Quan hệ thương mại của Đàng Trong với người Hoa thế kỷ XVI-XVIII

OUAN HE THl/ClNC MAI CUA DANG TRONG
V6l NGl/dl HOA THE KY XVI-XVIII
NGUYilN TRONG VAN'
MAI PHITONG NGOC"

N

am 1558, hg Nguyen de'n Mp
nghiep tren vung Thuan Hoa, mdt
vung da't "O chau ac dia", tren mdt dien
tieh nhd hdn ra't nhieu so vdi hg Trinh, vdi
nhQng cQ dan cd truyen thd'ng van hoa
mang nhieu diem khac biet so vdi ngQdi
Vidt. The nhUng, chinh trong bdi canh a'y,
hg Nguyin khdng ehi ton tai dUde tren
vung da't mdi, day lui dUde nhQng cugc ta'n
edng cua hg Trinh trong suo't g i n nQa the
Id, ma cdn md rdng lanh thd' xudng phia
Nam, phat trien kinh te, xa hdi. Cd dUdc
dien mao dd, chua Nguyen da liia chgn mdt
eon dudng ma chinh eac chua Nguyin eung
ehua ed nhieu kinh nghiem: dat cUdc the
che' eua minh vao sil hung vong cua kinh te
ngoai thudng (1). Trong sd'cae thUdng nhan
de'n budn ban d Dang Trong cae the ki XVI
- XVIII, ngudi Hoa va ngUdi Nhat ddng vai
trd chinh ye'u. Song sU giao thUdng vdi
ngUdi Nhat ehi dien ra manh me cho de'n
g i n giQa the ki XVII, khi Nhat Ban thUc
thi ehinh sach ddng cQa da't nUdc, cdn ddi
vdi ngudi Hoa, viee budn ban cua hg khdng

ehi keo dai ma edn de lai da'u a'n dam net

• PGS.TS. Dai hge Vinh
" Dai hoc Vinh

dd'i vdi sU p h a t trien eua vung da't Dang
Trong sud't cac the ki sau nay.
1. Sach Phu bien tg.p luc cua Le Quy
Ddn ed ghi lai ldi ke ciia rngt Hoa thUdng hg
Tran cho biet: "Pham hoa vat san xua't d
cac phu Thang Hoa, Dien Ban, Quang
Ngai, Qui Nhdn, Binh Khang va dinh Nha
Trang, dudng thuy dudng bg, di thuyen di
ngUa, deu hdi tap d phd' Hgi An, vi the
ngUdi khaeh phQdng B i c deu de'n tu tap d
da'y de mua ve nudc" (2). Dieu dd cho tha'y
luong budn b a n ta'p nap giQa Dang Trong
vdi cac thuyen buon ngQdi Hoa ma tam
diem budn ban tai Hgi An. Thd'ng ke sd
thuyen ngudi Hoa tQ cac nudc Ddng Nam A
de'n N h a t vao cae nam tQ 1647 de'n 1720
cho tha'y cd 203 thuyen, chiem khoang 30%,
la thuyen de'n tQ Quang Nam (3). NhU vay,
Dang Trong da trd t h a n h ndi trung chuyen
trong viee giao thUdng giQa Trung Hoa va
Nhat Ban. Trong cac t h a p nien 1740 1750, so' thuyen T r u n g Hoa budn ban vdi
Dang Trong da t a n g len 80 thuyen moi
nam, khdng ke cae t a u tQ Macao, Batavia
va Phap. De'n ndi, Sapman phai thd't len

