1
INTRODUCTION:
THE NECESSARY OF THE THESIS
1. The necessary of the thesis
Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) development has been
expanding significantly both developed and developing countries.
The ETS is becoming a policy instrument to mitigate climate change
globally which was launched in all levels, including, international,
regional, national and subnational level. In 2017, the global ETS
accounted for approximatly 15% of the universal GHGs emission.
The dramatically changes of both global climate change and
Vietnam climate change policies show that it is time to take a
consideration of Vietnam’s ETS. In 2017, Vietnam has signed Paris
Agreement on Climate Change with a pledge of mitigation 8% of
national GHGs emission in 2030 compared to 2010 baseline and up
to 25% under internaional supports. On the other hand, the country
has released National Green Growth Strategy in the period of 2011
2020 and a vision to 2050, National Climate Change that bring with
them national climate change mitigation targets which the ETS was
employed to achieve.
Establishing the ETS will possible support Vietnam to
transfer the economy towards lowcarbon economy as well as
competitiveness capacity enhancement. Vietnam’s structure economy
depends deeply on high intensive GHGs emission industries such as
energy, steel, cerment, construction and transportation sectors which
play important roles of economic growth. So that, the country needs
to consider establishing an ETS to mitigate GHGs emission with least
cost in order to reduce the adverse impacts on competitiveness.
However, the country should take into account several
factors before establishing the EST to reduce its negative effects on
the ecomony such as the carbon price stability, the cost effectiveness,
2
impacts on enterprises competiveness, low income groups, available
ETS infastructure... Therefore, it is nesscery to carry out the thesis
“Establishing an Emission Trading Scheme in Vietnam”.
2. Targets
Clarifying theoretical and practical issues on establishing
emission trading scheme and propose an ETS model and design to
Vietnam in order to mitigate GHGs emission.
3. Objectives and scopes
General objective: The thesis focuses on emission trading
scheme contents related to Vietnam in the period of 2007 up to now.
Detail objectives:
+ Identify cciential fundamental on emission trading scheme
development.
+ Study status and potential of emission trading scheme
development in Vietnam.
+ Propose ETS’s model and its design to Vietnam.
4. The science and practical means of the thesis, new points of the
thesis
The thesis provides a full scenically fundamental of emission
trading scheme and suggest both solutions and recommendations that
match with Vietnam’s condition to mitigate GHGs emission target.
The thesis systematizes fundamental theories and practices on
emission trading scheme (ETS) development; the design and
operation of ETS, international experiences and lesson learn to
Vietnam.
The thesis reviews current state of Vietnam’s climate change
and policies; the status of the carbon market development in
Vietnam. It also provides assessments on ETS development potential
and condition requirement to establish ETS in Vietnam.
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The thesis brings with it both analysis and assessment of
carbon market development in the future; the proposed design ETS
model in Vietnam; solution and recommendations for establishment
and operation of ETS’ Vietnam.
5. Methodology
There are several methods employed to implement the thesis,
concerning: Desk research, modelling method (SWOT analysis),
deep interview method, comparing method, historical and logical
method, and workshop method.
6. Thesis’s structure
Beside of parts including: introduction, conclusion, general
summary of international and national researches, list of author’s
publish and references, the thesis was divided into three parts: Part
one: Sciential fundamental on emission trading scheme development;
Part two: The status and potential of emission trading scheme
development in Vietnam and Part three: Propose ETS’s model and its
design to Vietnam.
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GENERAL PART:
THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL
PUBLISHES ON THE THESIS
A. The current international research on the thesis:
Carbon pricing under carbon tax or emission trading scheme
was applied theory of pollution tax (Pigou tax) due to its cost
effectiveness to deal with externalities due to pollution. There are
some remarkable researches, such as: Kindleberger (1986) with
“International public goods without international government”; Pizer
(2012) with “Combining price and quantity controls to mitigate
global climate change”; Nordhaus (2007) “To Tax or Not to Tax:
Alternative Approaches to Slowing Global Warming”; Weitzman
(2011) with “Fattailed uncertainty in the economics of catastrophic
climate change”; Stavin (2008) with “Addressing climate change
with a comprehensive US cap‐and‐trade system”..
