The effects of brassinolide on the growth and yield of sesame ADB1 variety

AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol 7 (3), 9 – 16

THE EFFECTS OF BRASSINOLIDE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SESAME ADB1
VARIETY
Tran Thi Nga1, Nguyen Hong Hue2, Le Vinh Thuc2
1

Master student of Crop Science, An Giang University, VNU - HCM
Can Tho University

2

Information:
Received: 20/08/2018
Accepted: 06/12/2018
Published: 11/2019

Keywords:
Sesamum indicum, proline,
brassinolide.

ABSTRACT
Research of the effects of brassinolide (BL) on the growth and yield of
sesame, the field experiment was carried out in Randomize Complete
Block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications, the replication
area is 65m2. The treatments were three concentrations of BL (0.05, 0.07
and 0.1 ppm), and 2 control treatments, Ca- Bo- K (CaO (18 mg/l), K2O
(144 mg/l) and B2O3 (384 mg/l) (as farmer using) and spray water. All
treatments were treated at two times, 15 and 30 days after sowing. The
results showed that plants treated with BL, the proline content in leaves
increased. Sesame was sprayed with 0.07 ppm of brassinolide producing

highest yield (1,637.7 kg/ha) (increasing double times and 34.9% in
comparison with spraying water and farmer control treatment,
respectively).

1. INTRODUCTION

of flower or young pods drop are high and pest
attack.

Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual plant
with high nutritional value and has recently been
selected for crop rotation on rice soil in the Mekong
Delta (Mekong Delta) (Tran Thi Hong Tham et al.,
2008; Le Van Khoa and Nguyen Thi Thuy Duong,
2012; Vu Van Long et al., 2018). In production to
increase the productivity of sesame, there are many
measures to be applied such as determining
appropriate fertilizer dosage (Kalaiselvan et al.,
2001), planting and tending techniques (Raikwar
and Srivastva, 2013; Nadeem et al., 2015),
applying growth regulators in sesame production
(Greedly et al., 2005; Vekaria et al., 2017).
However, in the Mekong Delta in recent years due
to the effect of climate change such as increasing
temperatures, erratic rain and wind, it has greatly
affected the productivity of sesame due to number

Brassinolide (C28H48O6) is an endogenous plant
hormone, a newly recognized and effective broadspectrum plant hormone that is a non-toxic, fast
and powerful plant growth regulator. In plants, at

low concentrations can make plants grow rapidly,
promote fertilization, increase photosynthesis,
increase chlorophyll content, stimulate root
development, improve plant resistance, maintains
flower and fruit preservation time, increase
drought tolerance and alkali resistance, increases
disease resistance, help plants recover quickly
from injuries, resistance to biological agents such
as pests (Abe, 1989; Khripach et al., 1999) and
abiotic stresses such as inadequate environmental
conditions such as saline condition (Ikekawa and
Zhao, 1991; Peter, 1995; Fujioka and Yokota,
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AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol 7 (3), 9 – 16

2003). Brassinolide also helps plants increase crop
yields (Pipattanawong et al., 1996; Serna et al.,
2012; Ghorbani et al., 2017). In India, research on
sesame spray 28-homobrassinolide at 30 days after
sowing helped plant growth and yield (Prakash et
al., 2007). Treatment of BL at a concentration of
0.1-10 µM stimulates the growth of rice leaves,
increases the number of leaves but inhibits the
height of rice plants (Nguyen Minh Chon, 2010).
According to research by Le Kieu Hieu and
Nguyen Bao Ve (2017), spraying of 0.05 mg/L
helped OM2517 rice to increase yields by nearly
7% compared to no treatment.Brassinolide

increases the germination rate when treated on the
seeds of many crops, grasses and parasites
(Kamuro and Takatsuto, 1999). Besides, BL is also
used to increase the number of leaves, leaf area,
fresh weight and dry weight of leaves and roots,
leaf age, number of effective shoots or branches.
People also use BL to increase the number of
flowers on the cotton of the herbaceous plant, the
amount of fruit on crops, fruit trees and tubers to
increase yield (Nguyen Minh Chon, 2010). In
Vietnam, applied research of BL on sesame has not
been recognized. Therefore, this project was
conducted to determine the suitable dose of BL for

