Incidence of whiteflies and viral diseases of bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.) in Southern Karnataka, India

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 05 (2019)
Journal homepage:

Original Research Article

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Incidence of Whiteflies and Viral Diseases of Bittergourd
(Momordica charantia L.) in Southern Karnataka, India
S. Onkara Naik1*, G.S. Kannan2, V. Venkataravanappa1 and A.K. Chakravarthy1
1

Division of Entomology and Nematology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,
Bengaluru, Karnataka -560 089, India
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram,
Dindigul, Tamil Nadu- 624 302, India
*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Keywords
Bitter gourd, Virus,
Whiteflies, Survey,
district, Village

Article Info
Accepted:
10 April 2019

Available Online:
10 May 2019

Surveys conducted on the incidence of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Gen.) and viral diseases
on bitter gourd at Bengaluru, Mandya, Mysuru, Tumkur, Kolar and Chikkaballapur
districts of South Karnataka during 2015-16 and 2016-17. In2015-16Kharif, Disease
Incidence (DI) ranged from 19.25 to 40.67% and Vulnerability Index (VI) 12.83 to
27.11%with a whitefly population of 2.74 to 5.81 per plant in Tumakuru and Mandya
districts respectively. In rabi season, disease incidence ranged from 23.85 to 50.56% and
vulnerability index 15.90 to 33.70% with a whitefly population of 3.32 to 7.23 per plant in
Mysore and Chikkaballapur districts. During 2016-17, in Kharif, disease incidence ranged
from 18.18 to 45.44% and vulnerability index 12.12 to 30.30% with a whitefly population
of 2.54 to 6.51 per plant in Mysuru and Mandya districts, respectively. In rabi season,
disease incidence ranged from 27.00 to 48.85% and vulnerability index was 18.00 to
32.57% with a whitefly population of 3.82 to 6.98 per plant in Mysore and Kolar districts
respectively. A positive correlation with disease incidence and whitefly population on
bitter gourd was obtained. The activity of whiteflies and the viral disease incidence
recorded higher in rabi than in kharif.

tropical Asia, particularly in the Indo-Burma
region. The crop is widely grown in India,
Indonesia, Malaysia, China and tropical
Africa. The immature tuberculate fruits have
unique bitter taste consumed as vegetables,
which are very low in calories but with dense
precious nutrients and excellent source of
vitamins B1, B2, and B3, C, magnesium, folic
acid, zinc, phosphorus, manganese, iron and
has high dietary fiber.

Introduction
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an
important vegetable crop grown across the
Indian subcontinent belongs to the family
Cucurbitaceae. In India, this crop is cultivated
both commercial scale and in kitchen gardens
during the spring-summer and rainy season,
particularly in Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Maharashtra and Utter Pradesh.
Itis of old world origin and is a native of
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

Bitter gourd is often used in Chinese cooking
for its bitter flavor, typically in stir-fries,
soups, and also as tea. The fruit as a juice and
leaf as a tea is employed for diabetes, colic,
sores, wounds, infections, worms, parasites,
measles, hepatitis, treating fever, tumors and
purifying blood. Similarly several medicinal
properties of the bitter gourd is well
documented by various researchers, such as
anti-diabetic,
anti-ulcerogenic,
antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-tumour, antilipolytic, analgesic, abortifacient, anti-viral,
hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory. An
In-vitro studies showed that the bitter gourd
proteins

(α-and
β-monorcharin)
have
inhibitory effect against HIV virus and broadspectrum anti-microbial activity.

mosaic virus. The infection of papaya ring
spot virus (PRSV) poty virus was described
from cucurbitaceous plants with variable
symptoms like vein clearing, mottling,
malformed leaves and filimorphism (CMI,
1984). The association of bitter gourd
distortion mosaic virus (BDMV) with bitter
gourd was first reported in India from Kerala.
The symptoms of BDMV infection in bitter
gourd consists of upward curling, shortening
of internodes, distortion of leaves, stunting of
plants and deformation of fruits (Khan et al.,
2002). The simultaneous occurrence of
different viruses in bitter gourd plants results
in the mosaic complex. Cucumber mosaic,
watermelon mosaic and bitter gourd distortion
mosaic are the major viral diseases of bitter
gourd (Mukhopadhyay, 1985).