Emission Trading Scheme was chose to price carbon due to
its flexibility comparing to carbon tax. There are some remarkable
researches, such as: Goulder (2006) with “The economics of climate
change”; Neuhoff (2008) with “Tackling carbon, How to Price
carbon for Climate Policy”.
The ETS cause costpressures on enterprises and give market
signs to enterprises to choose a mitigation solution with least cost.
There are some remarkable researches, such as: Smale (2006) with
“The impact of CO2 emissions trading on firm profits and market
prices”; Garnaut (2008) with “The Garnaut Climate Change
Review”; Diekman (2013), with “EU Emissions Trading: The Need
for Cap Adjustment in Response to External Shocks and Unexpected
Developments”.
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Although the ETSes have the same impacts on the economy
but they are different in term of the models and design through
economies. There are some remarkable researches, such as: Fuessler
(2012) with “Chile PMR Activity 1. MRV, Compliance and
Registry”; Kachi (2013) with “Carbon Market Oversight Primer”;
Goes (2010) with “New and old marketbased instruments for
climate change policy”; Aldy (2012) with “The promise and
problems of pricing cácbon: theory and experience”; Haites (2013)
with “Lessons learned from linking emissions trading systems:
General principles and applications”; Kachi (2015) with “Linking
Emissions Trading Systems: A Summary of Current Research”;
Schneck (2011) with “Financial Market Reform and the Implications
for Carbon Trading”; Kindleberger (1986) with “International public
goods without international government”; Gilbert (2014) with “Cap
Setting, Price Uncertainty and Investment Decisions in Emissions
Trading Systems”; Ellerman (2010) with “Pricing cácbon: the
European Union emissions trading scheme”, reports containing: “An
Introduction to Emission Trading Schemes” and “Emissions Trading
Worldwide ICAP Status Report” from ICAP (2015, 2016, 2017).
The ETS development has contributed to GHGs emission
mitigation globally. There are some remarkable researches, such as:
Newell (2012) with “Carbon Markets: Past, Present, and Future.
Resources for the Future”; Kopp (2015) with “Allowance allocation:
Assessing U.S. Climate Policy Options”; Lopomo (2011)
with “Carbon Allowance Auction Design: An Assessment of Options
for the U.S”, Scotney (2015) with “Carbon Markets and Climate
Policy in China”.
The ETS establishment should be employed with a policy
package including renewable energy policy, energy saving policy,
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climate change regulation and standards... in order to provide an
effective legal and policy framework to mitigate GHGs emission and
prevent unintented impacts of the ETS. There are some remarkable
researches, such as: Pizer (2008) with “Scope and point of
regulation for pricing policies to reduce fossil fuel CO2
Emissions. Resources for the Future”; Nordhaus (2001) with
“Climate change: Global warming economics”.
However, there are no perfect ETS’s model and its design
that fit with all all countries. There are some remarkable researches,
such as: Laing (2013) with “International Experience with
Emissions Trading. Climate Strategies”; Schneck (2011)
with “Financial Market Reform and the Implications for Carbon
Trading”, Trotignon (2011) with “Combining capandtrade with
offsets: Lessons from the CER use in the EU ETS in 2008 and 2009”;
Fuessler (2012) with “MRV, Compliance and Registry,
Infrastructures and Perspectives”.
