Đường lối không liên kết của Ấn Độ nhận thức từ hiệp ước hòa bình, hữu nghị và hợp tác Ấn Độ - Liên Xô năm 1971

DUOfNG LOI KHONG LIEN KET CUA AN DO:
NHAN THtrC Ttr HIEP lX6C HOA BINH, HUU NGHf
VA HOP TAC AN DO - LIEN X d NAM I97I
L £ T H f CUdNG*

he An Dp - Lien Xd la mdt trong
Quan
nhflng md'i quan he dac biet trong
Chie'n tranh lanh. Day la quan he gifla hai
nUdc ldn khac nhau ve y thflc he, the che
chinh tri nhflng lai g i n bd chat che vdi
nhau bang Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va
h(?p tac - mdt loai hinh hiep Udc ve quan he
dac biet ciia Lien Xo vdi cac nUde ddng
minh trong Chie'n tranh lanh. Mat khac,
An Dp la qud'c gia ludn giUdng cao ngpn cd
khdng lien ke't, nhUng lai hdp tac chat che
vdi Lien Xd tren nhieu phUdng dien, trong
dd cd ca hdp tac ve chinh tri va quan sil.
Trong bai nghien cflu "An Do cd phdi Id
mgt cUdng qudc khong?", hpc gia H. Harpur
•vie't: "Chdc chdn Id viec ky mgt hiep Udc
nhu vdy - hiep Udc ddu tien td khi ddt nUdc
dugc dgc lap... dd xdc dinh the lien kit An Xo... Xet vi viec An Do quyet dinh ky kit
mgt lien minh nhU thi Id vi phgm nguyen
tdc cua J.Nehru nen hiep Udc do da Id khdi
diem khie'n cdn phdi xet lgi phUcfng hUdng
ciia An Do trong he thdng an ninh chdu A"
(1). Nhdn xdt ve md'i quan he nay, nhieu y
kie'n cho rang vdi Hiep Udc 1971, An Dp da
rdi xa dUdng ldi khdng lien ke't. Day la v i n

de phflc tap bdi nd la sU danh gia toan (hen
ve dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua An Dp trong
Chie'n tranh lanh.

* ThS. Khoa Lich sd - TrUcing Dai hgc Vinh

TrUdc het, phai nhin nh^n rd npi ham
khai niem khdng lien ke't trong dudng lo'i
ddi ngoai cua An Dp. P h i n ldn cac hpc gia
phUdng Tay nhin nhan ve dudng ldi khdng
lien ket cua An Do ngay tfl khi mdi ra ddi
la chu nghia trung ldp, hoac la mang tinh
chit trung ldp, trung ldp tich cUc, trung ldp
lac (heu (2). Xem xet toan bp dUdng ldi dd'i
ngoai cua An Dp trong chien tranh lanh va
qua cac phat bieu cua J.Nehru, LGancihi,
cd the t h i y ddc trUng cita chinh scich khong
lien kit b An Dp la: chdng Chien tranh
lanh, bao dam rdi xa cac khdi quyen lUc
cho'ng dd'i nhau, chdng lai hen minh quan
sil trong bd'i canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc
ldn; khdng phai la mpt chinh sach ngoai
giao trung lap thu dpng hoac dia vi trung
lap, trung lap tich ciic; la mpt chinh sach
hanh dpng thilc te, ung hp dudng lo'i ddi
ngoai dpc lap, chung sd'ng hoa binh va
khdng can thiep. Cd sd ra ddi chinh sdch
khong lien ket b An Dp x u i t phat tii sd x u i t
hien trdt tU hai cUc va Chie'n tranh lanh,
sU hinh thanh cac lien minh quan sU song

phUdng va da phUdng lam x u i t hien nguy
cd chie'n tranh the gidi mdi; mau t h u i n sau
sac vdi chu nghia de qud'c va chu nghia
thilc dan nhUng khdng mudn di theo chu
nghia cpng s i n . Vi tri nUdc ldn va nhflng


