Truyền thống và hoạt động thương mại của người Việt - Thực tế lịch sử và nhận thức (Tiếp theo và hết)

TRUYEN THONG VA HOAT DONG THUimG MAI CUA
NGUlOn VIET - THUC T l LICH SUTVA N H A N T H I ) C
(Tiep theo va he})
NGUYfiN VAN KIM*
MANH DUNG"

NGUY£N

3. Noi thifc^ng - n g o a i thifdng v a q u a n
h e thUtfng m a i t h d i Le sd
Viet ve thdi Le sd (1428-1527) nhieu nha
nghien cQu cho ring, ehinh quyen Le m i
tieu biiu l i Le T h i n h Tdng (cq: 1460-1497),
do theo dudi tU tudng trgng ndng v i tdn vinh
Nho giio, da thUe thi nhieu bien p h i p n h i m
ban che boat ddng cua cic nganh kinh te phi
ndng nghiep. ThQc ra, trong bdi canh lich sQ
luc biy gid, la mgt t h i che chinh tri manh,
tap quyen cao, chinh quyen trung Qdng cung
r i t coi trgng van de kinh te cdng - thQdng va
cd nhieu chinh sich n h i m bao dam cho cac
nganh kinh te nay phat trien. Ve chien iQdc,
nha Le vQa md mang bd cdi vQa mudn t h i u
tdm, n i m ddc quyen quan ly nhieu boat
ddng kinh te cua d i t nQdc. NhUng, trUdc ap
lyc manh me cua chinh quyen phong kien
phUdng Bic, lai phai thudng xuyen dd'i phd
vdi tinh trang gay ban cua cac qudc gia ling
gieng d phia Tiy - Nam, nen chinh sich
kinh te cua chinh quyen Le sd ludn gin lien
viec bao vg an ninh, sU toan ven lanh thd vdi

viec thyc thi nhieu bign p h i p dl bao vg chu
quyen kinh te cua dat nUdc. Cic ngudn sQ
lieu cho thiy, ben canh chinh sich trgng
ndng, chinh quyen Thang Long cung r i t chu

• PGS. TS. Tnidng Dai hgc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN
•* ThS. Vien Sir hoc

tam den viec cung cd', thiet lap cac mdi bang
giao qudc te va phat huy vai trd cua cac
nginh kinh te cdng - thUdng nghigp nhim
bao dam nhu ciu, nhip sorig can bing v i dn
dinh thudng xuyen cho mdt dat nUdc dang d
vao giai doan phat trien cUdng thinh.
ThQc te lich sQ cho t h i y , cac ngudn
san vat va tiem n a n g kinh te cua nUde ta
ludn l i ddi tUdng chu y cua cic nUde lan
bang dac biet l i chinh quyen phUdng
Bic. Vao thdi thudc Minh (1407-1427),
sau khi cd ban binh dinh xong Dai Vigt,
nha Minh da thQc thi nhieu bign p h i p
tan bao de vd vdt cac ngudn tai nguyen
ddng thdi cung l i nhQng ngudn thQdng
p h i m cd gia tri. Todn tha ghi ro: Nam
"At Mui [1415], (Minh Vinh Lac nam thQ
13), Mua thu, t h i n g 8, nha Minh kham
thu cic md vang bac, md phu dai nhat
vang bac v i bat voi t r i n g , md tran chau.
Thue k h o i nang, vd vet nhieu, dan chung
dieu dQng. Bai muoi ven b i l n ci'm d i n

mua b i n rieng, sai ndi quan coi giQ ca.
Lai dat chQc cue sQ va phd cua tQng bai
mudi d l ehia n h a u trdng coi. Cac phu,
chau, huygn deu dat phd sQ ty Thue khda
va sd Ha bac" (41).


Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thirong mai.
Sau khi tien hanh khang chien chdng
Minh t h i n g ldi, khdi phuc dUdc qudc thd'ng,
nha Le da thi hanh nhieu bien phap manh
me de chin hUng dat nUdc. Chinh quyen Le
sd cung sdm cd y thQc sau sic ve viec bao vg
cic ngudn san vat, tai nguyen. Chi 4 t h i n g
sau khi len ngdi, ngay 10-8-1428, Le Thai
Td (cq: 1428-1433) da "Ra Ignh chi ke khai
day du, ro rang nhQng san vat do dia
phUdng san x u i t nhU ddng, sit, dau, gai,
td, lua, keo, sdn, nhya t r i m , s i p ong, diu,
diem tieu, may" (42). Den ngay 25-11-1428,
nha vua lai "Ra chi thi cho cic phu, huygn,
t r i n . Id kham xet cac chim bai, rugng dit,
md vang bac, nhQng san vat nui rQng trong
hat, cic loai thue ngach cu" (43). Ngiy 2212, ngQdi khai sang trieu Le lai ra tiep
"Ignh chi cho cac quan phu, huyen, Id, tran,
xa, sich ddi chieu kham xdt rugng dat, dim
bai cdng tU trong cic huygn, xa, Id cua
minh, cung ca mu, hoa qua, mudi m i m va
cac rach ci tU ngoai cQa bien, cac loai,
vang, bac, chi thiec, tien" (44).

De dUa mgi hoat ddng cua xa hdi vio
quy chuin, khudn phdp, tao dieu kien
t h u i n ldi cho cac boat ddng kinh te, t h i n g
3-1439 vua Le Thai Tdng (cq: 1434-1442)
da ra lenh chi quy dinh gia tri cua 1 tien,
kich thudc dai n g i n cua vai lua va quy each
td giiy viet. Theo dd: "He tien ddng thi 60
ddng la 1 tien, lua linh thi moi t i m dai 30
thudc, rdng 1 thUdc 5 t i c trd len, vai gai
nhd moi t i m dii 20 thUdc, rdng 1 thUdc 3
tic trd len, vai td chudi thi mdi t i m dai 24
thudc, vai bdng thd mdi tam dai 22 thUdc,
giiy thi tinh 100 td" (45). Cung nhU b i t cQ
mdt trieu dai cUdng thinh nao khac, n h i Le
ludn t h i u hilu vai trd cua kinh te cdng
thUdng va cd nhQng bign phap manh de
bao v$ nhQng ngudn ldi tQ nhien. T h i n g 81464, Le T h i n h Tdng (1442-1497) ban chi
du: "Ke nao pham tdi md nggc trai v i due

43

trdm tien ddng, thi ehia ra loai thu pham
va tdng pham ma xii tdi khac nhau" (46).
Ve sau, cac vua nha Le cdn nhieu lin ra sic
chi ve bao ve ngudn tai nguyen nhU tran
chau d vung Ddng Hai, vang, n g i voi, gd
quy, hUdng lieu.
Ngay sau khi len ngdi, ngiy 19-3-1461,
Le Thanh Tdng da ra sic chi khuyen khich
quan dan cham lo nghe ndng "khdng dUdc

bd gdc theo nggn, hoac kiem chuyen budn
ban" (47). Nhieu nha nghien cQu cho ring,
sic chi dd la sQ t h i bign rd ret tQ tQdng
trgng ndng cua nha vua va quan diem Qc
thUdng cua mdt trieu dai. NhUng, bing
each nhin va luan giai khac, cung cd the
cho r i n g Le Thanh Tdng dUdng nhU mudn
ngan chan mdt xu the dang diin ra tUdng
dd'i phd bien luc bay gid la d nhieu ndi dan
chung bd hoang ddng rugng de di budn v i
bd phan xa hdi nay da giau len nhanh
chdng. Khuynh hUdng xa hdi dd hien nhien
se phUdng hai va lam thay ddi hg gia tri m i
thiet che chinh tri Nho giao dang mud'n xac
lap, ciing cd'. Dd cung chinh la ndi lo ve vigc
Idn cua dat nUde ma tQ nam 1429 Le Thai
Td tQng suy nghi den tinh trang: "NgQdi di
d i n h giac thi ngheo, ke rong chdi thi giiu.
NgUdi di chien dau thi khdng cd mdt thUdc,
mdt t i c dat ma d cdn nhQng ke du thu du
thyc, khdng cd ich gi cho nQdc lai cd qua
thQa rugng dat... Thanh ra khdng ai chiu
het Idng vdi nUdc, chi-ham nghi phu quy
m i thdi" (48).
Trong 38 nam d ngdi, vdi mong mudn
xiy dUng mdt nha nUdc p h i p tri, Le Thanh
Tdng ludn canh cinh moi lo ve luat phip
khdng dUde thUc hien nghiem minh, rUdng
cot d i t nUdc chUa t h i t vQng bdi nhieu
nguyen nhan trong dd cd Iy do kinh te.