B. The current national researches related to ETS:
The national researches on ETS has developed slowly
comparing to international researches. There are some related
remarkable researches, such as: Pham Huong Giang (2011) with
“Assessement of current participantion of Vietnam into international
emission trading scheme; trend, market potential of Vietnam’s ETS
under postKyoto scheme”; Tran Huu Buu (2013) with “Assessement
on potential of carbon credit project in waste treatment sector and
propose solutions to support”; Pham Thi Nga (2014) with “GHG
trading mechanisms in the world”; Bui Hoai Nam (2015) with
“General issues on Emission Trading Scheme”; Pham Thi Hien
(2016) with “Essential required factors to establish Emission Trading
Scheme in the future”; Vi Thuy Linh (2017) with “Emission Trading
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Scheme and its development potential in Vietnam”; Tran Hoan
(2017) with “International experiences in ETS development and
learnt lessons to Vietnam”.
C. Assessment on current ETS publishes related to the thesis:
The international and national publishes related to ETS are
important references to the thesis, however, they were employed for
different research purposes that not clearly related the whole content
of the thesis. On the other side, those publishes are out state of art
under current trends of global climate change context as well
Vietnam context. Therefore, the thesis, namely, “Establishing
Vietnam Emission Trading Scheme” contributes new issues on idea,
scope, methodology and results both theories and practices. It does
not overlap with old international and national publishes.
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PART ONE:
SCIENCE FUNDAMENTAL ON EMISSION TRADING
SCHEME
1.1. Theoretical and practical fundamental of Emission Trading
Scheme
Concept and history of Emission Trading Scheme
development: Emissions trading is a marketbased instrument for
climate change mitigation. In an emissions trading scheme (ETS), a
regulator defines an upper limit (cap) of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions that may be emitted in clearly defined sectors of an
economy (scope and coverage). Emission permits or allowances are
given out or sold (allocated) to the entities that are included in the
ETS. By the end of a defined timeperiod, each covered entity must
surrender a number of allowances corresponding to their emissions
during that period. Installations that have emitted less than the
number of allowances they hold can sell any excess to other
participants in the scheme. Entities with low abatement costs thus
have an incentive to reduce their emissions, while those facing higher
costs can elect to comply by purchasing allowances from the market.
Emissions trading provides greater environmental certainty in
controlling overall emissions compared to an emissions tax, which
defines a fixed emission price without restricting the quantity of
GHG emitted from industries. In both cases, rules for compliance and
enforcement (MRV & enforcement) ensure that polluters pay for the
environmental costs of their actions. Allowing installations to
determine when and where to reduce emissions makes ETS a flexible
and costefficient policy instrument. The institutional and legal
framework in place should enable price discovery by fundamental
market forces free of fraud and manipulation (market oversight).
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The first ETS was developed in American of United State
which was applied from theoretical issues into practice in the 80s.
However, the year of 1997 is a turning point of ETS development
when the Kyoto Protocol on climate change was signed globally
where climate change mitigation target was pledged by 37 developed
countries for the period 2008 – 2012. Since the introduction of the
first regional ETS for GHGs emission in the European Union in
2005, many other systems have emerged in North America, Asia and
the Pacific region at the regional, national, and local levels. Several
other jurisdictions are currently considering implementing their own
domestic ETS, while some established ETS have taken steps to
reform and, in some cases, link their systems.
So far, ETS developments bring the global ETS count to 21
systems in operation, 5 systems in scheduled implementation and 9
systems under consideration at different levels of government and
geographies, including 4 continents, 40 countries, 13 states and 7
cities/provinces. With the launch of the Chinese national ETS, the
share of global emissions covered by a domestic ETS has reached
almost 15%. Now, economies with an ETS in place produce more
than 50% of global GDP and are home to almost a third of the global
population. These figures reflect the steady expansion of ETS policy
and the strengthening of implementation around the world.
The ETS operations will generate a common price for each
carbon unit and therefore provide market signals to firm's decision to
take an investment in longterm emission reductions where to invest
into lowcarbon technology to increase energy efficiency or switch to
clean energy, create energyefficient products. Moreover, carbon
pricing brings with its an increase in price of carbonintensive goods
and services, therefore, consumers will move to lowerpriced
substitutes and motivate firm to reduce emission in order to reduce
production costs. Thus, the government must identify longterm
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emission reduction targets and develop lowcarbon economydriven
policies to bolster business confidence to switch their business
strategies towards lowcarbon strategies.