ADB1 sesame seed to grow and provide high
yields.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
The experiment was conducted from January to
April 2017 in Binh Thuy commune, Chau Phu
district, An Giang province. The variety used in the
experiment is sesame ADB1 variety. This is the
black sesame variety restored by the Southern
Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology
from the local sesame variety of the Mekong Delta.
Brassinolide plant growth regulator (90% active
ingredient brassinolide) is sourced from China.
2.2 Methods and Experimental layout
The experiment was arranged in the field in a
completely randomized block design of 5

treatments (NT) with 5 replicates (LL). The area of
each plot (replicate) was 65 m2. The treatments
were described as Table 1. The chemicals were
treated at two times, 15 days and 30 days after
sowing (DAS). Calcium-Bo-K mixture is a control
NT according to farmers often applied to increase
the rate of flowering beans and young pods on
sesame.

Table 1. The experimental treatments

Number

Treatments

Contents

1

BL 0,05 ppm

Brassinolide 0,05 ppm

2

BL 0,07 ppm

Brassinolide 0,07 ppm

3

BL 0,1 ppm

Brassinolide 0,10 ppm

4

Canxi-Bo-K

CaO (18 mg/l), K2O (144 mg/l) và B2O3 (384 mg/l)

5

Control

Apply water

2.3 Cultivation methods

applied using the method of overflow irrigation.
The water went into the fields through the trenches,
to irrigate the fields then drained when the plants
were ripe (65 DAS). Fertilizers applied a local
formula of 105.5 kg N/ha, 60 kg P2O5/ha and 50 kg
K2O/ha. Harvesting occurred when the plant has
about 95% of the ripe dry pods. Harvesting each
plot individually, did not allow the pods to fall. The

After harvesting rice, the soil in the field is dried
under the sun, plowing straw into the soil

conducting deep trenching at distance of 25 - 30 cm
between beds to drain water quickly. Sowing seeds
with the amount of seed 5 kg/ha. Sesame seeds are
soaked with water to remove the poor seeds, then
mixed with sand to sow. The experiment was
10


AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol 7 (3), 9 – 16

seeds were beaten immediately after the fruit was
dried.

diagonally marked track. Number of seeds/pod
(seeds) in each treatment randomly selected 10
large pods from 25 plants counting the number of
seeds per plants. The mass of 1000 grains (g) was
repeated 3 times, then an average of 3 weighing
times for each replication of the experiment.

2.4 Indicator measurement methods
Each experimental plot was marked with 5
diagonal points, with each point hosting 25 plants,
marked for monitoring indicators. Plant height was
measured from the ground to the tip. The height to
the first pod (cm) measured from the ground to the
first left close position. Number of branches/plant
(branches) counts the total number of branches per
plant. The number of leaves/plant (leaves) and leaf
size recorded in the pod plant period counted the

total number of leaves per plant and used a 3-leaf
ruler in the middle of each plant.

The yield (ton/ha) collected in the experimental
plot was dried and weighed the total weight then
converted to tons / ha.
Evaluation of wilt disease rates was recorded at 34,
44 and 54 DAS. The disease rate is calculated
according to the following formula:
Ratio of dead plants

Wilt disease rates (%) = -------------------- x 100%

Chlorophyll content in leaf is measured by
chlorophyll metter SPAD - 502 Plus (Konica
Minolta Sensing, INC - Japan) is sandwiched in the
middle of the 3rd leafy meat of the sesame seedlings
from top to bottom at 40 DAS , is the mature leaf
(Dehnavi et al., 2017).

Total plants track

2.5 Data processing methods
The data is calculated and processed on a computer
with the help of the Excel program, using SPSS
16.0 statistical software to analize the experimental
data through the Duncan test to compare the
differences between treatments.

