Vị trí của Việt Nam trong hệ thống thương mại biển Đông thời cổ trung đại

Vl TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG
THl/dNG MAI BIEN DONG T H 6 | CO TRUNG OAI
HOANG ANH TUAN*

H

ai s\i noi ehung va hai thUdng axi
noi rieng khong phai la huf6ng
nghien ciiu qua mdi me cl nxidc ta, du thanh
tiiu tren linh viic nay chUa thUc sU ndi b^t
(1). Trong khi do, nghien ciiu nhiing khia
canh cu the cua lich sii dan toe nhin ivt
phUdng dien bien lai chUa phai la phUdng
phap tiep c^n phd bien. PhUdng phap nay
CO nhiing ldi the nha't dinh, cho phip chiing
ta CO cai nhin doi sanh va dinh vi lich s\l
dan toe trong bdi canh rong ciia hai st( khu
viic va qud^c te. Tuy nhien, no ddng thdi doi
hoi sU than trong tiif ngiidi viet khi xac dinh
pham vi nghien ciiu, die bi$t la viec phan
lap mot so' khai ni^m cu the, nha't la nhiing
khai niem lien quan den dan toe va toe
nguoi (2).
Trong mot so' bai viet trU6c day, khi
diem qua vi tri cua Viet Nam trong he
thdng hai thUdng khu viic thdi Co Trung
dai, chiing toi da ra't can nhac khi phan lap
va sii dung mot sd^ thuat ngii nhU "Vi^t
Nam/Dai Viet", "ngiidi Vi^t"... nham tranh
nhiing each hieu khong sat thiie v6i boi
canh lich sii ehung ciia quoc gia Dai Viet va

ca khu viic (3). Mot each khai quat, vriee
phan lap cu the noi iidm mot sd khai niem
se giiip nggdi viet tranh difd:; nhiing each
hieu thai qua (hoac qua tich ciic, hoiic qua
tieu ciic) ve vi tri ciia Viet Nam trong he

thdng hai thiidng kliu viic qua eae thdi ky
lich sii. Tren quan diem do, bai viet nay
tiep tuc thao luan ve vi tri eiia Viet Nam
trong he thdng thUdng mai Bien Dong thdi
Co Trung dai, dac biet la vai tro ciia mot sd
hai eang ehinh yeu eua quoc gia Dai Vi^t
du6i thdi Ly - Trdn - Le sd - Mae, du6i tae
dong eua qua trinh bien doi, chuyen dieh
eua mang ludi hai thiidng khu vUc va quoc
te'(4).
Giao Chi/Giao C h a u t r o n g he t h o n g
hai thiftfng Vinh Bac B9 d e n trifdc the
kyX
Trai vdi cac quan diem sii hpc truyen
thong von co xu hudng ha tha'p vi tri cua
mien bde nU6c ta trong h^ thoang hai
thiidng khu viic thdi ky cd vd trung dai,
nhtitng nghien ciiu gdn day, nha't la nhiing
nghien ciiu ciia cac nha Viet Nam hpe nUdc
ngoai, sii dung tii lieu thanh van cua Trung
Quo'c thdi ky sdm cho tha'y, trong thiic te,
lanh Lhd ciia ngUdi Viet co vi tri quan trpng
trong cac tuyen hai thUdng d Bien Dong
hdn nhiing gi chiing ta tiing nghi.

Nhiing phat hien khao ed hpe tai cae di
tich da mdi sau Hoa Binh (Soi Nhu, Cai
Beo) va hau ky da mdi (Ngpc Viing, Ha
Long) trong nhiing thap ky qua cho tha'y
mat do cii tni kha cao va dn dinh eiia cae

• TS. Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng Dai hpc KHXH & NV - DHQGHN


Rghien cijii Lich 5i3r. s6 9+10.2008
nhom cil dan cd tai cac khu viic duyen hai
niidc ta (5). Khong chi tien hanh khai thac
va canh tac tai cho, nhiing cii dan co c) day
con tien hanh giao liiu va trao ddi vdi cac
nhom cii dan khae d phia nam Trung Qudc,
Dai Loan, Philippines, Dong Nam A... tao
nen mpt the iing xii tiidng ddi md va mpt
truyen thong giao liiu sdm va manh vdi the
gidi ben ngoai (6).
Sau khi nha Tan (Trung Qudc) binh
dinh xong cac tpc ngiidi Viet phiidng Nam
vao nam 214 Tr. CN, mien Bae niide ta trd
thanh mpt bp phan cua qusln Tiidng, mpt
trong bo'n quan (Man Chung, Nam Hai,
Que Lam va Tiidng) do nha TSn lap ra. Sau
mpt thdi gian ngan thoat khdi sii cai tri eua
nha Tan (208-179 Tr. CN), nam 179 Tr. CN
ngiidi Au Lac lai bi Nam Viet ciia Trieu Da
xam lUdc va den nam 111 Tr. CN mien Bac
nUde ta bi sat nhap vao sii quan ly cua nha

Han (7). Nhiing tai lieu sdm eiia ngiidi
Trung Quo'c cho tha'y mue tieu ehinh eua
viee xam liidc phiidng Nam ciia cae trieu
dai Trung Quo'c la nham ciidp boc cua cai
eua cac tpc ngiidi Viet giau co, nha't la vdi
nhiing san vat nhiet ddi nhU siing te, nga
voi, long chim tra, ngpc trai... trao doi diidc
vdi cac nhom c\i dan phiidng Nam (8).
Cac nguon sii lieu thanh van Trung
Quo'c giai doan sdm ddng thdi cho tha'y,
trong mpt so' the ky nha't dinh diidi thdi ky
Bac thupe, Giao Chi dong vai tro nhii mpt
trung tam dieu phoi ciia nen hai thiidng
Trung Qud^c b khu viic Bien Dong; ly sd
Long Bien tiing la trung tam cua cac hoat
dpng giao liiu thiidng mai; ndi don tiep cac
phai doan thiidng nhan niidc ngoai den
buon ban vdi Trung Quo'c. Nhiing tai heu
nay ddng thdi cung ca'p nhiing bing chiing
CU the ve sii ton tai ciia mpt tuyen buon
ban thiidng xuyen ket ndi Quang Chau vdi
cac trung tam buon ban nam trong khu viic