1.2. Emission Trading Scheme Models and their operation
ETS Model: Thus far, there are two ETS models employed
by subnational, nationals, regional and global, including:
(1) The uniform ETS Model: A model in which the
determination of carbon allowances and trading activities are
established and operated from the beginning. This is the general
model adopted by almost countries and regions in the world such as
EUETS, US RGGI, ChinaETS.
(2) The hybrid ETS Model: This is a twostage ETS, in which
the first stage of ETS acts as a carbon tax that the government setting
a fixed tax rate per carbon emissions unit and after that when the
market operates stably, the ETS will shift to “cap and trade” model.
Required components of the ETS: (1) Set Emission Target
(cap): (2) Select the scope, including the type of gases and the size of
total emission form each enterprises; (3) Establish emission
allowance allocation mechanism: free allocation or through auction,
or a combination of both; (4) Set up sstock exchange rate market; (5)
Selection flexibility in the operation of the ETS: allow emission
deposit, borrow and loan emission; Set ceiling price, floor price;
allow using of emission credits obtained from outside the ETS; (6)
Form of MRV and Enforcement system (MRV & E); (7) Linking
among ETSs.
Conditions for operating the ETS: The conditions for the
successful operation of the ETS include: (1) must have MRV system;
(2) be fair in implementation; (3) connected between policies and
objectives; (4) be stable and predictable; (5) costeffectiveness; (6) be
practicality and integrity of the environment; (7) be flexibility; (8)
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match with the conditions of specific markets; (9) be compatibility
with other systems in the economy and (10) be transparency in
design and implementation.
The sequence of steps to establish an ETS: There are 10
steps as follows: Step 1: Determine the sector scope / type of
emissions included in the ETS; Step 2: Identify emission target (cap);
Step 3: Determine allowance allocation method; Step 4: Consider
using the offset emission rate implemented from outside the ETS;
Step 5: Select flexible operating mechanism for ETS; Step 6: Dealing
with price and cost of emissions in the market; Step 7: Control and
monitor the implementation of enterprises within the system; Step 8:
Encourage stakeholder, communication and capacity building; Step
9: Consider linking to external ETS; and Step 10: Implementation,
evaluation and improvement.
1.3. International experiences in establishing Emission Trading
Scheme and lesson leant to Vietnam
EU ETS: This is the second largest carbon emissions
market in the world (behind China) with 31 participants from EU
member states and 11,000 energy intensive companies. According to
the European Environment Committee, CO2 has fallen by
approximately 19% between 2005 and 2013, closely to the EU target
of 21% by 2020. There are a number of features of construction,
operation and improvement of the EUETS model as follows: (1)
EUETS model and allowance: Total allowance emission was
designed to decrease annually in order to allow enterprises adjust
their business strategy accordingly to meet an increase in emissions
permit; (2) Auctions and price control mechanisms: trading activities
can take place directly between buyers and sellers, either through a
stock exchange, or through intermediaries in the stock market. The
(3) adjustment of cap: Allow the backdrop emissions in case of
supply surpluses and allow for the release a certain allowance in case
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of deficit; (4) MRV system design and market oversign: The stock
exchanges take this process; (5) Establish flexible mechanism: allow
lending and borrowing emissions mechanism; drawback and and
reserve emission limits mechanism, allow use external emission
credits outside the system to achieve targets.
The United State of American: The US ETS is formed by
states and interstates. RGGI ETS is a regional ETS of the
American of United States established in 2009 with the participation
of 09 states in the Eastern America, focusing on reducing CO2
emissions from fossil fuel power companies. There are a number of
remarkable characteristics of the construction, operation and
improvement of the RGGI ETS include: (1) Auction and pricing
mechanism: The auction is conducted with a oneway mechanism,
closed bidding mechanism to form a common price; (2) MRV
system and market oversign: RGGI monitor was implemented by an
independent agency to ensure effective and transparent RGGI
operations; (3) Establish flexible mechanism: allow enterprises to
deposit extra allowance to the bank, set a floorprice for the system;
allow enterprises use carbon offset; (4) Use of revenues: Used for
climate change adaptation and addressing the effects of rising
electricity prices.
