Chuyên đề tốt nghiệp: Nghiên cứu một số vấn đề tấn công lớp mạng của mạng tùy biến không dây

r.
BO MAO DVC VA DAO T40
TRUtING Dig HQC MANG LONG
—o0o--

CHUYEN DE TOT NGHIEP
De thi:

Nghien Cot MOt SO Vin De Tin Cong
Lop Mpg Cim Mang Tay Bien Khong Day

Ciao viers hirerng dan
Sinh vien
Ma sinh vien
Chuyen nginh

: Th.S Holing Trung Minh
: Phan Trung Nghia
: A08348
: TC - Mang vien thong

DINO - 2013
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Phan Trung Nghia
A08348

MU C L U C

MUC LUC

THUAT NG°. VIET TAT
DANH MIX HINH ANH
LOI MO DAU
LOI CAM ON
CHUONG I. TONG QUAN VE MANG MANET
1.1. Gild thieu
1.2. Lich sir
1.3. tog dung
1.4. Cic dAc diim cha luting MANET
1.5. Kieu kit nai vi chi di kW ding
1.5.1. Clic Idiu kit [Jai topo mpg
1.5.2. Chi di) hogt ding
1.6. Phfin lohi MANET
1.6.1. Theo giao thin
1.6.2. Theo chirc nAng
1.7. Kit Ian
CHUONG II. DINH TUYEN VA CAC DE DQA BAO MAT TRONG MANET
2.1. Vain di djnh tuyin trong myng MANET
2.1.1. Clic that Win djnh tuyin truyin thing
2.1.2. Cu yeti au chinh Ai vii viec dish tuyin trong ingng MANET
2.1.3. Phan loqi cic k9 that djnh tuyin
2.2. Cie giao they djnh tuyin chlnh trong ming MANET
2.2.1. Giao thirc djnh tuyin DSDV
2.2.2. Giao thic djnh tuyin OLSR
2.2.3. Giao thirc djnh tuyEn AODV
2.2.4. Giao thirc djnh tuyin DSR
2.2.5. Giao they djnh tuyin TORA
2.3. Cie mai de don Igo mfit trong mpg MANET
23.1. Ting ctuan
23.2. Clic diem yin cis mimg MANET

2.3.3. Clic cuQc tan ding vio MANET
2.3.4. CAc bin phi!) dii phi
2.4. Hiring nghien cfru trong twang lai
2.5. KM lufin
CHIJONG III. TAN CONG LOP MANG VA LOP TRUYEN TAI TRONG MANG
MANET
3.1. Gild thieu
3.2. Cu colic tin ding lop infog ching Ihi MANET
3.2.1. Tin cong Wormhole
3.2.2. Tin cfing hi den (Blackhole)
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3.2.3. Tan cling pink typ (Byzantine)
3.2.4. Tan cong clan dap (Rushing)
3.2.5. Tan cong tieu hao di nguyen
3.2.6. Cie tan thong chitin gilt lien kit vi Wm gii lien kit

3.2.7. Tan cong phAn hid
3.3. Cie cuac tan cong 616.p giao van chang lyi MANET
3.3.1. Tan cong trin ng$p gni SYN
3.3.2. Tan cong chitin dot phien
3.4. Throng nghien niu trong tuong lai
3.4.1. Nein ngfra vi phlt hifn :em nhap
3.4.2. CIc ky that ma h6a
3.43. Khi Ming phyc 116i
3.5. Kit lu$n
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

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Phan Trung Nghla

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THU T NGU VIET TAT
Tir viet

tit

ACK
AODV
AP
CA
CREP
CREQ
DARPA
DEMEM
DoS
DSDV
DSR
EKE
FSM
GPS
IDS
IEEE
IGRP
IS-IS
KS
LMR
MAC
MANET
MPR

OLSR

Nghla fling &nil

Nghla hang vie

ViC nhon
Acknowledgement
Adhoc On-demand Distance Giao thirc djnh tuyen vecto
khofing each theo yeu cau
Vector
Diem truy nhp
Access Point
Ca quan chirng nh$n
Certification Authority
Phim hei xic talon tuyen
Route confirmation
response
Route confirmation request Yeu au xac nh?n tuyen
Cuc nghien mitt cfic dv an
Defense Advanced
phi:mg thit cai tien
Research Projects Agency
Trao deli tin th6c dly bed
Distributed Evidence
chimg cu phan tan
Driven Message Exchange
Tir chi Bich vy
Denial of Service
Giao thfrc djnh tuyen vecto

Destination-Sequenced
Ichoing each tan ty dich
Distance-Vector
Giao thfrc djnh tuyen nguem
Dynamic Source Routing
deng
Trao del kh6a ma hem
Encrypted Key Exchange
May tinh tong hp the
Finite State Machine
He thOng dinh vi tom cau
Global Positioning System
Intrusion Detection System He thong phat hie'n xam
nh3p
VIP Id nghe dien vi dien tir
Institue of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
Giao thfrc djnh tuyen thing
Interior Gateway Routing
vio ra nei
Protocol
Giao thirc djnh tuyen he
Intermediate system-tothong trtmg gian
Intermediate system
May chithquan Mpg
Key Server
Dinh tuyen di Ong trvng so
Light-Weight Mobile
thep
Routing