N h i n viec Hinh bd ThUdng thU Trin Phong
xin cho Le Bd pham phap bi tdi kinh (tgi


44

Rghien ciiru Lich siSr. sg 9.2007

thich chQ vao t r i n ) dUdc chudc tdi, nha vua
cho ring: "NhU the thi ngudi giau cd nhieu
cua hd'i Id thi dUdc mien tdi, cdn ngUdi
ngheo thi vd cd ma bi tri tgi" (49). Thyc ra,
trong Qud'c trieu hinh lugt do dng chu
trUdng bien soan cung cd nhieu dieu khoan,
VI nhu cac Dieu 21 den 24 cua p h i n Danh
le, la nhQng quy dinh cu t h i ve viec dung
tien de chudc tgi ldi hay nop thay cho cac
nghia vu phii dich, Qng dich (50). Cic
ngudn sQ lieu cho thiy, mdc du lugt phdp
thdi Li so ndi tiing nghiem minh nhUng
tien bgc vdn cd thi ldm thay ddi hay ciiu vdt
cdc sd'phgnl

rd. Cac sQ t h i n n h i Le nhan xit: "Bgn Bat
tham lam thd bi, trong bung rat ham tien
ciia nhUng ngoai mat lam ra ve liem khiet,
moi khi cd tang le vat vang bac, deu tQ chd'i
khdng nhan, nhUng lai nhin nhQng ngQdi
di theo net mat ngan ngai. Trieu dinh biet
y, mdi dUa nhQng ngUdi di theo sang dy

yen d phdng khac, rdi nhan luc rdt rUdu, lay
miy nen vang n g i m an vio Idng bgn Bat.
Bgn Bat mQng rd khdn xiet. Bgn Bat lai
mang nhieu hang phUdng Bic sang, dat gia
cao, ep trieu dinh phai mua. Den khi ve
nUdc, phai bat den g i n mdt nghin dan phu
khieng ganh dd cd'ng vat va hanh ly" (52).

Ve kinh te dd'i ngoai, cic ngudn thdng
tin trong chinh sQ cung cho tha'y cac boat
ddng giao thUdng dien ra rat dang dang, da
chieu va trong nhieu trUdng hdp r i t khd de
cd the di den sy phan dinh cu the, rd rang
giQa quan he bang giao, trieu cd'ng vdi viec
trao ddi, budn ban... theo nghia hgp cua tQ
dd. Cac boat ddng nay ludn xen cai l i n
nhau va cd md'i lien he, tUdng hd vdi nhau.
Chinh sQ nha Le ghi rd, sau khi Le Thai To
bang ha, nha Minh da sai cac sQ than
Quach Te, Chu Bat... sang dieu te. Cung
vdi le vat thinh soan cd tdi 80 ban, cac sQ
than cdn dem theo nhieu hang hda phUdng
Bic va dp trieu dinh nha Le phai mua vdi
gia cao! (51). Dieu dang chu y la, hanh
ddng dd cua cac sQ "thien trieu" dien ra
dung luc trieu dinh Dai Viet dang cd dai
tang! Cd the khang dinh ring, sy kien dd
khdng the la chuyen hy hQu trong lich sii.

Ve phan minh, nhan cic chuyen di sy,

ngoai viec thUc hien cic nhiem vu chung mi
trieu dinh giao phd, mdt sd' sQ doan va sQ
than cung tranh thu cd hdi hiem cd dl "lam
kinh te", mUu tinh ldi rieng. Theo nha sQ
hgc Nhat Ban, chuyen gia ve lich sQ Viet
Nam, Momoki Shiro thi: 'Vao thdi Le (14281527), cd 64 sQ doan (ke ca nhQng chuyen di
ngoai le) da dUdc cQ den trieu Minh. Mac du
cic cd'ng pham thUdng dem theo la: Vang,
bac bieu 34 lan, ngya 4 lin, nga voi va syng
te 7 lan, gd quy 3 lan, nhUng sd' lUdng va gia
tri cua nhQng hang hda ma cac sQ doin
mang theo de trao ddi thi khdng dUdc ghi
chep. NhQng sQ doan dd da thQc sy tham gia
vao viec budn b i n rieng tU. Vi vay, ma nam
1433-1434 da bi Le Thai Tdng trQng phat vi
tgi budn ban b i t chinh" (53). Trong Todn
thu, cac sii than nha Le da chep ve sy kien
nay nhu sau: "Bay gid chanh sy Le Vi,
Nguyen Truyen, hai ngudi mua r i t nhieu
hang phUdng Bic, den 30 ganh. Trieu dinh
ghet hg lam thdi budn ban, dinh lam cho hg
phai hd thgn trong long; mdi sai thu bet dem
bay d san dien, rdi sau mdi tra lai. Viec ndy
roi thdnh le thUdng" (TG n h i n manh) (54).
Du vay, chinh thdi Le Thai Tdng, van xay ra
sU viec nhu cac sQ than Nguyen Tdng Tru,

Nhan t h i y hinh thQc "Ngoai giao - kinh
te*' cd the dem lai nhQng hieu qua thiet
thyc, den t h i n g 12-1435, nha Minh lai sai

sQ la Chu Bat, Ta Kinh sang bao viec vua
Minh len ngdi va giai tdn Thai hoang Thii
hau. NhUng tren thyc te, muc tieu kinh te
cua sy doan Trung Qud'c dUdc the hien r i t


Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thuong mai.
Thii Q u i n Thyc dUdc cQ sang sy nha Minh
nhUng 'Tdng Tru lai dem theo nhieu tien
lua sang mua hang phUdng Bic, vua gh6t
Tru vi pham lenh c i m ma lam lieu, lien liy
het hanh trang ehia cho cac quan" (55).
Chinh sQ cung cho biet, vao thdi Thai
Tdng nhieu quan lai cao cip, dai t h i n da
sai rieng q u i n Hnh lam nha cQa cho minh.
Trong sd dd, theo t i u trinh hac tgi cua
Ngdn quan Phan Thien Tudc thi Tien q u i n
Tong quan Le Thu "Dang cd qudc tang m i
liy vd, lam nha cao cQa rdng, sai ngUdi nha
x u i t canh mua ban vung trdm vdi ngUdi
nUdc ngoai" (56). Ket qua la, n h i vua
khdng hdi ai, chi sai kham xet mdt minh
Thu va tham quan Le Thu chi bi thu hdi 15
lang vang, 100 lang bac mua b i n vung
trdm ma thdi!
Hien tUdng sao lang vigc cdng, tham
nhiing, dung uy quyen de mua re, chiem
doat hang hda hay chi lo mdi ldi rieng... da
trd thanh dieu ban khoan va mdi nguy ciia
trieu chinh. TrUdc bign trang dd, t h i n g 71435, Le Thai Tdng da phai ban Ignh chi

cho cac quan van vd trong ngoai: "... Cdn ke
coi dan thi chi vu ldi rieng, khdng lo nudi
dudng dan, hoac tha cho ngUdi giiu, bat tdi
ngUdi ngheo, mua go lam nha cQa, xQ kign
khdng cdng bing, chi giy be pbii, lo hdi Id,
lim viec khdng sieng nang, chi thich an
udng nhau nhgt. Lai nhU cac quan ndi
phien t r i n , quan ai, khi cd ngUdi la qua lai
thi sd hd ii nd trd'n thoat, khdng chiu chu y
x€t hilt, chi lo budn ban de kiem chic cho
minh" (57). Ket cue t i t yeu l i , n h i vua da
phai cho bat va xdt hdi Tuyen uy cic phien
trin, tudng higu nam dao, cac vien Tuyen
phu, Chuyin van, T u i n sat cac Id, tri'n,
huygn, tdng cdng 53 ngUdi! Den t h i n g 21448, lai xay ra sy kign cd tin ddn nha
Minh sai hai vien kham sai v i mdt lyc