Tay Bac Vinh Bac Bp (9). Vao khoang dSu
Cong nguyen, hai eang Hdp Phd (Hepu) va
Tii v a n (Xuwen) nam d siidn Bac Vinh Bac
Bp - ndi nghe danh bat va buon ban ngpc
trai da ra't phat trien - diidc ghi nhan la
diem xua't phat cua ngiidi Trung Quo'c di
buon ban ven bd xuong phia Nam. Khong

lau sau do, hai thiidng eang nay danh ma't
dan vi tri trung tam dieu pho'i cua minh va
thiidng nhan phiidng Nam thiidng xuyen
gh6 vao vung ha chau tho song Hdng (10).
Mien Bac niidc ta da dong vai tro quan
trpng nhii c^a ngo giao thiidng cua Trung
Quo'c it nha't trong khoang ba the ky dau
sau Cong nguyen. Tii giQa the ky HI sau
Cong nguyen, cac cupc khdi nghia lien tiep
cua ngiidi Viet chd'ng lai ach cai tri eua
ngiidi Han lien tiep nd ra. Chinh sach cai
tri khae nghiet va sii vd vet cua cac thai
thii Trung Qudc d niidc ta khong chi tac
dpng tieu ciic den tinh hinh trao doi buon
ban npi tai ma con bi coi la mpt trong sdcac
nguyen nhan dSn den eae cupc danh pha
ciia ngiidi Cham ra phia Bac tii nv(a cuo'i
the ky TV do anh hiidng den cac luong trao
ddi truyen thdng ciia Champa qua Giao Chi
len Trung Quo'c (11). Sau khi quan he vdi
Champa d phia Nam diidc binh dn, hang
loat cac cupc khdi nghia lai lien tiep nd ra cl
mien Bac niidc ta, tae dpng xa'u den dieu
kien buon ban. NhU mpt h$ qua, thiidng
nhan niidc ngoai chuyen hiidng buon ban,
dila thiidng thuyen cua hp xa hdn ve phia
Bac den khu viic Quang Chau, ndi tinh
liinh chinh tri dn dinh va dieu kien buon
ban cung thuan ldi hdn (12). Mae du sau d6
tinh hinh mien Bac niidc ta trd lai on dinh

va thiidng nhan ngoai qud^c doi khi gh6 vao
trao ddi, diidng nhii khu viic chau thd Bac
Bp da khong the la'y lai vi tri cua minh
trong he thd^ng hai thUdng khu viic nhU d
nhiing the ky triidc do. Cung thdi diem


Vi h-i ciia Viet Ram h-ong h^ thfl'ng...
tren, eang Quang Chau tiep tue hUng thinh
va nhanh ehdng trd thanh eiia ngo chinh de
thiidng nhan Trung Qudc buon ban xudng
phUdng Nam. Tii trieu Tiiy (589-618), eang
Quang Chau khong chi la diem khdi hanh
cua p h i n ldn thiidng thuyen Trung Qudc di
xuong buon ban vdi phiidng Nam ma
thiidng nhan ngoai quo'c den Trung Qudc
cung lUu trii va buon ban tai day (13). He
tho'ng hai thiidng tich ciic cua trieu Diidng
the ky Vll-X xudng Dong Nam A cung nhii
viee thiidng nhan Tay, Nam, va Dong Nam
A boat dpng nang dpng tai mien Nam
Trung Quo'c gop p h i n kiem tda sii hUng
thinh trd lai eua hai thiidng khu viic duyen
hai mien Bac niide ta, mac dii hoat dpng
buon ban van diidc duy tri nhiing d cap dp
khong thiic sii cao (14),
The ky X - giiJa tho ky XV
Trong mpt thdi ky tUdng ddi dai eae nha
nghien ciiu trong niidc c6 xu hiidng duy tri
cai nhin tUdng doi thieu ti'eh eiie ve ngoai

thiidng Dai Viet tii sau khi gianh diide dpc
lap vao the ky X, Trai lai, cae nha s\i hpc
niide ngoai cho r i n g sii thuyen chuyen vai
tro dieu phdi thiidng mai bien tii Giao Chi
sang cac hai eang mien Nam Trung Quo'c
tii nxia. cuo'i thdi ky Bac thupc eiing nhU
viee ngiidi Viet gianh dUde dpc lap vao the
ky X khong ddng nghia vdi viec phii nhan
vi tri ciia mien Bac niidc ta trong h$ tho'ng
thUdng mai khu viic, nha't la trong tuyen
hai thUdng noi Trung Quo'c vdi cac khu viie
buon ban phia Nam (15), NhQng quan diem
tren ngay eang diidc cung co'vQng chac tren
cd sd nhiing nghien ciiu mdi, gdp p h i n
khang dinh bien va kinh te bien da dong
vai trd kha quan trpng trong sii phat trien
ciia lich sii Vi^t Nam Cd Trung dai hdn
nhieu l^n ngiidi ta tiing nghi (16).
Hang sd niide, hang sd bien va cac hoat
dpng kinh td', van hda gin vdi cae hing sd

nay trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat
trien cua lich sii Viet Nam da diidc cae nha
nghien ciiu quan tam phan tich tii lau (17).
Nam 1986, tren cd sd phan tich sii hinh
thanh va phat trien cua cac trung tam
buon ban ven bien (Van Ddn va Nghe Tinh) thdi Ly - Trin, nha sii hpc ngUdi My
John Whitmore da de eao "vai trd thiidng
mai nang dpng eiia ngiidi Viet trong nen
thiidng mai qudc te ra't hUng tiiinh thdi ba'y

gid", ddng thdi keu gpi eae nha nghien eifu
tap trung lam sang td eae va'n de nhii "nen
tang san xua't xa hoi phuc vu thUdng mai,
phiidng thiie td chiic thUdng mai va sii
nang dpng xa hoi diia den san pham dii
thiia...". Ong ket luan "ngudn cua cai thu
dUde tii thUdng mai chic chin da gdp phin
dang ke vao vi^c thiet lap va ciing co' quyen
liie ehinh tri, kich thieh nen kinh te ban
dia" (17). Quan diem nay eua Whitmore
sau dd dupe cac nha sii hpc ke can nhil
Momoki Shiro, Li Tana, Charles Wheeler,
Nola Cooke... tiep tue nghien ciiu va den
nay da cd nhutng nhan thiie sang to (xin
xem eu the d nhiing p h i n tiep theo),
Nhiing thong tin dii sd lUde trong cae bp
sii con lai den ngay nay cho tha'y, sau khi
gianh dUdc dpc lap vao the ky X, nha't la
dudi viidng trieu Ly (the ky XI-XHI), trieu
dinh khong hoan toan quay liing lai vdi
thifdng mai noi ehung va ngoai thiidng ndi
rieng. Tren cd sd eua nen thii eong nghiep
tiidng doi phat trien, trieu Ly da eo nhiing
dpng thai tiidng do'i tich ciic trong buon ban
vdi niidc ngoai. Theo sach Tuc tU tri tiidng
gidm triCcfng bien cua Ly Dao, chi hai nam
sau khi thanh lap, nam 1012 trieu Ly xin
nha Tdng cho md tuyen buon ban den Ung
Chau qua diidng bien; nha Tdng khUdc tii
va chi cho ph6p thiidng nhan Dai Vi^t den

trao ddi tai Quang Chau va mpt sd dia
diem khae d khu viic bien gidi (19). Nam


Rghito cijru Lich siJr. s6 9+10.2008
1040, tren cd sd cua mpt nen thu cong
nghiep det lua da phat trien, vua Ly Thai
Tong "day cung nii det ditdc ga'm vdc [nen]
xudng chieu phat het gam vdc cua niidc
Tdng d trong kho ra de may ao ban cho cac
quan [...] de td la vua khong diing ga'm vdc
cua niidc Tdng nQa" (20). Nam 1149, dap
lai viec thuyen buon cac niidc Trao Oa, Lp
Lac, Xiem La den Hai Dong xin cii tni buon
ban, nha Ly "eho lap trang d ndi hai dao,
gpi la Van Ddn, de mua ban hang hda quy,
dang tien san vat dia phiidng" (21). 6 khu
viic phia Nam, cac trung tam trad ddi d
vung Nghe - Tinh ciing ed dieu kien phat
trien, thu hiit mpt lUdng ldn thiidng nhan
tii Trung Qudc va Ddng Nam A den buon
ban (22). Viidt ra khoi y nghia quo'c gia ve
chien liidc phat trien kinh te, tren phUdng
dien hai thiidng khu viic va quo'c te, viec
nha Ly lap trang Van Ddn cd y nghia het
siic quan trpng, danh da'u sii dii nhap cua
quo'c gia Dai Viet vao he tho'ng hai thUdng
khu viic va quo'c te qua khu viic Bien Dong,
the hien d mpt sdn6t ehinh sau day.
- Cho den triidc the ky XV, cac tuyen hai

