Tài liệu ngữ pháp: Tiếng Anh trung học cơ sở

TENSES ( Cácthì )

LESSON 1 :
1. SIMPLE PRESENT: (HTĐ)

Affir :
S+V1 /Vs, es
Neg:
S+ do/ does +
not+ V1
Inter:
Do/ does+S +V
…?

Ex : Water boils at o100
c.
Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry.
1 

Ex : How oftendo you go to school?

*(Be):am,is, arenot; (have):has/havenot+got=do / does+not+have
Diễntả:
 Tình cảm,cảmgiác,nhậnthứcở hđộng.
 Thói quen, phong tục, tập quán.
 Chân lí, sự thật hiển nhiên.
Với : EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY,
NEVER, EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + ( a day/ week/ month…), all the time, now
and then . . ..
Notes : Qui tắcthêm
es đối với độngtừ có S sốít :

- Cácđộngtừ tậncùnglà : o, sh, ch, x, s, và z .
- Cácđộngtừ tậncùnglà y màđứngtrước y là một phụ âm ta đổi y 
  i + es
( Shestudies, Tom tries,  He plays . . .).
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( HTTD)
S + am/ is/ are ing
+ V
S + am/ is/ are + not
+ Ving
Am/ Is/ Are + S + Ving
?

Ex: We are studying English now.
Ex: She isn’t writing when he
comes.
Ex: What are you doing while I am
doing?

Diễn tả :

 Hđộng đang xảy ra ở Htại vào lúc nói viết.
 2 hđộng đang kéo dài // ở Htại (while: trong khi).
 1 hđộng đang kéo dài ở Htại thì có 1 hđộng ngắn đột
ngột xảy ra(S+ V1/ Vs, es)
Với :

!

AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW, ,…

3. PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT)
ed
S + has/ have +
V
3

S + has/ have + not
+ V3ed
Has/ Have + S + V3ed?

Ex: I’ve just opened the door.
Ex: We have studied English for many
years.
Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently.
Ex: How long have you studied
English?

1


Diễn tả:

 Hđộng Qk ko rõ tg.
 Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra.
 Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có
thể tiếp tục ở Tlai.
Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE,
SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + mốc TG, FOR + khoảng TG, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO
FAR…

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: (HTHTTD)
S + has/ have + been
ing.+ V

Ex: We have been studying English for
many years.

S + has/ have + not + been
+ Ving.
Has/ Have + S + been +
Ving?
Diễn tả:
(

- Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qkhứ, tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể
nhấn mạnh tính liên tục) - since + mốc TG ;  for + khoảng TG.

5. SIMPLE PAST (QKĐ)
S + 2Ved
S + did + not
+ V1
Did + S + V1 ?

Ex: I saw him yesterday.
Ex: She didn’t come last week.
Ex: Did Mr. Lee phone an hour
ago?

*(Be) : was / were
wasn’t, weren’t

Diễn tả:
- Hđộng đã xảy ra & chấm dứt hoàn toàn trong Qk ( xác
Với:
- YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year…)
6. PAST CONTINUOUS (QKTD)
S +was/were + Ving

Ex: We werewatchingTV at 7 pmyesterday.

S +was/were + not + Ving

Ex:I waswritingwhile my fatherwasreading.

Was/ were + S + Ving ?

Ex: Shewassleepingasthetelephonerang.

Diễntả:

 Hđộngxảyra ở 1 giờ / khoảnggiờ Qk xácđònh ( at 7pm, from6 to 7, …)
 2 hđộngdiễnra // ở Qk. (while: trongkhi)
ed
 1 hđộng Qk đang kéo dài thì 1 hđ ngắn đngột xảy
ra (S + V
2 )

Với: AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT…
7. PAST PERFECT (QKTD)
S + had +3edV

Ex: Last night I went to bed after I dad done my
homework.

S + had + not +
V3ed
2


Had + S + V3ed ?
Diễn tả:
- Hđộng xảy ra trước 1 mốc TG ở Qk hoặc trước 1 hđ Qk
Với :
      ( trước: S+ had +V3ed ; sau: S + V2)
8. SIMPLE FUTURE (TLĐ)
S + will / shall +
1 V

Ex: I’ll buy it
tomorrow.