44

dac trUng ve lich sU, van hda cho phep An
Dp thUc hien chinh sach khdng lien ke't mpt
each tich ciic. Do vay, muc tieu cua khdng
lien kit la cho'ng chie'n tranh lanh, cho'ng
lai cac lien minh quan sil da phUdng trong
bdi canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; chdng
chu nghia de quo'c va chu nghia thUc dan,
chdng chie'n tranh; khang dinh chu nghia
dan tpc, ldi ich qud'c gia, sU cin thie't phai
phat trien kinh te; yeu chupng hoa binh,
khang dinh vai trd tich cUc cua An Dp
trong nen chinh tri the gidi. Day cung la
muc tieu chinh tri xuyen sud't cua Dang
Qud'c dai (3). Khong lien ke't dUdc Nehru
khang dinh la "khong gia nhdp lien minh
qudn sU vdi khdi ndy de chdng lgi khdi kia,
CO the gdy nen chien tranh the gidi thd ba,
An Do cd gdng thiet lap quan he hOu nghi
vdi tdt ca cdc nUdc, dgc biet la cdc nUdc
chdu A. Mgt nUdc An Do dgc lap se xdy
diing quan he hOu nghi vdi Anh, vdi cdc

nUdc thugc khdi Lien hiep Anh, cUng nhU
vdi My, Lien Xo..." (4). Nhflng luan (hem
tren hinh thanh qua met qua trinh lau dai
trong lich sU - van hda An Dp, khai quat
h o i thanh Nam nguyen t i c chung sd'ng hda
binh, MUdi nguyen tac Bang Dung, Nam
(heu kien tham gia Phong trao Khdng Lien
ke't. ThUc chit, chinh sach khdng lien ket
la con de cua Chien tranh lanh vdi npi ham
can ban nha't la khdng lien minh quan sU
song phUdng hoac da phUdng trong xung
dot nUdc ldn.
Thiet lap quan he tfl thang 3-1947, quan
he An Dp - Lien Xd da trai qua nhieu bUdc
thang t r i m nham nhdn thflc •vi the lan
nhau tren trUdng qudc te. Cupc chie'n tranh
bien gidi Xd - Trung 1969 va sU xich lai g i n
nhau trong quan he Trung - My da de dpa
de'n vi the cua Lien Xd. Trong khi dd, quan
h§ ngay cang chat che gifla Trung Qud'c My - Pakistan cung dat ra cho An Dp
nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd. Nhflng xung

Rghien euru Lieh sii-, s6'1.2011
dot leo thang b Ddng Pakistan day quan he
An Dp - Pakistan dflng trUdc mpt cupc
chie'n tranh khdng the t r i n h khdi, de dpa vi
the cua An Dp d tieu luc dia. Trong bd'i
canh dd, sau qua trinh vdn dpng keo dai tfl
nam 1969, ngay 8-8-1947, An Dp va Lien
Xd da ky Hiep (hnh Hoa binh, hflu nghi va

hdp tic. Hiep Udc gdm cd 12 (heu, cd gia tri
20 nam danh dau bUdc ngoat trong quan he
hai nUdc, tfl giai doan tim tdi, nhan thflc
l i n nhau sang giai doan hdp tac chie'n lUdc
toan dien, tin cay tren cd sd hda binh va
hflu nghi. Ngoai cic (heu khoan ve h(3p tic
kinh te, van hda, "hon dd tdng" cua hiep
dinh la cic (heu khoan ve an ninh quan sU
- nhflng npi dung lam diy len nhflng nghi
ngd ve sil tan vd cua chinh sich khdng lien
ke't. Dieu 8 cua Hiep Udc ghi rd: "Trong sU
phu. hop vdi tinh hOu nghi truyin thd'ng
dugc thiet lap giaa hai qud'c gia, moi ben
tham gia hiep Udc long trgng tuyen bo' se
khong tien hdnh hoac tham gia trong lien
minh qudn sU nhdm chdng lgi ben kia. Hai
ben tham gia hiep Udc cam kit khdng xdm
lUcfc ben kia vd khong cho phep sa dung
ldnh thd cua minh gdy bd't ldi cho ben kia
trong xung dot qudn sU giaa moi ben tham
gia hiep Udc vdi ben ngodi" (5). Dieu 9
khang dinh: "Moi ben ky hiep Udc cam kit
ta chdi bdt ky sU trcf giup ndo cho ben thd
ba trong xung dot vu. trang vdi cdc ben kia.
Trong trUdng hcfp mgt trong hai ben tham
gia hiep Udc bi tdn cdng hoac bi de doa tdn
cdng, hai ben tham gia hiep Udc se ngay lap
tac tien hdnh cdc cugc trao doi y kien ldn
nhau de logi trd mdl de dga do vd tien
hdnh nhang bien phdp cd hieu lUc thich

