Dissertation summary: Party development activities of the interzone III party committee from 1948 to 1954

HO CHI MINH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF POLITICS

NGUYEN THI XUAN

Party development activities
of the Interzone III Party Committee from 1948 to 1954

Field of study: History of the Vietnam Communist Party
Code

: 62 22 03 15

SUMMARY OF THE PHD THESIS IN HISTORY


HA NOI ­ 2015
The thesis is completed at the
Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics

Supervisor: 1. Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Manh Ha
      

2. Dr. Nguyen Binh

Reviewer 1: ...............................................................
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Reviewer 2: ...............................................................
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Reviewer 3: ...............................................................

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The thesis will be defended in front of the Thesis Committee
at Academy level, at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics


At…… hour…… date …… month …… year……

The thesis can be found at the National Library and
 the Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics


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INTRODUCTION
1. The urgency of the topic
1.1. Scientifically
The reality of building the Party of the Interzone III Party Committee 
during the war against the French is very abundance, in which, there were 
creations of the Party committee of the military district on three aspects: 
building the Party politically, ideally and constitutively. So far, however, 
there   has   not   been   any   research   project   that   is   comprehensive   and 
systematic about this subject.
1.2. Practically
Building the Party plays an important role, the competence and the 
combativeness  of   the  Party   depend  on  it.   It   is  essential  for   the  Party  to 
research, summarize and applied the experiences during the local building of 
the Party in the history, in order to be powerful and to play the leader role.
The   research,   summariation   of   the   experiences   about   the   Party 
building works of the  Interzone III Party Committee from 1948 to 1954 

can be applied for the Party development activities today.
2. Aims and objectives of the thesis
2.1. Aims
To research, restore, clarify  the process of building the Party  of  the 
Interzone   III   Party   Committee  from  1948 to  1954;  summarize  and draw 
experiences  from  the   work   of   building   the   Party  of  the  districtual   Party 
committee  in order  to serve the  work  of  building the Party  and regulation 
today.
2.2. Objectives
To collect, systematize the references about the building of the Party 
of the Interzone III Party Committee from 1948 to 1954; to analyze, clarify 
the policy of the Party Central Committee and President Ho Chi Minh in 


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general  and  the work of building  the Party  particularly;  to recreate the 
leading   and   committing   the   work   of   building   the   Party   process   of   the 
Interzone   III   Party   Committee   politically,   ideally,   constitutively;   to 
highlight the achieved results, point out the mistakes and their causes; to 
conclude   the   experiences,   which   are   theoretically   and   practically 
meaningful through the work of building the Party of the Interzone III 
Party Committee from 1948 to 1954.
3. Research object and scopes
3.1. Research object
The thesis researches the activity of Party development activities  of 
the Interzone III Party Committee; the policy and the guidance of the Party 
committee and the achieved results.
3.2. Research scopes
Content: The thesis researches the building of the Party policy of the 

Party   Central   Committee   and   the  committing   work   of   Party   building 
process   of   the   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   politically,   ideally, 
constitutively.
Geographical scope:
From February 1948 to May 1952; on the localities of 11 provinces 
and cities: Hai Kien, Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ha 
Nam, Ha Đong, Son Tay, Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh & Ha Noi. (In December 
1948,   Hai   Kien   province   splited   into   Hai   Phong   city   and   Kien   An 
province. On May 11th, 1949, Hanoi was splited from the Third military 
district   and   became   a   Special   Administrative   Region,   commanded 
directly by the Party Central Committee).
From   May   1952   to   July   1954,   on   6   provinces   and   cities:   Nam 
Dinh, Ha Nam, Ha Dong, Son Tay, Ninh Binh và Hoa Binh.
Time period: From the time the Third military district was founded 
(February 1948) to the time the Genève Treaty was signed, on July 1954.
4. Rationale, sources of data and research methods


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4.1. Rationale
The thesis was performed based on the manipulation of  historical 
materialism   and   the   dialectics   of   Marxism   ­   Leninism,   Ho   Chi   Minh 
Thought and the opinions of the Party about the building of the Party.
4.2. Sources of data
The thesis was researched based on the main and reliable references, 
which are stated in the Complete Collection of the Party’s documents or stored 
in the Archive Department of the Party Central Office, Resource Chamber of 
the  Party’s History  Institute; monographs; books about the published local 
history of the Interzone III Party Committee.