thiidng quo'c te no'i Trung Qudc vdi cae thi
trUdng phiidng Nam chii yeu di qua khu
viic vinh Bic Bp; vung duyen hai Dong Bie
niide ta vi the cd vi tri het siie quan trpng.
Trong ghi eh6p eiia cac thUdng nhan va
thuy thu d cac the ky X-XV, viing bien trai
dai tii phia Nam Trung Quo'c qua Vinh Bic
Bp xuo'ng viing bd bien Champa ndi tieng
vdi ten gpi Giao Chi DUdng (Bien Giao Chi).
Trong khu viic buon ban soi dpng nay, cae
thUdng pham chinh la no le, muo'i va ngiia
da dUde trao ddi thudng xuyen va Dai Viet
thdi Ly da tham dii mpt each tich ciic vao
cac boat dpng buon ban d khu viic bien
Giao Chi (23). Phan lip cae tuyen thUdng
mai, hpc gia Li Tana eho ring, trong bdi
canh rpng cua thUdng mai khu viic va qudc

te khoang cuoi trieu DUdng (the ky VII-X),
Giao Chau ndi ehung va mien Bic nUdc ta
ndi rieng cd Uu the trong viec trao ddi
thiidng ph^m giQa hai khu viic la bien va
eae vung npi dia trong khi Quang Chau va
cac eang Nam Trung Qudc giQ vi the tien
phong trong giao dich vdi cae thiidng
thuyen den tQ Dong Nam A, Tay A va Nam
A (24).
- Cung tQ thdi Diidng, thiidng nhan va
thuy thu Hdi giao cd vai trd quan trpng
trong he tho'ng hai thiidng b khu viic Dong

A. VUdt qua cac trung tam trao ddi Dong
Nam A truyen tho'ng, thiidng nhan Hdi da
den dinh cii va buon ban tai nhieu thUdng
eang d phia Nam Trung Qudc, khu viic dao
Hai Nam va diidc ghi nhan la cd vai tro
nang dpng trong cac tuyen buon ban nhd cl
khu viic Giao Chi Diidng (25). O mpt sd
trung tam buon ban ldn nhii Quan Chau
(Phiic Kien), cac ddng hp Hdi ldn nhU Pu
Kai-zong (Bd Khai Tong) va Pu Shou-geng
(Bd Thp Khang) cdn diidc nha Tdng phong
lam quan giam thiidng tai eang Quan Chau
(26). Trong khi dd, b dao Hai Nam, cong
ddng Hdi giao dong den miic nhieu lang cua
ngiidi Hui-hu (Hdi Ho) da diidc lap nen cl
cac khu viic duyen hai thuoc dao Hai Nam
(27). Khong ehi cd vi the thUdng mai vQng
chic tai cac hai eang mien Nam Trung
Qudc nhif cae quan diem truyen thdng
triidc day thiidng ghi nhan, Hdi thiidng cdn
tich ciic tham dii vao cac tuyen buon ban
ndi lien bien vdi cae khu viic npi dia, gdp
p h i n dang ke vao vi$c thiic diy sii phat
trien ciia mang ludi trao ddi d Bien Dong
thdi ky nay (28).
, •
- Vdi Dai Viet tQ cudi thdi T r i n va d i u
thdi Le, vai trd ciia thUdng eang Van Don
va viing eang bien Dong Bic trong h$ thdng
hai thUdng khu vUc vk qudc te d Bien Dong

dUdc biet den nhieu qua ehUc nflng trung


Vi hi ciia Vie^ Ram h-ong he thflng.
chuyen va xua't khau go'm sQ. Ben canh
chUe nang trung chuyen gom sU Trung
Qudc ra thi trUdng khu viic. Van Ddn cdn
dupe biet den nhu ciia ngo dUa go'm sU Dai
Viet (men nau thdi T r i n va men lam thdi
Le sd) ra thi trudng qudc te (29). Trong mpt
cai nhin phd quat, sii ndi len cua go'm sU
Dai Viet tren thi trUdng qud'e te vao thdi
diem nay da dap Ung mpt each kip thdi nhu
ciu eao ve go'm sU thUdng mai ciia thi
tnidng Tay A (Ba Tu, Ai Cap, Thd Nhi
Ky...) cung nhU cac thi trUdng Hdi giao khu
viic nhu tai Philippines, Sulawesi...(30).
Gdm sU Dai Viet cdn dUdc xua't khau ra thi
trUdng khu vUe den nQa cuo'i the ky XVI
trUde khi bi suy giam do ea nguyen nhan
trong nUdc (bien dpng chinh tri tac dpng
den kinh te) cung nhU nhQng tac dpng tQ
ben ngoai (vipe nha Minh bai bd ehinh sach
Hai Ca'm vao nam 1567 tao dieu kipn cho
san p h i m gdm sQ Trung Quoe trd lai chiem
linh thi trQdng qudc te) (31).
- Mpt trong nhQng nhan td tae dpng r i t
ldn va gin nhU xuyen sud't "ky nguyen sdm
cua thUdng mai Ddng Nam A (900-1300)",
nhu Geoff Wade tQng de xua't, la nhQng

chinh sach ve thUdng mai va kinh te het
sQc tich eiie va chii dpng ciia cac vUdng
trieu To'ng va Nguyen d Trung Qudc, Noi
tiep chu trUdng coi trpng tien te de phat
trien thUdng mai ciia cac ehU hau thdi ky
Ngu Dai, dudi thdi Tdng, nhQng chinh sach
cu the ve tien te, trao ddi, thue khda...
trong giao dich vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai da
dUde thuc thi n h i m kich thieh sil md rpng
cua ngoai thUdng (32). Tren cd sd ddi sanh
vdi nhQng bien chuyen cua hai thUdng khu
vUe, nha't la hai thUdng Trung Qudc, da ed
nhieu quan diem cho r i n g vi?c nha Ly lap
trang Van Ddn va bien khu viic Dong Bie
thanh ciia ngd thong thUdng eua Dai Vipt
la mpt phan Qng nhanh nhay va thUe thdi,