ddng nhdm ddm bdo hoa binh vd an ninh
cua hai nUdc" (6). Tfl cac (heu khoan tren
cho thiy, day la mpt hiep Udc cd y nghia
phdng thu tUdng ho, khdng mang tinh t i n
cdng, lien minh quan sU trong xung dot
gifla cac nUdc ldn, ma chii ye'u la ung hp l i n


Eu(tog lo'i hh6ng lien he! eiia ^ B6...
nhau n h i m dam bao an ninh qudc phdng.
Dieu 4 cua Hiep Udc cdn khang dinh: "Lien
bang Cgng hba Xd hgi chit nghla Xo viet
cam kit ton trgng chinh sdch khong lien kit
ciia An Do vd xdc nhgn mgt ldn naa rdng
chinh sdch ndy la nhdn td'quan trgng trong
viec duy tri hba binh the gidi vd an ninh
qud'c ti vd trong viec ldm diu tinh hinh
cdng thdng cua the gidi" (7). Qua dd cd the
thiy, vi ly thuyit, Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu
nghi va hdp tac Lien Xd - An Dp ky ngay 98-1971 phu hdp vdi dUdng lo'i dd'i ngoai cua
An Dp, khdng -vi pham nguyen t i c cua
khdng lien ke't. Trong Hdi ky "Chan ly cua
tdi", LGandhi nha'n manh:
"Mgt sd ngudi cho rdng vdi hiep Udc do,
An Do ta bo chinh sdch ddi ngogi truyin
thdng cua minh. Diiu dy khong dung. Hdi
do, Pakistan khoe rdng hg dUdc cd the gidi
ung hg cbn d An Do tinh thdn sa sut khd
ngng. Trong cugc xung dot dy, Lien Xo
ddng vi phia chung toi nhUng trong hiep

Udc khong cd mgt diiu khodn ndo thay the
chinh sdch khong lien kit cua chung toi.
Tren thiic te, hiep Udc cbn ghi ro rdng An
Do dang vd se la mgt nUdc khong lien kit.
Mat khdc, quan he hOu nghi giaa chung toi
vdi Lien Xo se khong gdy cdn trd quan he
chung toi vdi cdc nUdc khdc" (8).
Tren thiic ti, anh hudng cua Hiep Udc
An Dp - Lien Xd 1971 da tac dpng ldn den
cue dien cua Chie'n tranh lanh. Hiep Udc
1971 da hinh thanh nen quan he hdp tac
chien lUdc mat thiet An Dp - Lien Xo, tao
nen the can b i n g chie'n lUdc vdi lien minh
My - Trung Qud'c va Pakistan tren ban cd
(ha chinh tri chau A. Nd cung la nhan to'
thuc day quan he My - Trung tie'n xa hdn
sau chuye'n tham Trung Qud'c cua Td'ng
thd'ng My R.Nixon thang 2-1972. Sau khi
hiep dinh dUdc ky ke't. An Dp cd dUdc sil
hau t h u i n c i n thie't de gianh thang lpi

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quan trpng trong cudc chie'n tranh b Ddng
Pakistan nam 1972, sap nhap Sikkim vao
An Dp nam 1974, chdng lai cac luan (heu
thu dich khi LGandhi ban bd' tinh trang
k h i n cip nam 1975... Hiep Udc 1971 la mpt
budc lfli thflc te cua chinh sach khdng lien
ke't, nhUng la bUdc lui cin thie't n h i m