Many In-vivo studies have demonstrated the
relatively low toxicity of all parts of the bitter
gourd plant when ingested orally (Kandangath
et al., 2015). Considering the above its
medicinal properties to cure many human
health disorders, people have shown interest

to include M. charantia in their diet and hence
the demand of bitter gourd has increased (Raj
et al, 2005). Bitter gourd (M. charantia) is
natural host of many viruses, which affected
the cultivation and their production all over
the world (Tiwari et al., 2010). The important
viruses affecting bitter gourd are Cucumber
mosaic virus (CMV) (Nagarajan and
Ramakrishnan, 1971), Papaya ring spot virus
(PRSV-W), Indian cassava mosaic virus
(ICMV), Bitter gourd yellow mosaic
virus(Rajinimala et al., 2005), Pepper leaf
curl Bangladesh virus (PepLCBV) (Raj et al.,
2010) and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
(ToL CNDV) (Tiwari et al., 2010). The bitter
gourd mosaic is caused by different viruses.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection of
bitter gourd was reported for the first time
from Coimbatore India (Nagarajan and
Ramakrishnan, 1971). The virus was
transmitted by five different species of aphids
and was tentatively named as bitter gourd

Symptom of various mosaics of bitter gourd
in Kerala and artificial inoculation of bitter
gourd distortion mosaic virus (BDMV) was
reported (Zacharia, 2006). The association of
Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) with
yellow mosaic disease of bitter gourd has
been reported from Tamil Nadu, South India

(Rajinimala and Rabindran, 2007).
In the background of this, a study was
undertaken and surveyed different bitter
gourd growing regions of Southern plain
regions of Karnataka. The incidence of viral
diseases and whitefly population was
significant in almost all the farmers fields and
symptoms consisted of leaf curl, leaf twisting,
complete yellowing and mosaic under
different farmers fields.
Materials and Methods
Bitter gourd fields surveyed
Surveys were conducted to study the
incidence of whiteflies and viral diseases on
bitter gourd during 2015-16 and 2016-17. In
this study, the list of cultivated area was
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

prepared in consultation with officials of
Agriculture Department, Government of
Karnataka and covered a total of 133 villages
of 25 talukas and 6 Districts of Southern
plains of Karnataka (Fig. 1).

Based on the rating Vulnerability Index was
calculated using the formula,

Sampling and virus disease assessment in
bitter gourd

V.I. - Vulnerability index
n0, n1……n5 - Number of plants in the
category of 0,1,2,3,4,5
nt - Total number of plants
nc - Total number of categories

V.I. = (0n0+1n1+ 2n2+3n3+4n4+5n5) x 100
nt (nc-1)

The minimum area (plot) size of50 cents and
randomly at 5 spots 25 plants in each field
were selected, examined for whitefly
population and symptoms of virus diseases
and data recorded on 5 plants at each spot.

Results and Discussion
Viral disease survey and collection of white
flies

Visual severity score
Based on visual symptoms of the plants
(showing mosaic, mottling, leaf puckering,
yellow mosaic and curling of leaves) percent
disease incidence was estimated. Whitefly
damage and virus disease severity was
estimated using the visual rating scale of 1 – 5
per individual plant; where 1 = 0 – 20% of

foliage damaged, 2 = 21 – 40% of foliage
damaged, 3 = 41 – 60% of foliage damaged, 4
= 61 – 80% of foliage damaged and 5 = 81 –
100% of foliage damaged.