keo Dai Viet dU nhap mot each chii dpng va
ed he thdng vao quy dao thUdng mai qud'e te
d khu vUc Vinh Bic Bp vd'n da hiing thinh
tQ nhieu the ky trUde, dae biet la sau
nhQng ehinh sach ngoai thUdng tich ciic
eua trieu Tong vao cuoi the ky X (33),
Giuta the ky XV - cuoi the ky XVI
Dien mao ngoai thUdng Dai Viet noi
ehung cung nhU thUdng eang Van Ddn va
khu viic duyen hai Dong Bie ndi rieng tQ
khoang ba thap nien cuo'i cua the ky XV
den cuo'i the ky XVI da va dang la ehii de
thu hut nhieu tranh luan giQa cac nha

nghien cUu trong nhQng nam gin day, Sii
thieu ving thong tin ve vung hai eang
Dong Bie tQ sau nam 1467 trong cac bp
chinh sQ Viet Nam khien cho viec nghien
cQu gap khdng ft trd ngai, ddng thdi din
den nhQng nhan dinh ve sU suy thoai cua
ngoai thUdng va sii suy giam chQc nang ciia
thUdng eang Van Don (34). Trong khi dd,
thdng tin tQ nhQng ddt khao sat, dien da,
khai quat khao cd hpc, ket qua nghien cQu
go'm sU thUdng mai ket hphap sQ hpe so sanh lai cho ph6p suy luan
ve thUdng eang Van Ddn ndi rieng va vung
duyen hai Ddng Bic ndi ehung trong mang
ludi hai thUdng khu viic dUdi mpt quan
diem cd p h i n tich ciie hdn. Hpe gia John
Whitmore da bay td sii ban khoan eiia
minh ve "Sii bien ma't cua Van Ddn tQ cudi
the ky XV' khi Ong cho ring, tren phUdng
dien chinh sach quan phUdng cua trieu
dinh Le sd, nha't la tQ trieu Le Thanh Tong
(1460-1497), ro rang nha nQdc the hi^n
nhQng dpng thai kha tieu ciic ddi vdi ngoai
thUdng va sii tdn tai eua thUdng eang Van
Ddn (35). 'Neu ehung ta danh ddng dong
chay go'm sQ Ddng Nam A vdi h$ thdng
Giao Chi DUdng va tin chic ring Van Ddn
la m i u cho't quan trpng cua h^ thdng nay
trong vai thap ky dd [cuo'i the ky XV den

Rghien cijru Lich sir. s6 9-t-10.2008
dau the ky XVI], vay thi dieu gi da dien ra?
R. Brown tQng gdi y ve "khoang trdng Mac"
cua s i n pham go'm sQ Viet Nam (va ciia cae
qudc gia khae) trong the ky XVI. Dudng
nhu "khoang tro'ng Mae" nay danh dau sii
cha'm dUt cua he thd'ng Giao Chi DUdng, sii
bien ma't eua Van Ddn, va sU qua dp sang
mpt he thdng mdi dang nhU Hoi An. Lam
sao de ehiing ta cd the ly giai dUde dieu
nay?" (36)
Trdng thiic te, neu nhU ehinh sQ Dai
Viet ham y ve sii suy giam chQc nang va xa
hdn la sii suy tan eua Van Ddn, gdm sQ
thUdng mai eua Dai Viet xuat khau ra thi
trUdng qudc te giai doan cuo'i the ky XV d i u the ky XVI khien ngUdi ta khdng khdi
hoai nghi ve gia thuyet nay. Ban than
Whitmore, mac du dUa ra quan diem ve sii
suy tan cua Van Ddn cung nhU kha nang
Dai Viet danh ma't vai trd ciia minh trong
he thd'ng thUdng mai khu vUe va qudc te d
Bien Dong tQ cuo'i the ky XV, vin the hien
sii do du nha't dinh khi so sanh vdi nhQng
thong tin tQ ket qua nghien cQu go'm sQ
thUdng mai khai quat cac cdn tau dim
trong nhQng nam g i n day. Ong ban khoan:
"DQng tren va'n de nay [ehinh sach phat
trien kinh te dUdi trieu Le Thanh Tong],
chiing ta cd the suy luSn r i n g nen hanh

ehinh dn dinh va phat trien cua Dai Viet
trong the ky XV chic chin da kich thich va
hau thuan eho san xua't thu cdng nghiep va
he thd'ng thUdng mai [tdn tai] nhU mpt bp
phan ciia mang lUdi Giao Chi DUdng. Trdng
thiic te, Van Ddn nhieu kha nang da trd
thanh diem then ehdt trong mang ludi nay
trong mpt p h i n tu cuo'i cua the ky XV cung
nhu trong the ky XVI va thay the eho Thi
Nai. Tdi tin r i n g chQng nao ciu true quan
lieu [trieu Le] edn tiep tuc boat dpng tdt,
chQng dd npi thUdng va ngoai thUdng cdn
diln ra em dep" (37).

Cd the ndi, viec xac dinh vi tri cua
thUdng mai Dai Viet trong h$ thdng hai
thUdng khu vUe Bien Dong tQ sau nSm
1460 den cudi the ky XVI da va dang thiic
sii thQ thach cac nha nghien cQu. Viec trieu
Le sd, dac biet la tQ thdi Hdng DQc (14601497) cd nhQng chinh sach thieu tinh tich
cQc dd'i vdi va'n de ngoai thUdng va khu viic
hai eang Van Ddn cung nhU toan bp vung
Dong Bic la dieu cd that, the hi?n ro n6t
trong bp Quo'c trieu hinh ludt dUdc bien
soan vao thdi ky nay (38). Tuy nhien, b mpt
khu vUc bien viin nhU khu viic Van Don,
sii tdn tai ciia eae boat dpng thUdng mai
phi quan phUdng la dieu khd cd the phii
nhan; thUdng nhan Dai Vi^t va thUOng
nhan nUdc ngoai chic c h i n v i n duy tri

boat dpng trao ddi b mpt cip dp nha't dinh.
Du sao mac long, chinh sach khdng ma'y edi
md ciia trieu dinh Le sd chic chin da c6
nhQng tac dpng tieu cUc den sii phat trien
cua Van Ddn ndi rieng va toan khu viic hai
eang Dong Bic ndi ehung tQ sau thap nien
1460.
Su phat trien cua thii cong nghiep cung
nhu thai dp edi md cua nha Mac (15271592) dd'i vdi thUdng nghiep ed tac dpng
dang ke den tinh hinh trao ddi trong nUdc
thdi ky nay. Tuy nhien, ban than va'n di
ngoai thUdng Dai Viet dUdi trieu Mac lai
tdn tai nhQng tranh luEln. Neu nhU trUdc
day ngUdi ta v i n tin vao mot sii song hanh
mang tinh ta't yeu giQa sU md rpng cua thii
cong nghiep (va npi thUdng) vdi sii hUng
thinh cua ngoai thUdng Dai Viet thdi Mac,
mpt sd nha nghien cQu g i n day lai bay to
nhQng ban khoan, eho r i n g ca'u tnic hai
thUdng qudc te khu vUc Bien Ddng da thay
ddi manh vao d i u the ky XVI, khien cho v\
tri ciia Dai Viet tren cac tuyen hai thUOng
truyen thdng cua khu viic bi anh hudng rtft
ldn. Trong ra't nhieu nhQng nhan td the


Vi M da Vi&i Ram hMng h^ thdng.
dpng den hai thUdng khu viic, tdi eho ring
cd it nha't ba va'n de cd ban sau day can
dUde lUu y khi nghien cQu ngoai thUdng

