURE
COUNTING RARE EVENTS
MULTIPLE FACTORS OPERATING IN DIFFERENT PHASES
INTERVENTION APPROACHES -- TACKLE THE WORST CASES
INTERVENTION APPROACHES – DESIGN OPTIONS
UNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIPS -- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
8.8.1
Comparing binary variables across groups
8.8.2
Comparing count variables across groups and over time
8.9 STATISTICAL TESTING AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
8.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS

Chapter 9 Speed and its Effects on Road Traffic Crashes

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127

Dinesh Mohan

9.1
9.2

9.3
9.4
9.5

INTRODUCTION
THE EVIDENCE
9.2.1
Reaction time
9.2.2
Braking distance
9.2.3
Relationship of speed to severity of injury sustained by crash
victims
SPEED LIMITS
ROAD STRUCTURE AND SPEED
CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 10 Human Tolerance to Injury: Role of Biomechanics and
Ergonomics

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137

Dinesh Mohan

10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 METHODS OF BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH
10.2.1 Use of artificial systems
10.2.2 Use of volunteers
10.2.3 Use of human cadavers
10.2.4 Animal experiments
10.2.5 Computer models
10.3 BIOMECHANICS AND MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT INJURIES

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Contents

10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3

Bus safety
Safety of road users outside the bus
Crashworthiness of Country Specific Motor Vehicles
(CSMV)
10.4 ERGONOMICS
10.4.1 Manual handling
10.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter 11 Safer Vehicle Design

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145

Sudipto Mukherjee and Anoop Chawla

11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.1.1 Safety must be engineered
11.1.2 Newton’s means of safety
11.1.3 Slow it down
11.1.4 Design for VRU
11.2 ADVANCED METHODOLOGIES
11.3 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 12 Risk Evaluation and Road Safety

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151

Sylvain Lassarre

12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 RISK INDICATORS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
12.2.1 Mortality rate and number of years of life lost
12.2.2 Factors influencing the mortality rate
12.2.2.1 Demographic factors
12.2.2.2 Geographical factors

12.2.2.3 Mobility factors
12.2.2.4 Economic factors
12.3 RISK INDICATORS IN ROAD TRANSPORT
12.4 MODELS OF ACCIDENT FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY
12.5 CONCLUSION

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Chapter 13 Investigating Driving Failures and Their Factors by In-Depth
Accident Studies
163
Pierre Van Elslande

13.1 INTRODUCTION
164
13.2 IN-DEPTH ACCIDENT STUDY AS A COMPLEMENTARY TOOL FOR
ROAD SAFETY
165
13.2.1 Data collection and elaboration
165

13.2.2 A sequential analysis
166
13.2.2.1 The driving phase
166
13.2.2.2 The rupture phase
167
13.2.2.3 The emergency phase
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13.2.2.4 The crash or collision phase
A functional analysis of human difficulties
13.2.3.1 Driving as a complex task calling for system
adjustment
13.2.3.2 Human functional failures
13.2.3.3 Factors of human failures
13.3 IN-DEPTH STUDY OF POWERED TWO-WHEELER ACCIDENT
MECHANISMS
13.3.1 PTW losses of control
13.3.2 Wrong interaction with others
13.4 CONCLUSION
13.2.3

Chapter 14 Human Body Models

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175

Karin Brolin

14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 MODELING AND METHODS
14.3 OVERVIEW OF WHOLE BODY MODELS
14.3.1 Crash models
14.3.2 Pre-crash simulations
14.3.3 Biomechanical properties
14.3.4 Hard tissues
14.3.5 Soft tissues
14.4 DISCUSSION

Chapter 15 Highway Safety in India

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187

Geetam Tiwari

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5

INTRODUCTION
TRAFFIC CRASHES ON INDIAN HIGHWAYS
TRAFFIC ON NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND STATE HIGHWAYS
SAFETY ON NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
LITERATURE REVIEW
15.5.1 Shoulder width
15.5.2 Highway geometry (horizontal curves)
15.5.3 Guardrails
15.5.4 Rumble strips
15.5.5 Designing safe highways -- active speed control on highways
15.5.6 Safety management on highway corridors passing through
desolate areas
15.5.7 Speed management on highways passing through agricultural
fields
15.5.8 Speed management on highways passing through industrial

areas

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15.5.9

Speed control measures on highway corridors passing
through residential/commercial areas
200
15.5.10 Speed control measures on railroad intersections
on highways
200
15.5.11 Speed control measures on bridges on highways