Ma )(tic thvc tin
Message Authentication
Code
Mang tigh biett di dOng
Mobile Adhoc Network
Kip chuyen tiep da diem
Multi-Point Relays
Giao thirc djnh tuyen Van
Optimized link state
thai lien ket tth uu
Routing

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Phan Trung Nghia
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OSPF

Open Shortest Path First

RDP
CEP
RIP

Route Discovery Protocol
Route Reply
Routing Information
Protocol
Route Request

Route Error
Robust Source Routing

RREQ
RRER
RSR
SAODV
SPF

Sercure Adhoc On-demand
Distance Vector
Shortest path first

SYN
TC

Statistically Unique and
Cryptographically
Verifiable
Synchronize
Topology Control

TCP

Transport Control Protocol

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

VANET
WSN

Vehicular Adhoc Network
Wireless Sensor Network

SUCV

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Giao thIrc djnh tuyen duo ng
ngin nhat dim tien ma ,
Giao they kham phi tuyen
Tin phin he'i tuyen
Giao thin thong tin djnh

tuyen
Tin yeu cau tuyen
Tin for tuyen
Giao thirc djnh tuyen nguon
math me
Giao thirc vector khoing
cash theo yeu cau bio not
Thuat than tim diking ngan
nhat
Kiem tra ma hes vi thOng
ke duy nhat
Deng be h6a
Dieu khien de hinh
Giao dare dieu khien giao

van
Giao thirc geli du lieu ngueri
dung
Mang xe ce tily bien
Mang cam bien khong day


Phan Trung Nghia
A08348

DANH MVC H1NH ANH
Trang

8

Hinh 1.1: MS hinh met mpg MANET

Hinh 1.2: Mang may chi' di dOng

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Hinh 1.3: Mang cac thiet bi di ding khemg d6ng nhat

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Hinh 1.4: Che dO IEEE-Adhoc

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Hinh 1.5: Che dO ha tang

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Hinh 1.6: Giao thirc don buoy

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Hinh 1.7: Giao thirc da bare

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Hinh 1.8: Mang MANET phan cap

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Hinh 1.9: Mang MANET kit hcfp

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Hinh 2.1: Cac giao thirc dinh tuyen trong MANET

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Hinh 2.2: Dinh tuyen trong DSDV

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With 2.3: Quy trinh chuyen tiep gen tin sir dung MPR

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Hinh 2.4: OLSR ngtin chin vong litp bing each sir dung MPR

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Hinh 2.5: Qua trinh kham pha tuyen trong AODV

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Hinh 2.6: Giao thirc DSR

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Hinh 2.7: Lien kit gifra cac node trong mpg MANET

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Hinh 2.8: Met cu0c tan tong lam gia RREP

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Hinh 2.9: Tin cong Wormhole

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Hinh 3.1: Co the dm melt ctujc tan cling dinh tuyen don gifin

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Hinh 3.2: Kich ban met cuoc tan cling Wormhole

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Hinh 3.3: Kich ban met cuec ten ding 1-16 den

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Hinh 3.4: Topo mang MANET khi "M" thwc hien tin ding dOn dip

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Hinh 3.5: Co the bit tay ba Were TCP

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Hinh 3.6: Clic btrecc gay m bAo TCP-ACK

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Phan Trung Nghia
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Loi MO D AU
Cimg yeti stir phat triers mph me cita khoa hac tong nghe, d#c biet la tong nghe thong
tin IA dien tir vien thong, nhu au trao dei thong tin va der lieu cita con ngtreri ngly clang
cao. Mang may tinh dang dang vai tro quan tang trong mai Milt vgc cua doi sing. Ben
earth nen tang mang may tinh hint tuyen oft day, mang khong day ngay tir khi ra den da

the hien dugc nhcmg tru diem vugt trOi ve str lien dung, firth host. Cie thiet bj di dOng
new ding nho gun hat, kha nang xir Ii va Itru trey ding tang len dim den sg bimg nfi cita
cac mang thy hien khong day not chung cling nhu mpg thy bien khong day di dOng
(MANET) not rieng. Chang ngay cang dugc sir dung rang di va di vao cac ling dung
thgc to trong cuOc sting. Cling giOng nhu a the mpg tiger' thong bao mit la yin de nit
quan tang trong mong MANET, han nfra do cac doe diem cita minh cling yen mai trutmg
lien ket khong day ma chimg cang de bj tin cong.
Chuyen de nay em xin giesi thieu tong quan ye mang MANET, the ky thuilt tin ding va
cac bien phap ngAn ngira trong mong MANET. NOi dung do chuyen de dugc Chia thanh
ba chuang.
Chuang I: glen thieu ye mang no, bien not chung va mpg MANET not rieng bao gam
ljch sir phat triers, img dung, cac dOc diem, the do hoot dOng va ket tut Tir do cho to mat
cai thin tong quit ve mang MANET.
Chuang II: tim hieu ve cite giao thirc dinh tuyen trong mong thy bien kh8ng day, cac
diem yeu cita mong MANET, cac de daa bao mat va mat set bien phap ngitn ngira chung
(bao mat dinh tuyen vi cac he thong phat hien xam nhop).
Chuang III: t#p trung phial tich cac cuOc tin conga tang mpg va giao von nhim vao
MANET cling nhu nu nhtrqc diem cita cac phuang phap phong chting.
M#c di da co ging nghien ciru de holm thanh chuyen de cita minh, nhtmg do kin thirc
va thtti gian httn the nen chuyen de kh8ng birth khoi nhemg thieu sot. Em rat mong nhOn
dirge cac dong gap, nhOn xet tir phia thity c6 va cac ban!
Em xin chin thanh cam an!
Hi NOi, ngay 08 thing 07 nim 2013
Sinh vien thgc hien
Phan Tnmg Nghia
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Phan Trung Ngtifit
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Lta CAM ON
Em xin chin thimh cam on dilly giao, Th.S Hoang Trong Minh, ngu&i da ten tinh
huong den va &up der em trong sad qua trinh thtrc hien chuyen de.
Em xin girl loi cam on sau sic den clic they, co trtrOng dai hoc Thing Long di ten tinh
truyen dot kien thee trong than gian em hoc tap tai inning. NM -mg kien thirc me em nhan
dirge tren giartg dui:mg dai hoc se la hanh trang &up em vUng buoy trong Prong lai.
Em xin gfri Ibi cam on den gia dinh va ban be, nhettg ngtreri luon b ben em, giim da ye
to dieu kien cho em holm thanh chuyen de nay.
Ha Nei, ngly 08 thing 07 nim 2013
Sinh vien thtrc hien
Phan Trung NghTa