The survey was conducted in two crop growth
periods in a cropping season such as
vegetative stage and fruiting stage in both
Kharif and rabi by visual inspection of plants
in each field, by following “W” pattern
(crossing the rows). The study revealed that,
the incidence of whiteflies and viral diseases
in bitter gourd was observed in all the
surveyed localities with varied level of
damage and vulnerability.The most common
symptoms observed on the infected plants
displaying virus-like disease are mosaic, leaf
curl, leaf twisting, mottling, netting and
complete yellowing at vegetative stage.
Whereas fruiting stage, the plants are
expressing severe leaf curl, complete
yellowing, twisting of vein, and fruits are
small and malformed (Plate 1.). The place of
survey, number field‟s surveyed, on bitter
gourd at different farmer‟s fields and location
are given the Table 1.

The bitter gourd plants expressing virus-like
symptoms and symptomless leaf samples
were collected from each field. The leaf

samples were picked by moving diagonally
across the field from one individual plant
toanother as described by Venkataravanappa
et al., (2017).
Disease Incidence (DI) and Vulnerability
Index (VI) were calculated as given below.

Survey Scenario during 2015-16
Percent disease incidence was calculated as
During Kharif, the incidence of virus disease
was recorded on bitter gourd was ranged
from19.25 to 40.67 % and Vulnerability
Index (VI) of 12.83 to 27.11 % with average
whiteflies population of 2.74 to 5.81 per

Disease Incidence (DI) = Number of plants
infected X 100
Total number of plants

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

plant. Among the districts, Mandya (Fig. 2)
recorded highest disease index of 40.67 %
and vulnerability index of 27.11 % with
whitefly population of 5.81 per plant followed
by Chikkaballapur (Fig. 3) recorded 37.64 %
(DI), 25.09 % (VI) and 5.37 whiteflies per

plant, Bengaluru (Fig. 4) recorded 36.51%
(DI), 24.34 % (VI) and 5.20 whiteflies per
plant. Whereas, Tumakuru district (Fig. 5)
recorded lowest DI (19.25 %), VI (12.83 %)
and 2.74 whiteflies per plant.

incidence is ranged from 27 to 48%, VI
ranged 18 to 32 % with 3.82 to 7.25 whiteflies
per plant. Kolar (Fig. 7) recorded highest DI
of 49%, VI of 33 % with 6.98 whiteflies per
plant followed by Chikkaballapur had a DI of
47.41 %, VI 31.61 % and 7.25 whiteflies per
plant and Bengaluru Rural recorded DI of
43.99%, VI29.33 % with 6.32 whiteflies per
plant. While the lowest DI was observed in
Mysuru (27%), with VI of 18 % and 3.82
whiteflies per plant.

Similarly in case of rabi season, the incidence
of viral disease was ranged between 23.85 to
50.56%, VI ranged 15.90 to 34% with 3.32 to
7.23 whiteflies per plant. Chikkaballapura
recorded highest DI of 51%, VI of 34 % with
7.23 whiteflies per plant followed by Kolar
had a DI of 48.68 %, VI 32.45 % and 6.95
whiteflies per plant and Mandya recorded DI
47%, VI 32 % with 6.82 whiteflies per plant.
While the lowest DI was observed in Mysuru
(24 %), with VI of 16 % and 3.32 whiteflies
per plant (Fig. 6).

The activity of whiteflies and the viral disease
incidence were recorded higher in rabi than in
kharif. This may be due to many region
among them choice of variety grown and
prevalence of vector population and
environment factors. Normally in kharif
season most of the farmer grown cereals and
other pulse crops due to rains, which may
leads the vectors population is very low in
Mandya, Tumkur and Mysuru Districts.
While in rabi most the famers grown different
varieties of vegetables which are most prefer
host for vectors and also usage of pesticides
to manage pests was minimal or nil in
Mandya, Tumkur and Mysuru Districts may
one of the region to recorded higher incidence
of different viruses.