200
15.5.12 Speed control treatment on hill roads
200
15.5.13 Some principles for risk prevention
203
15.5.14 Prevention of crashes (primary safety)
204
15.5.14.1 Adaptation of the road to vehicle dynamics and to
pedestrian movements
204
15.5.14.2 Error and conflict avoidance
204
15.5.14.3 Facilitation of emergency manoeuvres
204
15.5.14.4 Speed control
205
15.5.15 Injury prevention (secondary safety)
205
15.5.15.1 Speed control
205
15.5.15.2 Eliminating potential aggravating factors
205
15.5.16 The road characteristics to examine
205
15.5.17 On road sections
205
15.5.18 At junctions
206
15.6 CONCLUSIONS
206

Chapter 16 Highway Construction Zone Safety Audit

209

Kumar Neeraj Jha

16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 CHALLENGES IN MAINTAINING HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ZONE
SAFETY
16.3 THE RISKS TO ROAD SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION ZONES
16.4 NEED FOR SAFETY AUDIT
16.5 TASKS INVOLVED IN SAFETY AUDIT
16.6 AUDIT STEPS
16.6.1 Review and understand various safety provisions in the
contract documents
16.6.2 Review of the major hazards and risks associated with various
road
construction activities
16.6.3 Conducting the audit
16.6.4 Briefing the project team
16.6.5 Presentations by the project team
16.6.6 Verification of sample documents
16.6.7 Visiting audit locations with the checklist
16.6.8 Computing contractual compliance
16.6.9 Document compliance
16.6.10 Field compliance

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Contents

16.7 ILLUSTRATION OF AUDIT FOR THE LMNHP
16.7.1 Introduction to the project
16.7.2 Objectives and method statement
16.7.3 Implementation of audit steps
16.7.4 Checklists
16.7.5 Findings
16.8 CONCLUSION

Chapter 17 Road Safety in Urban Areas

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223

Hermann Knoflacher

17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.1.1 Review of road safety in urban areas: TRL-report World
Bank 2000
17.2 THE TRADITIONAL ‘PROFESSIONAL VIEW’ OF TRAFFIC SAFETY IN
URBAN AREAS
17.2.1 Road safety plans
17.2.2 Urban land use planning
17.3 A SYSTEMIC APPROACH: RISK AND ACCIDENTS
17.3.1 Cities and urban areas
17.3.2 Traffic safety -- Behaviour -- Structures
17.4 THE URBAN AREA -- A PRODUCT OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
17.5 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAFE AND UNSAFE ROADS IN URBAN
AREAS
17.5.1 Effects on safety on urban roads
17.5.2 The additional contribution to unsafe urban areas:
Traditional urban and transport planning paradigm
17.5.3 How to make urban roads safe?

Chapter 18 Urban Safety and Mobility

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241

Geetam Tiwari

18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 URBAN STREETS
18.3 DESIGNING SAFE URBAN STREETS
18.3.1 Arterial roads
18.3.2 Sub arterial roads
18.3.3 Distributor/collector roads
18.3.4 Access streets
18.3.5 Infrastructure for non-motorized vehicles
18.3.6 Pedestrian paths
18.3.7 Bus shelters

18.4 INTERSECTIONS
18.4.1 Unsignalized intersections
18.4.2 Signalized intersections

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18.4.3 Roundabouts
18.5 URBAN ROAD SAFETY AUDIT
18.6 CONCLUSION

Chapter 19 Urban Safety and Traffic Calming

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263

Christer Hyden

19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.1.1 Infrastructure
19.1.2 The car
19.1.3 The man
19.1.4 Conclusions
19.2 TRAFFIC CALMING
19.2.1 The role of speed in urban transport -- overview
19.2.1.1 Travel speed and safety
19.2.1.2 Collision speed and severity of crashes
19.2.1.3 Speed and subjective safety
19.2.1.4 Interaction/communication
19.2.1.5 Mobility for vulnerable road users
19.2.1.6 Mobility for motorized traffic
19.2.1.7 Noise
19.2.1.8 Emissions
19.2.1.9 Retail
19.2.1.10 The role of speed in transport -- general
conclusions
19.2.2 Traffic calming and the infrastructure
19.2.2.1 Humps and other “vertical” measures
19.2.2.2 Small roundabouts
19.2.3 Conclusions regarding traffic calming and infrastructure
19.2.4 Traffic calming and the vehicle