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Phan Trung Nghia
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CHU'ONG I. TONG QUAN YE MANG MANET
1.1. Gifri thieu
Cac thiet bi di dOng nhu cac may tinh xach tay, vbi dac tnmg la cong suit
CPU, b0 nh6 km, dung lin;mg dia hang tram gigabyte, !chi nang am thanh da
phucmg tier' va man hinh man da tr6 nen phO bien trong dbi song hang ngay va
trong cong viec. Ding thin, cac yeu cau ket nOi mang de sir dung cac thiet hi di
dOng gia tang din ke, bao gOm viec hi trq cac sari phim mong v8 tuyen dtra tat
v8 tuyen hoac hOng ngoai ngay can nhieu. Vei kieu thiet bi dien toan di dOng
nay, thi gift nhang ngubi sir dung di dung luon mong muOn c6 su chia se thong
tin.
Met mang thy bien la met tOp hqp cac thiet hi di dOng hinh thanh nen met

mang tom thin ma {thong can str trq &Op cua bit kj, sr quart 15, top trung hoac cac
dich vu ho trq chuan nao dun:mg co ten mpg dien rOng ma a d6 cac thiet bi di
dOng co the ket not duqc. Cac node duqc to do di chuyen va thiet 10p no thy Sr. Do
do, topo mang khong day co the thay dOi met each nhanh chong va !thong the du
bao.

Hinh 1.1: M6 hinh mot mgng MANET

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Phan Trung Nghia
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1.2. Ljch sir
Nguyen 1Y lam viec caa mang Adhoc bit nguOn tir nrun 1968 khi ck mang
ALOHA ductc thvc hien. Tuy the tram lam viec la c6 djnh nhtmg giao thirc
ALOHA da thvc hien viec quern ly truy cap kenh truyen dm% dang phan tan, day la
co sir ly thuyet de phit trien ky thuot truy cop kenh phan tan vao mang Adhoc.
Nam 1973 to chirc DARPA di bit du lam viec tren mang vo tuyen g6i tin
PRnet. Day la mang vo tuyen g6i tin da chang dAu tien. Trong d6 cic node kip tic
veri nhau de girl dU lieu ten mOt node nim a xa khu vvc ket not th6ng qua mOt
node khic. N6 cung cap co the cho viec quern ly hoat Ong tren co sir tap trung va
phan tan.
MOt lqi diem dm lam viec da chang so yeti don ching la triAn Thai da chang tho
thuon lqi cho viec dung lai tai nguyen kenh truyen ve ca khong gian, thin gian va
giam ning Itging phit can thiet.
Sau d6 co nhieu mang v6 tuyen ea tin phat trim nhtmg cic hg thOng khong
day nay van chin bao gia tai thy ngtrai dung cho den khi chuan 802.11 ra
IEEE di dOi ten mang vo tuyen gin tin thanh mang Adhoc.

1.3. irng dyng
Quilt;
Hogt dOng phi tap trung ciut mpg Adhoc va khong phi thuOc vio co
so ha tang mang la mOt yeu to thiet yeu doi yeti
vvc quern sv, nhat la trong the
tithing hqp chien
kh6c lief citc co se ha tang mang bj phi hity. Lk nay mang
,

Adhoc la Iva chqn s6 mOt de cac thiet bj truyen thong lien lac yen nhau *it each
nhanh chimg.
Truying hpc: Chung ta cling co the thiet lap cic mang Adhoc trong true:mg hoc,
lop hoc, thu vien, san truing,... de ket not the thiet bj di dOng (laptop,

smartphone) lai yeti nhau, giup sinh vien, they co giio c6 the trao dal bai mOt each
nhanh cheong thong qua mang adhoc vira tho.
Gia clink: Tai nha ban co the tao nhanh mang Adhoc de ket nil the thiet bj di
dOng dm ban yeti nhau, nher d6 ta co the di chuyen ttr do ma van dam him kat not
truyen taidfr
Kit net ccic thiit bj din ni vbi nhau: Trong nhltng nam ten khi ma cic thiet bj
din tir deu duqc gin clic giao tiep khong day, glop chting c6 the trao d6i giao

tiap

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voi nhau thi mpg Adhoc se rat phu hqp de tp nen mOt he th6ng thong mirth co
kha flan lien ket yeti nhau.