4.3 Research methods
The   thesis   uses   the   historical,   logical,   analytical,   statistical, 
comparative method; criticize the historical references and the specific 
research method of the science of Party’s history.
5. New contributions of the thesis
5.1. Material
Collect, assemble, expertise the data and documents, especially the 
original data about the work of the building of the Party of the Interzone III 
Party Committee from 1948 to 1954, including many new historical data. 
5.2. Content
The   results   of   the   thesis   help   the   readers   aspect   out   the   Third 
military district leading and committing the work of building the Party 
process from 1948 to 1954 and the meaning of  building the Party  to 
the   career   of   leading   resistance   and  founding   nation   of   the   milatary  
district’s Party committee; contribute to make the work of researching 
and   teaching   the   history   of   Communist   Party   of   Vietnam   more 
abundant,   more   comprehensive   and   more   profound;   provide   more 


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scientific arguements which serve  the  work  of  building the Party  and 
regulation today.
6. Structure of the thesis
Besides   the   introduction,  conclusion,   the   author’s  list   of   works 
published related to the thesis, list of references and appendices, the thesis 
includes 3 chapters, 6 sections.


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OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
RELATING TO TOPICS
1. THE WORK RELATED TO THE CONTENT OF THE THESIS

Until now, the work of building the Party of the Interzone III Party 
Committee from 1948 to 1954 was mentioned in different levels, scopes, 
angles in the following historical projects:
1.1.  The  projects,  joint   research  articles  about  history   of   the 
Communist Party of Vietnam and the work of building the Party
Some basic projects, articles such as: The history of the Communist  
Party   of   Vietnam,   draft,   chapter   I   (1920   ­   1954),  National   Political 
Publishing   House,   Hanoi,   1981.   (republished   in   1984,   Ho   Chi   Minh 
Institute,   The   Party’s   history   Institute,   Chronicle   history   of   Communist 
Party of Vietnam, chapter III  The Party leading the resistance and the  
national   Salvation   (1945   ­   1954),  National   Political   Publishing   House, 
Hanoi,   2009   (republished   in   2012);  Experiences   about   building   the  
Communist Party of Vietnam through 70 active years, Professor Dau The 
Bieu (3 ­ 2000); The work of building the Party and Party’s organizations  
consolidation in the Forth military district, period 1945 ­ 1950,  Nguyen 
Danh Loi (12 ­ 2000); Ministeral scientific project The Party’s leadership  
of the building of the system of the Party’s organizations during the war  
against French (1945 ­1954),  acted as a chairman by Professor Nguyen 
Binh, etc… In different levels, those projects, articles reflect some aspects 
related to the topic of the thesis.
1.2.  The   general   scientific   research   projects   about   the   Third 
military district
Some representative projects such as: Third military region ­ History  
of   resistance   against   French   colonialism,   People's   Army   Publishing 
House, Hanoi 1998;  The history  of resistance against  the French  on the  

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right bank of Red River District, 1945­1955; National Political Publishing 
House, Hanoi 2001;  Some main aspects at the right bank of Red River  
District   during   the   resistance   against   the   French;  National   Political 
Publishing House, Hanoi 2001; Ministeral scientific project The role of the  
Third military district committee during the resistance against French and  
during   the   first   years   building,   consolidating   the   North,   acted   as   a 
chairman  by Professor Nguyen Quy etc… Those projects  present some 
resistance, national salvation policies of the Third military district and the 
committees of some provinces and cities in the district; state some of the 
aspects about the work of  building the Party  of the Interzone III Party 
Committee.
All three groups of project above are important documents, which 
suggest the issues need to be solved by the thesis, and help the Phd student 
complete his/her thesis well as well. 
1.3. The projects about the history of the Party committee and 
the history of departments, associations and unions of the provinces in 
the Third military district
The   projects   about   the   history   of   the   Party   committee   of   the 
provinces and cities in the Third military district such as: Party Executive 
Committee of Communist Party of Vietnam in Hai Phong, History of Hai  
Phong Party Committee, chapter I (1925 ­ 1955),  Hai Phong Publishing 
House, 1991; Party Executive Committee of Communist Party of Vietnam 
in  Nam  Dinh province,  History   of  Nam   Dinh Party  Committee   1930 ­  
1975, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2001; Ha Tay Provincal 
Committee, History of Ha Tay’s Party committee, chapter II 1945 ­ 1954,  
1994, etc… reflected some aspects about the work of building the Party of 

the regions in the military district.
2. REVIEW THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH PROJECTS