S + will / shall + not +
V1
Will / Shall + S + V1?
*Note: will not =won’t ; shall not =shan’t.
Diễn tả:
 Hđ sẽ xảy ra trong tlai.
 Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V1…? ); Đề nghò ( Shall I / we
Với:
TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month,…)
9. FUTURE PERFECT (TLHT)

S + will / shall + have 3ed
+. V
Ex: We’ll have already finished the work by the time you get back
Diễn tả:
 Hđộng sẽ hoàn tất trong tlai.
* Notes:
          1) Near future: (Tlai gần) S + am/ is / are + going to + V1 : sẽ, sắp sửa, dự đònh…
Ex: I’m goingto buy it tomorrow.
          2)Một số động từ sau đây thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn

Be : Ex: I ama studentnow.

Nhữngđộngtừ chỉvềgiác quan: see,hear,feel, look (trôngcóvẻ), smell, taste,recognize.

Nhữngđộngtừ chỉvềcảm xúc: like, dislikelove, hate,wantwish, desire,refuse,forgive.

Những động từ chỉ về lí   trí: understand, know, think, realize, suppose, believe, remember,
forget,
mind,expect,recollect.

Nhữngđộngtừ chỉsự bắt đầu, tiếp tục, kết thúc: begin,continue,finish…
  

 LESSON 2:

PREPOSITIONS ( Giới từ)

           

A.   COMMON PREPOSITION:

I.  Prep. Of Place: 
1. IN: ở trong( 1 nơi/ vùng/khuvực/ quốcgia/ thànhphố/…)
Ex: in theroom/Asia/ Britain/ London/…
in bed/newspaper/magazines/theworld/…
2. ON: ở trên
Ex: on thetable/theboard/thefloor/ …
on TV/ theradio/ telephone/theway/ thestreet/horseback/…
3. AT : ở tại (đòiểmnhỏ).
Ex: at thedesk/thestation/theairport/72 PhamNgu Lao street….
3


at home/school/ work…
4. FROM : từ (nơi xuấtphát).
Ex: Mr. Mac Donaldis from Scotland.
5. TO: đến(đích) .
Ex: Elizabethwentto thestore.
6. BETWEEN : ở giữa(2 người / vật). Ex: Mai is sittingbetween NamandNga.
7. AMONG: ở giữa, trongsố
Ex : The letteris somewhereamong thesepapers.
    II. Prep. Of Time
1. IN:   
1977(1890,2008…)
thesummer(winter…)
April (May, August…)
themorning(afternoon,evening…)
time:kòp lúc
anhour - Ex : I will arrivein anhour.

4


2. ON :

3. AT:

holiday
weekend
Monday
15, October
th
October 15
1977
Monday morning
Christmas day
time : đúng lúc
fire : đang cháy
7 o’clock
night
midnight
noon
(the)weekend
Christmas
theendof
themoment

4. SINCE (+mốcTG): kểtừ …
Ex: He hasstudiedEnglishsince1900.
5. FOR (+1 khoảngTG) : được…

Ex: _________________ for 17 years
6. FROM: từ
7. TO : đến
Ex: I livedin villagefrom 1977to 1992.
III. Some Other Prep. :
1. By : bằng,bởi.
Ex: Theycanenrichthesoil by usingfertilizers.
* by bus/car/ train/plane/…
2. On foot: đi bộ
3. For : cho , vì, để(chỉmục đích) .
Ex: Whatwould you like for breakfast?
Ex: Somepeoplereadfor pleasure.
4. With : với , bằng.
Ex: He wentwith her.
Ex: I canwritebetterwith my own pen.
5. About : về.
Ex: Whatdo you think about her?
6. Of : của.
Ex: The windowof theliving room.
B. PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:

1.  Adj +  TO : acceptable,accustomed,agreeable,contrary,harmful, important,
kind, likely, lucky, open,pleasant,similar,familiar, helpful, (but:it’s verykind of you.)
2.  Adj +  IN :  interested,rich, successful
3. Adj +  OF : afraid,ahead,aware,capable,confident,full, tired,sure,proud
4. Adj +  FOR : available,difficult, late,perfect,useful, famous,responsible,sorry(S.O)
5. Adj +  FROM  : absent, different,safe,far
6. Adj +  AT  : clever,present,quick, skilful, good,bad,(angryat  something/ with someone)
7. Adj +  WITH : acquainted,crowed,friendly, popular,busy,bored,pleased,fed up
8. Adj +  ABOUT : confused,sad,serious,worried,sorry(S.T)