19.2.5 Conclusions regarding vehicle measures
19.3 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 20 Public Transport and Safety

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285

Geetam Tiwari and Dinesh Mohan

20.1 INTRODUCTION
286
20.2 PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND SAFETY
287
20.3 PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN
CITIES
288
20.3.1 Importance of public transport accessibility
288
20.3.2 Social accessibility
290
20.3.2.1 Safety and security
290
20.3.2.2 Disabled friendly
290
20.4 QUALITY OF PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ENVIRONMENT
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20.5 PUBLIC TRANSPORT, MOTORISED TWO WHEELER AND POLLUTION
TAX
20.6 DEVELOPMENT OF A BUS COMMUTER SAFETY POLICY

20.6.1 Safety process-centric elements
20.6.2 Human-centric elements
20.6.3 Infrastructure & equipment-centric elements
20.6.3.1 Adequate right of way for all modes of transport
20.6.3.2 Installing automatic doors
20.6.3.3 Changing the design of the bus body
20.6.3.4 Better personnel policies
20.6.3.5 Selective but effective enforcement of regulations
20.6.3.6 Overall concerns for PT safety
20.6.3.7 Bus technology and modern developments
20.7 CONCLUSIONS
20.7.1 Public transport
20.7.2 Facilities for non-motorised transport and safety

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Chapter 21 Road Safety Management from the National to the Local
Level
301
Nicole Muhlrad

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6

INTRODUCTION: THE NEED FOR ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT
ROAD SAFETY POLICY-MAKING
COMPONENTS OF ROAD SAFETY POLICIES
A REPRESENTATION OF ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT
GEOGRAPHICAL LEVELS OF ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT
THE ACTORS (OR STAKEHOLDERS) INVOLVED
21.6.1 Public actors
21.6.2 Private actors
21.7 DEVELOPING THE ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
21.7.1 Institutional diagnosis (or “institutional analysis”)
21.7.2 Building up road safety management structures
21.8 CAPACITY BUILDING
21.8.1 Training
21.8.2 Developing basic tools and equipment
21.8.3 Funding
21.9 CONCLUSION

Chapter 22 Road Safety Law and Policy

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317

Girish Agrawal

22.1 INTRODUCTION: ROAD SAFETY IN INDIA -- THE PROBLEM AND ITS
CONTEXT
22.1.1 The myth of driver error
22.1.2 Road safety needs a multi-dimensional approach

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22.2 LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY (NON) RESPONSE
22.2.1 Creating a lead road safety agency
22.3 TRAFFIC SAFETY POLICIES AND ENABLING LEGISLATION
22.3.1 Primary legislation -- Motor Vehicles Act of 1988
22.3.2 Legislative domain of control
22.3.3 Legislative process
22.3.3.1 Parliamentary committees
22.3.4 Attempts to update legislation
22.3.4.1 Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill 2007
22.3.4.2 Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill 2012
22.3.4.3 Road Transport and Safety Bill 2014
22.3.4.4 Flawed policy approach
22.3.5 Roadblocks to policy and rule framing
22.4 ROAD SAFETY AND THE COURTS
22.4.1 Road safety in rulings by the Supreme Court of India
22.4.1.1 Rulings which say nothing about safety
22.4.1.2 Rulings which say something about safety
22.4.1.3 Important indirect ruling on road safety
22.4.1.4 Rulings which directly address road safety
22.4.2 Road safety in rulings by the High Courts
22.4.2.1 The Blue Line Bus case -- Delhi High Court
(W. P. (CRL.) 878/2007 and Misc. appeals)
22.4.2.2 The Roadside Advertisement Hoarding case -Madras High Court
22.4.2.3 Implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulations -Bombay High Court (PIL No. 18 of 2010)
22.4.3 So are courts any use in enhancing road safety?
22.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter 23 Pre-Hospital Care of the Injured

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333

Mathew Varghese

23.1 INTRODUCTION
23.1.1 Injury severity
23.1.2 Injury outcome
23.1.3 ABC of resuscitation
23.1.3.1 Airway
23.1.3.2 Breathing
23.1.3.3 Circulation
23.1.4 Control of bleeding
23.1.4.1 Blood transfusion
23.1.4.2 Pneumatic Anti-Shock Garments (PASG)
23.1.4.3 Triage
23.1.5 Transportation of the injured patient