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So far, there has not been any project researches the work of building 
the   Party  of   the   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   from   1948   to   1954 
comprehensively,   systematically.   In   almost   every   stated   project,   the 
contents related to the theme of the thesis were only reflected seperately, 
scatteredly   and   illustratively   during   the   general   development   of   the 
resistance. The work of  building the Party of  the Third military district 
from  1948to   1954  has  not   been  considered   as  an  independent   research 
subject.   How   did   the   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   build   the   Party 
politically,   ideally  and   constitutively?   How   are   the   achieved   results, 
mistakes, the causes of those results and mistakes, the experiences drawn 
from the reality of the work of building the Party of the Interzone III Party 
Committee ? As long as these issues have not been clarified and explained 
thoroughly, evaluations, insights about the process of  building the Party 
during   the   resistance   war   against   French   invaders   will   not   yet   be 
completed, insightful and comprehensive.
3. THE ISSUES WHICH THE THESIS FOCUSES SOLVING

­ Analyze the factors which impact to the work of building the Party 
of the Interzone III Party Committee from February 1948 to July 1954.
­ Present systematically the opinions, policies and guidance of the 
Party Central Committee and President Ho Chi Minh in general and the 
building of the Party  of the Interzone III Party Committee from 1948 to 
1954 particularly.
­ Recreate the leading and committing the work of building the Party 

process   of  the   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   in   three   aspects:   politics, 
ideas, organization.
­ Evaluate objectively the achievements and mistakes as well as the 
causes of the mistakes during the building of the Party of the Interzone III 
Party Committee.


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­   Summarize   some   experiences,   which   are   practically   meaningful 
from the history of the work of building the Party of Interzone III Party 
Committee from 1948 to 1954.


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Chapter 1
BUILDING THE PARTY IN THE ASPECTS OF POLITICS, IDEA, 
ORGANIZATION, MEATING THE DEMANDS OF GUIDING THE 
RESISTANCE IN THE NEW PERIOD (2/1948 ­ 5/1952)
1.1. THE SITUATION OF PARTY BUILDING IN THE AREA OF THE 
THIRD MILITARY DISTRICT BEFORE FEBRUARY AND THE POLICY OF 
PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE AND PRESIDENT HO CHI MINH ABOUT 
THE BUILDING OF THE PARTY

1.1.1. The foundation of the Interzone III Party Committee 
Within the framework of committing the resolution of uniting the 
Northern area of Central Committee of the Communist Party, January 20 th, 
1948 and the Decree 120 ­ SL of President Ho Chi Minh, January 25 th, 
1948, in the beginning of February 1948, the Third military district was 

formed, based on the annexation of district II, district III and district XI. 
The locality of the Third military district included 11 provinces and cities: 
Hai Kien, Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam, Ha 
DĐong, Son Tay, Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh and Ha Noi. 
Just right after the foundation of the Third military district, in order 
to promptly lead, operate the troops and the people of the military district 
to resist, the Party Central Committee assigned the Standing Interregional 
Committee including these comrades: Do Muoi, Dang Kim Giang, Nguyen 
Van Loc, Kien (or Nha), Vu Oanh, Di, Dang Tinh, Le Quang Dao, Tran 
Quang Binh, Van Tien Dung, Do Muoi, Vu Oanh, Dang Tinh, Nguyen 
Khai,...   comrade   Nguyen   Van   Tran   to   be   Interregional   Commissioner 
Secretary and President of Resistance ­ Administrative Committee of the 
military district, comrade Le Thanh Nghi to be the Vice President.
When the  provinces  of the  Red River’s  right  bank was occupied, 


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isolated, in order to operate the resistance more easily, on May 24 th, 1952, 
the Party Central Committee had issued the resolution #8/NQTU, splitting 
the   Third   military   district’s   5   provinces   in   the   north   of   the   Red   River 
including Hai Phong, Kien An, Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen in order 
to form the Red River’s right bank area. From that time until the end of the 
war, the Third military district included 6 provinces and cities at the left 
bank of Red River, including Ha Dong, Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, 
Son Tay and Hoa Binh.
Within   the   framework   of   committing   the   guidance   of   the   Party 
Central   Committee,   from   May   20th  to   June   2nd,   1952,   the   Interregional 
Committee   met   the   Third   conference   and   issued   the   resolution   about 
organizing   and   dividing   the   duties   to   the   comrades   who   join   the   new 