1.4. Clic d$c dam ctia mang MANET
Thiet bj t r tri dau cu &
. (Autonomous terminal): trong

MANET, mOi thiet bj di
dOng diu cuOi la mOt node tv tri. NO c6 the mang chirc niing cita host va router.
Ben canh kha rang xir 15, cc ban ctia mOt host, et node di Ong nay c6 the chuyen
d6i chfre nang nhu met router. Vi vOy thiet bj du emit va chuyen mach la khong
the phan biet ductc trong mpg MANET.
Hoot &Ong phan tan (Distributed operation):

vi khong c6 he then mpg ha
tang cho ten tam kiem soat hot dung dui mpg nen vied kiem soat va quan ly
ho#t dOng ciut mang duqc chia cho cac thiet bi dau cuOi. Cac node trong MANET
doi h6i phai c6 sv cong tic yeti nhau. Khi can thiet cac node hog Ong nhu mtjt
relay de thvc hien chat 'tang cita minh. Vi dv nhu djnh tuyen va bio mitt.
Dinh tuyen da chtemg (Muftihop):thusia

town di/1h tuyen kh6ng day co ban co
the (filth tuyen mOt chong va nhieu ch(ing dva vio the thuOc firth lien ket khac
nhau va giao thlic djnh tuyen. Singlehop MANET den gian hen multihop a van de
cAu true VI thvc hien vei chi phi thip hen, it ling dung. Khi truyen cac gei dfr
lieu
tir nguOn den dich trong phiun vi truyen tai true tiep kh8ng day, cac goi du lieu se
ductc chuyen tiep qua mOt hok nhieu nut trung gian.
Topo wing dOng (Dynamic network topology): vi

cac node la di dOng nen au
true mpg eel the thay &it nhanh va kh8ng biet twee, cac ket not giara cac thiet bi
c6 the thay del theo th&i gian. MANET se thich img tuyen va dieu kien Ian truyen
giOng nhu nniu di dOng va the node mpg di dOng. Cie node trong mang thiet lop
djnh tuyen dung v6i nhau khi chimg di chuyen, hinh thanh mang rieng dui cheng.
Han nita mOt nguari dfing trong MANET co the khong chi hog gong trong mang
ken di dOng d#c biet, ma con c6 the yeu au truy cep vio mpg cong cong nhu
Internet.
Giao dOng ve dung lutmg lien kit (Fluctuating link capacity): ban

chat ti le Mt
bit cao dui ket not khong day an quan tarn trong mpg MANET. Ket not tir dau
emit nay den du cuOi kia co the duqc this se qua mot vai ch#ng. Keith giao
tit? a
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Phan Trung Nghia
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dau cuOi chju inh hoeing dm nhieu, hieu img da dubng, sg giao thoa, va bang
th8ng clut no it hon so vol mpg co day. Trong mot vai tinh hueing, truy cep cua
hai nguai dung co the qua nhieu lien ket khong day vi the lien ket nay co the
khong dOng nhAt.
rdi uu hoa cho thiet bf dint mai (light-weight terminals):trong hAu het cac
twang hgp cac node mpg MANET la thiet bi dau cu6i vat toe de xir 15, curt CPU
thip, b0 nhe it va ltru ter dien nang it. Vi v3y an phai tOi tru hem cac thuet man va
car che.

1.5. Kieu kit ntii va chi (10 host dOng
1.5.1. Cic kieu ket not topo mpog

a) Along may cha di Ong

CS topo nay cac thiet bi chi lien ket voi met may chit duy that, cac thiet bi lien
kat yen may chit

--W.--- tan mit% aware au Maps

Hinh 1.2: Mang may chn di tong

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Phan Trung Nghia
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b) Mgng c6 cac thiit tn di Jong khong clang nhiit

topo nay cac may co the lien ket trip tiep yeti nhau trong pham vi phi song
cua minh.

S

Hinh 1.3: Mgng cac that obi di Ong khong dung nhiit

1.5.2. Che dq hoat Ong
a) Chi dO IEEE-Adhoc
the do nay the node di Ong truyen thong true tiep yea nhau ma kh8ng an
co so tang, cac lien ket !thong thuc hien qua nhieu cheng.

Hinh 1.4: Chi dO
IEEE-Adhoc

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Phan Trung Nghia
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b) Chi do co so. ha king

Che do nay mpg bao gom the diem truy cep AP c6 djnh va cac node di dOng
tham gia vao mang, dive hien truyen thong qua the diem truy cep. Cac lien kit có
the thwc hien qua nhieu chAng v the dO My.

Binh 1.5: Chi do hg tang

1.6. Phan loni MANET
1.6.1. Theo giao thin
a) Single-hop
Mpg MANET djnh tuyen Singel-hop 11 logi mpg adhoc don gifin nhAt. Trong
do, tat ca cac node deu nim trong tang met yang pith song, nghin la the node co
the ket not nye tiep yeti nhau ma kung can node Ming gian.Ctic node có the di
chuyen ty do nhtmg chi trong phqm vi nhAt djnh du de the node lien ket trkrc tiep
yeti cac node khic trong mang.