khang dinh ldi ich dan tpc cua An Dp trong
bd'i canh mdi. Hai nUdc da cd lap trUdng
chung trong nhieu v i n de qud'c te quan
trpng nhu giai quye't chien tranh Viet Nam
(1973), v i n de Campuchia (1979-1989), sil
ung hp lan nhau sau Tuyen bd' Delhi ve
mpt the gidi khdng cd vu khi hat nhan
(1986)... Mac dfl vay, de gifl dfldc vi tri cua
minh d phong trao khdng lien ke't va dam
bao khdng trd thanh dd'i thu trilc tie'p tfl
phia My, cac nUdc chau Au, An Dp khdng
the budc xa hdn. Nhin nhdn quan he An Dp
- Lien Xd cd phu (iinh chinh sach khdng
lien ke't hay khdng chu ye'u xem xet chfnh
sach cua An Dp ddi vdi cac vdn de lien quan
trilc tie'p de'n hai nUdc mang tinh chit
Chie'n tranh lanh nhU: Chie'n tranh An Dp Pakistan nam 1971, sang kie'n an ninh tdp
the chau A cua Lien Xd, Lien Xd dUa quan
vao Afghanistan... trong sil dd'i sanh vdi
cac v i n de trUdc nam 1971 nhU Lien Xd
dUa quan vao Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic
(1968).
Ngay 3-12-1971, An Dp dUa quan vao
Ddng Pakistan vdi danh nghia la ung hp
cupc dau tranh chinh nghia ciia nhan dan
Ddng Pakistan cho'ng lai bao lUc quan sU
cua Tay Pakistan, ngan chan ddng ngUdi ty
nan dd xd vao An Dp va dam bao an ninh
cho nudc nay. Tuy nhien, sU hinh thanh
lien minh Pakistan - Trung Qud'c - My va

sU hau t h u i n cua Lien Xd cho An Dp da
lam cho cupc xung dot khu -vile nay mang
tinh chat cua Chie'n tranh lanh. Hiep Udc
Lien Xd - An Dp dU(3c ky ket vao ngay 9-8-


46

1971 trong bd'i canh mau thuan An Dp Pakistan dang len cao cd tac dung ran de
thilc te dd'i vdi Pakistan va cic lilc lUdng
hau t h u i n nUdc nay. Nhflng dpng thai cua
Lien Xd nhU tuyen bd' ung hp, tang cUdng
•vien trd quan sil trUdc va sau chie'n tranh
cho An Dp, gay sflc ep vdi Pakistan, dieu
lUc lUdng hai quan de'n •vinh Bengal khi My
dUa Ham dpi 7 vao khu vile nay... dfl n i m
trong khudn khd cua dieu 9 Hiep Udc 1971,
nhUng cd anh hudng nhU la lien minh quan
sil thilc te chdng lai mpt lien minh khac.
Day la mpt trong nhflng ly do de phUdng
Tay va cac lUc lUpng do'i lap trong nUde
nghi ngd dUdng ldi khdng lien ket cua An
Do. Hiep Udc 1971 va cic hanh dpng cua
Lien Xd trong bd'i canh dd ve ly thuyet
khdng vi pham dUdng ldi khdng lien ket
nhUng thilc te t i m anh hudng nd da vUdt
ra khdi khudn khd cua dUdng ldi nay.
Su kien Lien Xd dUa quan vao
Afghanistan tfl 1979 de'n 1989 la thd thach
khd khan dd'i vdi An Dp trong •viec vda gifl

vflng dudng ldi khdng lien ke't va vfla duy
t n quan he hflu nghi vdi Lien Xd. Ngay 2612-1979, Lien Xd dUa quan
vao
Afghanistan, Chinh phu lam thdi An Dp
C.Singh lap tflc tuyen bd' phan dd'i bat cfl
sii can thiep nao tfl nUdc ngoai tdi cdng viec
ndi bd Afghanistan, trong dd cd sU can
thiep cua Lien Xd va cac dpng thai cua My
nhu trien khai quan dpi d An Dp DUdng,
vien trd cho Pakistan, ho trd cac lilc lUdng
doi ldp b Afghanistan cua My. Lap trUdng 4
diem cua Dai sfl An Dp tai Lien hdp quoc
B.Mishra ngay 12-1-1980 chi ro: "chung toi
phdn doi sU hien dien ciia qudn dgi nUdc
ngodi vd cdc cdn cd qudn sU tgi bdt ky qud'c
gia ndo" nhUng dng cung khang dinh ring:
"Chinh phu Xo viei dd ddm bdo vdi
chung tdi rang lUc lUcfng qudn sU gOi tdi
Afghanistan theo yeu cdu cua chinh phu