Executive   Board   of   the   Interregional   Committee.   The   Interregional 
Committee included 15 comrades, comrade Le Thanh Nghi became the 
Secretary and the Commissar.
1.1.2. Factors that impact the work of building the Party in the 
Third military district
1.1.2.1. Natural, economic and social conditions
Third military district ­ a large fruitfulness with the area of about 
16.000 km2, locates at the center of the Red River Delta; the natural, 
economic   and   social   conditions   are   usually   favorable   but   sometimes 
also hard and complicated. Not only is it the center of the Red River 
Delta,   the   Third   military   district   is   also   the   path   to   the   North   of 
Vietnam. The natural, economic and social conditions of the military 
district had regulated the special strategic position of the locality to our 
resistance and to the enemy’s war. Therefore, the Third military district 
was the number 1 occupation target of the French. The reality of intense, 
tough   war   had   impacted   to   the   thoughts   and   spirits   of   the   staffs, 


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partisans   and   people.   On   the   other   hand,   the   natural,   economic   and 
social   properties   of   the   military   district   had   strongly   dominated   the 
conceptions, ideas, lifestyles and characters of the staffs and partisans on 
the   locality.   Besides   the   creative,   independent,   resilient,   united, 
steadfast, long­suffering spirits, there was still the idea of small farmers 
with a lot of defects in characters (selfish), of awareness and educational 
levels.   The   Third   military   district   was   where   a   lot   of   Christians   and 
many ethnics lived in: Muong, Thai, Tay, Nung, Dao, Hoa,... (in Ninh 
Binh, Hoa Binh and Son Tay).
In order to improve the advantages and overcome the bad effects to 

the ideas and characters of the staffs, partisans and unite the people in 
every religion and ethnic to resist, against the plot of pacifying the delta of 
the military district, the plot of taking advantages to divide the united unity 
of the French, it requires the districtual Party committee to enhance the 
work   of   building   the   Party   to   make   the   districtual   Party   committee 
powerful,   to   meet   the   demand   of   leading   the   resistance   in   a   strategic 
locality with many difficulties.
1.1.2.2. The situation of building the Party on the locality of the  
Third military district before February 1948
From 1930 to the August Revolution in 1945, under the guidance of 
the Party Central Committee, of Northern Party Committee, the localities 
on   the   military   district   concentrated   on   building   the   system   of   Party 
organization,   developing   the   partisans,   leading   the   people   against   the 
empire and the feudalism. In the same time, the localities had developed 
few partisans and building some of Party committee.
Since after the August Revolution until before the foundation of 
the Third military district (February 1948), the ministry levels on the 
localities of the military district (that time were the district II, III and 


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XI) continued building the Party in every aspect, with some achieved 
goals   and   a   few   mistakes.   In   the   same   time,   the   system   of   Party 
organizations in every levels were being formed, the number of staffs, 
partisans and Party committee increased almost in every provinces and 
cities. In December 1947, the number of partisans in the district III was 
totally   9.256   comrades   [190],   and   it   was   the   area   with   the   biggest 
number of partisans.
1.1.2.3. The policy of the Party Central Committee and President  

Ho Chi Minh about building the Party
After losing in Viet Bac, the French decided to fight a long­lasting 
war, pacify the populated and rich delta in order to riffle the man powers 
and estate powers to serve the invading war, use the total war to defeat the 
resistance of the Vietnamese.
To meet  the  demand of resistance  in  the new  situation,  the Party 
Central   Committee   and   President   Ho   Chi   Minh   promoted   the   work   of 
building the Party, concentrated in developing the partisans, educated the 
opinions, paths, situations, duties and awareness of the partisans.
1.2. THE WORK OF BULDING THE PARTY OF THE INTERZONE III 
PARTY COMMITTEE FROM FEBRUARY 1948 TO MAY 1952

1.2.1.   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   determined   the   political 
duty, defeated the plot of pacification of the French
Facing the French’s plot of attacking and occupying the locality, based 
on the situation of the military district and the policy of the Party Central 
Committee   and   of   President   Ho   Chi   Minh,   the   Party   Committee   of   the 
military   district   had  determined   the   political   duty   for   the   whole   military 
district. The political duty of the military district was expressed through the 
conference of delegates of the military district in the beginning of 1948, the 
first   conference   of   staffs   of   the   military   district   (April   1948),   the   first 