45

lUdng Idn quan ddi tien sat den vung Ddng
• Bic nUde ta chuan bi cho vigc "khim x6t
bien gidi". Vua Le Nhan Tdng (cq: 14431459) sai Ddng dao tham tri Trinh Due di
dd xdt tin tQc. Trinh Due khdng dieu tra
than trgng, tau bio sai khien nha Le phai
huy ddng mgt ddi ngu Idn quan chQc, binh
linh, tai iQc dl de phdng bien gidi. "Ca
mien Ddng do viy deu xao ddng. Den luc
tdi bien gidi, d lai ca t u i n , ca thing, dd xdt
tin tQc thi im i n g nhU td. Bgn hg lien dem
tien cua mua hdng phUOng Bdc chd nang

mang ve, ndi thdc Id quan khdm sai nhd
Minh Igi cd viec khdc khdng din (chung tdi
n h i n manh - TG). Dai quan l i bgn H i Lat
thi vao cinh vdi nhau khdng ndi mdt cau.
Trieu dinh cung khdng cd ai hdi den tgi dd"
(58). Ve sau, neu can cQ theo Qud'c trieu
hinh lugt, thi chi rieng tdi 'Vien quan sai
di cdng can, xem xdt viec gi khi ve t i u trinh
khdng dung sy thQc thi phai tdi biem hay
tdi dd; neu vi t h i n tinh hay thu oin m i cd
y lam sai sU thUc thi se chieu theo sy tinh
nang nhg ma tang them tdi; neu an tien hdi
Id thi xQ tdi them hai bac" (59). Dudng nhU,
theo thien y cua chung tdi, vao thdi Le sd
vdn cd mgt thi liic hay sac manh ndo dd,
trong mgt sd'trUdng hgp cu thi, cd the vUOt
ra, ndm ngodi sU cUOng toa cua lugt phdp.
Nhu viy, khdng phai bao gid nha vua cung
cd t h i can cQ theo luat phap dl t h i bign uy
iQc cua minh va giQ nghiem ph^p nQdc.
Bd chinh sQ n h i Le cung ghi lai mdt sQ
kign r i t dang chu y. Dd la vao nam 1476,
thdi ky tri vi ciia Le Thanh Tdng, d i t nUdc
gap ban h i n . Trong biiu ciu mUa, ngUdi
dQng d i u t h i che viet: "Nay tQ mua Ddng
den mua Ha it lUa, n i n g sudt, viec d i n
v i t va. NgUdi ldm thO, di budn khdng chd
nUOng nhd, ke cdy rugng, chdn tdm hit be
trdng ngdng. Chi vi t h i n khdng cd dQc, de
den noi tram ho chiu tai Udng" (60). NhU

46

vay, trong bai bieu thieng lieng tau xin
Nggc hoang thUdng de ban cho mUa thuan
gid hoa, vi hoang de d i y uy lyc da giai b i y
Idng thanh va chinh dng da xac dinh rd vi
tri cua gidi cdng - thUdng. Cung cd t h i dd
chi la "sU n g i u nhien" trong mdt van ban
mang tinh chat tdn giio nhUng chinh dQc
vua da xep gidi cdng - thUdng len trUdc
nhQng ngudi ndng d i n thuan hau.
Trai qua thdi gian, dudng nhU Le Thinh
Tdng cung ngay cang cd nhQng nhan thQc rd
hdn ve vai trd cua gidi cdng - thUdng trong
mdt t h i che kinh te - xa hdi thd'ng nhit. Bdi vi
chi nam sau dd, tQc nam 1477, vua Hdng DQc
da ban h i n h Dinh li ehia md chg mdi v i ra
sic chi ring: "Sinh dan cac huygn, chau, xa d
cac xQ trong nUdc mdi ngay mdt ddng, neu
mud'n md them chd mdi dl tien mua ban thi
quan phu huygn, chau phai khim xit thUe te,
neu qua la tien cho dan thi lim ban tau len,
cho theo tien ldi m i hgp chd, khdng cQ la cd
ngach cu hay khdng" (61). Tiep dd, ngiy 10-31484 nha vua lai ra sic chi ve vigc cim mua
b i n Qc hiep. Sic chi neu rd: 'Vigc cim mua
ban Qc hiep da cd lenh rat nghiem m i cic
n h i quyen hao v l n chQa ddi thdi cu, hai d i n
chung, hdng chinh sy khdng gi te bing. Kl tQ

nay, phii Phung Thien va hai ty Thya, Hie'n
cac xQ phai nhic lai lenh cu, cim doan, ran
bao. Cic nha sim siia le vat cQdi xin, neu
mua hang d hang chd d i n gian, hang hda Idn
nhd deu phai theo thdi gii, khdng dQdc quen
thdi gian ngoan nhU trUdc, y the cay oai, mua
hiep, cUdp doat, ke nao vi pham thi tri tdi
theo nhu lenh trUdc" (62). Dieu 90 cua Qud'c
trieu hinh lugt cung quy dinh: "NhQng ngQdi
coi chd trong Kinh t h i n h sach nhieu tien leu
chd thi xii tdi xuy danh 50 roi, biem mdt tU,
lay thue chd q u i nang biem hai tU, mat chQc
coi chd, bdi thudng tien gap ddi tra cho ngUdi
dan; tien phat thudng cho ngUdi cao giac theo
nhu le. Neu liy thue chd khdng dung luat thi

Rghien ciiu Lich sit, sg 9.2007
xii tdi dinh 80 trUdng va d i n di reu rao trong
hg ba ngay. NgUdi thu thue chd trong cac Id,
huyen, cae lang q u i nang thi bi xQ tdi them
mdt bac". D l thd'ng n h i t cac ddn vi do ludng,
bao vg uy lUc va vai trd cua n h i nUde trong
viec dieu hanh cac hoat dgng kinh te, Dieu 91
ciia Lugt Hdng Dac cQng ghi rd: "Trong cic
chd tai Kinh Thanh va thdn que, nhiing ngUdi
mua ban khdng theo dung can, thude, thang,
da'u eua nha nUde ma lam rieng cua minh de
mua ban thi hi xii tdi biem hoac tdi dd" (63).
Mdt van ban khic do chinh Le Thinh Tdng
bien soan la Hong Dac thiin chinh tha ciing

de ra nhQng quy che cu the ve boat dgng eua
chd v i The le md chd. Trong ban The Ig nay
Le Thinh Tdng da dUa ra mdt "dinh nghia"
chinh thd'ng ve chd: "d cic dan gian, dd cd ddn
thi cd chg, chg Id di giao thdng hdng hda
trong thien hg, phdt triin mdu dich de thoa
Idng ngadi (TG n h i n manh). Xa nio da cd chd
lap ra trUde rdi, khdng dUde cim di rdi lai md
cai khac, de be tic dUdng thUdng mai mdt
each vd ly. NhU ling nao mai sau mdi cd loi
budn bin, khi dd mdi md chd, thi khdng dUdc
ddi vdi chd ling xung quanh lap trung ngay
phien Idn; hay la ddn trUdc ngay phien i y ma
chan mdi hang cua lai budn. Neu mudn md
chd mdi, phai xem cac chd cu rdi lap sau ngay
phien thi dUdc. Neu chd md trUdc chd md sau,
can rd sinh ra moi tranh gianh, khdng theo Ig
ed, ma mudn cim doin chiem ldi rieng, thi se
luan tgi, tuy theo trUdng hdp nang nhg, dl
triiCng phat cii thdi pham cim Ig" (64) NhU
viy, quy dinh tren da t h i hien ro quan dilm
cua ngUdi dQng d i u chinh quyen Le sd ve vai
trd cua kinh te cdng-thUdng v i dudng nhU
n h i vua ludn t h i u hilu nhQng nhu ciu thQc
tai cua cuge sd'ng cung nhU nhiing y nguygn
cua Idng dan tram hg.
Cung theo Todn thU, t h i n g 4-1484, l i n
d i u tien, trieu dinh ban Ignh cim ke giau y
the quiy nhieu xUdng khai md vang bac.

Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thuong mai.
De tao dieu kign thuan ldi cho lUu thdng
kinh te, ngay 1-5-1486 Le T h i n h Tdng ban
sic chi neu rd: 'Viec dung tien quy d chd
tren dQdi lUu thdng, chQa d kho tang thi
quy d chd de lau khdng hdng. Kl tQ nay cac
nha mdn trong ngoai cd truy ddi cic khoan
tien phat cdng hoac tU cung la chi phit,
kiem tra cic hang tien, cin dem vao kho
cdng chQa lai, thi deu phai chgn liy tien
ddng thyc, tuy vanh ddng cd sQt me mdt
chut nhUng la ddng thUc, de l i u khdng
hdng cung nen nhan liy. Cdn ve tien thay
lUdng cho quan lai va tien d i n chung sQ
dung trong mua ban, he la ddng thyc cdn
xiu diy dUdc thi deu phai nhan tieu, khdng
dUdc Idai bd hay ken chgn ky qua" (65). Sau
khi Le Thanh Tdng qua ddi, Hoang thai tQ
Tranh tQc vua Le Hieu Tdng (cq: 14981504) len ngdi. Chi 2 ngay sau d ngdi biu,
n h i vua da ban chieu n h i c lai hai lenh chi
quan trgng cua vua cha, dd la: Cim viec
dung quyen uy de Qc hiep trong mua ban
v i 6p gii tren thi trUdng; ddng thdi: Cim
cac vien lai, d i n chung kdn chgn tien mdi,
tien cu trong trao ddi, luu thdng. Vua mdi
len ngdi v i lenh chieu dau tien dUdc ban ra
trong thdi dilm dd hiln nhien khdng the la
sQ kien n g i u nhien cua lich sQ.
Cung vdi nhQng chinh sich, chu trQdng

neu tren, chinh quyen Le sd cdn cho dat kho
tien d hd Hai Tri; nghiem cam viec lam gia
tien te hoac dung tien due dd vat, lam gia dd
vat; cim thd thuyen budn ban khdng dUdc
md cQa hang trong Hoang thanh; cim tU y
hoac Idn lut giao thiep vdi cac sy than; cam
budn ban dac biet la hang qud'c cam qua
bien gidi nhUng neu khach budn cung ngUdi
Man Lieu (ddng bao dan tdc it ngUdi - TG)
qua cQa quan ma sach nhieu tien le lat thi
bi biem hai tU v i phai bdi thudng gip ddi sd'
tien an le cho ngUdi m i t tien; nghiem cim
vigc ban rugng d i t d bd cdi, nd ty, voi ngya

47

cho ngudi nUdc ngoai, neu vi pham thi bi xii
chdm; thuyen be ra vung cQa sdng deu phai
khim xdt trQ thuyen rieng ciia cic quan dai
than huan quy, ham nhi pham trd len;
nghiem cam vigc dung dd ngQ dung dl lam
diy kdo thuyen neu vi pham thi hi xQ tdi iQu
hay tdi chet (66). Nha Le cdn cam quan lai
va d i n chiing khdng dQdc tQ y dung vang,
nggc, thuy tinh de lam mu, dng nhd; cim
vigc budn ban ndn thuy ma va ndn sdn dd
trong cic chd dl tranh sQ lim l i n ve trang
phuc giQa quan vdi dan. Nha Le cdn dinh
thue mudi, dau timj cho mgt sd dia phQdng
ddng thuyen budn de van chuyen thdc gao

ddng thdi phan dinh thue vang bac vdi muc
tieu l i giam thue vang va dieu chinh gia
giQa vang va bac (67).
Vao thdi Le sd, cung vdi vigc duy tri
quan he vdi Trung Qud'c, mdt sd qudc gia
Ddng Nam A nhU Xiem La, Trao Ga, Ma
Lat Gia (Malacca), Tam Phat Te
(Palembang), Chiem Thanh, Ai Lao... cung
thudng cho thUdng nhan va cac sQ thin
sang budn ban, trieu cdng. Sau sU kign
nam 1471, 'Vi vua da dgp dUdc Chiem
Thanh, uy danh chin ddng k h i p chdn, cho
nen cic nUdc phien thudc d phia tay deu lat
dat ke trUdc ngUdi sau tranh nhau den
cd'ng" (68). Mac du quan he thUdng mai it
dUdc ghi lai trong chinh sQ nhUng Todn thU
cung ghi rd sy kign nam 1437: "Nudc Xiem
La sai sQ l i bgn Trai CQdng Lat sang cdng.
Vua dUa cho sic thU bao mang ve va trQ
cho p h i n thue budn giam xudng bang nQa
phan nam trUdc, cQ 20 p h i n thu 1 phin, rdi
thQdng cho r i t hau. Ngoai ra, ve phan chua
nQdc iy, cho 20 t i m lua mau, 30 bd bat sQ,
p h i n ciia ba phi nUdc i y la 5 t i m lua miu,
3 bd b i t sQ, mdi bd 35 chiec" (69). Cd le,
trong quan he vdi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam
A, vUdng qudc Xiem ludn dUdc chinh quyen
Le sd danh cho nhQng Qu ai dac bigt.

48

La mdt dang minh vUdng giau tU tudng
phap tri, sau khi ban hanh Hodng triiu
quan chinAm 1471, den nam 1483 ke thQa
kinh nghiem cua cic vua T h i i Td, Thai
Tdng... Le T h i n h Tdng lai cho ban bd bg
Qudc triiu hinh lugt. Trong bg l u i t ndi
tieng nay, lien quan den quan he ddi ngoai,
nha Le quy dinh: "NgUdi trdn qua cQa quan
ra khdi bien gidi di sang nUdc khic thi hi
chdm (theo thuyen budn nUdc ngoai di ra
nUdc ngoai cung bi tgi nay), ngudi giQ cQa
quan (ngUdi coi xit ciia b l cung the) khdng
biet thi bi lUu di chau gin, biet ma cd y cho
di thi ciing mdt tgi trd'n di nUdc ngoai,
ngudi chu tUdng bi biem hai tU" (70). Ddi
vdi nhQng ngudn thUdng pham cd gia tri,
nha Le cd nhQng quy dinh r i t chat che:
"Neu dem gd lim, v i n g sd'ng, vd que, tran
chiu, nga voi b i n cho thuyen budn nQdc
ngoai, thi bi tdi biem ba tQ. Quan phQdng
xa biet ma khdng p h i t giac tdi giam mdt
bac; cac quan Id, huygn va t r i n , ed'y dung
tung cung hi mgt tdi, neu vi vd tinh ma
khdng biet, thi bi tdi biem hay phat" (71).
D I n i m ddc quyen ve ngoai thQdng va bao
vg chu quyen kinh te, trieu dinh cdn de ra
quy dinh: "NhQng trang trai ven bd be, ma
ddn tiep thuyen budn ngam dd hd hang hda

len bd, thi xii biem ba tQ, phai phat gip ba
tang vat d l xung cdng; lay mgt phan
thudng cho ngUdi td giic. NgUdi chu trang
trai a'y m i t chQc giim trang" (72).
NhQ da trinh bay d tren, den the ky XVXVI, Van Ddn v i n l i thUdng cang Idn va
quan trgng n h i t cua qudc gia Dai Viet.
Trong lich sii ngoai thUdng Vigt Nam, Van
Ddn l i thUdng cang hinh thanh sdm, boat
dgng lien tuc va cd vai trd quan trgng trong
sud't 7 the ky (73). Viet ve phu Hai Ddng, t i c
gia Lich trieu hiin chUOng loai chi, cho biet:
"Ngoai biln cd bai Hdng Dim, cic thuyen
budn d i u d day ri't ddng...". Va, "Dit trong