Survey Scenario during 2016-17
Similarly survey was made in during 2016-17,
the results indicated that during Kharif, the
incidence of viral disease was recorded in
bitter gourd is ranged between 18.18 to 45.44
% and Vulnerability Index (VI) 12.12 to
30.30 % with average whiteflies population of
2.54 to 6.51 per plant. Among the districts,
Mandya recorded highest disease incidence of
45.44 % and vulnerability index of 30.30 %
with whitefly population of 6.51 per plant

followed by Bengaluru Rural recorded 43.94
% (DI), 29.29 % (VI) and 6.36 whiteflies per
plant, Kolar recorded 42.39 % (DI), 28 %
(VI) and 6.06 whiteflies per plant and
Chikkaballapur had a DI of 40%, VI of 27 %
and 6.02 whiteflies per plant. Whereas in
Mysuru recorded lowest DI (18.18 %), VI (12
%) and 2.54 whiteflies per plant respectively.
Similarly in rabi season, the viral disease

Whereas in Kolar, Chikkaballapur and
Bengaluru Districts farmers are cultivated
different variety cucurbits and non-cucurbits
throughout year and usage of pesticides to
manage pests too high is one of the reason,
the incidence of viral disease is low on bitter
gourd as compared other districts.
Symptoms associated with the disease include
yellow mottle, mosaic, blistering, leaf curl
and reduction in leaf size, yellow mosaic and
blistering is also seen in severe infection
finally leading to stunting of the plant,
reduced flowering and fruiting and hairyness
on stem.

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

Table 1 Incidence of whiteflies and vulnerability of viral disease on bittergourd
Sl.
No.

District and Locality

A

Bengaluru Rural

1

Devanahalli (7)

2

Hoskote (5)

3

Anekal (5)

4

Nelamangala (5)

5

Doddaballapur (6)

B
1

Chikkaballapur
Chikkaballapur (5)

2

Sidlagatta (4)

3

Chinthamani (7)

C

Kolar

1

Malur (5)

2

Bangarpet (4)

3

Kolar (6)

1

Mandya
Nagamangala (7)

2

K.R.Pet (4)

GPS Coordinates

13.2417° N,
77.7137° E
13.0730° N,
77.7967° E
12.7105° N,
77.6911° E
13.0874° N,
77.4110° E
13.2927° N,
77.5389° E
13.4324° N,
77.7280° E
13.3937° N,
77.8653° E
13.4020° N,
78.0551° E

13.0035° N,
77.9425° E

12.9915° N,
78.1788° E
13.1357° N,
78.1326° E
12.8271° N,
76.7596° E
12.6558° N,
76.4881° E

2015-16
Kharif
Whiteflies DI (%)
/ plant
5.20
36.51b

VI (%)

Rabi
Whiteflies DI (%)
/ plant

VI
(%)

2016-17
Kharif
Whiteflies
/ plant

24.34b

6.28

43.72c

29.14b

5.54

38.93

25.95

6.84

48.00

5.20

36.70

24.47

6.34

5.32

37.40

24.93

4.98

35.10

4.93

Rabi
Whiteflie DI (%)
s / plant

VI (%)

DI (%)

VI (%)