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Phan Trung Nghia
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Hinh 1.6: Giao thee don bribe
b) Multi-hop

Day la me hit ph6 Bien nhat trong mpg MANET, no khic vai mo hinh trate
la cac node co the ket not vm cac node Mt trong mang ma co the 'thong can ket
not tnrc tiep sten nhau. Cie node c6 the djnh tuyen yen cac node khfic thong qua
cac node trung gian trong mang. De mo hinh nay host dOng mot each hoin him thi
can phai c6 giao thfrc djnh tuyen phu hop vei mo hinh mpg MANET.

Hinh 1.7: Giao thee da bribe

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Phan Tnmg Nghia
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c) Mobile Multihop

Me hinh nay cling tuang nr vei mo hinh multi-hop nhung sv khfic biet a day la
mo hinh nay tap trung vao the ling ding co tinh chat thin gian thvc: audio, video.
1.6.2. Theo chile ning
a) Mgng MANET cldng cap (Flat)

Trong kien true nay tit ca the node co vai fro ngang hang yen nhau (peer to
peer) va cac node d6ng vai tr6 nhu cac router dinh tuyen de lieu g6i tren mpg.
Trong nhOmg mpg Ion thi eau true Flat Wang to:Si uu hea viec se ding tai nguyen
bring thong dm mpg vi rilang tin dieu khien phai truyen tren toitn be mpg. N6
thich hqp yen nhemg topo co the node di chuyen nhieu.
b) Mgng MANET pluin cap (Hierarchical)

Day la mo hinh sir dgng phi) bien 'that. Trong mo hinh nay thi mang chia
thimh cac domain, trong mei domain bao gem met ho4c nhieu cluster mei cluster

Chia thanh nhieu node. CO hai logi node lit master node va normal node.
Master node 11 node quitn trj co nhiem vu truyen du lieu dm the node trong
ding cluster den cac node trong cluster khic va ngugc Igi, not each khic no nhu
met gateway.
Normal node la cac node nam trong cling met cluster. NO co the kat nOi yeti
cac node trong cluster hoac ket Wri cluster lchfic thong qua Master node.
Vei cac co the tren, mpg sir dung tai nguyen bang thong hieu qui bon vi cac
tin Stan chi phai truyen trong met cluster. Tuy nhien vier quan 15, firth chuyen
deng cua cac node tre n'en phirc tap hon. Kien true m(mg phan cap thich hqp cho
cac mang co firth chuyen deng thip.

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Phan Trung Nghia
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Hinh 1.8: Mang MANET phan cap
c) Mang MANET kit hqp (Aggregate)
m6 hinh nay met mang gem nhieu Wing (zone), met Wing g6m nhieu node.
M8i node bao gOm hai mix topo: topo mac thitp (node level), va topo mat cao
(zone level).MOi node dic trung bin: node ID va zone ID. Trong met zone c6 the
tip dung kien true ding cap hoc phan cep.

Hinh 1.9: Mang MANET kit hqp

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Phan Trung Nghia

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1.7. Wet lu#n
Chuang nay cung cap nhOng kien thic tong quan ye ming thy bien adhoc not
chung vi ming MANET not rieng, tir cac doe diem, cite kieu ket not Ara the dO
hog clOng, phan !oil dira UM' mOt set giao thfrc vi chire nitng lam ca so cho cac
nOi dung trong chuang sau.

CHIJONG II. DJNHTUYEN VA CAC DE DQA BAO MAT
TRONG MANET
2.1. Viin de djnh tuyen trong mting MANET
2.1.1. Cac think toin djnh tuyen truyen thOng
Cie giao thus djnh tuyen truyen thing sir ding hai giiti thuot:
• Distance Vector: RIP, IGRP,...
Nguyen tic hog dOng: mr3i router se giri bang djnh tuyen cis minh cho tat
ca cac router dirge not trite tiep veri no. Cie router de so sanh yeti bang djnh
tuyen ma minh hien co va Iciem tra Iai cac tuyen duemg dm mirth veti cac tuyen
duang meri diem dirge, tuyen duong nao tei tm han se dirge dim vao bang djnh
tuyen. Cie goi tin cap nhit se dirge giri theo djnh IcS , (30 gitly yeti RIP ,90 giay
cleti yeti IGRP)
ciu hinh, router khong phiti xir 15, nhieu nen khong Mn
UV diem:
nhieu dung lircmg130 nher WI CPU co hie do xit ly nhanh han.
Nhugc diem: he thong metric qua don glen (nhu Rip chi la hop-count )
din den vier cac tuyen dtrimg dirge chgn vao bang dinh tuyen chtra phai
tuyen duang tot nhit.Vi cac gig tin cep nhit dirge girl theo dinh 16 , nen
met lugng Wing th8ng ding ke se IA chiem. Do router hOi tit chum, din
den vise sai lech trong bang din!' tuyen gay nen hien tugng yang lOp
(loop).