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conference   of   delegates   of   the   military   district   (July   1948),   the   second 
conference of delegates (July 1949), the third conference of staffs of the 
military district (March 1951) with the basic points were: resist, commit the 
People’s war with the spirit of independence, self ­ sufficient, long­lasting 
and with the motto “resist and build the nation at the same time”. Every other 

duty was for the resisting duty. In the occupied zone, the typical duties were 
to use variety of military operations, combined with the duty of resisting 
economically, politically, sabotage the villages which supported the French, 
against the conscription and forcing the people to move away in order to 
establish hamlets. In the rears, besides the typical duties were to produce 
foods, weapons, medicines, protect the rears, built the force; there were other 
frequent duties, they were to prepare and to be ready to fight.
With the work of determining the political duty, from February 1948 
to April 1952, the Party Committee had led the people and the troops in 
the localities to commit the suggested political duties. Until April 1952, 
many liberated area were expanded… The guerilla bases of the military 
district had been uninterrupted. Every effort to pacify the military district 
of the enemy in 1951 was failed. Every military and civil operation from 
1948 to April 1952 had contributed making the failure of the French’s plot 
of pacifying the Red River Delta and the policy of Vietnamization, making 
the resistance changed to be the counter and offensive war.
1.2.2. The Interzone III Party Committee prompted educating ideas
The   content   of   educating   the   ideas   of   the   Interzone   III   Party 
Committee was mainly to the class viewpoint, the faith to the guidance of 
the Party, the awareness of long­lasted resistance, self­reliance, not being 
afraid   of   sacrifice;   make   the   staffs   and   partisans   realize   friends   and 
enemies,   against   the   ideas   of   dependence,   doubt,   being   afraid   and 
compromise with the USA, overestimate the French, motivate the spirit 


14

and the willpower when facing great operations (The Border Operation)…
With the right policies and by necessary education methods, the work of 
education   during   this   period   had   helped   the   staffs,   partisans   of   the   Party 

Committee raise awareness, consolidate class viewpoint, opinions of the public, 
opinions and policies of the resistance, situations and duties. The wrong ideas 
like: pessimism, doubt, being afraid of sacrifices and difficulties, avoid fighting 
with the enemy, surrender, optimism bias, careless, underestimate the enemy, 
dependent, hasty, resist in a short time were overcome. The staffs and partisans 
distinguished   clearly   who   are   friends   and   enemies.   Based   on   them,   they 
determined clearly the awareness and responsibilities to the resistance and had 
the awareness of completing the duties.
1.2.3.   The   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   actively   built   and 
consolidated the organizations
The work of organizing focused on building and completing the Party 
apparatus following the trend of “acumen, brief, effective”; strengthened the 
work of training, adding, promoting the staffs; changed the working style, 
opposed the individualism, promoted developing the Party, focused on building 
the branches of the Party. In 1948, 1949, the Party’s ideas of “compete building 
groups” had dominated the work of developing the Party in the military district. 
As a result, the military district had developed the Party massively, had no 
insurance of the quality, and became the locality with the most developed Party 
of the country, with 150000 comrades in the end of 1949. [25] In 1950, 1951 
and in the beginning of 1952, for some objective and subjective (slashing war, 
damaged infrastructure, many staffs and partisans were killed or taken prisoner, 
many   prayed   for   peace,   avoided   active   service,   rigidly   committed   the 
designation “Temporarily not add any new more partisans” of the Party Central 
Committee”,…),  the number of staffs,  partisans,  basic and auto­collaborate 
Party committee of the districtual Party committee decreased quickly, and there 
was a serious lack of staffs, especially the staffs of districts and communes. 
Until May 1952, the whole military district had 20000 partisans.