Proline content in leaves was analyzed at the

Department of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology,
College of Agriculture, Can Tho University by the
method of Base et al. (1973). Each treatment
randomly selected 5 plants to collect a uniform leaf
sample (select the 3rd leaf from the top) at 35 DAS.
Weigh 0.5g of crushed leaves in 10ml of
sulfosalicylic acid 3% (w/v), centrifuge 7,000
cycles/20 minutes, collect the above extract to
perform the color reaction, take 2ml of solution for
the test, add 2ml of acetic acid and 2ml of
nynhidrin acid (1.25g ninhydrin + 30 ml of acetic
acid + 20 ml of 6 M phosphoric acid, store the
solution at 40°C), incubate the reaction at 100°C
for 1 hour, after cooling for 5 minutes. Add 4 ml of
toluene to the reaction mixture, shake well, take the
upper color portion to measure OD520nm. The
proline content is calculated from the calibration
curve equation Y = 0.017.X + 0.095 (R2 = 1.0)
where X is the proline concentration (µg/ml), Y is
OD520nm.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Effect of BL on plant height, height to first
pod and number of branches on the plant
By the time of harvest, the treatments BL 0.07
ppm, BL 0.1 ppm and Calcium-Bo-K had the
highest plant height but not statistically different
from each other (Figure 1). The height of plants in
the spraying treatment BL 0.05 ppm (104 cm) and
the control treatments (95.7 cm) had the lowest

plant height. According to Nguyen Minh Chon
(2010), brassinolide stimulates the growth of many
plants with very low concentrations and the
treatment of BL helps these dwarf mutants grow
normally again, showing that BL has an important
role for normal plant growth.
Results in Figure 1 shows that the number of
branches/plant did not differ statistically between
the treatments. This shows that the treatment of BL
did not effect on the number of branches/plant
compared to the control. The number of
branches/plant affects the number of pods since the
branch on the plant will bear flowers and pods, the

The number of pods/plant (left) is recorded by
counting the number of pods per plant, each
treatment randomly selected 25 plants along the
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AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol 7 (3), 9 – 16

between the treatments. When spraying BL or
Calcium-Bo-K, the pod is higher than the control,
so the height to the first pod is low.

The height to the first pod had a significant
difference of 1% through statistical analysis
Plant heighth (cm)

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

The heighth to the first pod (cm)

Number of branches (branch)

135,0a

127,0a

126,0a

Plant height (cm)

104,0b
95,7b
7,0
38,7a

37bc

36,5ab

Control

7,2

6,9

7,1

7,3
34,3c

33,2c

Canxi -Bo-K BL 0,05 ppm BL 0,07 ppm

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Number of
branches
(branch)

number of branches/plant depends mainly on the
characteristics of the variety.

BL 0,1 ppm

Treatment
Figure 1. Plant height, height to the first pod and number of branches at time of harvest

3.2 Effect of BL on number of leaves and size of
leaves on sesame plants

to maintain cell tension is an important factor to
ensure the increase in leaf size. Figure 2 shows the
leaf size between the treatments with significant
differences through statistical analysis. In the
treatment of BL 0.07ppm, the highest leaf size was
followed by the treatment of BL 0.1 ppm and the
lowest was BL spray with a concentration of 0.05
ppm. This shows that BL has an influence on the
size of sesame leaves and at the treatment
concentration, the appropriate BL spray will give
maximum leaf size. The function of BL is involved
in many plant development processes such as
stretching, leaf expansion, flowering and aging
(Rao et al., 2002).

The results in Figure 2 show that the number of
leaves/plants did not differ significantly by
statistical analysis between the treatments. The
number of leaves/sesame can be determined by the

same variety as many other crops, such as the
number of leaves on tomatoes is the genetic
characteristics of the variety (Ta Thu Cuc, 2005).
In photosynthesis process, leaf size is a factor
affecting the ability to absorb light. Therefore, leaf
size is an important indicator to assess the growth
of plants. Providing enough nutrients to the leaves
Number of leaves (leaf)

Width of leaf (cm)

20

32,8

32,0

32,1

31,3

32,2
13,0
11,5

10,0

9,1

10,2

20

10

7,2
4,8

6,2

5,9

5,3

0

0
Control

Canxi -Bo-K BL 0,05 ppm BL 0,07 ppm

BL 0,1 ppm

Treatments
Figure 2. Number of leaves and size of leaves on sesame plants

12

Size of leaf (cm)

Number of leaves (leaf)

40

Length of leaf (cm)


AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol 7 (3), 9 – 16

3.3 Effect of BL on chlorophyll and proline
content in leaves

in rice, according to Fujii and Saka (2001) at
ambient temperature, using BL at a concentration
of 2x10-8M or 2x10-9M to slightly increase the
starch and chlorophyll content in the slab of rice
leaves. This is an important factor for
photosynthesis plants to convert essential
chemicals to increase crop productivity.