a

• Link State: OSPF, IS-IS
Nguyen tic hoot dOng: cac router khong gin bang djnh tuyen ciut minh, ma
chi giri tinh trong ctia cac dyeing lien ket trong ca sir dir lieu trong thii lien ket
(linkstate-database) dm minh di cho eke router khac, cac router se ap dung giiti
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thuat SPF, to xay dung bang (firth tuyen rieng cho minh. Khi mpg a hiji
At, the giao thirc Link state g kh8ng giri 4p nhat djnh IcY ma chi giri khi nao
6 su thay d6i trong mpg (1 dubng bj down , can six dung throng du phi:mg).
Uu diem: co the thich nghi duqc yeti da so hg th6ng, cho phep nguiri
thiet ke co the thiet ke mang Iinh host, phial Ong nhanh v6i tinh huOng
xay ra.Do khOng giri cap nhat djnh Icy nhu Distance Vector, nen Link
State blo dam duce bang thong cho the duCmg mang.
Nhtrqc diem:do router phai xir ly nhieu, nen chiem nhieu b0 nha, t6c dO
CPU cham hcm nen tang dO tre.Viec sir dung cac giao thirc djnh tuyen
truyen thOng trong mang MANET se din den rat nhieu van de fro ngai
can gnu quyet.
✓ Tieu ten nang luqng nguen nuoi cho the cap nhap djnh IcY nhu trong
giao thirc djnh tuyen Distance Vector.
✓ Tieu ton bang thong mang cho cac cap nhap dinh
✓ Lam qua tai b0 vi xir ly elm thiet bj: khi the th8ng tin cap nhat, so
node mpg tang len.
✓ To ra nhieu dtrang di du thira.
2.1.2. Cu yeu cau chinh dig vai viec djnb twin trong mung MANET
Cac giao thirc djnh tuyen trong mang MANET an dam bao:
•

khi the node mang di chuyen
Thich ang nhanh khi topo »King thay
nhanh, yeu cau ket n6i tang len thi the giao thirc host diang theo ca cha t tiep
can top trong se giam hieu qua r6 rut do phai Mn nhieu thei gian de thu thop
thong tin ye trang thin hien tai va phat tan Iii n6. Trong khi do cAu hinh

mang co the di thay d6i khac di risi.
• Dam bao hieu qucitrong mai trufmg truyen khi cac node clang yen: lac nay
topo mpg IA c6 djnh kh6ng thay d6i nen the giao thirc djnh tuytm chi can
giri cac cap nhat khi co yeu cliu hoik mang thay dOi nhu viec miat node nao
de tit ket nei.
can ngan chan hien tucmg nay, bai vi khi do the
• Khong có lap dinh
goi tin bj djnh tuyen sai, din den viec hi truyen quay wing lien tuc trong

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mot so ket nal mang, kb& cho bang thong mang va cac tai nguyen !chic
nhu nthg Krung nguan nu8i bj tieu tan vet ich.
• Bdo men: viec djnh tuyen trong mpg MANET co nguy ca bj tan ding
ding bang cac phuang phap nhu xam nh(ip dubng truyen, phitt lai, thay dai
cac gai tin tieu de, dieu hut:mg the thong diep djnh tuyen. Do do khi thiet ke
cac giao that djnh tuyen can phai co phtumg phip phit hien dirge vi
ngan than cac lo3i ten cong.

a

2.1.3. Plan lospi the kg Mutt djnh tuyen
a) Link state vin Distance vector
Thucit tocin djnh twin vector khocing cach(distance-vector routing protocols)
Thujt total nay dung thuat tom Bellman-Ford, trong do chi djnh mot
con se, gqi la chi phi (hay trung s6), cho mai mot lien ket gith cac node
trong mang. Cac node se girl thong tin ve dubng di tir diem A den diem
B qua the duang truyen (ket n6i) mang Iii tang chi phi thip nhit (la
tang cac chi phi ctia cac ket nai gift the node dirge dung).
Thuat tofu' hoot don veri nheng himh dthg rat dun gem. Khi mot node
lcheri dOng Ian du, no chi biet the node ke Uwe tiep yeti no, vi chi phi
true tiep de di den do (thong tin gam: dank sach cue the dich, tong chi
phi den tang dich va buck ke tiep de girt de lieu den do to nen bang
djnh tuyen, hay bang khoing each). Mai node, trong mot tien trinh, girl
den tirng "hang xem" ding chi phi dm no de di den cac dich ma no biet.
Cac nodehang x6m phan tich thong tin My, va so sanh veri nhemg thong
tin ma chimg dang "biet"; bat IcY dieu gi cal thin doge nhang thong tin
cluingdang co se dirge due vao cac bang djnh tuyen cue nhimg hang
xem nay. Den khi ket dine, tat ca node tren mpg se tim ra buerc truyen
ke tiep nit tru den tat ca mui dich, va tong chi phi tin nhat.
Khi mot trong the node gap van de, Meng node !chic co sir dung node
hong nay trong 10 trinh cita mink se loci be nheng 10 trinh de, va to nen
thong tin men dm bang djnh tuyen. Sau do cluing chuyen thong tin nay
den tat ca nut gait ke va lap lid qui frith tren. Cu& ding, tat ca node tren