R g h i ^ curu Ljch siSr. sg 9.2007
mdt phu, nui biln nhieu ma rugng nUdng it,
n h i n dan deu budn b i n kiem ldi, l i m rugng
trdng dau rat it, vigc d i n h thue khdng gidng
nhu cic t r i n " (74). La dau mm trong kinh te
ddi ngoai ddng thdi la khu vyc het syc nhay
cam ve chinh tri nen chinh quyen Le sd rat
chu trgng trong vigc bao ve an ninh va giam
s i t cic hoat ddng kinh te d thUdng cang Van
Ddn. Qud'c trieu hinh lugt quy dinh: "NgUdi
d trang V i n Ddn, chd hang hda Trung Qudc
len Kinh t h i n h , ma khdng cd giiy cua An
phii ty cap cho, khi den ben Trieu Ddng lai
khdng den cho De bac ty kiem soat, da dem
di b i n Idn lut, cung la khi ve khdng cd gii'y
cua De bac ty ci'p cho; den chd Thdng mau

trUdng lai khdng den cho An phu ty kiem
soit, ma da ve t h i n g trang, thi deu phai
biem mdt tU va phat tien 100 quan, thudng
cho ngUdi to'giic mdt p h i n ba [sdtien phat].
Neu dem h i n g hda den cic ndi ling mac ban
giau, thi xQ biem ba tU" (75). Trong p h i n
viet ve Hinh lugt chi thdi Le eiia Lich trieu
hii'n chUOng logi chi, nha bac hgc Phan Huy
Chu cung ghi rd: "Quan chQc vd cd di rieng
ra cic trang d V i n Ddn hay ra ndi quan ai
cic t r i n tbi xQ dd lUu... NgUdi cac ddn t r i n d
dgc bien gidi va cae trang trai ngoai biln m i
chd rieng ngUdi nUdc ngoai vao kinh dd thi
xQ biem 5 tU; khdng cd quan tUdc thi x^ dd
thyc dien binh v i phat tien 100 quan...
Ngudi d trang trai giap biln ma ddn tiep
thuyen budn de chd lau hang hda thi x^
biem ba tU, bat den tang vao nha nUde gip
hai phin, liy mgt p h i n thudng cho ngUdi
cao giic. Ngudi trang chu, chu trai i y m i t
chQc... Khi cd thuyen budn nUde ngoii den
trang V i n Ddn budn b i n m i quan Sat hai
sQ di rieng ra ben hai quan ngoai biln ma
kiem soat trUde thi x^ biem 1 tU. Neu cac
thuyen i y xin di lai, trang chii phai lam ddn
trinh An phu ty lam b i n g thi mdi dUdc cho
d, neu tuy tign cho d thi jcii biem 2 tU, phat


Truyen thgng vh hoat dgng thuong mat...

tien 200 quan; thudng cho ngudi cio giac 1
phin 3 [sd tien phat]. Neu chQa ngoai
trudng tich [hd tich], ngUdi ngoai qudc chUa
dii nien ban thi xQ biem 1 tU, phat tien 50
quan, thudng cho ngUdi cao giic cung nhU
tren" (76).
Nhu viy, mgi quy dinh ve quan he kinh
t^ trong dd cd hoat ddng ngoai thUdng deu
ro ring, nghiem cin. Ddi tUdng kiem che,
trQng phat cua luat phap khdng loai trQ
bit cQ mgt trUdng hdp ngoai Ig nao neu
ngUdi dd budn ban b i t hdp phap hay mUu
toan thu vdn ldi rieng. Theo dd, ngUdi nUde
ngoai deu cd t h i den budn bin, trao ddi
hing hda nhUng phai dang ky, khai bao.
Vdi quan dilm tdn trgng lich sii va sU that
khach quan, khd cd the coi dd la sQ the
bign chu trUdng "be quan, tda cang" ha
khic cua chinh quyen trung Udng thdi dai
biy gid. Hon thd, h i n l i vio thdi Le sd,
cung vdi nhQng boat dgng kinh te ddi ngoai
quan phUdng thi cdn cd nhieu boat ddng
phi quan phUdng v i n khdng ngQng dien ra
va thuc te dd khien chinh quyen Thang
Long phai thudng xuyen canh giic v i the
che hda bing nhQng quy dinh, dieu khoan
cu the ghi rd trong luat phap.
Dieu dang chu y la, trong Hdng Dac
thien chinh thU, vua Le Thanh Tdng cung
cd quy dinh rd ve trUdng hdp thuyen bi gap

bao. Theo dd, "Nha ngUdi ta bi chay, cung
la thuyen dang di ma bi bao, nhan luc i y
ma an cudp tai vat cua ngUdi ta, se bi tgi
mgt tram trUdng, dd ba nam; neu lai danh
ngUdi hi thUdng se bi chdm; tung dang dUde
giam mgt bac. Neu [nhin bao] p h i vd
thuyen, thi tdi cung the. Neu liy dUdc ciia
thi s§ hi tdi giao; danh ngudi bi thUdng se
bi ch6m" (77). Mac du van ban khdng chi rd
thuyen bi nan l i thuyen n i o (trong nUde
hay ngoai qudc?) nhUng neu coi dd la quy

49
dinh mang tinh k h i i quit va cd gii tri
phap Iy chung thi thUe sU la mgt quan
diem r i t tien bd, nhan ban ciia chinh
quyen Le sd. Bdi le, trong thdng le bang
giao qud'c te thdi cd trung dai, p h i n Idn cac
thuyen budn, thuyen van tai la (ngoai qudc)
neu ching may gap nan thi khdng chi
phUdng tien van chuyen, vat phim, hang
hda ma ngay ca thuy thu dein cung deu trd
t h i n h nan nhan cua tinh trang cUdp bdc
hoac "chien ldi phim" cua chinh quyen
trung Udng hay gidi tham quan sd tai!
Trong quan he bang giao va giao thUdng
qudc te chinh quyen Le sd cung r i t coi trgng
nhQng vat p h i m dung de trao ddi, bieu tang.
Cung vdi trang phuc, nggc trai, td lua,
hUdng lieu... gdm sQ da trd thanh mdt mat

hang cao cip cua chinh quyen Thang Long.
Nhieu san phim trong sd dd da dUdc sii
dung trong vigc trieu cdng Trung Qudc hay
ban tang cho cic sQ t h i n "phien qudc".
Trong Da dia chi, Nguyen Trai ghi rd: Lang
Bat Trang lam do b i t ch6n va cung vdi lang
Hue Ciu (huygn My Van, tinh Hai HQng)
chuyen nhudm t h i m l i hai ling chuyen
cung cip cdng phim cho trieu Minh (13681644): "Bit Tring thudc huygn Gia Lam,
Hue Ciu thudc huygn Van Giang. Hai ling
a'y cung cip dd cdng Trung Qudc la 70 bg bat
dia va 200 t i m vai tham" (78). Can cQ vao
hien vat gdm phat hien d tau dim Cu Lao
Cham, nhieu nha ngliien cQu cho ring, con
tau dd cung vdi 240.000 bign vat (khdng ke
manh) chu yeu deu la san pham cua hg Id
gd'm Chu D i u - My Xa, Nam Sach, Hai
DQdng the ky XV. NhQng hien vat gdm sQ
dd khdng chi dat den do hoan my ve ky
thuat che tic, kieu dang v i gia tri ngh$
thuat ma phat hien khao cd hgc dd cdn lim
thay ddi nhan thQc ciia nhieu nha nghien
cQu trong nUdc, qudc te ve ddng gom Chu
Diu cung nhu nhQng ddng gdp tieu bieu cua


50
gd'm sQ Viet Nam the ky XV, mdt trong
nhQng thdi ky dinh cao, p h i t trien rQc rd
cua lich s^ gd'm Viet (79).