The results in Table 2 show that chlorophyll
content is significantly different from statistical
analysis, which shows that BL increases
chlorophyll content in leaves. This was also found

Table 2. Chlorophyll content and proline content in sesame leaves

Treatments

Chlorophyll content

Proline content
(µmol/g)

Control

53,6d

1,24c

Canxi-Bo-K

59,3c

2,08b

BL 0,05 ppm

57,9c

1,39c

BL 0,07 ppm

73,0a

2,59a

BL 0,1 ppm

69,7b

2,26ab

F
CV (%)

*

**

14,05

9,77

Notes: In the same column, numbers with the same following digits do not have statistically different;
at significance level of 1%; * difference at significance level of 5%

The results in Table 2 show that the concentration
of proline accumulated in sesame leaves increased
and the difference was statistically significant at
1%. In particular, the spray treatments of BL 0.07
ppm and BL 0.1ppm had the accumulation of
proline concentration of 2.59 µmol / g and 2.26
µmol / g, respectively compare to the remaining
treatments. This shows that the sesame treated with
BL has accumulated more proline than the control,
thus helping to increase resilience and improve
good growth for sesame. According to Belkhodja
and Benkablia (2000), proline accumulation is one

of the adapters activated by plants that meet
adverse environmental conditions. Thus, spraying
BL at doses of 0.10 ppm and 0.07 ppm both have
an impact on proline accumulation process. The
time of flowering is when the plant changes from
vegetative to reproductive stage, so it is very
sensitive to external conditions, especially
unfavorable external conditions (flooding, drought,
physiological stress, ...), affecting in the process of
pollination, fertilization and pod formation so that
the increase in proline content at this time is very
important, proline will increase the osmotic

** difference

pressure of cells to help the plant maintain its
ability to absorb water. In the absence of water or
proline protects the cell membrane against the
adverse effects of inorganic prints under stress
conditions, ...) thereby helping plants overcome
adverse external conditions to minimize damage to
formation the productivity of plants or in other
words, the treatment of BL growth regulators in
sesame plants gave the plants a lot of resistance
adaptation to adverse environmental fluctuations.
3.4 Effect of brassinolide on resistance to
sesame wilt and leaf-eating pests of sesame
Results in Table 3 for wilt disease (Rhizoctonia sp.;
Pythium sp.; Fusarium sp.) shows that at the time
of 34 DAS, some treatments started to show signs

of disease but with the same proportion as in the
treatment spray BL 0.05 ppm; BL 0.07 ppm and
controls 0.75%; 1.00%; 1.19%, the remaining
treatments did not appear diseased. At the time of
44 DAS, it is clear that the rate of disease among
treatments are highest, BL 0.05 ppm is 2.78%,
followed by Calcium-Bo is 1.62% and the lowest
incidence is BL. 0.07 ppm is 0.74 ppm.
Considering at the time of 54 DAS, although the
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AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol 7 (3), 9 – 16

treatment of preventive medicine has not been
effective, the disease rate still increases in all
treatments but it is still lower than the control, in
which the lowest BL 0.07 ppm is 3,56%. This
shows that, when increasing the treatment dose of
BL, the rate of wilting disease tends to decrease,
meaning that BL has helped the plant to respond to

abiotic disadvantages (withering). It is related to
the accumulation of proline of plants because BL
0.07 ppm of proline accumulation has the lowest
rate of wilt infection. Thus, initially it is recognized
that BL has the ability to increase the resistance of
the plant to help reduce the wilting disease in the
sesame.

