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Advanced macroeconomics

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Chapter

Title

Pages

1

Macroeconomics: a succinct introduction

3-41

2

Solving Rational Expectations Models

42-86

3

Partial Information and Signal Extraction

87-104

4

Stabilization Policy – Can we?

107-133


5

Stabilization Policy – Should we?

134-164

6

Practical issues of effective stabilization

165-181

7

Fiscal Policy and the government budget constraint

182-211

8

The political economy of democracy

212-231

9

Unemployment, productivity and growth

232-250


10

The Macroeconomics of an Open Economy

253-271

11

Representative agent models in cashless economies

272-305

12

Money in representative agent models

306-320

13

Open economy representative agent models

321-331

14

Testing the Rational Expectations Hypothesis

335-422


15

Interpreting the Evidence: The Problem of Observational
Equivalence

423-433

16

Direct Tests of Rational Expectations

434-443

17

Where are we going?

444-446

18

Time-series annex: an introduction of linear and nonlinear time
series

447-490

Bibliography

491-526


Errata

1 page

Corrigenda

4 pages


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