Vdi tat ca nhQng boat ddng v i thanh
tyu dat dUdc, cd t h i thiy, trong "38 nam tri
vi, Le Thanh Tdng da tao nen mgt thdi thai
binh thinh tri trong lich sQ. Nudc Dai Viet
trieu Le Thanh Tdng trd t h i n h mgt qud'c
gia dgc lap, thd'ng nhdt vd cUdng thinh d
viing Ddng Nam A" (80).
Tuy nhien, sau khi Le Thanh Tdng qua
ddi, chinh quyen phong kie'n da mau chdng
bdc Id mgt so' nhUdc diem can ban va cd
nhQng bieu hien suy vi. Cudi thdi Le sd,
trieu chinh rdi loan, cac the lyc ra sQc
tranh gianh quyen lUc, mUu toan chiem
doat ngdi bau. Trung tam chinh tri Thang
Long tieu dieu trong cdn binh iQa. Theo
Todn thu thi: "Luc ay, thanh da t h i t thu,
xa t i c bd phe, dan chung vao thanh tranh
nhau lay vang bac, cua biu, bach dan, xa
hUdng, lua va td gai day trong dan gian;
sach vd, hd tieu, hUdng lieu cac thQ vQt bd
tren dudng phd' cao den 1, 2 tic, khdng ke
xiet. NgUdi manh khoe tranh cUdp vang
bac, cd ngUdi lay dUdc den ba, bd'n tram
lang, ngUdi yeu cung dUdc den hdn hai
tram lang. Cung khuyet, kho tang nhU vay
m i bet sach" (81). Mdt Thang Long chien
tranh, tan p h i , dieu tan... nhUng qua sy dd
vd dd cung bdc dien mdt Thang Long giau
cd, ndi tich chQa nhieu ngudn ciia cai Idn
cua da't nUdc. Ngudn cua cai dd, chic chin

khdng t h i chi dya vao nhQng khoan thu tQ
, , ,
•,
ndng nghiep.
4. Mot so' n h a n x e t va k e t l u a n
- Nhu vay, sau khi khdi phuc dUdc qud'c
thd'ng vao the ky X, cac bd sii nUde ta deu
ghi nhan nhQng boat dgng hai thUdng rdng
md thdng qua cac thUdng cang nhU: Van

Rghien cihi Lich si^. sg 9.2007
Ninh, V i n Ddn (Quang Ninh), Thang Long,
Hgi Trieu (Thanh Hda), ciia Thdi, ciia
Quen, ciia Cdn, Hgi Thdng (Nghe An), Ky
Anh (Ha Tinh), Nhat Le (Quang Binh), ciia
Tung (Quang Tri)... Cung vdi cic cang bien,
boat ddng kinh te ddi ngoai cua nUdc ta cdn
cd sy ndi ket vdi hg thd'ng trao ddi dUdng
sdng v i dudng bien ma tieu bieu l i cac Bac
dich trudng dgc bien gidi Viet - Trung. Hoat
ddng cua cac cang va he thd'ng trao ddi,
budn ban dd da dien ra lien tuc qua cic
thdi ky Ly - Tran - Le sd. Va, nhU da trinh
bay d tren, mac du de cao kinh te ndng
nghiep nhUng chinh quyen Le sd v i n rat
coi trgng vai trd cua kinh te cdng thUdng
trong dd cd ngoai thUdng. Lyc hut v i syc
manh cua kinh te tien te v i n ngam chay va
phan nao da p h i bd nhQng rao can, dinh
che cua the che quan chu quan lieu Le sd

d l rdi den thdi Mac (1527-1592) va thdi Le
Trung Hung (1583-1788) kinh te Dai Viet
trong dd cd boat ddng ngoai thUdng da cd
sU phat trien trdi vUdt, hdi nhap tUdng ddi
mau chdng vdi mdi trUdng chung va sy
hUng khdi cua kinh te khu vUc, the gidi.
Tren cd sd tiem lyc kinh te trong nUdc, kinh
te ddi ngoai cua qud'c gia Dai Viet da gdp
phan tao nen mdt thdi ky phat trien huy
hoang cua nen ThUdng mai chau A thd ky
XVI-XVII.
- Nhin nhan dien trinh lich sii dan tdc
vdi tu each l i mdt cdng ddng da dan tgc
thd'ng n h i t , ngUdi Viet tren myc do so sanh
khu vyc, da p h i t triln nen hai thUdng sdm
va cd truyen thd'ng thUdng mai vdi nhieu
qud'c gia l i n g gieng trong khu vUc. Vi tri
dia Iy g i n ke vdi nhieu qudc gia v i mdi giao
tiep da chieu: dudng bd, dUdng sdng, dudng
bien vdi ca kinh te, van hda, chinh tri...
cung gdp phan tao nen truyen thdng nay.
Hdn the nQa, vdi cU dan vung b i n dao, tQ
khdi nguyen v i chieu sau lich sii, con ngQdi


Truyen thdng va hoat dgng thuong mai.
da sdm thich Qng vdi mdi trUdng nUde va
"tinh sdng nUdc can dUdc xem la mdt dac
trUng cua van hda Viet Nam". Cac yeu td
vSn hda dd trd thanh nhan to' h i n g xuyen

khien cho ngUdi Viet "tii ddng nhdt minh
vdi nUdc" va tao nen khd ndng ang biin cao
trong truyen thd'ng van hda Viet (82).

51
gdp tich cQc vao boat ddng chung ciia he
thd'ng thUdng mai khu vyc tren ca ba
phUdng dien: Vi tri dia ly, Tiem nang kinh
te va Truyen thd'ng giao thUdng qudc te.

- Trong bdi canh ddi sdng chinh tri khu
vyc va qud'c te the ky X - XV cd nhieu bien
ddng Idn, bQc tranh kinh te - xa hgi Dai
Ben canh dd, tQ nhQng the ky dau sau
Viet cung dien ra nhieu bien ddi sau sic vdi
Cdng nguyen, cung vdi ngUdi Viet, cU dan
khdng it nghich ly. Day la thdi ky dinh diu
Champa, Phu Nam da tien manh ra bien
sy kien lap cua cac md hinh nha nUdc ma
va thyc sy trd thanh cac "VUOng qud'c bien".
dilm cd't loi la hUdng den xay dyng mdt the
Hoat ddng hai thUdng va nang lyc khai
che quin chu tap quyen. Cd the cho ring
thac bien cua cic vUdng qud'c cd khdng chi
the che dd ngay cang phat trien hoan chinh
gdp phan quan trgng dem lai sQ p h i t trien
nhUng mat khac nd cung lam cho xa hgi
phdn thinh ve kinh te, van hda ma cdn Dai Viet truyen thd'ng vdi cd tang Ddng
khing dinh vi the chinh tri cua cac qud'c Nam A, p h i n nao trd nen xd cQng. NhUng,
gia dd trong mdi quan he khu vUc. Tuy dudng nhu tUdng phan vdi ciu true thUdng