5


   

C. VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION:

1. catch sight of : trông thấy
2. give place to
: nhường
3. give way to : nhượng bộ ,tránh
đường cho
4. keep pace with
: theo kòp,
5. lose sight of
: mất hút, không
6. lose touch with : mất liên lạc
7. lose track of
: mất dấu
8. make allowance for: chiếu cố
9. make fun of
: chế nhạo
10.make a fuss over/ about
: cuống quýt về việc

11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

make room for
make use of
pay attention to
put a stop to
put an end to
set fire to
take account of
take advantage of
take care of
take note of
take notice of

: dọn chỗ
: sử dụng
: chú ý
: làm dừng
: chấm dứt
: châm
: chú ý
: lợi dụng
: chăm sóc
: chú ý

: chú ý

            D.  GO  + PREPOSITION:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

after: đuổi theo
ahead: được tiến hành
along: tiến triển
away: ra đi, rời khỏi nơi nào
back: trở về
by: trôi qua( thời gian)

E. CÁC TRƯỜNG HP KHÁC
1. belong to
: thuộc về
2. on the contrary
: ngược lại
3. on the whole : nói chung
4. be up to = depend on : tuỳ
5. listen to
: lắng nghe
6. suffer from
: bò, chòu
7. free from

: giải phóng
8. write …to
: viết … cho…
9. wait for..
: chờ
10. ask …for..
: hỏi xin
11. look at
: nhìn
12. look after
: chăm

7. down: giảm giá
up:
8. on: tiếp tục
9. off: nổ
10. out: tắt
11. over: xem xét kỹ

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

look up
:
look out
look for
laugh at
good at
good for
prevent… from
be in bed
regard … as
:
be divided into :
take part in
:

tra từ điển
: nhìn ra ngoài
: tìm kiếm
: cười nhạo
: giỏi về cái gì
: tốt cho cái gì
: ngăn … không
: nằm trên
xem như
được chia thành
tham gia vào

6

WORD FORM

  LESSON 3:

( Từ Loại )

A. PARTS OF SPEECH:

I. Noun (n)
1) n +V
: làmS cho V
2) V +n
: làmO cho V
3) prep.+n : làmO cho prep.
           4) be(là) +n : làmC ( C : complement:bổngữ)     
           5) adj +n                            
Ex: Peoplecanseenewfilm at thecinema.
S
O
O
He is a scientist.
C
* Notes:
- a, an,the
- this, that,these,those
- some,any,many,…
+n
- my, your, Tom’s, …
    

     II.  Adjective (adj.):
1) adj +n
2) adv +adj
3) be(thì, là ), look cóvẻ), feel, become, taste(cómùi), smell ( cóvò), get, grow,remain,
stay, turn,seem, appear, sound, … + adj
Ex: Thatyounggirl is verybeautiful.
III. Adverb (adv):
1) S +V i +adv

Ex: Theyarrivedsafely.

2) S +V t +O +adv

Ex: Shedid thehouseworkdisappointedly.

3) S +V aux +adv + V main
4) adv +adj
5) adv +adv
6) S +V +adv
( or: adv +S +V +…. )

Ex: He cansurelydo it
Ex: He is reasonablyright.
Ex: Jack runsveryquickly.
Ex: We haveboughtit at thatstorerecently.
(or: Recentlywe haveboughtit at thatstore.)

IV. Verb (v) : V đứngsauS.
Cáchìnhthức
củaV cònđược dùngở nhiềuvò trí khác.

 
Participle: Presentparticiple( V ing)
Pastparticiple( V 3ed)

1) Usedin Continuoustenses( V ing)

2) Used in Perfecttenses& Passivevoice(V3ed)
3) Usedas Adj:

Ving

V 3ed

Ex:

a/
b/



Activemeaning

 Passivemeaning
The matchexcitesthefans.
The matchis exciting.
The fansareexcited.
The childrenhaveseenaninterestingfilm.
The childrenareinterestedin thefilm.