Rghien emi Lieh sJr. 561.2011
Afghanistan thd nhdt bdi Thu tUdng Amin
ta 26-12-1979, vd nhiiu ldn bdi ngUdi ki
tuc dng dy td 28-12-1979. Vd hcfn nda
chung ta tin tudng rdng qudn dgi Lien Xd
se rut qudn khi cd sii di nghi eda chinh phu
hien thdi d Afghanistan... hi vgng cdc lUc
lUdng cua Lien Xd se khdng duy tri d ddy
ldu hcfn cdn thiet" (9). An Do phdn ddi vdi
cdc liic lugng dinh liu den cugc xung dot

gom My, Trung Qudc vd Pakistan, hg da
che chd vd ddo tgo cdc phdn tH phdn logn
Afghanistan, cdc qudc gia ldng gieng nho
khdc tich cUc ung hg lUc lUdng lgt do vd cdc
lUc lUcMg hdi qudn dang tich cUc hogt dgng
d An Do DUcfng. Cdc hogt dgng cua hg dd
de dog tdi An Do (10).
An Dp da bd phie'u trang Nghi quye't len
an Lien Xd cua My d Dai hpi ddng Lien hdp
qud'c, du nghi quye't nay cd 104 phie'u ung
hp, trong dd cd nhieu qud'c gia khdng lien
ke't, chi cd 18 phie'u chdng va 18 phie'u
t r i n g (11). Til khi LGandhi len lam Thii
tudng, quan (hem cua An Dp la khdng cd sil
thay ddi nao dil cd sU tac dpng lien tuc tii
phia Lien Xd qua cac chuye'n tham cua Bp
trUdng Ngoai giao Lien Xd A.Gromyko (12
de'n 14-2-1980); Phd Chu tich Hpi ddng Bp
trudng Arkhipov (2-1980); Thfl .trudng
Ngoai giao Lien Xd N.Firjoibin (4-1980); Bp
Qud'c phdng An Dp (5-1980); Tong bi thU
Brezhnev 12-1980;... Thdm chi. An Dp cdn
cd' ging thuyet phuc Lien Xd rut quan bd
phan hoac toan (hen trong cac cupc hpi dam
gifla lanh dao hai nUdc suot nhflng nam 80.
Cd the thiy, quan (hem ve v i n de
Afghanistan cua chinh phu An Dp khdng
phai la mot sU lung tung hay nhan nhUdng
sau Hiep Udc 1971. Quan diem nay so vdi
v i n de Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968)

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Cd ban la gidng nhau. An Dp bo phieu trang
tat ca cac nghi quye't len an Lien Xd tfl v i n
de Hunggari, Tiep Khac, Afghanistan


VI

Budng 16'i hh6ng lien kei ciia ^ B6...
nhUng cung bay td sU thai dp khdng ddng
tinh vdi Lien Xo ve hanh dpng can thiep
vao cdng viec npi bp cua nUdc khac. Tuy
nhien, mflc dp phan flng qua cac sU kien
nay cua An Dp cd phan khac nhau. Trong
y

V

*

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^

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vdn de Hunggari nam 1956, An Dp phan
ling khdng qua gay git, tap trung sU chu y
vao v i n de qud'c hflu hoa kenh dao Suez
(hen ra cung thdi ky. An Dp phan ddi nghi
quye't b i u c^ dan chu b Hunggari dUdi sU
bao trd cua Lien hdp qud'c -vi nd tao tien le
x i u vdi v i n de Kashmir. De'n nam 1968,
phan flng cua An Dp vdi v i n de Tiep Khic
cd p h i n quye't liet hdn do phe dd'i ldp trong
Dang Qud'c dai dang rat manh, trong khi
Lien Xo tie'p tuc xiic tie'n vien trd quan sU
cho Pakistan. De'n v i n de Afghanistan
nhflng nam 80, An Dp phan flng than trpng
va thilc hien nhieu hoat dpng ngoai giao da
phUdng hdn nham mpt mat chflng td ldp
trUdng khdng ung hp hanh dpng can thiep
cua Lien Xd, mat khac chip nhdn cd' gang
phan flng cd chflng miic va hau trUdng, linh
hoat nham mang lai ldi thoit cho nUdc nay.
Ben canh dd, An Dp lai phan dd'i quye't liet
sil -vien trd quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c va
cac nude phUdng Tay cho Pakistan, dao tao
cac lUc lUdng phien loan, de doa den an