Quan hg thtfcmg mai ciia Bang Trong..
rang: "Nhu vay, tQ lau nam nay, Trung
Qudc da thu hiit ta't ca cac tien hac tren
ddi, ngudi Au Tay eung nhu A Dong. Sd
thuyen hang nam di de'n Dang Trong
chQng td ra't nhieu la san vat eua sd nay ra't
dQdc Ua chudng d Trung Qud'c" (4).
Ve cac thQ hang mua d Quang Nam dem
di Quang Ddng, Le Quy Ddn chep: 'ThQ
bao ndi cho biet ten cac hang va gia binh
thudng v i n mua thi h i n ndi: "Tue d Quang
Nam ggi 100 can la 1 ta, cau thi 3 quan 1
ta, ho tieu thi 12 quan 1 ta, dau kha'u 5
quan, td mdc (go vang) 6 quan, h a t sa nhan
12 quan, thao qua 10 quan, d mdc (gd mun)
6 quan, hong mdc 1 quan, hoa le mdc (gd
trac) 1 quan 2 tien, te giac 500 quan, yen
sao 50 quan, gan hudu 15 quan, vay ea 40
quan, tdm khd 6 quan, rau bien 6 quan, de
hUdng 12 quan,d6i mdi 180 quan, nga voi
40 quan, ba la ma 12 quan, dudng phen 4
quan, dudng t r i n g 2 quan, edn cac thQ boat
thach, sat, phan kem, hai sam va ma'y tram
vi thudc nam khdng the ke xiet. De'n nhu ki
nam hUdng thi 120 quan 1 lang, vang thi
180 quan 1 bd't, td lua thi 3 quan 5 tien 1
ta'm. Cdn nhuc que, t r i m hUdng, tran chau
ra't tdt, gia cao ha nhieu khdng nhat dinh.
Go tQ dan cung ed, nhUng khdng td't bang

cua Xiem La" (5). Cac lai buon Trung Qud'c
da tim tha'y d Dang Trong ngudn hang dap
iing cho nhu c i u cua sU giao thUdng, dd la
dieu da kich thich hg tham gia trao ddi,
budn ban: "tQ Quang Nam ve thi eac hang
khdng mdn gi khdng ed, cac nUde phien
khdng kip dUdc... du tram chie'c tau to chd
cung mdt luc cung khdng het dUdc" (6). San
vat cua Dang Trong phong phu thuan tien
cho viec trao dd'i va phat trien thudng
nghiep. Poavdrd trong chuyen di de'n Dang
Trong vao giQa the' ki XVIII da ra't hQng
thu vdi td lua d day. Theo dng thi so vdi
Trung Qud'c, td lua Dang Trong hdn b i n ve

41

p h i m cha't va do tinh te, ngudi Trung Qud'c
thu mua ra't nhieu va cd the thu lai dUdc tQ
10 de'n 15%. Nghe lam dudng eung ra't phat
trie'n d Dang Trong. Dudng trd thanh mdt
hang hoa ban dUdc ra't nhieu va ngUdi
Trung Qud'c ed the thu dUdc lai tQ 30 de'n
40% khi ban mat hang nay (7).
Ve cac mat hang Trung Qud'c dem de'n
Dang Treng, Phu bien tgp luc ghi 'Lai hdi:
"Cae thQ hang tQ Trung Qud'c mang de'n
the nao? De'n day gian hoac cd e hang
khdng?" H i n ndi: "Ban di chay lam, hang
ban nhieu ldi, khdng cd e dgng. Hang mang

de'n thi sa, doan, ga'm, vdc, vai, cae vi thud'c,
gia'y vang bae, hUdng vdng, cac thQ do giay,
kim tuyen, ngan tuyen, cae thQ pham, y
phue, giiy tdt, nhung, dd ra, kinh, pha le,
quat gia'y, but, miic, kim, cue ao, cac thQ
ban ghe, cae thQ den long, cae thQ do ddng,
eac thQ dd sQ dd sanh; dd an udng thi cae
loai nhu la che, cam, chanh, le, tao, hong,
banh, mien, hot mi, tram mud'i, d i u thai,
trQng mudi, tUdng gQng, tQdng nggt, dau
phu, rau kim cham, mdc nhi, nam hUdng,
ke cd ngUdi khdng, cung nhau dd'i chae,
khdng ai la khdng thoa dUdc sd thich" (8).
Le Qui Ddn eung ghi lai, do Dang Trong
khdng ed md ddng nen phai mua ddng eua
Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban: "Hai xQ Quang
Nam va Thuan Hoa khdng ed md dong,
nudc Nhat Ban xua't ddng dd, moi nam
thuyen hg de'n thi khien thu mua, moi 100
can gia tien 45 quan. Cdn nhu cac tau
ThUdng Hai, Phuc Kien, Quang Ddng ed
chd ddng dd sang thi eung phai khai bao de
theo gia ma mua, sau khi nha nUde mua
mdi cho eac tau mua ban" (9).
Dieu kien trUdc tien eiia sU budn ban
ehinh la hang hda. NgUdi Hoa khdng chi
tha'y d Dang Trong mgt ndi cung ca'p ngudn
hang giau cd ma edn tim dQdc d dd mdt thi
trUdng tieu thu ldn do ngUdi Dang Trong