China: So far, China is the largest greenhouse gas emitter
globally. The country is also the first developing country in the world
establishing ETS in order mitigate climate change. China has set up
ETS pilots for seven provinces/cities nationwide and has officially
established a national ETS for the power sector by the end of 2017.
There are a number of the remarkable features of operation,
construction and improvement China ETS pilots containing: Each
ETS is designed differently which depend on the specific
characteristics of each locality and built by local authorities. (2) Set
cap and allocate emission allowances: combine between free
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allocation and auction that based on firm's past GHG emissions; (3)
Auctions and price control mechanisms: implemented at local stock
exchanges that managed by the Development and Reform Council at
each locality; (4) MRV and market oversign: each enterprises must
provide reports on their performances that was certified by an
independent third party; (5) Punishment for violated enterprises:
Mainly monetary penalties; (6) Establishment of flexible mechanism:
There are a number of ETSs allowed enterprises to lend overuse their
allowance for future use.
Lessons learned for Vietnam: There are 04 lessons learned
for Vietnam are as follows: (1) must establish an ETS pilots before
launching an official ETS with a number of carbon intensive sectors,
GHS emission measurable and can be easy monitored; (2) MRV
system is a prerequisite to ensure ETS can operate transparently and
transparently. Penalties and control of market fraud should also be
considered to ensure the firm's credibility in the market; (3) Establish
flexible mechanisms to adjust the market cap to address the risks of
fluctuating carbon prices and the cost of reducing emissions. (3)
Promote the linking of ETS with other ETSs to create opportunities
for lower emission cost; (4) A policy package should be developed
parallel with ETS in order to deal with complexities of climate
change issues with the following emphasis: (1) Invest into R&D for
lowcarbon technologies as well as renewable energy technologies;
(2) Design an electricity price support programs for low income
groups in society to compensate an increase in goods and service's
prices and (3) Invest in modernizing of the ETS system such as
technological improvements. MRV system to improve the efficiency,
accuracy and transparency of the system.
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PART TWO:
THE CURRENT STATUS AND POTENTIAL OF
ESTABLISHING VIETNAM’S EMISSION TRADING
SCHEME
2.1. Current status of Vietnam climate change
In Vietnam, during the period 1994 2010, total GHGs
emissions of the economy (including land use, land use change,
and forestry LULUCF) increased sharply from 103.8 Mt CO2
equivalent in 1994 to 246.8 million tons of CO2 equivalent
(including LULUCF) and 266 million tons CO2 (excluding
LULUCF) in 2010. According to Vietnam National
Communication Update Report (first time) in 2014, Vietnam's
GHGs emissions was forecasted to increase around three times in
2020 and fivefold in 2030 compared to 2010. GHGs emissions in
energy sector keep increasing and account for more than 90% of
the total GHG emissions while predicted to decline in
manufacturing industry.
2.2. Current status of mitigation climate change policies in
Vietnam
In order to cope with climate change and reduce negative
impacts of climate change to socioeconomic development, Vietnam
has actively participated in and implemented international treaties to
cope with climate change as well as promoting priority domestic
policies to dealing with climate change. Year of 2012 was a turning
point in Vietnam climate change policy to move significant to national
emissions mitigation strategy which was officially mentioned in
national socialeconomic policies and strategies of the country.