Dai Vi^t the ky XVI, dac biet la khu vUc
duyen hai Dong Bic.
Thii nhdt, sU tham nhap eua ngUdi Bd
Dao Nha vao phUdng Ddng va qua trinh
xac lap mang lUdi thUdng mai lien Dong A
ciia Cong ty Hoang gia Bd Dao Nha {Estado
da India) (39) da tQng bUde pha vd ca'u true
thUdng mai Bic - Nam d khu viie Bien
Ddng va Nam Hai (40). Dae biet, vdi sii
tham nhap ciia ngUdi Bd vao mien Nam
Trung Qudc va xac lap vi tri thUdng mai
ciia hp tai Macao trong niia d i u the ky
XVI, boat dpng buon ban tai cac khu vnic
duyen hai Nam Trung Qudc va Dong Bic
Vi?t Nam da bi tae dpng dang ke, neu
khdng mudn ndi la bi suy giam bdi sQc hut
manh tQ ngUdi Bd dinh cU buon ban d
Macao (41).
Thii hai, viec thUdng nhan Trung Qudc,
dac biet la thUdng nhan Phuc Kien, khai
md va phat trien ngay eang manh me
tuyen hai thUdng Nam Trung Qudc Philippines - Ddng Nam A tQ cudi the ky
XIV, diu the ky XV (42) da tac dpng khong
nho den vi tri ciia cae hai eang ven bien
nUdc ta. Sau khi ngUdi Tay Ban Nha den
dinh cU va buon ban tai Philippines, mang
ddn day hang nSm mpt lUdng bac ldn tQ
Tan The gidi, sd lUdng Hoa thUdng do ve
day buon ban ngay eang tang. NhU mpt h?
qua, trong khi tuyen dUdng bien phia Ddng

(flongyang hanglu) cua ngUdi Trung Qudc
xudng Ddng Nam A ngay eang phat trien,
tuyen dudng truyen thdng phia Tay dpc
duygn hai Vipt Nam QCiyang hanglu) ngky
ckng m i t di vi the (43). Trong bdi canh dd,
vi$c vung Ddng Bie ndi rieng va p h i n ldn
duyen hai Dai Vi6t m i t di v\ thd Uu vi?t

eiia minh trong he thdng buon ban ehung
eiia khu vUe la dieu ed the ly giai dUde.
Thii ba, mang ludi mau dich gdm sQ
qudc te da cd nhQng thay ddi manh tQ giQa
the ky XVI va tac dpng khdng nho den Dai
Viet. Neu nhU ehinh sach Hai Cim ciia nha
Minh trong cac the ky XIV va XV da tao
dieu kien ra't ldn eho gdm sQ Dong Nam A
(gdm hoa nau va Chu Dau eua Dai Viet,
go'm Gd Sanh eua Champa, gdm
Sawankhalok cua Xiem...) phat trien va
chi pho'i ludng gdm sQ thUdng mai khu viic
va quo'c te, viee bai bo ehinh sach ddng evta
eiia nha Minh vao n i m 1567 ddng thdi dat
da'u cha'm het eho ky nguyen gdm sQ
thUdng mai Dong Nam A sau khi go'm sQ
Trung Qudc trd lai chiem linh thi trUdng
(44). Trong bdi canh dd, viec gdm sQ Dai
Vi$t d giai doan cuo'i cua trieu Mae, du vin
phat trien, khong cdn chiem linh dUdc thi
trUdng ben ngoai, tao nen mpt "khoang
trdng Mae" (Mac gap) trong thUdng mai

go'm sQ qudc te nhU Roxanna M. Brown
(45) tQng ban khoan la dieu ed the ly giai
dUde tQ binh dipn thUdng mai gdm sQ khu
vUe va qudc te.
Ben canh ba nhan td mang ti'nh ngoai
canh trinh bay tren day, sU thay ddi trieu
ehinh lien tue d Dai Viet tU nhQng thap ky
d i u eiia the ky XVI ed the dUdc coi la nhan
td npi tai va tac dpng tnic tiep den vi tri
eua Dai Viet, nha't la cac hai eang khu viie
Ddng Bic, trong he thdng thUdng mai Bien
Ddng thdi ky nay. Sau khi len ngdi nam
1527, Mac Dang Dung (va cac vua tiep theo
ciia trieu Mac) luon ehii trUdng phat trien
que hUdng DUdng Kinh (Hai Phong) thanh
trung tam chinh tri thQ hai sau Thang
Long, ddng thdi bien ndi day thanh ciia ngo
thdng thUdng cua Dai Viet ra ben ngoai
(46). Chien lUde nay eiia hp Mae rd rang da
la'y di mpt p h i n ra't ldn Uu the thUdng mai


10
ciia Van Ddn va vung duyen hai Dong Bic,
mSc eho nha Mac duy tri mpt tam nhin kha
edi md ve thUdng mai. TQ cuo'i the ky XVI
d i u the ky XVH, vdi sU chuyen giao quyen
liic tQ trieu Mac sang trieu dinh Le-Trinh,
cQa ngo thdng thUdng cua Dai Viet lai tiep
tuc ed nhQng hoan doi: tQ DUdng Kinh

chuyen dich xudng vung cQa song Thai
Binh. Nhu vay la, ehi trong vdng khoang
mpt tram nam dUdi trieu Mac va trieu LeTrinh, cQa ngo thUdng mai chinh yeu ciia
qudc gia Dai Viet da lien tue chuyen dich
xuo'ng phia Nam: tQ Van Ddn (the ky XII XVI) qua DUdng Kinh (the ky XVI) xudng
vung cQa song Thai Binh (the ky XVII khoang the ky XIX).
Dieu dang noi la, neu nhU giai doan
DUdng Kinh van n i m trong giai doan qua
dp cua hai thUdng khu vUc (the ky XVI,
ngUdi phUdng Tay b i t d i u tham nhap), sU
ndi len ciia vung ciia song Thai Binh gin
vdi mpt ky nguyen mdi cua hai thUdng khu
vUc Ddng A. TQ the ky XVII, cac tuyen hai
thUdng truyen thd'ng d khu vUc Bien Dong
va Nam Hai vd'n dUde dieu hanh bdi thUdng
nhan chau A (Trung Quo'c, Dong Nam A,
Nam A va Tay A) trUdc day da dan dan bi
ngUdi phUdng Tay (Ha Lan, Anh, Phap, Bd
Dao Nha...) chiem linh. Khong clii cau tnic
hai thUdng khu vUc ma ngay ca npi dung
(hay ban eha't) cua cac ludng hai thUdng
cung bi bien ddi de phu hdp vdi do'i canh
mdi (47). Trong ky nguyen mdi ciia thUdng
mai khu viic Dong A, quo'c gia Dai Viet (ca
Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai) deu cd vi tri
quan trpng va trong nhQng thdi ky nha't
dinh trd thanh nhQng m i t xich khdng the
thay the (48). Rieng tai Dang Ngoai, mpt
thUc te khdng the phii nhan la trong the ky
XVII va mpt p h i n cua the ky XVIII, dai da

so cac thUdng thuyen ngoai quo'c den buon
ban vdi Dang Ngoai deu vao ciia song Thai