B. FORMATION OF  N,  ADJ,  V:

I. V + suffix       n

: V +-tion, ation
-ment
-er
-ing
- age
-0

: conservation,preservation,prevention
: development
: fertilizer
: poisoning,dirtying
: drainage
: safeguard

II. n + suffix  adj       :
­ ful : harmful, useful, delightful, successful,hopeful,helpful, peaceful
- less : childless,odourless,speechless,restless,careless,harmless,treeless
- ly : manly,brotherly,worldly, hourly, yearly, daily.
n + - like : childlike,godlike,lifelike,statesmanlike
- y : dusty,snowy, rainy, sandy,dirty, healthy.
- ish : foolish,selfish,childish
- al : magical,agricultural,industrial, natural.
III. OUT +  Vi  Vt  (tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, lâu hơn) :
outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh
IV. UNDER + n / V      n / V( thấphơn,bêndưới, kémhơn):
undergrowth, undercharge

V. OVER +  n/ Adj /V  n/ Adj / V      ( quágiới hạn,vượt, quánhiều)
overcoat, overanxious, overact.
C. WORD FORM CHARTS:

1.

3.

satisfy (v)
satisfied(past.Part)
satisfying(pres.part)
satisfactory(adj)
satisfactorily (adv)
satisfaction(n)
tolerate(v)
tolerated(past.Part)
tolerant(adj)
tolerable(adj)
tolerably(adv)
tolerance(n)

4.

important (adj)
importance(n)

5.

difficult(adj)
difficulty(n)

2.

disappoint(v)
disappointed(past.Part)
disappointing(pres.part)
disappointedly(adv)
disappointment(n)

=adj


6.

determine (v)
determination (n)

7.

tend (v)
tendency(n)

8.

occupy (v)
occupied (past. Part)
occupation(n)
occupational (adj)

9.

potential (adj) / (n)

10.

expect(v)
expected (past. Part)
expecting(pres. part)
expectant(adj)
expectantly(adv)
expectation(n)

11.

prefer(v)
preferential(adj)
preferentially(adv)
preference(n)

12.

attract(v)
attracted(past. Part)
attractive(adj)
attractively(adv)
attraction(n)

13.

reason(v)

reasonable(adj)
reasonably(adv)
reason(n)

14.

absorb(v)
absorbed(past. Part)
absorbent(adj) / (n)
absorptive(adj)
absorption(n)

15.

deafen(v)
deaf(adj) / (n)
deafness(n)

16.

militarize(v)
militaristic(adj)
military(adj) / (n)
militarily(adv)
militarism(n)


LESSON 4 :             ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
( Mệnh Đề Trạng Từ Chỉ Thời Gian)
I. PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

Ex:

1/ a. We alwaystakeour umbrellaswhen it rains.
b. We aresingingas shecomes.
2/ a. I usually reada newspaperwhile I amwaitingfor thebus.
b. I’m writingwhile theyaretalking.
3./ He goeshomeafter hehasfinishedhis work.
4/ a. Shehasplayedthepianosince shewasfive.
b. I’ve felt muchbettersince I’ve beenhere.
5/ a. Shegreetsmeas soon as sheseesme.
b. He continueshis journeyas soon as hehasfinishedhis meal.
Main Clause
(Mđềchính)

Adverbial Clausesof Time
(MđềTrạngtừ chỉTG)

1. S + V 1 / s / es
S +AM / IS / ARE +V ing (đang…)
2. S+V 1 / s / es

WHEN  = AS
WHENEVER

S +V 1 / s / es

WHILE =AS

S +AM / IS / ARE +V ing (đang…)

S +AM / IS / ARE +V ing(đang…)
3. S+V 1 / s / es

AFTER

S +HAS / HAVE +V 3ed

4. S +HAS / HAVE +V 3ed

SINCE

S +V 2ed

5. S + V 1 / s / es

ĐÃ CHẤM DỨT

S +HAS / HAVE +V 3ed

Vẫncòn

AS SOON AS
S +V 1 / s / es
UNTILL = TILL S +HAS / HAVE +V ed
3

Hoàntất

II. PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

EX: 1/ a. I satnearthewindowwheneverI tooka bus.
b. It wasraininghardwhenI gotthere.
2/ a. I methimwhile I waswalkingdownthestreet.
b. I waswritingwhile hewasreading.
3/

He smokedafterhehadfinishedhis meal.