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Vietnam policy framework on climate change mitigation
On September 25, 2012, the Prime Minister approved the
"Vietnam's National Green Growth Strategy" in which an emission
climate change mitigation target was released for the first time,
including: reducing GHG emissions in energy activities from 10% to
20% compared to BAU, with a voluntary mitigation of 10% and up
to 20% under international support. On April 22, 2017, Vietnam and
more than 170 countries signed the Paris Climate Change Agreement
that officially come into force on 4 November 2017 with a binding
commitment to reduce by 8% GHG emission and up to 25% under
international assistance. Previously, on 21 November 2012, the Prime
Minister approved a Project, namely, "Management of greenhouse
gas emissions and carbon credit trading to the world market “and
then approving the World Bank's technical assistance project"
Preparing for the Carbon Market Readiness in Vietnam ". The project
focus on piloting Vietnam's ETS in three sectors including coalfired
power sector, steel sector and waste treatment sector; forming GHGs'
databases and reporting system for GHG emission mitigation,
piloting NAMA for carbon credit, strengthen management capacity
on MRV of NAMA and NAMA carbon credits.
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2.3. Assessment of potential and conditions for establishing
Vietnam’s Emission Trading Scheme
The selected method is SWOT analysis. This is a simple,
flexible and effective analytical tool that provides a comprehensive
assessment compared to other analytical tools that provide
effectiveness in the case of lacking information. Moreover, SWOT
analysis is suitable for analyzing and evaluating a future scenario,
thus it was employed for assessing the potential of Vietnam's ETS.
SWOT analysis results on Vietnam’s ETS potential development
Strengths
Opportunities
(1) Viet Nam has set targets for
emission reductions, especially in
energy intensive sectors which is a
prequite condition of ETS; (2)
Vietnam has experience in joining the
carbon market such as CDM, REDD
+, JDM; (3)Vietnam has received a
number of technical and financial
support from international
organizations to build ETS; (4) The
ETS's revenue will be used to promote
renewable energy development, low
carbon technologies R&D, assist the
poor from adverse impacts due to
rising prices from ETS; (5) Vietnam's
energy prices are among the lowest
country group in the world, so that an
increase in energy prices from the ETS
market will have less impact on
countries than other high energy prices
(1) Vietnam has the
opportunity to enhance
export competitiveness in
ETSbuilt markets such as
the EU, South Korea and
the US; (2) A number of
new industries and new job
opportunities will be
created in renewable
energy, energy saving
industries; (3) Vietnam has
the opportunity to
participate in international
ETS, and therefore, can
achieve emission mitigation
with a lower cost; (4)
Vietnam has the
opportunity to improve
technology, production
productivity
and
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countries; (6) Vietnam energy saving
is low; (7) Vietnam has developed
stock exchange that providing
infrastructure for auction;
competitiveness in energy
activities; (5) Provide
enterprises options to
reduce emissions at the
least cost
Weaknesses
Threats
(1) Vietnam is lack of MRV system
which is still in the process of
designing; (2) There are lack of
options for reducing carbon emissions
due to financial and technological
issues; (3).There is no roadmap for
reducing emissions for each industries
so that it is lack of confidence for
businesses to make decisions in the
long run; (4) Key industries of the
country are high intensive GHG
emission so that, employ ETS will
cause an increase in goods and
services' price of the economy
(1) Vietnam's exports will
be affected by rising export
prices, thus limiting the
competition of products on
the international market; (2)
Vietnam's energy prices are
not fully marketbased
mechanism which bring
with it difficultly to form
ETS that depend deeply on
demand and supply
relationships.
With the results of using SWOT analysis to assess the
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges for building
Vietnam's ETS as mentioned above, some conclusions are given as
follows:
1. Vietnam has had a number of convergence conditions to
establish a ETS as it has had experience in this market and targets for
GHGs emission reduction. The development of the ETS provide also
an opportunity for the government to have more revenue to support
emission reduction activities. However, in the beginning stage, the
country should develop ETS pilot scheme for specific sectors,
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especially some high intensive emissions sectors, which are easy to
measure and monitor emissions before employing an official ETS.