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23.1.6 Equipment in an ambulance
23.1.7 Speed of ambulances
23.1.8 Air ambulances
23.1.9 Ambulance personnel
23.1.10 Care of wounds
23.1.11 Care of the spine
23.2 ATLS vs BLS
23.2.1 ‘Scoop-and-run’ versus ‘stay-and-stabilize’
23.2.2 Backup at the hospital
23.2.3 Future

index

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Preface
TRIPP, the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme at the Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, had earlier (in 2005) brought out, The Way Forward: Transportation
Planning and Road Safety which may, in a manner of speaking, be considered a prequel to
the present volume. Certain important areas of concern do overlap but the problems of safety
and mobility are eternal while the context of time and place is constantly shifting and changing,
hence the periodic need to review and reassess the subject under consideration. TRIPP has been
organizing an annual International Course on Transportation Planning and Traffic Safety since
1991. The structure and content of the course has been modified every year based on the feedback
received from the participants and the Course faculty. The content of Transport Planning
and Traffic Safety: Making Cities, Roads, and Vehicles Safer is based on the lectures
delivered in the course, supplemented by relevant additional texts. This book is intended to be the
source book for road safety training courses as well as an introductory textbook for graduate level
courses on road safety taught in engineering institutes.
In recognition of the importance of Road Safety as a major health issue the World Health
Organisation has declared 2011–2021 the Decade of Safety Action. Several countries in Europe,
North America and Asia have been successful in reducing fatalities and injuries due to road traffic
crashes; however, many low income countries continue to experience high rates of traffic fatalities
and injuries. This book brings together the international experience and lessons learnt from countries which have been successful in reducing traffic crashes and their applicability in low income
countries. The content is interdisciplinary and aimed at professionals – traffic and road engineers,
vehicle designers, law enforcers, and transport planners. The objective is to highlight the public
health and systems approach of traffic safety with the vulnerable road user in focus.
Geetam Tiwari
Dinesh Mohan

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Abbreviations
ABS – Anti-lock Braking System

AICC – Autonomous Intelligent Cruise Control
AIS – Abbreviated Injury Scale
ATDs – Anthropometric Crash Test Dummies
BRT – Bus Rapid Transit
CODEm – Cause of Death Ensemble Modeling
COPD – Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
DALE – Disability-Adjusted Life Expectancy
DALY – Disability-Adjusted Life Year
EB – Empirical Bayes
ESC – Electronic Stability Control
FHWA – Federal Highway Administration
GBD – Global Burden of Disease
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
GHBMC – Global Human Body Modeling Consortium
HBA – Hydraulic Brake Assist
Healy – Health Life Year
ICTCT – International Committee on Traffic Conflicts Technique
IFSTTAR – The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development
and Networks
IIT – Indian Institute of Technology
IMRSC – Inter-Ministerial Road Safety Committee
IPT – Intermediate Public Transport
IPC – Indian Penal Code

IRC – Indian Roads Congress
IRTAD – International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group
IRSB – Inter-sectoral Road Safety Board
ISA – Intelligent Speed Adaptation
LMC – Low Motorised Countries
LMICs – Low- and middle-income countries
MCCD – Medical Certification of Cause of Death
MHFW – Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India
MoRTH – Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India
MoUD – Ministry of Urban Development, India
NCDs – Non-communicable diseases
NCR – National Capital Region
NCTD – National Capital Territory of Delhi
NH – National Highway
NHAI – National Highway Authority of India
NHTSA – National Highway Traffic Safety Agency
OAPEC – Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OECD – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OR – odds ratio

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Abbreviations
PIL – Public Interest Litigation
PMHS – Post Mortem Human Subjects
RSST – Road Safety Study Team
RTC – Road Traffic Crashes

SIDA – The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SRS – Sample Registration System
TERI – The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi
THUMS – Total Human Model for Safety
TRACE – Traffic Accident Causation in Europe project
TRL – Transport Research Laboratory
TRIPP – Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme
TRRL – Transport and Road Research Laboratory (UK)
UEMOA – West African Economic and Monetary Union
VKT – Vehicle Kilometers Travelled
VMT – Vehicle Miles Travelled
VRUs – Vulnerable Road Users
WHO – World Health Organisation
YLD – Years lived with disability
YLLs – Years of life lost