4/

He hadfinishedhis mealbeforehesmoked.

5/ a. He left as soonasI told him.
b. He left assoonashehadfinishedhis work.
Main Clause(Mđềchính)
Adverbial Clausesof Time(MđềTrạngtừ chỉTG)
1. S + 2V
S + WAS / WERE + V
(đang…)

ing 

WHEN  = AS
WHENEVER

S + V2


2. S + V2
S + WAS / WERE + V

(đang…)
3. S + 2V
4. S + HAD + V3ED

WHILE =AS

S +WAS / WERE +V ing (đang…)

ing 

AFTER
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL

5. S + V2

ED
S + HAD + 3V
S + V2

S + V2
S + HAD + V3ED
tất

Hoàn

II. FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

EX: 1/ a. We’ ll go whenwe want.
b. I’m gointto wait until you havefinishedyour homework.
2/
We will havefinishedthework by thetimeyou getbacktomorrow.
Main Clause(Mđềchính)

Adverbial Clausesof Time(MđềTrạngtừ chỉTG)

1. S +WILL / SHALL +V 1
OR:
S + AM / IS / ARE GOING TO +
V1
2. S +WILL / SHALL +HAVE +V 3ed
                                                                Hoàntất

WHEN =AS
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
BY THE TIME
BEFORE

Note: Khôngdùngthì Tlai trongMđềTrạngtừ chỉTG

LESSON 5

:

S +V 1 / s / es

S +HAS / HAVE +V 3ed Hoàntất

S+V 1 / s / es

Dùngcácthì Htại thaythế.

MAKING & ANSWERING QUESTIONS
( Dựng& TrảLời CâuHỏi)

Types

Questions

Answers
Yes, Spron. + Vpreceding Q.

Yes - No

Inter.form?

Or

Inter. form + A or  Affir. form+A/B
B?
Wh +Inter.form?
Affir. form

Wh

No, Spron. + Vpreceding Q. + NOT

Ex: 1. Uncle Ho /  die / 1969?

- Did Uncle Ho die in 1969?
 Yes, hedid.
2. Faraday / writer or scientist?
- Was Faradaya writeror a scientist?  He / Faradaywasa scientist.
3. When / Tom / go / school?
- WhendoesTom oftengo to school?
 He/Tomoftengoesto school in themorning.
Notes:
1. When“Wh” is theSubjector ModifiestheSubject
Affir. formis usedin theQ.
Ex: a/ Who can swim?
 Nam can swim.
b/ How manystudentsareabsenttoday?
 Two studentsareabsenttoday.


2. Tag Question:
Ex:

The weatheris nice, isn’t it ?  Yes, it is.

3. Commands:
V1…( Hãy…): List/  Mention/  Name/  Give… Theyare/ It is …
Ex:
NamesomeEnglishscientists.
 They/ SomeE. scientistsareNewton,Faraday,…

LESSON 6:        ACTIVE

or PASSIVE VOICE

( Chủ Động và Thụ Động Cách)
A:
P:
O

S + V +
S

+

BE

O
+3ed V+

by

(chia thì theo động từ của câu
Active)
                                   (A : Active              P : Passive)
Ex:

1/ A: Tom eatsappleseveryday.
P: Applesareeatenby Tom everyday.
2/ A: Theysawhimin theshop.
P: He wasseenin theshop( by them)
ACTIVE

PASSIVE

V 1 / Vs/es 

Am/ is /are

V 2ed   

Am/ is /are
+ V ing
Was/ were
Has / have

+V3ed

Has / have
+ V3

Had
Will (would)
Shall (should)
Can(could)
May (might)
Must
Be goingto
Be ableto
Haveto
Oughtto
Usedto

Was / were                                          

Am/ is /are
+ being
Was / were

+

ed

V1

Had
Will (would)
Shall (should)
Can(could)
May (might)
Must
Be goingto
Be ableto
Haveto
Oughtto
Usedto

+ been 

+

be 

+V3ed

Notes: 
A: S + V + O

I

+

1/

OD

P: S + BE + V 3ed + OD + by + O
( S +BE +V 3ED + for/ to + OI + by + O)

OR:

Ex:

A: Lan gaveMary somebooks.
OI                 OD
P: Mary was given some books by Lan.