ninh nUdc nay. Tii nam 1981, Lien hdp
qud'c lien tuc ra cac nghi quye't yeu ciu
Lien Xo rut quan, An Dp van ludn gifl ldp
trfldng khdng thay ddi: khdng ung hp sil cd
mdt cua quan dpi Lien Xd d Afghanistan,
bd phie'u t r i n g cac nghi quye't chdng Lien
Xd nhUng lai thien ve len an cac hanh dpng
quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c, Pakistan.
Ldp trUdng nay gdp phan lam giam sflc ep
cho Lien Xo, tao sU can b i n g n h i t dinh
tren ban cd chie'n lUdc Nam A.
An Dp thilc te da thanh cdng trong •viec
duy t n chinh sach khdng lien ke't, dam bao
ldi ich dan tpc, han che nhflng tac dpng ma
Lien Xd mong mud'n gay anh hudng len

nUdc nay. Sang kie'n thanh ldp He thd'ng an
ninh tdp the chau A dUilc Lien Xd dUa ra tfl
nam 1969 nhflng chfla luc nao nhdn dUdc
thai dp nhiet tinh tfl An Dp. Tfl nam 1969
de'n 1985, Lien Xd da nhieu l i n de cdp de'n
v i n de nay nhflng An Dp deu khdng ung
hp. Dfldi thdi R.Gandhi va M.Gorbachev, y
tudng thanh ldp Hpi nghi an ninh chau A
va xay dUng long tin l i n nhau theo kieu an
ninh chau Au b Hpi nghi Hensinki nam
1975 dUdc hai nUdc thd'ng nhit, nhUng ke't
cue van khdng thanh hien thilc. An Dp
khdng man ma vdi sang kie'n nay vi ban
chit cua nd la hinh thanh nen lien minh

nham phuc vu nhflng y dd chinh tri - quan
sil cua Lien Xd, •vi pham nguyen t i c khdng
lien ke't. Mat khac, he thd'ng an ninh tdp
the cd sfl tham gia cua Lien Xd se anh
hudng de'n •vi the cua An Dp b chau A, lam
xdu (h quan he An - Trung dang trong qua
trinh binh thudng hoa. Ben canh dd, Lien
Xd cung khdng the thuyet phuc An Dp cho
phep ho lam trung gian hoa giai "kieu
Tasken 1965" gifla An Dp va Pakistan sau
cupc chie'n tranh 1971. Lien Xo cung khdng
dat dUdc ke't qua trong nd lilc thuyet phuc
An Dp ky Hiep Udc khdng phd bien vu khi
hat nhan (NPT) hoac khdng phat trien •vu
khi hat nhan. Su cd' gang cua Lien Xd trong
viec tac dpng len An Dp nham ngan chan
binh thUdng hoa quan he An Dp - Trung
Qud'c sau nam 1971 ke't ciic cung chi lam
chdm qua trinh iy... Day la nhflng chu
trUdng ldn cua Lien Xd trong Chie'n tranh
lanh nhUng nUdc nay da khong thanh cdng
trong viec ldi keo An Dp phuc vu y dd chien
lUdc cua minh. Du vdy, nhflng b i t ddng
trong moi quan he An Dp - Lien Xd it hdn
nhieu so vdi My. Dd khdng phai la do thanh
9

'^

qua do Lien Xd tac dpng tdi An Dp, ma

"nhihig diem bdt ddng thUc sU gida An Do
vd My chinh Id do nhdn thac qud'c tecua hg
cd nhiiu diem khdc biet" (12).