15

Conclusion of Chapter 1
From   1948   to   May   1952,   the   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   had 
carried out building the Party politically, ideally, and constitutively, raised 
the fighting competence and power of the Party Committee; led the troops 
and people of the military district commit the political duty well, started to 
defeat the plot of occupying the delta of the French.
Besides achieved results, the work of building the Party at this time 
had many mistakes. The worse mistake was adding the partisans without 
attending to the quality, over­considered the achievements, which affected 
the quality of the team of staffs, partisans and the fighting power of the 
Party Committee. Those mistakes were overcome by the districtual Party 
committee the years later.
Chapter 2
BUILT A STRONG PARTY COMMITTEE, ENSURED LEADING 
THE RESISTANCE TO VICTORY
2.1. THE NEW IDEAS OF THE PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE AND 
PRESIDENT HO CHI MINH ABOUT BUILDING THE PARTY

In   1952,   the   resistance   of   Vietnamese   people   achieved   many 
important victories. With the Hoa Binh victory in Winter ­ Spring of 2 
years 1951 ­ 1952, the power of our troops had gotten more powerful, the 
troops and the people had a good advantage to operate great operations to 
defeat the enemy and end the war soon.
To   enhance   the   fighting   power   of   the   Party   and   response   the 
requirements of promoting resistance leadership, from the first half of the 
year 1952 to the end of the war, Party Central Committee and President Ho 
Chi Minh continued determining that the work of building the Party was a 
critical duty, in it, adjusting the Party was the center duty. At the same 
time,   strengthened   studying,   advanced   training   for   staffs   and   partisans, 

16

combined with regulating constitutively. All were made in order to make 
the   whole   Party   be   united   ideally,   strong   constitutively,   and   powerful 
enough to lead the resistance during the crucial period.
2.2.   INTERZONE   III   PARTY   COMMITTEE   STRENGTHENED 
BUILDING THE PARTY POLITICALLY, IDEALLY AND CONSTITUTIVELY 
(5/1952 ­ 7/1954)

2.2.1.   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   determined   the   political 
duty during the crucial period of the war
After the Hoa Binh Operation, the resistance on the locality of the 
military   district   had   more   advantages,   and   it   became   more   realistic   to 
actively   operate   operations   to   exterminate   the   enemy.   The   Party 
Committee   became   more   mature   day   by   day   and   had   more   leading 
experiences.   Besides,   some   of   the   staffs,   partisans   still   made   many 
mistakes: class ideas, viewpoints, resisting opinions were wrong; fighting 
spirits and willingness were not good enough, individualism, bureaucracy 
and bossy hadn’t been overcome,…
On the other hand, after the Hoa Binh Operation, the French became 
more and more passive, they strengthened the fighting forces, promoted 
sweeping,   destroying,   grabing   the   locality   of   the   military   district.   In 
summer   of   1953,   the   French   carried   out   the   Navarre   plan   in   order   to 
occupy   and   keep   the   Red   River   Delta   by   all   costs,   the   Third   military 
district became a focus of the French’s occupying plan.
Based   on   the   local   situation   and   the   ideas   of   the   Party   Central 
Committee,   during   this   period,   the   districtual   Party   committee   continued 
determining the political duty of the military district in the new period. The 

political duty of the military district during this period was expressed through 
the Third Interregional Committee conference (from May 20th  to June 2nd, 
1952), the Assembly Standing Interregional Committee (August 1953), the 
resolution of Interregional Committee Executive Board (October 1952), the 
Third   military   district’s   staff   conference   (January   1954)   with   the   spirits: 


17

continue promoting the resistance, in which the most important duty was to 
keep and enhance resisting in the enemy’s occupied zone, combine closely 
with all the battlelfields of the whole country. Every other works such as: 
building   fighting   forces,   fostering   man   powers,   encouraging   producing, 
saving, paying agriculture tax, devoting man powers and estate powers for 
the resistance… had to be carried out usually and for the resistance. Every 
region determined specific duty and suitable for the locality’s properties.
With the work of determining the political duty, from May 1952 to July 
1954, the districtual Party committee had led troops and people on the locality 
defeat the enemy’s plot of occupying the military district’s delta, achieved 
bigger victory from time to time, contributed to the victory of Winter ­ Spring 
of 1953 and 1954, in which the top was the Dien Bien Phu operation, led to 
the contracting of Genève Treaty, liberated the whole Northern part.
2.2.2.   The   Interzone   III   Party   Committee’s   leadership   in   the 
aspect of idea
In   order   to   unite   the   ideas   and   show   out   the   determination   of 
resisting, carry out the political duty, from May 1952 to July 1954, the 
Interzone   III   Party   Committee   continued   focusing   educating   the   class 
viewpoints, resisting opinions, mottoes of the Party, educated the fighting 
situations, duties, responsibilities, regulated the wrong ideas, awareness, 
opposed the individualism, built right ideas, strengthened the awareness, 

degrees   in   every   aspect   for   staffs   and   partisans.   The   Party   Committee 
especially focused on educating, supporting during the crucial periods of 
the resistance (before great operations).
Thanks to focusing on educating, fostering; the staffs and partisans 
had their awareness, ideas and responsibilities fostered in committing the 
ideas, policies of the Party, actively led the troops and people resisting. 
The ideal trend of rightist and leftist were overcome, basically solved the 
state in which staffs and partisans in the occupied zones prayed for peace 