Authors
Anoop Chawla is a Henry Ford Chair Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at
the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. His research focus includes Artificial Intelligence related
areas, Knowledge based systems, Model based reasoning, Knowledge acquisition, Machine learning,
object oriented programming, Knowledge Based systems applications in engineering (in design, in
engineering diagnostics, in manufacturing etc.), Modeling in CAD/CAM/CAE: Modeling of vehicles
for safety in crashes, Modeling using Finite elements and rigid body dynamics, Surface and solid
modeling Computational geometry, and Computer aided design.
Christer Hyden obtained his civil engineering degree at Lund University in 1971. Since then
he has been employed at the Lund University in the Department of Traffic Engineering (now
the Department of Technology and Society). He completed Ph.D. research on Traffic Conflicts:
The development of a method for traffic safety evaluation: The Swedish conflict technique. His
main areas of research are safety in urban areas, assessment technique like the traffic conflict

technique, speed, speed limiters in cars, and ITS. He has been the Chairman of ICTCT-International
Cooperation on Theories and Concepts in Traffic Safety. He won the Volvo traffic Safety Award,
1991, and Sigge Thernvalls Stora Byggpris.

Dinesh Mohan is Volvo chair professor emeritus in the Transportation research and Injury
Prevention Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in
Biomechanics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He started his research career at the
Insurance Institute of High Safety, USA. His research includes the vibrations of anisotropic plates,
mechanical properties of human aortic tissue, head, chest and femur injury tolerance, injuries in
human free falls, the effectiveness of helmets, and the first evaluation of the airbags in real world
crashes. He continues to work on the epidemiology of road traffic crashes and injuries in rural India,
pedestrian, bicycle, and motorcycle crash modelling, and aids for the disabled. His current interest
includes sustainable transport policies, and people’s right to access and safety as a fundamental
human right.

Geetam Tiwari is coordinator of the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme
(TRIPP) at IIT Delhi, and MoUD Chair Professor for Transport Planning at the Department of
Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. She obtained her B. Arch degree from the University of Roorkee, and
a Master of Urban Planning and Policy, and Ph.D. in Transport Planning and Policy, from the
University of Illinois, Chicago. She has received the degree of Doctor of Technology honoris causa
from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, in 2012. She has been an Adlerbretska Guest
Professor for sustainable urban transport at the Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, 2007–
2010. She has been working in the area of traffic and transport planning focusing on pedestrians,
bicycles, and bus systems. She is editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Injury Control
and Safety Promotion.

Girish Agrawal is a professor and the head of the Department of Civil Engineering, School of
Engineering at Shiv Nadar University, India. He obtained B. Tech., Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, and
a Ph.D. degree in Civil (Geotechnical) Engineering, Purdue University, USA. He completed a law
degree from the University of California Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall). He has been visiting

professor at TRIPP, and Humanities department at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and

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Authors

Principal Engineer and Chief Geotechnical Engineer, Willdan Engineering, Anaheim, California.
His current research includes Electronic cone penetrometer testing and direct-push sampling (CPTDPT) for geotechnical and geoenvironmental subsurface investigation, Transportation law and
policy, Transportation geotechnics, Infrastructure design and construction, and Computational
neural networks as practical engineering tools for geotechnical data analyses.

Hermann Knoflacher was trained in civil engineering, mathematics and geodesy. He became
a full professor in transport planning and traffic engineering in 1975 at the Vienna University of
Technology. Since then he has worked in transport and city planning. He published eight books in
the area of transport planning and traffic engineering. His research interests include design of transport elements, transport systems and user behaviour, traffic infrastructure and mobility, sustainable
development of cities and mobility, traffic safety, energy consumption, and basic interdisciplinary
research.