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mang !thin duqc thong tin cop Mit, va sau do se tim throng di m&i den
tit ca cac dich ma thong con toi duce.
tocin clinh tuyin trong thcii kit ndaink-state routing protocols)
Khi ap dung cac thu3t town trang thai ket noi mOi node sir dung dia lieu
ca sot ciut no nhu la mOt ban dO cim mpg yeti Bang melt do thi. De lam
dieu nay, mOi node phat di tai toim mpg nhimg th8ng tin ve cac node
khac ma n6 c6 the ket noi duqc, va tirng node g6p thong tin mOt each
doc lip vio bitn di). Sir dung ban
nay, mOi node sau do se xac djnh
duqc tuyen duang tot nhit tir no den mqi nut khac.
,

a

Thuit town di lam theo each nay la Dijkstra, bing each xay dung eau
true du lieu khac, clang cay, trong d6 nodehien tai la gee, va chira mqi
node khitc trong mang. Bit du veri min cay ban Mu chi chira chinh no.
Sau do Ian Itrqt tir tip cac node chua dirge them vlo cay, no se them
node co chi phi thip nhit den met node di co tren cay. Tiep tuc qui
trinh den khi mqi node deu duqc them vito cay.
City nay sau d6 plum At de xay dung bang djnh tuyen, dua ra buck
truyen ke tiep tot tru, ... de tir met node den bit kj , node khic tren
mang.
So sank cac thudt town dinh tuyin
Cfic giao thirc djnh tuyen theo thuit tom vector khofing each don glen
va hieu qua han trong cite mang nh6, doi hoi it (neu co) sir giam sat.
Tuy nhien nhuqc diem dm no la kha ring hei to chim khi mang Ian va
thay doi, dieu nay clan den sir phit trien cua cac thujt toan trang thai ket
noi tuy phirc tap han nhung Mt han de dung trong cac mang len.
U'u diem chinh cua djnh tuyen bing trang thai ket nOi la phan img nhanh

nhay han, va trong met Ichofing thin gian co han, di yeti sir thay din ket
Ngoai ra, nhung &Si doge giri qua mang trong djnh tuyen bing
trang thai ket nOi thi nho han nhang g6i dung trong djnh tuyen bang
vector. Dinh tuyen bang vector doi hei bang djnh tuyen diy do phai
dirge truyen di, trong khi djnh tuyen bang trang thai kat mil thi chi co
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thong tin ve hang x6m cita node duqc truyen di. Vi v(iy, cic gal nay
dimg tai nguyen mango mirc kh8ng ding ke. Khuyet diem chinh ciut
djnh tuyen bang trong thai ket noi la no doi hoi nhieu sv luu frit va tinh
toin de chay han dinh tuyen bang vector.
b) Dinh tuyin phan zing va din!r twin cha ring
Cic giao thirc djnh tuyen trong mpg MANET duqc phan chia thank the
loii: djnh tuyen chit ling (proactive), dinh tuyen phin img (reactive) va djnh
tuyen lai ghep gifts hai logi att. Cic giao thac djnh tuyen chit ling sir dung
phuang phip phit tin (floading) de quing bi thong tin toi ck thiet bj. Phuang
phip nay cho phep thai gian thiet lap &rang nhanh dra tret' the tham so girl tea
thiet bj sin sang cho ket noi. Tuy nhien, phuang phip nay cling lam luu luvrng
cic g6i tin tim duang tang len rat len, day chinh 11 nhtrqc diem clia phuang
phap nay. Giao thirc djnh tuyen hung thai lien ket toi tru OLSR va giao thirc
djnh tuyen vector khofing each tan ty dich DSDV la hai vi du cilia giao thirc
dinh tuyen chit (mg.
Ck giao thirc djnh tuyen phim img thiet lop tuyen dip theo tang y'eu cau
ket noi. Phucmg phip nay han the duqc chi phi tim duang, nhtmg nhtrqc diem
ca ban la gay tre Ion cho cic khung truyen din dau tien cling Mut thai gian
*al &rang din ch(im. Hai giao thirc phin ting dien hinh la giao thirc dinh
tuyen vector khoing each theo you eau AODV vi giao thirc djnh tuyen nguOn

dOng DSR.
MOt khi xiy ra lei tai node, the giao thirc djnh tuyen thuang khoi phuc
&rang den bang phuang phip thiet lop tuyen moi. HAu het cac tiep can hien
nay deu sir dung thong tin phin hoi tai thiet bi ngulin nhim kheri tao tuyen mei,
vi v#y km ltrong bin tin trao dOi la rat 16fn vi tang len rat nhanh khi kich thuot
mang 16n, nhat la dOi veri cic giao thirc djnh tuyen chit img. Khi kich thuoc
ming tang cling ding nghia Arai sir suy giim hieu Wing mang do hien tuving tre
cos thit tyc djnh tuyen vi truyen khung diu tien hing len rat Ion neu sir dung
giao thirc (firth tuyen phin img.
c) Dinh tuyin ngutin va dinh tuyin theo chdfb wag
Voi djnh tuyen ngu6n, tan be, thong tin ve duang di teri dich duqc dOt
trong twang tieu de dm gai tin de lieu, cic node trung gian chi vie chuyen
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tiep gait tin theo dtrerng trong tieu de. Lqi diem cria giao thire nay la lotti be)
duqc nhu cau quitng ba dueng dinh ky vit the gal tin kham pha (discovery)
hang x6m.
Trong dinh tuyen theo chn, khi mgt node than duce g6i tin can chuyen
tai dich, node do chuyen tiep gen tin theo chAng tiep theo huOng tai dich ma no
hitt. Node tiep theo lai chuyen tiep goi tin den dich theo nht-mg chang ma no
biet dva vao bang dinh tuyen tha no. Qua trinh tren se dimg lai khi gen tin
duqc chuyen tai dich. Nhtrqc diem ciia phtumg phip nay la tat ca cac node can
duy tri thong tin dinh tuyen nen phai xir ly nhieu ham va co kha nang tao thanh
cfic yang lap dinh tuyen.
2.2. Cac giao that dinh tuyen chinh trong ming MANET
MANET ROUTING PROTOCOL