Rghien cuu Lich siSr. s6 9+10.2008
Binh va lUu t n i tai Domea (Tien Lang)
trong khi boat dpng xua't nhap khau dien
ra chii yeu tai Kinh dd Thang Long (49).
Viec dai da so' thUdng nhan va thUdng
thuyen ngoai quo'c tap trung ve Tien Lang
the ky XVII-XVIII cung nhU trUdng hdp ndi
len ciia DUdng Kinh the ky XVI, nhU mpt
he qua, da lam suy giam dang ke, tren
phUdng dien quan phUdng, vi tri va vai tro
eua Van Ddn ndi rieng va khu viic eang
bien vung Ddng Bic ndi ehung.
Mac du vay, cung cin ndi them ring, sii
chuyen dich cQa ngo buon ban xudng vung
Dudng Kinh (the ky XVI) va cQa sdng Thai
Binh (the ky XVII - XVIII) khdng ddng
nghia vdi sii 'hien ma't" hay "suy tan hoan
toan" eua Van Ddn va vung duyen hai
Dong Bic nhu mpt so' nha nghien cQu tQng
quan niem. Vdi vi tri tiep giap vdi khu viic
thUdng mai soi dpng d Ddng Nam Trung
Qud'e, Van Ddn va khu viic duyen hai Ddng
Bic - du khong edn la cQa ngd thUdng mai
ehinh eua Dai Viet nhU d giai doan Ly,
T r i n - v i n cd vai trd thUdng mai dang ke.
NhQng no liic eua ngUdi Ha Lan va ngUdi
Anh trong chien lUdc xay diing trung tam

buon ban b vung bien gidi Ddng Bic trong
nQa cuo'i the ky XVII cho tha'y khu viie nay
van ed vi tri quan trpng trong trao ddi vdi
Trung Quo'c qua cac trung tam trao ddi ldn
(bac dich trUdng) d dpc bien gidi (50). Tuy
nhien, trd lUc ldn nha't cho sii phat trien
cua vung Ddng Bic tQ niia cudi the ky XVII
la va'n de hai t i c va sii ba't dn ehinh tri b
vung Nam va Dong Nam Trung Qudc sau
sU bien Minh - Thanh nam 1644. Sau khi
nha Minh sup dd, nhieu nhdm hai tac cung
nhu cac the liic "phan Thanh phuc Minh"
thudng chpn vung Nam Trung Qudc, mpt
p h i n giap vdi bien gidi Vipt - Trung, de tni
chan va tien hanh cUdp bde cac thUdng
thuyen ngoai qudc den buon ban vdi Dang


Vi M ciia Vi^t Ram h-ong h& thfing.
Ngoai qua khu viic phia Bic Vinh Bic Bd
va ban dao Ldi Chau (51). Trieu dinh LeTrinh vi the t h i t chat quan ly vQng Ddng
Bie trong p h i n ldn the ky XVII, khien eho
vi tri thUdng mai ciia khu vUe nay khdng cd
dieu kien phat huy nhU d cac the ky trUdc.
Mot so n h a n xet
La mpt trong sd eae khu viic hai thUdng
nang dpng bac nha't the gidi thdi Cd, Trung
va Can dai sd ky, Vinh Bie Bp ndi rieng va
khu viie Bien Ddng ndi ehung la diem den
ciia nhieu thUdng nhan va thUdng thuyen

ngoai qudc. Vao thdi Cd Trung dai, thUdng
nhan chau A (Trung Qudc, Ddng Nam A,
Nam A, Tay A) da hoi tu ve day buon ban,
bien ndi day thanh mpt khu viic hai thUdng
soi dpng. Cac hai eang thupc duyen hai
nude ta (Van Ddn cl Ddng Bic; ThanhNghe-Tinh d Bie Trung Bp; Vijaya eua
ngudi Cham d Nam Trung Bp...) cung nhd
do ma phat trien theo. Vdi sii tham nhap
cua ngUdi chau Au vao Ddng A d i u the ky
XVI, ciu true hai thUdng truyen thd'ng d
khu viic Bien Ddng d i n d i n bi pha vd, thay
the bdi mot ciu true mdi mang dam da'u a'n
eiia cdc the liic thUdng mai va hang hai
phUdng Tay.
Tudng Qng vdi cac giai doan phat trien
ehinh cua thUdng mai khu viic va qudc te
qua Bien Ddng, Dai Vipt, thdng qua eae hai
eang va trung tam buon ban duyen hai, da
the hien cac ca'p dp dU nhap va ddng nhQng
vai trd khae nhau. Trong cai nhin lich sii
va he thd'ng, sU dii nhap va dieu ehinh ciia
Dai Vipt trong hp thd'ng thUdng mai Bien
Ddng dupe the hipn ro qua qua trinh tii
dieu ehinh cQa ngd thdng thUdng: qua trinh
chuyen dich d i n d i n xuo'ng phia Nam de
hdi nhap vdi nhQng bien chuyen eua hai
thUdng khu viic. Neu nhU dudi thdi ky Ly,
Trin va d i u Le sd (the ky XI - cuo'i the ky

11

XV), Van Ddn va vung duyen hai Dong Bic
la cQa ngd chinh cua quo'c gia Dai Viet,
trong the ky XVI Dudng Kinh (Hai Phdng)
trd thanh d i u mdi giao thUdng trpng yeu
cua trieu Mae. Sii thien dich con tiep diln
trong the ky XVII vdi sii ndi len ciia vung
eiia sdng Thai Binh (Tien Lang, Hai Phdng)
nhu cQa ngd giao thUdng chinh eiia Dai
Viet thdi Le - Trinh.
Neu nhu tii than sii thien dieh tren chi
mdi phan anh thiic te lich sQ, luan giai ve
npi dung eua nhQng bien thien lich sii,
nha't la phan tich cae v i n de npi va ngoai
canh tae dpng den sii thien dich, se cung
ca'p nhQng kien giai sau sic ve sii thay ddi
ban eha't va cau true ciia cae hien tUdng
lich sii tren. NhU da phan tich, den niia
diu the ky XVI go'm sU dUdc coi la thUdng
pham chinh eiia Dai Viet xua't khau ra ben
ngoai nen Van Ddn va vung Ddng Bic • kha
gin trung tam go'm sQ Chu Dau (Hai
DUdng) - cd vi tri thuan ldi cho hoat dpng
chuyen ehd va xua't khiu. Ben canh dd la
viec Van Ddn an ngQ vung cQa ngo Vinh
Bie Bp - trung tam eiia cdc boat dpng trao
ddi nd le, mudi, ngiia... ciia the gidi hai
thUdng Giao Chi DUdng, ndi cd sU tham gia
ciia ddng dao thUdng nhan den tQ Ddng
Nam A, Nam A va Tay A... TQ the ky XVI,

khdng chi thUdng nhan chau A mat din vi
tri d Bien Ddng vao tay ngudi phUdng Tay
ma cd ciu thUdng pham cung thay ddi tQ
go'm sQ sang td lua - san pham phd bien
eiia vung chau thd sdng Hdng, nhat la cac
lang lua ndi tieng dpc sdng Hdng, khu vUc
kinh thanh va cac vung phu can Thang
Long... Ngay ca khi gdm sQ Dang Ngoai
dUdc ngUdi nude ngoai xua't khau ra Dong
Nam A vdi so' lUdng ldn vao cudi the ky
XVII, thUdng p h i m nay cung khong cdn
mang ngudn gd'e Chu Dau nQa ma dUde san
xuit ehu yeu tai Bat Trang, mpt trung tam