                   OR:

(Some  books were given to Mary by Lan.)

2/ 
A: S +V + (THAT) + S + V ….
P:

S+

OR:

IT

BE
+ BE

           V :    SAY

Ex :

BELIEVE
TELL
CONSIDER…

+ V3ed + TO + V1
+

V3ed +

by

+ O + (THAT) S

KNOW
REPORT
CLAIM

THINK
RUMOUR
PROVE

A : They say that they has been ill.
P : He is said to have been ill. (or : It is said that he has been ill.)

*CLEFT SENTENCES:
1.
S1 + VA (PRESENT) + that + S2 + VB (PRESENT)
 IT + IS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PRESENT)
 S2 + IS/ ARE + V3 (A) + TO + inf ( of V B)
Ex:
­ People say that prevention is better than cure
 It’s said that prevention is better than cure
Prevention is said to be better than cure
­ People say that he is a good student
 It’s said that he is a good student
 He is said to be a good student
2. 
S1 + VA( PRESENT) + that + S2 + VB( PAST)
 IT + IS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PAST)
 S2 + IS/ ARE + V3 (A) + to have +V3 (B)
Ex:
­ They say that three men were arrested after the murder
 It’s said that three men were arrested after the murder
 Three men are said to have been arrested after the murder
3.
S1 + VA ( PAST) + that + S2 + VB ( PAST)

 IT + WAS + V3 (A) + that + S2 + VB (PAST)
 S2 + WAS/ WERE + V3 (A) + to have +V3 (B)
Ex:
­Everybody believed that he had died of AIDS
 It’s was believed that he had died of AIDS
 He was believed to have died of AIDS

LESSON 7:

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
( Câu Điều Kiện)

If Clause( MđềIF)
Types and Use
(Loại vàCách
dùng)
1. FuturePossible
V 1 /s /es
ĐK có thể xảy IF +S + do /does+not+V
1
ra ở HT&TL
*BE: am,is ,are
2. PresentUnreal:
ĐK không thể IF
xảyra ở HT&TL

V 2ed
+S+

did not + V 1
*BE: were

3. PastUnreal:
ĐK không thể IF + S + had+ V 3ed 
xảyra ở QK.

Main Clause( Mđềchính)

will
S + shall
can
may

S+

S+

+V 1

would
should
could
might
would
should
could
might

+ V1

+have+V 3ed 

Ex: 1. If it is fine, we will go.
2. I’d fly everywhereif I werea bird.
3. If you hadmetthepresidentyesterday,whatwould you havedone?
 Sentence

Transformation:

A/ UNLESS    =      IF … NOT

If +S +

If +Neg. form
am/is/ arenot
do /does not
+V
1

=

did not+V
werenot
hadnot+V 3ed 

= UNLESS +S +

1 

Unless+Affir. form
am/is/ are
V 1/s /es
V 2ed

were
had+V

3

ed 

Ex: If you didn’t studyhard,you’d getbadmarks.
= Unlessyou studiedhard,you’d getbadmarks.
Note: Nếucâuvới Mđề IF Kđònh,Mđề chínhở thểPûđònh, ta cóthểchuyểnsang
UNLESS = cáchđổi Mđề chínhthànhthểKđònh.


Ex: If you arelazy, you can’tbesuccessful
= Unlessyou arelazy, you canbesuccessful.


B/ CÁCH VIẾT CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TỪ TÌNH HUỐNG
T. HUỐNG CHO:
1.Có từ “OR” : viết đk loại 1

2. H.tại
3.Q. kh

:
:

loại 2
loại 3

4.Có từ “SO”: viết xuôi

S+V

SO

S +V
 IF + S + V

,

S

+V
5.Có từ “BECAUSE”: viết ngược
S +V
because

S +V

 IF + S + V
S+V
6. Phủ đònh viết khẳng đònh & ngược lại
Examples : 1. I amnotclever,

so I won’t bea doctor.
If I wereclever,I would bea doctor.
2. John wassick because heatemuchcake.
If John hadn’teatenmuchcake,he’d nothavebeensick.
Trường hợp  khác :
1.
S+ can /will+
V S +must/haveto +V1
1 but
IF + S +
V1/Vs,es         ,
S + can/ will + V 1
( Đk 1)
Ex: I’ll let you borrowthebook
 but  you mustpromiseto returnit nextweek.
 If you promiseto returnthebooknextweek,I’ll let you borrowit.
2. 
S +will /can+V1
1 Vor
 S + will/ can + V1 unless you + V1
Ex: Work hard
or you’ll fail theexam.
 You’ll fail theexamunless you work hard.