42

cung Uu thich nhQng san pham Hoa thUdng
dem lai. Nhd dam bao yeu c i u d i u tien dd
nen sU trao ddi budn ban hang hoa da dien
ra nhdn nhip giQa Hoa thudng va Dang
Trong trong cae the'ki XVI - XVIII.
2. Thudng nhan ngudi Hoa la nhQng
ngudi gidi budn ban, de'n do M.De la
Bissachire phai thQa nhan: "Hg khdn kheo
va tieh cQc de'n ndi hg lam giau nhanh
chdng hdn ban thUdng nhan ban xQ" (10).
Khdng ehi t h a m gia vao .viee triic tie'p trao
ddi hang hoa, Hoa thUdng cdn ddng vai trd
"md'i lai" trong eac cudc buon ban vdi
thudng nhan ngUdi Viet va ngUdi nUde
khac. Vi the, sau khi chinh quyen Edo thiie
hien ehinh sach ddng cQa da't nUde nam
1639, thuyen budn eiia Nhat Ban khdng
the xua't dUdng tie'n h a n h giao thUdng thi
viec budn ban d Dang Trong hau nhu n i m
trong tay ngUdi Hoa. Sd lUdng Hoa thUdng
d Dang Trong kha ddng dao. Ngay tQ cud'i
the ki XVI, d i u the ki XVII, d vQng Thuan
Quang da hinh t h a n h nhieu khu phd ciia
ngudi Hoa s i m ua't, nhdn nhip: Thanh Ha d
Phu Xuan, phd Khaeh d Hdi An. Thi'ch Dai
s a n , mdt nha sU Trung Qud'c da viet ve khu
phd cua ngudi Hoa vao cud'i the ki XVII:

"Hdi An la mgt ma d i u (ben tau) ldn, ndi
tap hgp eua khaeh hang cac nUdc... chu phd'
thay deu ngUdi Phue Kien, v i n an mac thee
Id'i tien trieu (nha Minh)" (11).
Cd mgt diem eung phai ehu y rang, do
nhQng bie'n ddng cua tinh hinh ehinh tri d
Trung Quo'c, dac biet vao giQa the ki XVII,
khi nha Man Thanh lat dd' trieu Minh,
thd'ng tri Trung Qud'c, ra't nhieu ngQdi Hoa
Nam da bd chay sang nQdc ta d ca Dang
Trong l i n Dang Ngoai. Liic lUdng di dan nay
sau khi luu tru da tham gia chu ye'u lam
nghe budn ban. Hg la nhQng ngUdi da cd
ddng gdp trong viec kien tao dien mao cho

Rghien cijru Lich si3r. sg 9.2009
nhieu phd' xa. Cd the ke de'n Ndng nai dai
phd' ma T r i n ThUdng Xuyen va thudc ha eua
dng xay diing nen - dd la mdt thi tran
" t h u i n tuy tinh cha't thUdng nghiep" - 'Thd'
ldn Ndng Nai. O dau phia Tay bai Dai Phd'.
Khi mdi khai thac Tran ThUdng Xuyen
tudng quan chieu tap lai budn ngUdi Trung
Qud'c lap ra phd' xa, nha ngdi tudng vdi liu
cao vdt ma'y t i n g , nic rd ben sdng dudi anh
mat trdi, lien tue nam dam, md vach ba
dudng phd'. Phd' ldn lat dudng da trang, phd
ngang lat dudng da ong, phd nhd lat dudng
da xanh, dQdng bang nhu da mai, khaeh
budn hgp ddng thuyen bien thuyen sdng,