Rghien cuu Lich siir. sg 9+10.2008

12
go'm sQ g i n Kinh thanh Thang Long va
n i m ngay tren tuyen dUdng thuy ndi kinh
do ra bien (52). NhQng thay ddi tren cho
tha'y, tren phUdng dien ban chit, vi tri cua
Dang Ngoai trong he thdng thUdng mai
Bien Ddng da cd nhQng thay ddi ldn trong
the ky XVII.
Ngoai ra, viec trieu Mac va Le-Trinh
tQng bude ndi long chinh sach dd'i vdi ngoai
thUdng, ddng thdi eho phep thUdng nhan
nUde ngoai lUu t n i va buon ban tai cac khu
viic npi dia (Phd'Hien, Thang Long...)

CHU

ddng nghia vdi sii suy giam vai trd cua mdt
so' trung tam buon ban ven bien. Trong bdi
canh dd, he thd'ng sdng tQ cxia Thai Binh
(Tien Lang) qua sdng Lupe len HUng Yen
de theo sdng Hdng len Ha Npi (hay tuyen
song "Dang Ngoai" trong cac ghi cL4p ciia
ngUdi phUdng Tay) trd thanh tuyen dUdng
n g i n nha't va thuan ldi nha't. Vung ciia
sdng Thai Binh edn giQ vai trd la cia ngo
giao thUdng chinh eua Dang Ngoai den khi
thiic dan Phap cho khao sat va xay diing do
thi eang Hai Phdng vao cuo'i the ky XIX.

THICH

(1). Tong quan ve th&nh tUu nghien ciiu hai sii

through

History,

A u s t r a l i a n National University/

v& hai thiidng sxl trong nhiJng n i m g i n day, xin

Guangxi Academy of Social Sciences, Nanning,

xem: Nguyen VSn Kim, N g u y i n M a n h

China, 3/2008, p, 30,

Diing,

T r u y e n tho'ng va hoat dpng thUOng mai cua ngUdi
Viet: ThUc te lich sU vk n h a n thiic" vk P h a m Dtic
Anh,

Nguyen

Ngoc Phiic, "Nghien

ciiu

ngoai

thUdng Viet N a m triidc t h e ky XVIII: V^i n6t nhin
lai", in trong Viet Nam trong he thong thucmg
ch&u a, the ky XVI-XVII,

mai

Nxb, The Giai, Hk Noi,

2007, tr, 311-350 & 417-432,

(3), Hoang Anh Tua'n, "Hai eang mien Dong
Bfic va h^ thong thiidng mai D a n g N g o i i the' ky

XVII qua cac nguon tU lieu phUdng Tay", Tap chi
Nghien ciiu Lich sii, 1/2007, tr, 54-64 va 2/2007, tr.
54-63; Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver:
Vietnamese

Relations,

1637-1700

Dutch-

(Leiden-Boston:

Bnll, 2007), pp. 12-15.

(2), Ve phUdng p h a p tiep c^n nay, Giao sU
Roderich Ptak (Dai hoc Munchen, Diic) khai quat
nhu sau: "Cac sU gia chuyen ve de che' khi nghien

(4), Bai viet xin dupe gidi h a n npi dung thao
luan vao vi tri cila mien B i c nUdc ta trong hf
thong thUdng mai Bien Dong tit khoang Cong

Cliu bien hoSc cac viing cftn duyen c6 xu hudng

nguyen den cuoi the ky XVI, The ky XVII (gdm ca

nhin doi tUdng nghien ciiu til dS't lien, cho r i n g

Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai) se du

vVing can duyen vk bien nen dUdc doi xif nhu mot

rieng trong chuyen l u a n "Dai Vi$t trong h§ thong

b? phan true thuoc luc dia, Bdi the' chiing thUdng

thudng mai Npi A ciia Cong ty Dong An H a Lan

bi coi la yeu to ngoai vi va tren phuong dien chiic

the ky XVH" (sap in),

nang, phu thuoc vko cac t r u n g tam chinh tri va
vfin h6a trong luc dia, Cac nha sii hoc nghien ciiu

(5), H a Vfin Ta'n (Chu bien), Khao cd hgc ViH
Nam

(Tap 1: Thdi dai da Vi?t Nam), Nxb, Khoa

ve biSn sii dung phUdng phap tiep can rieng cua

hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1998, tr. 199-237 & 264-275.

minh, Mpt each an dy ma noi, sii gia chuyen ve hai

Xem t h e m tii Do Van Ninh, Thuang cdng V&n Ddn,

sii dat minh giiia bien khdi de nhin n h a n cac khu

Nxb. T h a n h Nien, Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 21-76.

viic can duyen; ho nhin tif bien vao bd, chii khong
phai tir bd ra bien", Xin xem tir: Roderich Ptak,
'The Gulf of T o n g k i n : A M e d i t e r r a n e a n ? " , in
"A Mini Mediterranean

Sea?: Gulf of

Tongking

(6). Vi^n Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, Bien
ngudi

vdi

Viet cd, Nxb, Vfin hda Thong tin, Hfi Npi,

1996, tr, 64-95, Xin xem t h e m tii: N g u y i n Khftc
Sii, "Giao lUu van hoa thdi tien su d vUng duyen


Vi hi ciia Vief Ram h-ong M thgng.

13

hai Dong B i c Viet Nam qua tu li^u khao co' hpc"

(15), Nhiing quan diem tren cd the dUdc xem

va Trinh Nang Chung, "Nhiing di tich vfin hda t i l n

tir: John K, Whitmore, "Elephant can Actually

Bii h Vfin Don, Q u a n g Ninh: Tu lieu vfi nhfin thiic",

Swim"; Contemporary Chinese View of Late Ly

ky yeu khoa hpc Thuang

Dai Viet", in David M a r r and A,C, Milner (eds).

cdng Vdn Don: Lich sCl,

tiim ndng kinh te, vd cdc mdi giao lUu vdn

hod,

7/2008, tr, 461-474 va 475-489,

Nam, Nxb, Giao Due, Ha Npi, 2000, tr, 30-34, Xem
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China

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Liang Bingmeng, "The Hepu Port - the Most
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trong lufin an Tien si ciia minh bao v? tai Dai hpc
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Rghien cuu Lich sJr. sg 9+10.2008

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China

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lO"" to the 15*^

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Guy

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Osaka

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A

Changing
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niia d i u the ky XVI, xin xem: Dfing Thi Yen, Qud

Don dang bieu vfin k h i c tren la vfing va dang san

trinh xdc lap mang lUdi thuang mgi cua Bo Ddo

vfit dia phudng,

Nha a Dong A, the ky XVI-nHa

vua

khUdc tir khdng

nhan".

ddu the ky

XVH,

Whitmore cho r i n g thai dp nay cua Le T h a n h

Khda luan tdt nghiep Dai hpc, Khoa Lich sU,

Tdng ket hdp vdi nhiing chil trUdng chinh sach cua

TrUdng Dai hpc Khca hpc Xa hpi vfi Nhan vfin,

trieu dinh ve van de kinh te trong dd chu trUdng

DHQGHN,

2007.

trpng ndng ire thUdng da the hien ra't ro... la cd sd

"European

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de tin r i n g ngoai thUdng Dai Viet di xudng tii

Maritime

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khoang thfip nien 1460, Xem J o h n K, Whitmore,

Methodology and Evidence", in J. M. Flores, (ed.),

'The Disappearance of Van-don", pp, 167-180,

Revista

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Xem
Asian

them:

1500-1800:

de Cultura

13/14:

Portuguese

sii hi$n dien cua cac hien vfit go^m sil mang nien

Prakash,

(Macao,

dai the ky XVII-XVIII tai cac di tich a cac dao

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1991).