18

and wanted to move to free zones. The whole Party united, unionized and 
was willing to lead the people to resist.
2.2.3.   Interzone   III   Party   Committee   built   and   consolidated 
organizations
After the Party Central Committee had divided the Right Bank Area 
from   the   Third   military   district,   the   Third   military   district’s   focused 
organizing, re­consolidating the leading apparatus, strengthened the work for 
staffs, reformed the working style, opposed “3 muchs” (declare to the council, 
direct and report too much), “3 few” (study, check and follow; learn from the 
policies, learn and summarize from experiences too few), committed rightly 
the motto “the public leads, the individual is responsible”.
At the same time, it carried out adjusting the Party and the staffs. The 
work of developing the Party was taken care by the Interregional Committee, 
but didn’t achieve any result. The number of partisans and Party committee 
decreased quickly, in the beginning of 1954, the districtual Party committee 
had only 20000 partisans.
To enhance the quality of staffs and partisans, the districtual Party 
committee carried out opening the fostering, educating theories, moralities, 

cultures;   usually   committed   the  work  of  checking,  consider  the  Party’s 
discipline, committed reward and punishment mode.
With   the   positive   ideas   and   methods,   the   Party   apparatus   of   the 
districtual   Party   committee   was   consolidated,   the   reactive   partisans   were 
expelled from the Party, the staffs who were from the working class and 
peasants were chosen into the different committees. The fighting power of 
the   districtual   Party   committee   was   strengthened,   which   created   the 
advantage for the Party Committee to complete well the stated political duty.
Conclusion of chapter 2


19

With the efforts of the Interregional committee, from May 1952 until 
the   end   of   the   war,   the   districtual   Party   committee   had   overcome   the 
mistakes, had built the Party Committee more powerful politically, ideally 
and constitutively step by step. The districtual  Party committee led the 
people in the locality resist and gain victory.
Compared to the period before splitting the provinces in the Right 
Bank (May 1952), the work of building the Party of the districtual Party 
committee in this period had some differences:
­ Leadership of building the Party in a smaller locality (6 provinces 
and   cities),   focusing   on   consolidating   and   regulating   the   Party   (every 
committee,   consolidated   the   Party   committee,   educating   the   staffs   and 
partisans,   consolidating   the   Party   committee   and   committees   in   every 
level); the work of adding partisans had almost stopped in the localities. 
As a result, the number of partisans, Party committee and staffs in this 
period decreased much more than it used to be in the past, and there was a 
serious lack of core staffs and commune staffs.
­ Because of focusing mainly on the work of consolidating, the Party 

organizations, staffs and partisans had their competences, fighting powers 
strengthened and got more working experiences.
With the incredible growth, the districtual Party committee had led the 
troops and people complete the resisting duty excellently, contributed to the 
victory against the invasion of the French, liberated the North completely.
Chapter 3
COMMENTS AND SOME EXPERIENCES
3.1. COMMENTS

3.1.1. Achievements and causes
Through 6 years striving without any stop, the work of building the 
Party of the Third military district’s Party had achieved many important 
achievements. These achievements are:
Politics:


20

The Party Committee  suggested  the right ideas, political  policies,  
which were suitable to the local reality, contributed to the victory of the  
resistance.
During   the   resistance   against   the   French,   the   Interzone   III   Party 
Committee complied the mottoes in determining the Party’s political duty, it 
was: grasped through the ideas of the Party Central Committee, suggested the 
suitable political duty based on the specific situation of the locality.
With the starting point was the key area of the enemy’s pacification in 
the   Red   River   Delta,   based   on   the   leading   spirit   of   the   Party   Central 
Committee and President Ho Chi Minh, the main political duty which was 
determined by the districtual Party committee was resisting, every other duty 
was for the resisting duty. Based on that spirit, each region, based on the 