tranh gid bo neo, ldn nhd sat nhau la mdt
ndi dai dd hgi. Nha budn to giau ehi d day la
nhieu" (12). Nghien cQu eua Tran Kinh Hoa
eung ehi ra r i n g "Xa Minh hQdng la thdn
xdm dac biet do ngQdi Minh thdi cudi Minh
d i u Thanh di ve phia Nam tdi Hdi An
(Faifd) Trung Ki lap nen. Hg lap vao trUdc
sau nam 1650. Mat khac ten xa Thanh Ha
hien nhien la la'y theo Thanh Ha phd d bd
sdng Hudng giang phia b i e thanh Thuan
Hoa. Phd' nay eung lap nen cho nhQng
thudng n h a n ngUdi Minh di xudng phia
Nam vao khoang trUdc sau nam 1640, la
cang k h i u va khu thUdng nghiep eua Thuan
Hoa the ki 17, 18. Cd ra't nhieu da'u tich
khien ngudi ta suy ra r i n g nhQng khu mdi
md nhu Dong Nai, Sai Gdn da thu hut ciia
Minh hUdng xa d Hgi An va Thanh Ha xa 5
Thusln Hoa r i t nhieu thUdng nhan ngUdi
Hoa va con ehau ngudi Hoa xudng phia nam
budn ban hoac khai thac, cho de'n khi ehua
Nguyin lap phu Gia Dinh, ben la'y nhQng
ten eua que quan minh ma dat cho nhQng
thdn xa mdi lap" (13). Dieu dd cho tha'y
thUdng nhan ngUdi Hoa di dan de'n vung d i t
Dang Trong vdi mdt lUc iQdng kha ddng dao,
hg ddng gdp to ldn trong viec phat trien
thUdng nghiep, khai thac vung dat mdi.

Quan h& Ihircmg mai ciia Bang Trong...
3. XQ Dang Trong cd nhieu dieu kien
thuan ldi cho sU giao thudng. 6 day, thd'
san ddi dao, "edn ve hai cang thi that la la
lung, chi trong khoang hdn mdt tram dam
mgt chut ma ngudi ta dem dUdc hdn sau
mUdi cang, ta't ca deu ra't thuan tien de cap
ben va len da't lien. La vi d ven bd cd ra't
nhieu nhanh bien ldn. Hai cang dep nha't,
ndi ta't ca ngudi ngoai qud'c deu tdi va cung
la ndi ed hdi chd danh tie'ng chinh la hai
cang thudc tinh Quang Nam" (14). Ngudi
dan xQ Dang Trong vdi truyen thd'ng van
hoa mang nhieu net khac biet so vdi Dang
Ngoai: "hg de dang cho ngUdi ngoai qud'c
vao hai cang cua hg va hg thich thu tha'y
ngudi ta budn ban trong lanh thd' ciia hg"
(15). Vdi Hoa thudng, hg edn nhan tha'y vi
tri tien ldi ciia Dang Trong trong viec budn
ban: "tQ phu Quang Chau do dudng bie'n
de'n tra'n Thuan Hoa, dUdc gid thuan thi ehi
ba ngay ba dem, vao eiia Eo, de'n phd'
Thanh Ha d Phu Xuan, vao cQa Dai Chiem,
de'n phd Hdi An d Quang Nam eung the. TQ
Quang Chau de'n tra'n Sdn Nam cdn g i n
hdn, chi 1 ngay 2 dem" (16). Vdi vi tri a'y
nen tQ khi vua Muc Tdng nha Minh sau
hdn 200 nam ddng cQa, cho thUdng nhan
dUdc xuat dUdng budn ban vao nam 1567,
nhung lai chi gidi ban trong pham vi vdi

cae nudc Ddng Nam A ma thdi, da bie'n
Dang Trong trd thanh mdt vi tri li tudng
cho vai trd trung chuyen trong md'i quan he
giQa ngudi Hoa va Nhat Ban.
Song, mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhan
quan trgng dUa tdi sii phdn thinh trong
quan he budn ban giQa Dang Trong va
ngQdi Hoa ehinh la nhQng ehinh sach eua
chua Nguyen dd'i vdi viec giao thUdng ndi
ehung va vdi thUdng nhan ngUdi Hoa ndi
rieng.
Cristophoro Borri khi de'n Dang Trong
vao the' ki XVII da nhan xet rang: "Chua