nhien, vi nhieu nguyen n h i n , truyen thd'ng t i n g Nho giio cung nhQng dinh che chat
hai thUdng dd da khdng dUdc phat huy triet che thi nhQng yeu td'kinh te - xa hgi truyen
de va thich Qng vdi nhQng khung canh mdi. thd'ng va ca nhu ciu bQc thiet cua thyc tai
Trong mdi quan he tUdng t i c da chieu, sy xa hdi da tao dUng nen mdt bye tranh xa
suy thoai cua Phu Nam vao the ky VII va hdi diy mau sic vdi nhieu xu the van ddng
Champa vao the ky XV da cd tic ddng va truyen thd'ng khac nhau. Nhin lai lich
khdng nhd den boat ddng kinh te khu vyc sQ kinh te Viet Nam, khdng phai bao gid
trong dd cd Dai Viet. Hdn the nQa, do cic xu the van ddng va truyen thdng dd
nhQng ap lyc chinh tri tQ nhieu phia va (chinh thd'ng // phi chinh thdng) cung dat
phin nao la sQ ban che trong t i m nhin cua den sy gap gd va tim dUdc tieng ndi chung
chinh gidi, nen ngoai thUdng Dai Vigt tQ nhit, duy nhat. Tren mdt dudng bien (bd
chd cd nhieu bieu hien phat trien mang bien) dai va ludn cd sy giing xi giQa cac
tinh khai phdng da khdng t h i trd thanh the lyc va nhdm ldi ich, cac hoat dgng kinh
ddng kinh te chu lUu, cd the lam thay ddi te da dang dd ludn ddng thdi dien ra tham
sau sic ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi. Tuy chi giQa chung cdn cd sy dan xen, lien ket
nhien, cung phai t h i y ring, lich sQ hai vdi nhau. Trong sQ bien chuyin va p h i t
thUdng Viet Nam tuy khdng cd nhQng cudc triln chung dd, rd rang la mdi trUdng cbinh
vQdt bien Idn, thUc sU dan t h i n nhU thUdng tri va kinh te qudc te cung cd nhQng tic
nhan Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban d Ddng Bic A ddng khdng nhd den sU thinh suy cua kinh
hay Java, Xiem La d Ddng Nam A va cang te ngoai thUdng cung nhU vi the kinh te,
khdng t h i so sanh vdi nhQng doan thUdng chinh tri cua mdi qudc gia trong tQdng
thuyen ciia chau Au vio thdi ky sau cac quan vdi cac the iQc chinb tri khu vQc.
cuge phat kien dia Iy nhUng kinh te ngoai
- Tim hilu nhQng nguyen n h i n din den
thUdng da va ludn la mdt bd phan hQu cd
tinh
trang ban che trong lich sQ giao
ciia nen kinh te dan tdc va cd nhieu ddng

52

thUdng ciia Viet Nam chung ta tha'y: do dac
tinh tieu ndng, quen budn ban va san xuat
nhd, quen tieu dung nhQng san pham cua
Hi sinh thdi phd tgp nhiet ddi vdi hai dac
trUng cd ban da canh va tgp canh nen mgt
bg phan khdng nhd cua xa hdi da sdm x u i t
hien tdm ly tii thoa mdn vdi mdi trUdng
sd'ng ma ngudn cung cap thyc pham (chii
yeu la lua gao) hiem khi trd thanh mgt
thich thQc nghiem trgng. Tu duy san xuat
tieu ndng va nhQng anh hudng ciia dao
dQc, dinh che Nho giao cung la nguyen
nhan chinh yeu kiem tda sQc phat trien cua
cic nganh kinh te phi ndng nghiep ddng
thdi ban che nang lyc san xuat cac ngudn
thUdng pham cd gia tri cao tren thUdng
trUdng qud'c te. Ben canh dd, cung vdi vigc
mdt sd' nganh san x u i t phuc vu nhu cau
xuat khau cdn chUa thyc sU dat den trinh
do phat trien cao va dn dinh thi vigc chUa
hinh thanh dUdc mdt ddi ngu thUdng nhan
chuyen nghiep, ddng dao, dUdc nha nUdc
khuyen khich, bao trd cung khien cho hoat
ddng kinh te ddi ngoai phan nao thieu sQc
manh va ldi the canh tranh tren thi trUdng
khu vUc, qud'c te. Cung vdi nhQng nguyen
nhan tren thi lich sQ kinh te Viet Nam
dudng nhu cung chUa thyc sy cd dUdc

nhQng tU duy, triet ly sau sic va he thdng
ve nghe nghiep, ve vai trd cua kinh te ndi
chung trong dd cd kinh te thUdng nghiep.
Hdn the nQa, chu trUdng n i m ddc quyen ve
ngoai thUdng cua chinh the quan lieu cung
da kim ham sU phat trien ty nhien ciia mgt
so' linh vUc kinh te ddi ngoai trong thdi dai
ma nen thUdng mai Biln Ddng phat trien
hung thinh. Cudi cung, cung phai thay
ring, do lien tuc phai chiu ap lyc chinh tri
tQ phUdng Bic va tinh trang mat an ninh
tQ phUdng Nam nen cac trieu dai phong
kien Viet Nam deu phai thyc thi nhieu
bign phap chat che n h i m bao vg chii quyen

Rghien ciJru Lich sit. s6 9.2007
lanh thd, an ninh kinh te ddi ngoai va nen
kinh te trong nUdc.
Ve kinh te, biiu hien cua mdt sd' chinh
sach "ngan sdng, cam chd", "trgng ndng Qc
thUdng" cua chinh the q u i n chii cung mdt
p h i n la sU t h i hien Idl tU duy va quan
diem chinh tri dd. Do vay, mac du cd thdi
doan bQc tranh kinh te da bQng len v i cd
phan khdi sic nhUng kinh te ddi ngoai da
khdng t h i tao nen nhQng dgng lyc manh
me cd the d i n den nhQng chuyin bien can
ban trong ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi ngd h i u
cd t h i dUa kinh te nUde ta cd nhQng bien
ddi ve chat va dy nhap manh me vdi bien

chuyin chung cua khu vQc: Ddng A: nhU
nhQng qud'c gia tieu bieu Nhat Ban, Xiem
La.
Song cdng b i n g ma ndi, dya vao tiem
nang v i truyen thd'ng vdn cd, sQ tham gia
mdt each tich eye cua ngUdi Viet vao nen
thUdng mai chau A vao Thdi ky dai thUdng
{Great Commerce Age) da gdp phan thuc
day sU phat triln cua nhieu nganh kinh te
trong nUdc, tao dUng vi the dang ke ciia
Dai Viet trong cic mdi quan he khu vyc. Cd
le da den luc chung ta can cd nhQng nhan
dinh chuan xac va t h i u dao hdn ve vai trd
cua bien va vung duyen hai trong viec dinh
thanh cau true kinh te - xa hdi cua cic the
che nha nUdc trong lich sQ Viet Nam. TQ
thyc te lich sQ va vdi y nghia lich sQ dd, "de
hilu lich svl Viet Nam, dieu hiln nhien,
chung ta phai cd cai nhin hUdng biln". Mat
khic, de nhan thQc t h i u triet q u i trinh
bien chuyen cua Viet Nam thdi ky C i n dai
cung cin "phai ed cai nhin hUdng bien" (83)
mdt each k h i c h quan v i t o i n dien hdn.
Sy hien dien cua mdt Truyen thd'ng
thuong mgi bao gdm ca cac boat ddng ndi
thUdng va ngoai thUdng trong lich sii dan
tgc la dieu khdng t h i phii nhan. Song, cip


Truyen tho'ng va hoat dgng thuong mai...

do va t a m mQc a n h h u d n g cung nhU vai trd
cua k i n h te cdng - thUdng t r o n g dd cd ngoai
thUdng n h u t h e n a o vdi ddi sd'ng k i n h te xa hdi t r o n g nUdc la mgt t r o n g nhQng chu
de trgng t a m can p h a i tiep tuc di s a u tim
h i l u , n g h i e n cQu. V a n de la, de cd dUdc mgt
n h a n thQc s a u s i c va t o a n dien ve t r u y e n
thdng thUdng mai t r o n g lich sQ d a n tdc thi
dieu can t h i e t la p h a i k h a i t h a c t r i e t de
hdn nQa cac n g u d n tQ lieu t r o n g nUdc, qud'c
te, k e t hdp vdi q u a n diem Nghiin cau so
sanh khu viic va d a n h gia k h a c h q u a n theo
Phaong phdp chuyin gia. B e n c a n h dd, gidi

53
n g h i e n cQu t r o n g nUdc cung nen sdm cd
nhQng k h a o cQu c h u y e n s a u ve tQng Hnh
vyc b o a t ddng cua k i n h te thQdng mai, mdi
lien h e giQa ndi thUdng va ngoai thUdng,
dac trUng di biet cua cac k h d n g gian kinh
te, vai trd cua cac t h e che, cac tuyen giao
thUdng t r o n g nUdc, qud'c te cung nhU cac
n g a n h k i n h te, t r u n g t a m san x u i t t h u
cdng... cung nhQng ddng gdp tieu bieu cua
moi vUdng qud'c, nidi thdi ky trong truyen
thd'ng k i n h te Viet N a m vdi t u each la
nhQng bg p h a n hdp t h a n h trong ddng chay
c h u n g lich sQ d i n tgc.