Hinh 2.1: Ccic giao thtic dinh tuyin trong MANET
2.2.1. Giao tharcdinh tuyenDSDV
DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing) la giao dilly chi' (mg
dva tren dkra tren thujt torin Distance vector duqc xay dung beri C.Perkins
vaP.Bhagwat nAm 1994. Giao thirc nay &gm xay dvng dva tren tieu chi giit
nguyen stir don gian ciut giiti thu3t Bellman-Ford vit loai be van de yang 1Itp.

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Truyn thong tin djnh tuyin: Thong tin djnh tuyen duqc girl quang be
(broadcast) us tat ca the node hang xem lien ke no. Thong tin cap nlf(it duqc phat
dinh ky hoc ngay khi co cac thay dii xay ra trong mong. De birth l#p djnh tuyen
DSDV gon s6 thu to chin cho moi duting. SO thin to duqc On ben node dich, duqc
girl di trong g6i tin cap nh#p. SO thin tv nay cho they de mei dm min dueing,
duong nao co so thu tv cao ham duqc xem la tot ham.

Hinh 2.2: Dinh tuyin trong DSDV

SO tht tv nay se tang len met don vi khi met nodephat hien duang di taxi dich
co lien ket bi hong khi no khong nh(in duqc cep nh#t djnh kY. Khi ay trong g6i tin
cop nh#t ke tiep no giri di se quang ba clueing ten dich nay co s6 ch#rtg bang ve hen
(metric — co) va tang thfr tv clueing.
Khi met node nh#n duqc th6ng tin mei ve met tuyen clueing, tuyen nay seduce chqn neu no co so thu tkr Ion ham cac so thir tier khac eta ding tuyen de trong
bang djnh tuyen. Neu no co cling s6 tht tv thi no se duqc chqn neu co so metric
tot ham.
De lam giam kich thute gel tin cap nhjp, DSDV sir dung hai loM th6ng dip
cop nhOt le:

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Full dump: cip nhit day du. Thong diep nay bao gem than be thong tin
dinh tuyen ma node do biet den than diem de.
Incremental dump: c#p nhit boi sung. G6i thong diep nay chi bao gem
cic thong tin ve nhOng thay doi tir fan cap nhit day de gin Milk
Hai foci thong diep cot nhit nay thrqc Iuu vho hai bang khic nhau, mett
bang de chuyen tiep cac gtii tin day du, met de phitt cac goi tin cap nhit.
G6i tin 4p nhit dhy de chi dirge phit thuong xuy'en khi cac node
thu&ng xuyen di chuyen, khi mang it thay dei, che yeu chi co goi tin 4p
nhit be sung dirge giri di.
2.2.2. Giao thircdinh tuyenOLSR
OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) lit giao thin chti frog (Iva tren
thuit tom tang thai ket not (Link state). Cic node giri dinh lcjr ra toim mang thong
diep "Hello" de trao dei thong tin ve hang xem. Thong tin nay bao gam IP dm
node, se thr hr vi danh sach cac thong tin khoing each cue cac node hang x6m.
Sau khi cop nhit !Mang thong tin nay node se illy dvng len bang djnh tuyen cue
no vi c6 cal !thin ten the ve tom mpg. Dva vim bang djnh tuyen nay no c6 the
tv tinh dirge dubng di teti folic node khic dva vio thu#t tofin tim duerng di ngin
nhat. Khi met node nhin dirge met goi tin trimg 1#p yeti ding s6 thin tit no se loci
be g6i tin My. Trong bang dinh tuyen node luu tilting tin djnh tuyen teri tit ca
cac node khic trong mang. Meng thong tin nay chi dirge cip nhit khi:
Khi node nh#n thity sv thay doi trong quan he' hang xom (vd: mat lien ket
den node hang x6m,...)
Tuy'en dubng teri cac node dich khic het hen (qui lau khong dirge cip nhop)
Phfit hien ra dubng di mei ngin hen de teri dich.

Diem khic biet gifts OLSR vi LSR II viec giao thtic OLSR host dung dva ten'
viec met !them node mang cling tic v6i nhau tao nun *it kip phat chuyen tiep da
diem MPR. Mai node N trong mpg se Iva chip ra met tip cac node hang xem
cue no vio kip da diem MPR(N), cac node thuOc kip da diem nay se chuyen tiep
cac g6i tin dieu !Nen (lucre giri to N. Node kh8ng thuOc kip da diem cue N van xir
15r gel tin nay nhtmg se kluing chuyen tiep den the node khic.
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