43

Dang Trong khdng ddng cQa trUdc mdt qud'c
gia nao, ngai de' eho tU do va md cQa cho ta't
ea ngudi ngoai qud'c... PhUdng cham cua
ngudi Dang Trong la khdng bao gid td ra sd
mdt nude nao tren the gidi. That la hoan
toan trai ngUdc vdi vua Trung Hoa, dng nay
sd ta't ca, ddng cQa khdng cho ngUdi ngoai
qud'c vao va khdng cho phep budn ban
trong nudc dng" (17). Chinh sach cdi md dd
cua ehua Nguyin da tao dieu kien rdng rai
cho sii giao thudng. Dd'i vdi thUdng nhan
ngudi Hoa, ehua Nguyen cdn cd nhieu
ehinh sach khuye'n khieh va bao trd budn
ban.

Ve le thue', so vdi tau phudng Tay va
Nhat Ban thi tau Trung Hoa dUde giam
nhe hdn ra't nhieu. Phu bien tgp luc chep:
"Xet le thue' do lenh sQ tau cu la Vo Chan
Dai ke khai thi tau Thudng Hai le thue de'n
la 3000 quan, thue ve la 300 quan, tau
Quang Ddng le thue de'n la 3000 quan,
thue' ve la 300 quan, tau Phue Kien le thue
de'n la 2000 quan, thue' ve la 200 quan, tau
Hai Nam le thue' de'n la 500 quan, thue ve
la 50 quan, tau Tay Dudng le thue de'n la
8000 quan, thue ve la 800 quan, tau Ma
Cao le thue' de'n la 4000 quan, thue ve la
400 quan, tau Nhat Ban le thue de'n la
4000 quan, thue ve la 400 quan" (18).
Ngoai ra, ne'u "Thuyen gap gid bao bi pha
hdng, thi xet xem sd khaeh, eai ba giao eho
hdi quan trdng giQ, ca'p phat tien nha nUdc,
lUdng thang moi ngUdi 5 tien, ddi khi thuan
gid thi cho phu theo cac thuyen ma ve nUdo
Dudng" (19). SQ cu cdn ghi lai sii kien
thang 7 nam 1682, mgt thudng thuyen
Quang Ddng khi rdi Cao Mien ve nude, qua
mat be phu can Quang Nam da bi cUdp ma't
ea hang lan thuyen, thudng khaeh phai
chay ve luu tru tai Hdi An. Chua Nguyen
da tim each la'y lai chie'c thuyen va thUdng
khaeh ed the trd ve Quang Ddng trong

44
thang sau nam sau. Nam 1683, mdt ehiee
thuyen cua Hoa kieu gap nan tai q u i n dao
Nam Sa, thuyen bi ehim, ehi edn 76 thudng
khaeh va thuy thu thoat dUdc ve tdi Quang
Nam. Chua Nguyin cung da ehe ho bae,
giup hg mua thuyen va trieu tap thUdng
khaeh de thiic hien tie'p h a n h trinh (20).
Chua Nguyen cdn sQ dung ngUdi Hoa
trong vec quan li giao thudng. Vi ngudi Hoa
ed kinh nghiem trong budn ban nen chua
Nguyin giao cho hg nhieu chQc quan trong
Tau vu ty nhu kiem soat ngoai thUdng, thu
thue' thUdng thuyen, cQu giup thuyen ngoai
qudc hi gid bao trdi dat hay nghiem xet can
ludng, dinh gia, lam thdng ngdn eho cac tau
Trung Qud'c va ngoai qud'c. Chua Nguyen
da miin cho hg cac thQ sQu dich, sQu sai,
quet chd va t u i n dd. Ben canh dd, nhQng
khu phd dQdc danh eho ngUdi Hda de hg
thuan tien treng budn ban cung la mdt
trong nhQng minh chQng cho ehinh sach Uu
dai cua cae ehua Nguyin.
4. Chinh sii giao thQdng dd da dem lai
nguon ldi ldn chd cae chua Nguyin va d i t
Dang Trong: "Chua thu dQdc ldi n h u a n ldn
trong viec budn ban nay b i n g thue hang
hoa va thue' hai khau ngai dat ra va ca
nQdc deu kie'm dQdc ra't nhieu md'i ldi
khdng the ta xiet" (21). Ghi chep cua sQ eu