Table 3. Resistant to wilt disease on seedling

Wilt disease (%)

Treatments

34 DAS

44 DAS

54 DAS

Control

1,19

4,05

8,33

Canxi-Bo-K

0,00

1,62

4,37

BL 0,05 ppm

0,75

2,78

6,24

BL 0,07 ppm

1,00

0,74

3,56

BL 0,1 ppm

0,00

1,88

3,93

3.5 Effect of brassinolide
component of sesame

on

the

yield

(2011), the mass of 1000 grains ranged from 2 to 4 g
and due to genetic characteristics, different sesame
varieties have weight of 1,000 seeds are different.
In V6 sesame variety and Rajeshwari (India), the
weight of 1000 seeds is quite large (3g/1000 seeds).
Thus, BL has an effect on the number of pods/plant
but does not affect the weight of 1000 seeds of
sesame seed, which is an important factor to help
increase productivity and product quality.
According to Ali (2017) BL increases the rate of
fruiting and helps the plant reduce physiological
loss.

The results in Table 4 show that BL 0.07 ppm
resulted in a higher number of pods/plant
compared to the control group and a 5% significant
difference through statistical analysis compared to
the remaining treatments. This shows that BL has
an influence on the number of pods/plant. The mass
of 1000 grains ranged from 2.4 g to 2.8 g, which
shows that BL spray does not affect the weight of
1000 grains. According to Nguyen Bao Ve et al.

Table 4. Number of fruits/plant, weight of 1000 seeds and sesame yield

Number of pods/plant
(pod)

Weight of 1,000 seeds

(g)

Control

46,7d

2,66

889,7d

Canxi-Bo-K

53,4bc

2,70

1.213,3c

BL 0,05 ppm

49,6cd

2,75

1.068,3cd

BL 0,07 ppm

59,1b

2,75

1.637,7a

BL 0,1 ppm

65,1a

2,81

1.444,0b

**

ns

*

5,99

3,83

12,5

Treatments

F
CV (%)

Yield (kg/ha)

Notes: In the same column, numbers with the same following digits do not have statistically different; ** difference at
significance level of 1%; * difference at significance level of 5%

14


AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol 7 (3), 9 – 16

4. CONCLUSION

Fujii, S. and H. Saka. 2001. Distribution of
assimilates to each organ in rice plants exposed
to a low temperature at the ripening stage, and
the effect of brassinolide on the distribution.
Plant Prod. Sci. 4(2): 136-144.

Spraying brassinolide on leaves at two
concentrations of 0.07 ppm and 0.10 ppm helped
the height of the black sesame seed ADB1 reach
153.13 cm. Number of branches/plant and number
of leaves/plant, leaf size and leaf weight were not
affected. Spraying brassinolide at a concentration
of 0.07 ppm for sesame accumulating proline high
of 2.59 µmol/g dry weight and achieving a
chlorophyll index of 73 SPAD is the highest.
Treating brassinolide at a dose of 0.07 ppm helps
the sesame tend to increase disease resistance and
have a high yield of ADB1 black sesame seed of
1,637 kg / ha.

Fujioka, S. and T. Yokota. 2003. Biosynthesis and
metabolism of brassinosteroids. Annu Rev
Plant Biol 54:137- 64; PMID:14502988.
Ghorbani, P., S. Eshghi and H. Haghi. 2017.
Effects of brassinosteroid (24-epibrassinolide)
on yield and quality of grape (Vitis vinifera L.)
'Thompson Seedless'. Vitis 56, 113–117.
Greedly, E.l., H.M, Nadiaand B.B. Mekki. 2005.
Growth, yield and endogenous hormones of
two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Cultivars as
influenced by stigmasterol. Journal of Applied
Sciences Research 1(1): 63-66, 2005.

In production, brassinolide spray can be applied at
a dosage of 0.07 ppm at 15 days and 30 days after
sowing, helping the sesame to increase tolerance to
wilt and seedling death and increase productivity.

Ikekawa, N and Y. Zhao, 1991. Application of 24EpiBR in Agriculture. Brassinosteroids:
chemistry, bioactivity and application. ACS
Symposium Series 474. 1991; 280.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is funded in part by the Can Tho
University Improvement Project VN14-P6,
supported by a Japanese ODA loan.

Kalaiselvan, P., K. Subrahmaniyan and T.N.
Balasubramanian. 2001. Effect of nitrogen on

the growth and yield of sesame - a review.
Agric. Re.,22(2): 137-140.

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