6.36

43.94ab

6.32

43.99b

29.33a

32.00

6.79

47.00

29.29a
b
31.33

7.16

50.21

33.48

44.10

29.40

6.34

43.90

29.27

6.54

45.50

30.33

6.44

44.80

29.87

6.42

44.40

29.60

6.36

44.20

29.47

23.40

5.94

41.10

27.40

6.40

43.80

29.20

5.84

40.30

26.87

34.42

22.94

5.83

40.58

27.06

5.87

40.58

27.06

5.72

39.75

26.50

5.37
5.40

37.64b
37.88

25.09b
25.25

7.23
7.14

50.56a
50.00

33.70a
33.33

6.02
5.96

40.52c
37.25

27.01c
24.83

7.25
7.30

47.41ab
41.20

31.61a
27.47

5.22

36.70

24.47

7.06

49.10

32.73

5.92

41.30

27.53

7.14

49.90

33.27

5.49

38.34

25.56

7.49

52.57

35.05

6.17

43.00

28.67

7.30

51.14

34.10

4.79

33.50c

22.34c

6.95

48.68ab

32.45a

6.06

42.39bc

6.98

48.85a

32.57a

4.70

32.90

21.93

7.18

50.26

33.51

6.00

42.00

28.26b
c
28.00

7.26

50.82

33.88

4.33

30.28

20.18

6.45

45.15

30.10

5.80

40.60

27.07

6.53

45.68

30.45

5.33

37.33

24.89

7.23

50.63

33.76

6.37

44.57

29.71

7.15

50.05

33.37

5.81
5.84

40.67a
40.71

27.11a
27.14

6.82
6.90

47.55b
48.07

31.70a
32.05

6.51
6.71

45.44a
46.81

30.30a
31.21

6.28
6.44

43.88b
44.86

29.25a
29.90

5.50

38.63

25.75

6.63

46.13

30.75

6.55

45.70

30.47

6.33

44.13

29.42

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

3

Srirangapatna (5)

4

Malavalli (6)

5

Mandya (7 Villages)

6

Maddur (5 Villages)

1

Mysuru
Nanjanagud (5)

4

Tirumakudalu
Narasipur (5)

Heggadadevana Kote
(5)
Hunasur (5)

1

Tumkur
Koratagere (5)

2

Gubbi (5)

3

Tumkur (5)

4

Madhugiri (5)

2
3

12.4216° N,
76.6931° E
12.3853° N,
77.0536° E
12.5222° N,
76.9009° E

12.5839° N,
77.0435° E
12.1200° N,
76.6801° E
12.2110° N,
76.9038° E
12.0880° N,
76.3319° E
12.3009° N,
76.2885° E
13.5240° N,
77.2376° E
13.3118° N,
76.9398° E
13.3392° N,
77.1140° E
13.6643° N,
77.2089° E

5.58

39.00

26.00

6.88

47.80

31.87

6.56

45.82

30.55

6.20

43.30

28.87

5.53

38.92

25.94

6.67

46.42

30.94

6.30

43.92

29.28

5.92

41.17

27.44

5.91

41.57

27.71

6.96

48.86

32.57

6.46

45.26

30.17

7.00

49.14

32.76

6.48

45.20

30.13

6.90

48.00

32.00

6.46

45.16

30.11

5.78

40.70

27.13

2.82
2.58

20.73d
20.90

13.82d
13.93

3.32
3.56

23.85e
25.20

15.90d
16.80

2.54
2.26

18.18e
16.20

12.12e
10.80

3.82
3.98

27.00c
28.00

18.00c
18.67

2.84

20.00

13.33

3.26

23.40

15.60

2.48

17.90

11.93

3.84

27.00

18.00

2.94

21.00

14.00

3.12

22.60

15.07

2.64

18.80

12.53

3.70

26.30

17.53

2.92

21.00

14.00

3.34

24.20

16.13

2.76

19.80

13.20

3.74

26.70

17.80

2.74
2.82

19.25d
20.00

12.83d
13.33

4.32
4.34

30.25d
30.50

20.17c
20.33

2.54
3.28

23.45d
23.00

15.63d
15.33

4.78
4.78

33.15d
33.30

22.10b
22.20

2.82

19.70

13.13

4.44

31.20

20.80

3.40

24.00

16.00

4.84

33.70

22.47

2.56

17.90

11.93

4.28

29.90

19.93

3.42

24.30

16.20

4.70

32.50

21.67

2.76

19.40

12.93

4.20

29.40

19.60

3.26

22.50

15.00

4.78

33.10

22.07

Note: Means with the different letters are significant (p>0.05) as analyzed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
*Figures in brackets are No of villages surveyed in each Talukas.
DI = Disease Index
VI = Vulnerability Index

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

Fig.1 Map of Karnataka showing surveyed regions

Fig.2 Incidence of whiteflies and vulnerability of viral disease on bitter gourd at Mandya

Fig.3 Incidence of whiteflies and vulnerability of viral disease on bitter gourd at Chikkaballapur