2. In order to successfully build ETS, Vietnam needs to
develop comprehensive policy packages that can address full climate
change issues, especially policies in low carbon, energy saving areas
to provide businesses with optimum options for emission reduction;
At the same time, it is an opportunity to develop new industries,
contribute to new job in order to promote economic growth. Policies
should also address the negative impact of rising goods and services'
prices, especially to the poor. Furthermore, Vietnam should take a
consideration on competitiveness of businesses, especially exporters
as well as improving the ETS system such as MRV system to control
the implementation of enterprises and the operation of the market.
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PART THREE:
PROPOSE EMISSION TRADING SCHEME MODEL AND
DESIGN TO VIETNAM
3.1. Trends of Emission Trading Scheme and Climate change
Tripling the share of global emissions capped by ETS: ETS
has advanced both in established markets and in emerging
economies, now covering 15% of global emissions. The initial launch
of China’s national ETS for the power sector in 2017 is a remarkable
and rapid first step for an emerging economy that is home to the
world’s largest coal fleet. This development alone sends a strong
signal to the international community as the trajectory of Chinese
coal consumption has recently been one of the key drivers of global
emissions. The next years give the national government time to build
the foundation for a robust, economywide carbon market that can be
ratcheted up in line with the ambition of the Paris Agreement.
Efforts to price carbon are also progressing in Latin America
and subnational in North America. Mexico, Latin America’s second
largest economy, will start piloting a mandatory ETS later this year.
In addition, Chile, Colombia and Mexico are jointly exploring
regionally consistent carbon market design elements such as
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV). In North America,
subnational jurisdictions continue to lead with capandtrade. The
largest Canadian province, Ontario, linked its system to the joint
carbon market of California and Québec as of beginning 2018. As
part of the PanCanadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate
Change, all Canadian provinces and territories will have a price on
carbon by the end of this year. Interest in several US States, like
Virginia and New Jersey, could also see an expansion of capand
trade despite inaction on the federal level.
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From policy pioneers to longlasting mitigation tool: The
world’s more established systems – the EU, California and Québec,
RGGI and New Zealand – have enacted major reforms to ensure their
systems can deliver on increasingly ambitious climate targets post
2020. These renewed commitments to emissions trading give low
carbon investors certainty and has resulted in rising carbon prices,
with the EU allowance price passing 10 EUR for the first time since
2011. These reforms have seen some common elements: Steeper cap
trajectories aligning with 2030 climate targets; market stability
measures are becoming standard practice with continuing design
innovation; offset policies focus on domestic abatement with direct
local environmental benefits.
Together, these two trends – the continual spread of ETSs and
reforms of major systems – will continue to change the landscape of
emissions trading – widening and deepening its role in the low
carbon transformation process worldwide.
3.2. Propose a Vietnam’s ETS model and design
ETS Model selection: There are a number of suggestions on
the choice of the design of the market for emissions in Vietnam are
as follows: (1) Vietnam should consider selecting a two phases
model, which will initially operate as a carbon tax scheme and after
that, when the market operate stability, the scheme will moves to a
"cap and trade" mechanism; (2) Vietnam should develop a road map
for building ETS based on country's GHG emission targets; (3)
Vietnam should consider building pilot ETS in highintensive
industries in advance before moving to official Scheme; and (4) It is
necessary to call for stakeholder participation in the development
process of ETS in Vietnam.
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Unsucess
Unsucessful
Adjust tax level
Điều chỉnh
Initial phase: Tax scheme
for some sectors (23
period of year)
Phase I: Cap and Trade
scheme to some sectors
(23 period of years)
Sucess
Phase II: Expand to
whole economy
Sucess
A recommendation of ETS model to Vietnam
Source: Author
Design Vietnam's ETS: (1) Vietnam needs to set a longterm
emissions reductions targets, at least for 10 years. The climate change
policies need to be consistent in long term in order to create
confidence for the business; (2) emission allowance should be
combined between free allowance and auction; (3) ETS coverage:
CO2 is main GHG emission while coalfired power generation,
transportation, high energyintensive manufacturing (iron, steel,
chemicals, cement ...), waste treatment should be involved in the
Scheme; (4) Selection of flexible mechanisms for the market:
emission permit borrow, emission permit lend, floor prices and
celling price need to be developed; (5) Consider linkage with other
ETSs in order to achieve lower GHG mitigation; and (6) develop
MRV system in order to control the implementation of enterprises
and the operation of the market.