48

Rghien ciJru Lich sit. 56' 1.2011

Nhu vdy, xdt b gdc dp cic (hem ndng lien
quan tnic tie'p de'n Lien Xd trUdc va sau
hiep fldc nam 1971, An Dp van khdng thay
ddi dudng ldi cua minh, nghia la khdng
hoan toan dflng ve phia Lien Xd nhU khai
niem "ddng minh" ma phUdng Tay thUdng
hay sd dung. An Dp khdng vi pham nhflng
dudng lo'i khdng lien ke't trong each flng xd
vdi cic v i n de cd lien quan trflc tie'p de'n
Lien Xd, nhUng thai dp cua nUdc nay cung
cd p h i n "thie'u quye't liet", "khdng tich cUc"
nhu nhflng van de khic. Thdm chi, each
hanh xfl "cd p h i n nghieng ve phia Lien Xd"
nhu cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhan xet cung
cd cd sd n h i t dinh.
Tdm lgi, nhdn thflc chfnh sach khdng
lien ke't cua An Dp sau Hiep dinh Hoa
binh, hflu nghi va h(3p tac An Dp - Lien Xd
1971, cd the thiy:
1. Quan he An Dp - Lien Xd khdng •vi
pham nhflng nguyen tac can ban cua dUdng

ldi khdng lien ke't xet tren phUdng (hen ly
thuyet lan thUc tien. Tuy nhien, ban than
sU gan bd mdt thie't trong quan he hai nUdc
da tao ra nhflng anh hudng n h i t dinh ve
thai dp, phUdng thflc hanh xfl cua An Dp
ddi vdi mpt so' van de khu vile va qud'c te.
Sfl anh hudng ngam ngim hdn la hien hflu,
giin tie'p va lau dai hdn la tnic tie'p va
ngay tflc khac, tinh t h i n va thai dp hdn la
nguyen tac phap ly qud'c te. Day khdng
phai la sil thay ddi chfnh sach, ma la bieu
hien sU thfla nhan vai trd, vi tri cua nhau
vi ldi ich chung cua hai nUdc. Dieu nay

CHU

dfldc hpc gia Robert Wesson nhdn dinh: "Cd
sd cua quan he vd quan diem giaa
Matxccfva vd New Delhi dUdng nhU Id sU
nhgn thdc ldn nhau ddng vai trb rdt quan
trgng trong mdl quan he hdn la cdc bien
phdp triiu tUcing md hai ben dUa ra nhdm
tdc dgng ldn nhau" (13).
2. Trong bo'i canh the gidi bi phan cflc
manh me, viec mpt qud'c gia ldn tham gia
vao tfch cflc vao cac hoat dpng chfnh tri
qudc te nhU An Dp gifl vflng dfl(3c nguyen
t i c khdng lien ke't, (heu hoa nguyen t i c nay
phu hdp vdi ldi fch dan tpc va quo'c te la
dieu rat khd. An Dp da thanh cdng trong

•viec (heu hoa quan he vdi ca hai khoi,
khdng day quan he cua minh (h q u i xa vdi
ca Lien Xd va My - du Hiep Udc 1971 cd the
da tao cd sd cho (heu dd xay ra trong quan
he An Dp - Lien Xd.
3. ThUc te, chi cd the xem xdt chfnh sach
'

9

^

khdng lien ket tren cd sd ldi fch dan tpc An
Dp dan xen vao nhau, nhieu khi chinh sach
khdng lien ke't la hien than cua lOi fch dan
tpc An Dp trong mdi quan he vdi cic nfldc
ldn, dac biet la vdi Lien Xd. Nhfl Bp trfldng
Ngoai giao An Dp N. Rao phat bieu: "An Do
khdng ung hg My cdng khdng ung ho Lien
Xd, An Do ung hg An Do. An Do ddng tren
Icii ich qud'c gia ciia minh" (14). Sfl phat
9

9

«'

trien cua quan he An Dp - Lien Xd la h§
qua t i t ye'u cua mpt qua trinh tim hieu l i n
nhau tfl nam 1947, tflng bfldc cd nhflng

nhan thflc ve \6i fch chie'n Ifldc song trung
trong bd'i canh Chie'n tranh lanh.

THICH

(1). H.Rapur, An Dp cd phdi Id mpt cUdng
qudc'?, Thfl vien quan dgi sao luc, 1980, tr. 8.
(2). Day la quan diem cua cac hgc gia phfldng
Tay nhu Peter Lyon, Morgenthou, H.F.
Armtrong... Cac nha lanh dao Lien Xo trUdc nfim

1953 nhu I.Stalin, E.Zhukov, M.Molotov cung cho
rfing dUdng loi khong lien ket cua An Dg la "xoa
diu mau thuSn vdi cac nfldc phfldng Tay".
B.S.Gupta, The fulcrum of Asia Relation Among
China, India, Pakixtan an the USSR, Pegasus, New


49

Butmg 16"i Khong lien het e i a An B6.