cho tha'y: "Nam Tan Mao, tau budn cac xQ
de'n Hdi An 16 chie'c, tien thue la 30 800
quan; nam N h a m Thin 12 chie'c, tien thue
la 1 van 4 300 quan; nam Quy Ty 8 chie'c,
tien thue la 13 200 quan" (22). Chinh
nguon thu nay da ddng p h i n chinh yeu de
lam eho Dang Trong ed the dugc nhu Le
Quy Ddn nhan d^nh "dai khai thu vao du
eung ehi ra". Cung nhd sii giad thQdng ma
ddi sd'ng eua ngUdi dan Dang Trdng dudng
nhu de chiu hdn r a t nhieu se vdi Dang
Ngoai va manh da't Dang Trong trd t h a n h
niem md Ude ciia nhQng cU dan dang xieu

Rghien cijru Ljch sJr, s6 9.2009
t a n vi ddi ngheo. Theo Le Quy Ddn ghi lai
"Quan vien ldn nhd khdng ai la khdng nha
ciia cham ggt, tudng vach gach da, the man
trudng doan, do dac ddng thau, ban ghe' gd
dan, go t r i e , chen mam dd sQ, dd hoa yen
cUdng vang bae, y phuc gam vdc, chieu dem
may hoa, phii quy phong lUu, dua nhau
khoe dep. NhQng sic mue d dan gian cung
mac ao doan hoa bat ty va ao sa, lUdng, dia
lam do mac ra vao thudng, la'y ao vai ao
mgc lam ho' then. Binh si deu ngoi chieu
may, diia qua tila hoa, dm Id hQdng cd', ham
che hao hang, ud'ng chen sQ bit bae va nhd
d'ng nhd' thau, dia bat an udng thi khdng
eai gi la khdng phai h a n g Bae, mdt bQa edm

ba bat ldn. Dan ba con gai thi deu mac ao
the va h a n g hoa, then hoa d ed trdn. Coi
vang bae n h u cat, thdc gao nhu bun, xa xi
ra't miie" (23).
5. Lap nghiep tren vung da't mdi, chiia
Nguyin da cd mdt iQa chgn chUa tiing ed
trong lich sQ dan tgc. Su lUa chgn dd da
dua tdi sil phon t h i n h eua nen ngoai •
thQdng trong mgt giai doan dac biet va
"Dieu dang ehu y la, qua trinh xay dung
ehinh the eua chua Nguyen cung tQdng hdp
vdi thdi ki hoang kim trong quan he hai
thUdng ehau A... Trong lich sQ Viet Nam,
ehUa bao gid nen kinh te hai thUdng lai cd
quan he rgng md, da dang va phat trien
cudng thinh nhU giai doan the ki XVI XVII. Hau het eac cudng qud'c kinh te biy
gid deu de'n va thie't lap quan he trao ddi,
budn ban vdi Dang Trong" (24).
Cung e i n phai t h i y rang, ehinh sach
ngoai thudng cua cae ehua N g u y i n van edn
nhieu diem ba't cap, khi t h u tuc le bao tin
trd t h a n h mdt nghi thQc quan trgng, rudm
ra khie'n cho nhieu t a u budn cam tha'y
phien ha. Roi chua Nguyen lenh mudn mua
thQ gi thi ehi e i n phai cho quan cai tau cQ
chieu theo ban ke khai dem nop cho kho