Kavi Bhalla is an assistant professor, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA. He obtained his B. Tech. in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, and his Ph.D. from Cornell University, Ithaca, USA. His research focuses on
assessing the health effects (injuries, air quality, physical activities, others) of transport and urban
policies. A substantial amount of the work is on road safety in low- and middle-income countries.
He co-led the injury expert group of the 2010 revision of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD-2010)
project. He is broadly interested in the design of products, environments, and systems that are safe
and have positive health impacts.
Karin Brolin is an associate professor at the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg,
Sweden. Dr. Brolin earned her Ph.D. at the Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm) with a

thesis titled: Cervical Spine Injuries – Numerical Analyses and Statistical Survey. From 2006–2009
she worked with finite element consultancy, support and sales at Engineering Research Nordic
AB in Link¨
oping. Dr. Brolin joined Chalmers in 2009 and became Docent at Chalmers in 2012.
Her research focus is Human Body Modelling (HBM). HBM is a powerful tool for injury analysis
in automotive crash and/or impact simulations. Her specialties include Dynamic Finite Element
Analyses, Neck Injuries, and Impact Analyses.
Kumar Neeraj Jha is associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian institute of Technology Delhi. He obtained a Ph.D. degree from IIT Delhi in Construction technology.
Dr. Jha started his career with Larsen and Toubro ltd. His research area includes Project performance appraisal, Project export, Organisation success, Construction project management; Formwork for concrete structures, Construction Schedule, Cost, Quality, Safety, and Finance; Project
success factors. His book on construction project management published by Pearson Education is
widely accepted as a textbook in different universities.

Mathew Varghese is a post-graduate in orthopaedic surgery from the Maulana Azad Medical
College, Delhi University. Currently he is the Head of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
at St Stephen’s Hospital, Delhi. He has specialized in trauma care with particular emphasis on
reconstructive surgery for complex trauma to the musculo-skeletal system and in pre-hospital care
for trauma patients. He is the Chair of project review committee on Trauma Care of Indian Council
for Medical Research and member, technical committee on Trauma and Emergency Care Services
(TECS) at the WHO, Geneva. He was given the distinguished alumnus award by Maulana Azad
Medical College, Delhi University.

Nicole Muhlrad is a civil engineer and emeritus researcher at IFSTTAR, France. She has worked
extensively in low income countries in the area of road safety management and policies. She is
an active member of ICTCT, an association developed out of an international working group of
safety experts with the aim to identify and analyse dangerous situations in road traffic on the
basis of criteria, other than past accidents, analogous to the methods of air and industrial safety.


Authors

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She continues to work with several European organisations on road safety data collection and
management policies.

Pierre Van Elslande is a research director at the French Institute of Science and Technology
for Transport, Development and Network (IFSTTAR) in its Accident Mechanisms Research Laboratory, where he coordinates a multidisciplinary team in the domain of safety research. With a
background in Ergonomics (Master’s degree) Psychology and Education Sciences (Master’s degree)
and in Cognitive Psychology (PhD), his research domains specifically deal with human processes
involved in traffic malfunctions, in the contexts of their production and their environmental determinants. They are directed towards both the general knowledge of human functioning, and the
ergonomic application of such knowledge to promote a safer driving system.

Sudipto Mukherjee is Mehra Chair professor of design and manufacturing in the Department
of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi. He completed Ph.D. research at Ohio State University, USA.
His research includes finite element human body models for impact, tackling positioning issues, the
effect of muscle activation and enhancing the material database through impact characterisation of
bones and soft tissues. His research group has been contributing to the Global Human Body Model
through the global consortium. He has been a consultant to automotive companies like Ashok
Leyland and Bajaj in India, and Mercedes Benz, Volvo, GM, and JARI internationally.

Shrikant Bangdiwala is a research professor of biostatistics at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, USA. He serves as a member of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National
Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the CDC, and as chair of the Multinational Data and
Safety Monitoring Board of the NIAID Division of AIDS at NIH. He holds visiting faculty appointments at the University of Valparaiso (Chile), at the University of Chile (Santiago), and at the
University of South Africa (Johannesburg). He is currently co-Editor-in-Chief of the International
Journal of Injury Control & Safety Promotion, and was elected member of the International
Statistical Institute. His research area includes Nonparametric methods, Methodology for clinical
trials, Reliability and validity of diagnostic tests, and Graphical methods for descriptive analyses.

Sylvain Lassarre is a statistician and Emeritus Research Director at IFSTTAR, France. His

main research topic is road traffic risk assessment and management supported by basic research
on statistical methods for the epidemiology and analysis of road accidents, the evaluation of the
effectiveness of road safety measures, the quantification of road risk factors, and the analysis of
road users’ behaviour. Having been responsible for the Master Transportation Safety at UVSQ
and internationally recognised for his work on the road risk management and road safety, he has
participated in many OECD Transport research groups and has conducted various training and
teachings in Asia and Africa as part of the World Bank and World Health Organisation (WHO).


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