(8). LGandhi, Chdn ly cua toi, Nxb. P h u Nfl,

York, 1970, tr. 48.
(3), (14). N.Jayapalan, Foreign Policy of
Publishers

Atlantic&

Distributors

Ltd,

India,
Delhi,

2001, tr. 84, 101.
trong chinh

hieu tU

sdch ddi ngogi

nUdc Cpng hod An Dp, Tap chi Nghiin

ciu Lich

cua
si,

so 3-1998, t r 62.
and Cooperation,
Treaty,

Treaty of Peace,

(7).

Friendship

Issues

tr. 182.
(10). S.R.Sharma (2003), Indo-Soviet
1972-1991,

A Brief

Survey

Relations

- P a r t II; Disccvery

Shadow

Friendship

of the bear: The Indo -

Published by Shri P.KDeo, South
Indo

-

Soviet

and Cooperation,

Treaty

of

(11). P.J.S.Ducan (1989), The Soviet Union and
India,

Council on foreign relations press, New

York, tr. 45.

Avenue Lance, Ne^w Delhi, India, 1971, tr. 189.
(6),

Relation:

Publishing House, Delhi, tr. 86.

(5). Indo - Soviet
Soviet

(9). R.C.Hom, Soviet - Indian

and Influence, Praeger Publishers, New Yerk, 1982,

(4). N g u y i n Canh Hue (1998), Tim
tudng hod binh

Ha Ngi, 1987, tr. 185.

Peace,

Sdd, tr. 189, 188.

(12). R.C.Horn, sdd, tr. 214.
(13). R.C.Horn, sdd, tr. 213.

VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LUOC BIEN
(Tiip

theo trang 7)

(17). Theo sach Dgi Nam thUc luc, T.IV, B a n

dinh vi t r i khong t h e t h a y t h e dUdc cua t i n h

dich, Nxb. Giao due. H a Ngi, 2004, tr. 1032-

t h a n h Q u a n g Yen, da k h u y e n vua M i n h Menh

1033, thi vao nfim 1836, n h a n viec Tong do'c Hai

khong nen nghe theo ldi t a u t h i e n kien cua Le

Yen Nguyen Cong Trfl de nghi md rgng thfinh

Due Dflc va vua M i n h M e n h da y t h e e ldi ban

Q u a n g Yen, Hg p h u Le Due Dflc t a u khong n e n

cua Bg Cdng. Dieu n a y gop p h i n ly giai tai sao

tiep t u c d lai Q u a n g Yen ma c i n phai chuyen

tfl ra't sdm, cac n h a nfldc phong kien Viet N a m

s a n g dia diem mdi thugc h u y e n Thiiy Dfldng

deu chgn Q u a n g Yen (ma cu t h e la k h u vflc t i n h

(nay la T h u y Nguyen, H a i Phdng), vua M i n h

t h a n h Q u a n g Yen) iam t r u n g t a m tra'n gifl vflng

M e n h giao cho Bg Cong xem x6t lai viec nay.

cila song Bach Dling va md rgng r a t o a n t u y e n

Sau khi t i n h t o a n ky ludng mgt each tong the,

duyen hai, bien va hai dao k h u vflc Dong Bfic.

Bg Cong cho rfing: "Xay dflng thfinh tri, co q u a n

(18). That ra day cung chi Ifi ten ggi khac nhau

thi'tinh

cila cung mgt dia diem. Ten 16 An Bang da co tfl

Yen, trong co the khd'ng che dUgc

thdi T r i n . Nfim 1466, Le T h a n h Tong dfit An Bang

he de'n sU che cho'ng d bien cUdng. Dia
thdnh
cd hgt,

Qudng
ngodi

co thi

trd'n dp dUdc uung

hdi

thfla tuyen. Den ddi vua Le Anh Tong mdi doi An

cUang, t h u c la ndi h i n h t h e dep. Ldi cua do'c

Bang Ifim An Quang va nfim 1822, vua Minh

t h a n CO d i n h k i e n da'y". Bg Cong sau khi xac

Menh doi An (Yin) Quang thfinh Quang Yen.