Quanhl fhtrong mai eiia Bang Trong...
dem di trao dd'i. Chi'nh sach trUng tap thg

khdo ciia chua Nguyin cung ban che sQ
phat trien eua cac nganh tieu thu cdng
nghiep, anh hQdng tdi sQ giao thQdng.
Poavdrd da ra't b i t ngd khi tai sao td lua
ciia Dang Trdng vd'n ed chit lUdng r i t td't,
nhUng nhQng ta'm vai lai ed nhid'u ldi va
tham ehi cd khi edn thd cQng. Hdi ra mdi
biet nhQng ngUdi thd "Dang Trong hoan
toan cd the lam theo nhQng m i u ma dep,
song hg da ed' tinh det nhQng ta'm lua cd loi
de chua khdng the trUng tap hg lam viee
phue vu cho rieng nha chua. Dd'i vdi Hoa
thudng, sil Uu dai eua ehua Nguyin edn bao
gdm ea viee eho hg dUde quyIn thu thuS' va
diic tien gia, khie'n Hoa thUdng ed the lung
doan thi trudng Dang Trong. 'Vi vay tau
budn cac nUdc khae gap nhieu trd ngai
trong budn ban va hg d i n trd nen thUa thdt
qua lai. Cung phai thQa nhan ring, mdt
trong nhQng nhan td' kich thich cae ehua
Nguyen tieh cUc thiic hien viee giao thUdng
la do nhu ciu eho cudc chie'n tranh vdi hg
Trinh d Dang Ngoai. Bdi the ma sau cugc
chie'n tranh Trinh - Nguyin, chua Nguyen
khdng cdn mSn ma vdi eac cdng ty tU ban
nhu trudc, nen hai thUdng cQa Dang Trong
cung khdng edn rdng md nhu hdi the ki XVI
va nQa d i u the ki XVII. Dieu dd cho thiy
viec phat tridn ngoai thUdng khdng phai ehi
xuit phat tQ nhu ciu mang tinh chit ndi tai

eiia nen kinh te va cung nhQ vay, ed le
khdng b i n r i n g vi ehua Nguyin nao eung ed
dUdc "... chu trUdng md rdng va day manh
quan h§ hai thUdng dd chd tha'y t i m nhin
chie'n lUdo cua cac chua Nguyen trdng vige
nim b i t xu the phat trien eua thdi dai" (25).
Da danh la nhU vay, nhQng cung that
khd de ddi hdi cac chiia Nguyin cd the lam
dQdc nhieu hdn the. Cac ehua Nguyin da la

45
nhQng ngUdi di d i u md ra nen ngoai
thudng phat trien, mdt hien tUdng duy
nha't cho de'n trUdc khi nUdc ta bi thilc dan
phUdng Tay xam luge. Tao gia Hu}>nh
Cdng Ba da chi ra r i n g "cung khdng phai
n g i u nhien ma cac chua Nguyin lai cd tU
tudng phdng khoang nhU the'. Chinh la do
ca mdt trao luu hdi nhap van hoa Viet Cham tQ phia nhan dan tac ddng tdi" (26).
Manh da't Dang Trong, ndi Khd'ng giao
khdng cdn giQ dUdc vi the ddc tdn eua nd,
da bQa hen r i t nhieu ddi vdi sU phat trien
ciia nhQng iQe iQdng mdi, xu the mdi.
Sdng, eung khdng phai d l dang de cac
ehua Nguyen, tQ ngUdi khdi nghiep la
ehua Nguyin Hoang, vQdt qua dUde sQ
"giam ham eua nen van boa Thang Long,
bdi eai khudn "md pham" ehinh thd'ng cua
nd" (27) de vQdn len thilc thi mgt chinh
sach rdng md vdi sQ giao thQdng. Phai

hieu bad sQ khdi dau gian nan mdi them
tran trgng cdng sQc eua nhQng cen ngQdi
da tad nen ki tieh a'y.
Nhieu hge gia da chi ra r i n g tinh nang
ddng va mem deo ciia cac chua Nguyin that
thich hgp vdi viec phat trien xa hgi Dang
Trong khi hg cdi md hdn trUdc cac cd hgi tQ
ben ngoai va ed tinh hUdng ngoai hdn so vdi
dd'i thu eua hg la hg Trinh d phUdng Bie. Bdi
the, "Dang Trong, ra ddi trong ndi chie'n,
bie'n m i t trong ngi chien, nhUng Dang Trong
da dinh hinh lai Viet Nam trong mgi quy md
ed the" (28). Va nhU vay, viee nghien cQu ve
nhQng mdi quan he giao thQdng ciia eac
chua Nguyin edn de lai ehe ehung ta nhieu
suy ngim ve nhQng bai hge trong edng cudc
xay diing da't nQdc hdm nay.
(Xem tiep trang 79)


Vien Vien Sdng Bae ed Phap..