CHU THICH
sang tao trong viec thay doi vfi che dinh ra nhiJng

dieu khoan phii hdp vdi thuc te xa hgi. Hdn the
niJa, ciing nhU cac trieu dai Ly, Tran, trong vigc
thUc thi lufit phap, trieu Le cung c6 sU vfin dyng
linh hoat nhim tranh gay nen sU "xung dot vdi
truyen tho'ng ban dia". Do vfiy, trong qua trinh vfin
dgng vfi xay dUng the che chinh tri theo mo hinh
quan chii quan lieu, dildng nhU qua trinh "dan tgc
hda" "dfi khien hg thong Nho giao quan phUdng
thien ve hoat dgng quan ly ciia chinh quyen vfi trd
thanh ndi hgi tu nhieu mau thuan xfi hgi vfi chinh
tri da't nUdc, ndi phan anh nhieu xung dgt quyin
(42), (43), (44). Dai Viet su: ky todn thU, Tfip II, Igi vd nhdn thiic ciia xd hdi...". Xem Insun Yu:
Sdd, tr. 296, 297, 298.
Ludt vd xd hdi Viet Nam theky XVII-XVIU, Nxb.
Khoa hoc xfi hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1994, tr. 20, 44, 79. Vifn
(45), (46), (47), (48), (49). Dai Viet sd ky todn
Nghien ciiu Han Nom - Vign Harvard-Yenching
thit, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 348, 401, 393, 299, 435.
Hoa Ky: Nho gido d Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa hgc xa
(50). Vi?n Sii hoc Vigt Nam: Qud'c triiu hinh hgi, Hfi Ngi, 2006, tr. 312-313.
ludt, Nxb. Phap ly, Hfi Ngi, 1991, tr. 42-43. Ve ngi
(51), (52). Dai Viet sit ky todn thit, Tfip II, Sdd,
dung bg lufit noi tieng nhfi Le: Qud'c trieu hinh
tr. 322, 334.
ludt, cac nhfi nghien ciiu deu c6 chung quan diem
(53). Momoki Shiro: Dai Viet and South China
ve sU "dung hda" giiJa yeu to bon ngoai (ngoai
Sea Trade from the X"" to the XV* Century,
sinh) vfi thuc te ben trong (ngi sinh). KTiiing ngUdi
Crossroad - An Interdisciplinary Journal of South

diing din trieu Le khong chi tiep nhfin khuon Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1998.
mlu, nguyen tfic bien soan lufit phap Trung Hoa
(54). Dai Viet sitky todn thit, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 323.
(cho muc dich cai tri hien ton), mfi con co nhieu

(41). Todn thii con cho biet: Ph6p Ifi'y muoi cua
nhfi Minh: TrUdc het sai vien cue sii vfi vien ph6
doc thiic dan nfi'u muoi, moi thang dUdc bao nhieu
dua tdi ty De cit thu giiJ. Cac vien noi quan mg
ngudi buon bo tien ra Hnh gia'y kham hdp ciia ty
Bo chinh. Gifi'y kham hdp 16n thi Ifi'y 10 can muo'i,
gifi'y kham h(?p nho thi Ifi'y 1 can roi mdi diJcJc dem
ban. Ne'u khong c6 gifi'y kham hdp thi xit toi nhu
lufit nfi'u Ifiu. Lai cfi'm ngUdi di dildng, 1? chi dugc
dem 3 bat muoi vfi 1 lo nu6c mfim thoi. Dai Viet sii
ky todn thu. Tap II, Sdd, tr. 236-237.


54

Rghien curu Lich sit, sg 9.2007

(55). Dai Viet sCl ky todn thii, Tap II, Sdd, tr.
327. Day la each thUc thi lufit phap rfi't dang chii y
cua chinh quyen Le sd. Vdi gidi quan lai cao cfi'p
nhflng ngUdi diing diu trieu Le van cd nhiJng
nhfin nhUdng vfi thUdng cd thai do "khoan dung"
khi xdt xii.
(56), (57), (58). Dai Viet sH ky todn thU, Tap II,
Sdd, tr. 323, 330, 358.

Ngu diem nhit thd ddn xu ldi - Hda dao vd diin
thue bac chinh; tile: Cd , mudi nhiiu nhU ddt, ddn
xd nhau kiem ldi - Lua ma khdng cd rugng cdy nen
thue ddnh cUng nhe (tr. 114).
(75). Quoc triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr. 211.
(76). Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hien chUOng
loai chi, Sdd, tr.l51.
(77). Hdng Diic thien chinh thU, Sdd, tr. 83.

(59). Quoc triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr. 71.
(60), (61), (62). Dai Viet sit ky todn thU, Tap II,
Sdd, tr. 358, 469, 489.
(63). Quoc triiu hinh luat, Sdd, tr. 87-88.
(64). Hong Diic thien chinh thii, Dai hgc vien
Sfii Gdn, Nam Hfi fi'n quan, Sfii Gon, 1959, tr. 145.
(65). Dai Viet sH ky todn thit. Tap II, Sdd, tr.
500.
.. ._.
(66). Qud'c trieu hinh ludt, Sdd, xem cac dieu
21-25, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79 vfi 81.
(67). Dai Viet sU ky todn thU, Nxb.Khoa hgc Xa
hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1993, Tfip III, tr. 63.
(68), (69). Bat Viet si ky todn thii, Tfip II, Sdd,
tr. 451, 346.
(70), (71), (72). Qud'c triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr.
57,59,210.
(73). Tham khao them Li Tana: A View from
the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central
Vietnamese Coast. Journal of Southeast Asian

Studies, The National University of Singapore;
No. 37 (1), pp. 83-102, Feb-2006
(74). Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hien chUdng
loai chi. Tap III, Nxb. Sii hgc, 1961, tr. 114. Vinh
ve phong thd An Bang, Le Thanh Tong ciing viS't:

(78). Nguyin Trdi todn tap, Tan bien, Tfip II,
Sdd, tr. 464.
(79). Pham Quoc Quan: Ket qud khai quat tdu
cd dam d viing Cii Lao Chdm (1997-2000); Ho
Xuan Tinh: Cu Lao Chdm trong "Con ditdng ta lua
tren bien". Tap chi XUa & Nay, so 76, thang 62000, tr. 20-23 vfi so 134 (182), thang 2-2003, tr.
28-29. Cd the tham khao them bfii viet ciia cac tac
gia Nguyin Dinh Chien - Pham Quoc Quan - Tong
Trung Tin vfi Do Manh Hfi trong Thdng Bdo khoa
hoc, Bao tfing Lich sit Viet Nam, Hfi Ngi, 2000.
(80). Phan Huy Le: Le Thdnh Tdng (14421497); trong: Tim vi cudi ngudn, tfip II, Nxb. Th^
Gidi, Hfi Ngi, 1999, tr. 597.
(81). Dai Viet sH ky todn thii, Tfip III, Sdd, tr.
77.
(82). Trin Quoc VUdng: Mdt net bdn sdc cua
vdn hda Viet Nam: Khd ndng Ung bien; trong: Vdn
hda Viet Nam tim tbi vd suy ngdm, Nxb. Vfin hda
Dfin tgc - Tap chi Vfin hda Nghg thufit, Hfi Ngi,
2000, tr. 42-43.
(83). Charles Wheeler: A Maritime Logic to
Vietnamese History? Littoral Society in Hoi An's
Trading World c. 1550-1830. 8tory
cooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/wheeler.html