specific properties, suggested the primary duty besides the usual duty. In the 
occupied zone, the primary duties were the variety of military actions besides 
the   usual   duties,   which   were   producing,   building   the   forces,   resisting 
politically,   economically,   culturally,   opposing   making   strategic   hamlet, 
conscription, enemy propaganda,… In the free zone, the primary duty was 
protecting, building forces in every aspect, developing producing… besides 
the duty of actively prepare to fight and be ready to fight.
Thanks to the motto­compliance in determining the Party’s political 
duty,   the   political   duty   suggested   by   the   districtual   Party   committee   to 
respond to all the demands had to be carried out in an enemy’s occupied 
zone, an important locality in an important battlefield; had to be suitable to 
the opinion “all the people resist, resist in every aspect”, “resist everywhere” 
of the Party Central Committee and President Ho Chi Minh. So, the Party 
Committee led the troops and people gain victory for the resistance.
Ideas:
The   districtual   Party   committee   had   grasped   through   deeply,  
enhance   the   awareness   about   the   Party’s   resisting   opinions,   ways   and  


21

mottoes to the staffs and partisans.
Uniting the ideas and activities in the whole Party Committee was 
the critical  condition  to gain the victory for the resistance.  After being 
aware   of   that,   from   1948   to   1954,   the   districtual   Party   committee 
considered the work of educating ideas, in which, on one hand, focused 
grasping through staffs and partisans in the aspect of the Party’s resisting 
opinions, ways, mottoes, ideas, situations, of situations, duties by periods; 
of the military district’s situations and the Party Committee’s ideas. So, the 
staffs, partisans in the military district always were aware that the resisting 

against the French was the civil, total, long­lasting, self­reliance resistance; 
the   main   motto   of   the   resistance   was   “resist   along   with   building   the 
country”.   From   that,   the   staffs,   partisans   consolidated   their   viewpoints, 
fighting spirits and willingness, awareness and responsibilities to the Party 
and the resisting career. In the occupied zone as well as the free zone, 
staffs and partisans usually complied well the ideas and policies of the 
Party and the government, completed well their given duties, became the 
examples which supported the people to join the resistance greatly.
In some periods, for some reasons, there was a part of staffs and 
partisans who followed the wrong trend of thoughts: rightist and leftist; 
individualism,   bureaucracy,   dictatorship,   embezzlement,   factionalism… 
which   affected   to   the   fighting   power   of   the   Party   Committee.   The 
districtual   Party   committee   had   carried   out   many   solving   methods: 
training,   regulating   the   Party,   organizing   studying   for   the   partisans… 
Thanks to those methods, the staffs and partisans had had their thoughts 
consistent; their spirits and actions united, the fighting power of the Party 
had risen. The wrong trends of thoughts, the harmful “diseases” to the 
Party   were   overcome.   The   people   trusted   on   the   leading   of   the   Party 
Committee, actively join the resistance. The tough resisting reality on the 
locality under the leading of the districtual Party committee with greater 


22

victories day bay day were the evidences for the success of the districtual 
Party committee in the work of leading ideally.
Organizations:
Built  a leading apparatus with crews of staffs  who had qualities,  
competences and leading spirits.
The districtual Party committee focused on building a 4­level steady 

compact Party leading apparatus based on the motto “the incorporation leads, 
the individual is in charge of”. The committees from the military district to 
the base were built based on democratic election (in some periods, because 
of   the   tough   hostilities,   some   committees   were   assigned   by   the   superior 
temporary). The leading apparatus of the Party was consolidated compactly 
and effectively; there was a clear duty and function assignment, which were 
suitable to the properties of an enemy’s occupied, destroyed and strictly­
controlled zone. In the same time, the Party Committee built a crew which 
were high­quality, high­qualified and responsible (at the end of 1949, there 
were   8555   comrades   in   the   Party   Committee).   The   compact   leading 
apparatus and the high­qualified and highly­experienced of the districtual 
Party committee was one of the important factors, which determined the 
victory of the resistance in the locality.
Developed the loyal crew of partisans and the self­managed Party  
committee
In   the   context   of   the   French   occupation   and   destruction   of   the 
military   district,   the   locality   were   divided,   the   hard   traffic   and 
communication, the Party Committee had focused building, developing the 
loyal crew of partisans and the self­managed Party committee. Although 
there were some mistakes in the work of the Party in some periods, but 
basically,   the   crew   of   partisans   and   the   enthusiastic   hadn’t   stopped 
consolidating,  which created the conditions  so that the districtual  Party 
committee promoted its role in every situation, made the military district’s