Precious

Some

The Asian

1800, Local Societies, European

Van-don", p, 178, Theo PGS.TS, N g u y i n Vfin Kim,

Om

Merchants

Prakash,
in

Seas

Expansion
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1500-

and the

(Reprinted

Metals

Asian

Issues

in

Om

Commerce,

thupc Van Ddn la mdt trong nhiing bfing chiing

(40), Tren phUdng dien thUdng mai quo'c te giai

thuyet phuc ve sii tdn tai hen tuc cua thUdng eang

doan Can dai sd ky, khai mem "Nam Hai/the

Van Ddn den khoang the ky XVIIl, Xin xem:

South Sea" thUdng dUdc hieu theo nghia rpng, chi

Nguyen Vfin Kim, ' T i n h he thong vfi quy md cua

viing bien trai dfii tir Nhfit Ban den sUdn phia

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Ddng cua chau Phi,

sdd, tr, 276-295,
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(37), John K, Whitmore, "The Disappearance of
Van-don", p, 178, Ciing c i n phai lUu y r i n g quan
diem cua Whitmore trong bfii viet nay ve vi$c Van
Ddn bj thay the bdi Phd'Hien dUdng nlivi chUa t h a t
sii thuyet phuc va cSp n h a t bdi trong the ky XVII
Pho Hien khdng phai la t r u n g tam thUdng mai
thiic ,sii cua Dang Ngoai ma chi la mot trong ba dia

Macao the ky XVI-XVII, xin xem tir: T i e n Tse
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Sino

1644: A

- Portuguese

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and

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diem thupc m a n g lu6i thUdng mai lien hoan dpc
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Origin

Anh Tufi'n, "Hai eang mien Ddng B i c va he thdng

Southeast Asian Studies

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(43). J a m e s K, Chin, "Bridging East Ocean and

(38). D i l u 61-64 (chUdng Tap ludt) cua bd Qudc

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triiu hinh luat ro r a n g the hien sii k b i t khe cua

Prior to 1683, with a Special Reference to the

nha nUdc doi vdi thUdng eang Van Ddn, Ben canh

Ports of East Asia", in Workshop on Northeast

Asia

dd, cac dieu 25-28 (chuong Cdm ve) vk dieu 125

in

with

(chUdng Vi che) ciing quy dinh cu the va khfit khe

Southeast

ddi vdi ngoai thUdng va tbUdng nhan nUdc ngoai.

University of Singapore and Osaka University,

Maritime
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Perspective:

A

Dialogue

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Xin xem tir: Vidn Nghien cUu Han Ndm, Mot sd

2004, pp, 121-159, Xem them tir: Kenneth R, Hall,

vdn bdn dien che vd phdp lugt Viet Nam

"Multi-Dimensional

(Tfip 1:

Networking:

15""

Century

TU th§' ky XV dS'n XVIII), Nxb, Khoa hpc xa hpi,

Indian Ocean Maritime Diaspora in Southeast

Ha Npi, 2006, tr, 66-67, 96, 183-185,

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Rghien cuu Lich sir, stf 9+10.2008

16
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(47), P, W. Klein, "The China Seas and the

49/ 4, 2006, pp, 454-

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Century

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viic, xin

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(45). Roxanna M, Brown, 'T)ii lieu tir vu d i m
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tau cl Hpi AnJCu Lao Cham va mdt sd viing bien
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pho' Hd Chi Minh, t h a n g 7 nfim 2004, Cd the liiu y
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k6m cua Dai Viet trong thifdng mai khu viic the ky
XVI la cd nhiing cd sd lich sif, Xem them til: Tom6
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Account
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Suma

Oriental

of Tome

Pires:

Malacca

and

India

in

Relations,

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Dutch-

(Leiden: Brill,

2007). Xem t h e m chuyen lufin khai q u a t v l v\ tri
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Japan,

(49). Hofing Anh Tufi'n, "Hai eang m i l n Ddng

1512-1515

B i c vfi he tho'ng thiidng mai Dfing Ngoai thi? ky

of the East, From the Red Sea to
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An

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Lan va Anh doi vdi viing Ddng Bfic trong th§' ky

Mac, xin xem: Dd Thi Thiiy Lan, "VUng cila sdng

XVII,

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Encounter, Two Frontiers: E u r o p e a n s ' Commercial

he vdi que hiidng nha Mac", Tap chi Nghien

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cUu

xin

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tif

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Diidng Luan, "Da'u tich eang ben thUdng mai va

Mini

dfic diem kinh te, tin ngildng vung ha luu sdng

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tir Hoang Anh T u a n , "From J a p a n to Manila and

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ciiu

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T r i n Qud'e VUdng, ' T r a n g Trinh N g u y i n

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XVI", in trong T r i n Thi Bfing T h a n h va Vii T h a n h

92.

phdm,
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Binh Khiem: ve tdc gia vd tdc

Nxb, Giao Due, Ha Npi, 2001, tr, 70-83;
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thiidng mai Dang Ngofii the ky XVII-XVHI", Tap
chi Nghien ciiu Lich sii, 10/2007, tr, 3-19,

of

Tongking

1670s", Itinerario:

International

on the History of European Expansion

Khiem trong bdi canh van hoa Viet Nam the ky
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Gulf

Back to Europe: The English Abortive Trade with

Lich sie, 5/2008, tr. 25-34. Cd the xem them til:
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Sea:

and

Vol. XXIX, no. 3/2005, pp. 73-

(51). va'n de hai tfic d khu viic Ddng Bfic diiijc
phan anh kha thifdng xuyen trong cac ghi ch6p cila
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gehouden

(Xem ti/p trang 38)


Rghign cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008

28
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(32). Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chUOng
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bien, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 364.

(35). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV,
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II, sdd, tr. 98.
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bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr.419. Phan Huy Chii.
Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, tfip
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(38), (39, (40), (41), (42). Phan Huy Chii. Lich
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sdd, tr. 98, 98, 7, 71, 71.
(42). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^p I, quyen II,
add, tr. 271.

VI TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG
•

•

•
(Tiep theo trang 16)

int Casteel Batavia vant passerende doer ter plaetse
als over geheel Nederlandts-India

(The Hague:

Martinus Nijhoff and Batavia: Landsdrukkerij,
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'Tonkin

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and Southeast Asia: Historical and Contemporary
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