Identification of the participating agencies: (1) Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment will be responsible for setting up
the ETS in Vietnam, identifying and selecting sector participation,
market organization model; organization of MRV activities; (2)
Ministry of Finance will be responsible for setting up a carbon
auction operating mechanism, responsible for developing the process,
identifying the way the auction is conducted, and implementing the
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MRV. with these activities; (3) Sector Ministries shall be responsible
for sector management, coordinate with the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment and the Ministry of Finance to carry out
their assigned tasks; (4) Other Ministries such as the Government
Inspectorate, the State Audit, the Ministry of Security, and the
Ministry of Justice are responsible for the contents related to the
guidance to ensure the implementation of market operations and
compliance. Comply with the regulations on inspection, audit,
inspection and legal adherence of enterprises participating in the
market.
3.3. Solutions for establishing Vietnam’s Emission Trading
Scheme
Comprehensive set of emission reduction policy package: It
is necessary to combine ETS policy with other policies such as
command and control instrument; education instrument and financial
incentives such as taxes, subsidies in renewable energy development;
soft instruments such as low carbon labels or energysaving labels
in order to sign customer awareness on lowcarbon products in the
market. The ETS is just an indirect instrument to reduce emissions,
so direct emissions reduction instruments need to be developed to
enhance the development of lowcarbon technology, renewable
energy, energy saving sectors in order enhance energy efficiency as
well as shifting from fossil fuel based energy towards renewable
energy based. Setting up a carbon market will have an impact on the
labor market, technology markets, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to
build in line with the policy packages on energy, labor and
technology.
Design solutions for using ETS's revenues: ETS will bring
significant revenues to the Government from market trading, so that
the Government must take into account solution for effective
expenditure such as reinvest in the development of alternative
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energies (renewable energy, lowcarbon technology), to support low
carbon technology R&D; assist social groups affected by rising
energy prices and related commodities; design electricity support
programs for low income households in society, invest in
modernization of the system to improve efficiency and accuracy,
transparency of the system.
Linking to bank system and stock exchange: Building a new
independent system for ETS will not be feasible because of cost
issues. In addition, activities such as banking or borrowing will also
require the involvement of bank system.
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ETS revolution to support GHG emission mitigation has
emerged significanlty with the participation of both developed
countries and developing countries, including Vietnam. In particular,
in the context of recently change in international climate change
mitigation policy, Vietnam needs to consider building an ETS in
order to provide incentives for businesses to reduce emissions at the
least cost so as to achieve international climate change mitigation
commitment under Paris Agreement as well as participating in the
global carbon market. There are a number of remakble results of the
PhD thesis as follows:
1. The thesis result in three contributions as follows: Firstly,
systematize the scientific fundamental of the ETS development;
ETs's models, design and operation mecharnism; international
experiences and learnt lessons for Vietnam; Secondly, it reviewed
Vietnam's climate change policies and implementation as well as the
process of joining the emissions market of Vietnam; carryout an
analysis and assessment of potential and conditions for Vietnam's
EST; Propose a Vietnam's ETS model, design and provide solutions
and recommendations for Vietnam's ETS development .
2. There are three remakble conclusions as follows: Firstly,
the carbon market has been developed and implemented in many
countries and regions around the world, however, there is no model
fit all countries and territories. Furthermore, Base on theoretical and
practical fundamental as well as specifical conditions and
circumstances of the country, it is possible to build Vietnam's ETS to
mitigate GHG emission with lower cost. Finally, the country should
take into account hybrid ETS model with flexible mechanisms, while
in the begining stage must employ carbon tax model to reduce
unstable of carbon prices due tu uncertantly and after market operate
stabilty, moving to the "cap and trade" scheme./.