79

CHU THICH
(1). Philippe Papm. Vien Viin B6ng Bde Co

(4). D i n theo Nguyin Van TrUdng. Ky niem

Phdp vdi viec nghien cdu Viet Nam. Tap chi Xda

100 ndm ngdy thdnh lap Trddng Vien Bdng Bde cd.

vdNay, so 45, thang 11-1997, tr. 7.

Tap chi Xda vd Nay, so 78B (8-2000), tr. 35.

(2). Trin Duy. EFEO - Trddng Viin Bong Bde
CdPhdp, H4 Noi, 2003, tr. 4-5.
(3). Din theo Nguyen Van TrUclng. Ky niem
100 ndm ngdy thdnh tap Trddng Vien Bong Bde cd.
Tap chi Xda vd Nay, so 78B (8-2000), tr. 35.

(5). Vien Vien Dong Bae Co Phap. 90 ndm
nghien cdu vi vdn hod vd lich sd Viet Nam, Nxb,
Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 119.
(6). T r i n Duy. EFEO - Trddng Viin Dong Bde
CdPhdp, sdd, tr. 6.

OUAN HE THl/dNG MAI cOA D A N C TRONG
(Tiep theo trang 45)
CHU THtCH
(1), (23), (24), (25). Nguyen Van Kim, Xd Ddng
Trong trong cdc mdi quan he vd tddng tdc quyin
lite khu vdc, trong cuon Khoa hge xd hgi Nam Bo,
Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, H^ Noi, 2007, tr. 173, 180,
181, 176, 175.
(2), (5), (6), (8), (9), (16), (18), (19), (22). Le Quy
Don, Phu. bien tgp tuc, Vi^n sQ hoc dich, Nxb. VSn
hoa thong tin, H4 Npi, 2007, t r 295, 294, 296, 278,

291, 292.

(12). Trinh Hoai DUc, Gia Dinh thdnh thdng
chi. Do Mong KhUdng, Nguyen Ngoc Tinh dich,
Nxb. Giao due. Ha Noi, 1998, tr. 194.
(13). T r i n Kinh Hoa, T4n quan Trinh Thinh
Cong thdi Thanh sd di dan vao Nam ki, quyen
ha, nit trong Tdn A hge bdo ky 2 quyin 8, tai li$u
luu tai thu vign Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 1968,
tr. 44.

(3), (28). Li Tana, Xd Ddng Trong lich sd kinh
te xd hgi Viet Nam the ki 17 vd 18, ban dich cila
Nguyen Nghi, Nxb. Tre, 1999, t r 100, 219.
(4), (7). Thinh ThS' Vy, Ngogi thddng Viet Nam
hii theky XVII-XVIII

hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 2000, tr. 245, 233, 234.

(14), (15), (17), (21). Cristophoro Borri, Xd
Ddng Trong ndm 1621, Hong Nhud, Nguyen Khic
Xuyen vk Nguyen Nghi dich, Nxb. Thanh pho Ho
Chi Minh, 1998, t r 90, 91, 88, 92, 93.

vd ddu theky XIX, Nxb. Sil

hoc, Hk Noi, 1961, tr. 243, 238.

(26), (27). Huynh Cong Ba, Hieu them vi khdi
niem "Nam tien" td trong cdng cugc khai

(10). Do Bang, Phdcdng vitng Thuan Qudng theki
XVII-XVIII, Nxb. Thu4n Hoa, Hue, 1996, tr. 125.
(11), (20). Huynh Lfla, Gdp phdn tim hieu viing
da't Nam bg cdc theki XVII, XVIII, XIX, Nxb. Khoa

khdn

Thuan Hod hdi trung the ki, Tap chi Nghien cdu
Lich sd, so 4 (323), Trich trong t4p Tap chi Nghien
cdu lich sd, nam 2002, luu tai Thu vien Vien SOl
hoc, tr. 85.