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

Fig.4 Incidence of whiteflies and vulnerability of viral disease on bitter gourd at Bengaluru

Fig.5 Incidence of whiteflies and vulnerability of viral disease on bitter gourd at Tumkur

Fig.6 Incidence of whiteflies and vulnerability of viral disease on bitter gourd at Mysuru

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

Fig.7 Incidence of whiteflies and vulnerability of viral disease on bitter gourd at Kolar

Plate.1 Incidence of whiteflies and viral disease on bittergourd

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 927-937

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
(ELISA) revealed the presence of three
viruses belonging to PRSV Papaya ringspot
Potyvirus, Begomo, Cucumber mosaic virus
(CMV), Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV)
and POTY group causing a mixed infection in
bitter gourd. This was found in Bengaluru
Chikkaballapur and Kolar districts as the
absorbance values of samples in all the
districts show an increase of 2.15 times more
than the healthy. Whereas, in Mandya,
Mysuru, Tumkur the reaction of sample
showed POTY antiserum which indicates the
presence of Begomo and CMV infection only.
The major variety that was grown in
Bengaluru, Kolar and Chikkaballpur was Var.
Arka Harit, Preethi and Priya while the
Mandya and Mysuru farmers from Var.

Preethi and Tumkur Var. Green long and
white long were following open precision
system and the hybrid Palee (F1), Sanjini
(F1), Soumya (F1) was popular among them.

plant, reduced flowering and fruiting and
hairyness on the stem. Enzyme Linked
Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Dot
Immunobinding Assay (DIBA) revealed the
presence of three viruses belonging to
Begomo, CMV and POTY group causing a
mixed infection in bitter gourd. AbouJawdahl et. al., (2000) reported major
economic loss due to cucurbit viral diseases in
Lebanon. A survey conducted revealed the
presence of Zucchini yellow mosaic Potyvirus
(ZYMV) and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows
Polerovirus (CABYV) are the most common
viruses followed by Watermelon mosaic
Potyvirus
(WMV),
Papaya
ringspot
Potyvirus-watermelon strain (PRSV-W) and
to a lesser extent Cucumber mosaic
Cucumovirus (CMV). The occurrence of
yellow mosaic disease of bitter gourd in
Tamil Nadu caused by (ICMV) has been
reported (Rajinimala and Rabindran, 2007) as
mosaic and mottling on young leaves. The
mottling usually started at the edges of the

leaf and advanced inwards subsequently,
chlorotic patches appeared on leaves and in
advanced stages of infection, the entire leaf
becomes chlorotic with few, small patches of
green tissue remaining over the leaf area. The
occurrence of seven viruses in cucumber from
major cultivated area of Oklahoma, USA was
reported (Ali, 2012).

In India, a whitefly transmitted bitter gourd
distortion mosaic virus (BDMV) producing
mosaic, reduced leaf size, curling, deformed
fruits, thick and hairy stem was reported (Giri
and
Mishra
1986).
Radhika
and
Umamaheswaran conducted a survey at five
locations in Thiruvananthapuram district,
Pappanchani area recorded highest incidence
of viral disease (60%) while highest
Vulnerability Index (V.I) was recorded from
Vellayani (56.00). In Idukki district, six major
bitter gourd cultivating areas were surveyed
among which Rajakumary area recorded the
highest disease incidence (100%) and V.I
(82.00). In Palakkad district, five locations
were surveyed, among which Panackatri and
Thekkepotta recorded highest disease

incidence of 88% and highest V.I (69.00).
Symptoms associated with the disease include
yellow mottling, mosaic, blistering, leaf curl
and reduction in leaf size. Yellow mosaic and
blistering is also seen in case of severe
infection finally leading to stunting of the

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How to cite this article:
Onkara Naik, S., G.S. Kannan, V. Venkataravanappa and Chakravarthy, A.K. 2019. Incidence
of Whiteflies and Viral Diseases of Bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.) in Southern
Karnataka, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(05): 927-937.
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937