 LESSON

8:

UNREAL WISHES
( Ước Muốn Không Thể Xảy Ra)

,


could
+V
1
với khả năng
S + wish + (that)

would / should + V1 : Tình huống Tlai
+ S + V 2 / were; didn’t+ V 1 / weren’t
:

huống Htại
If only
huống Qkhứ
Ex: a)
b)
c)
d)


: Tình huống Htại / Tlai , trái

hadn’t + V 3

:

Tình

Tình

I wish I (can fly) could fly.
We wish it (be) would be sunny soon.
If only we (see) saw a UFO now.
He wishes he (meet) had met her yesterday.

Sentence Transformation:

a

S+besorry
Whata pity
It is a pity
S
+ regret
S
+
do / does not like
S

wish

+

+ ( that) S + V
+ V ing / S
+

+

V
Ving / to v1

+ ( that) + S + V 


­
­
­
­

ThêmS ( nếuthiếu)
Kđònh 
Pđònh ( và ngược lại)
Htại

Qkhứ;
Qkhứ

Qkhứ hoàn thành
Ex: I’m sorry that I didn’t come yesterday.
 I wish ( that)I had come yesterday.
Ex: Mr. Taylor doesn’t like living in a small house.
 Mr. Taylor wisheshedidn’t live in a small house.

b.  

S + would like / would love

+ to V 1 / to have +

 S+wish

+ ( that) S +V 2

/ 

V3ed
S +had+V 3ed

Ex: I’d like to havemether.
 I wish I had met her.
      

GERUND AND INFINITIVE

  LESSON 9:     

( Danh Động Từ & Động Từ Nguyên Mẫu)
A. GERUND (Ving) : đóngvai tròV & N cùngmộtlúc.

Note: 


        Vai trò:
1. S ( Ex: Learning Englishis easily.)
2. O - Sauprep. (Ex: We areinterestedin studying English.)
- SaumộtsốV (Ex: I enjoyswimming.)
3. C  (Ex: Conservationis thesafeguarding andthepreservationof natural
resources.)

              Notes: The + V ing + of + n ( Ex: The reclaiming of land.)
B. GERUND OR INFINITIVE :

I. Các động từ được theo sau bằng động từ nguyên mẫu ( To+V1)

Theoqui luậtthôngthường,độngtừ nàúngsaumộtđộngtừ khácthì phảiở dạng
nguyênmẫu (TO +V1)
Ex: a) I would like to speak to Mr. Duran.
b) Mary askedJohn to help her.
c) My brotherwantsto become a pharmacist.
d) Every bodyis expectingher to   come .
II. Các động từ & cụm từ được theo sau bằng Ving :
1. acknowledge
2. admit
3. appreciate
4. avoid
5. celebrate
6. consider
7. delay=postpone
8. deny
9. detest
10.discontinue
11.discuss
12.dislike
13.endure
14.enjoy
15.escape
16.explain
17.fancy=imagine
18.feel like

19.finish
20.forgive
21.include
22.involve
23.justify
24.keep(continue)
25.mention

26.mind
27.miss
28.practise
29.prevent
30.prohibit
31.propose
32.quit
33.recall
34.report
35.resent
36.resist
37.risk
38.suggest
39.support
40.tolerate
41.understand
42.beaccustomedto =beusedto
43.bebusy
44.beworth
45.can’thelp
46.can’tstand
47.getusedto =becomeaccustomedto

48.look forwardto
49.it’s no good
50.it’s no use

III.  Các động từ được theo sau bằng Ving / To V1 nhưng không dổi nghóa:

Ex:

1. continue
5. begin
2. dread
6. hate
3. like
7. love
4. prefer
8. start
Shestartedto learn Englishwhenshewas5 yearsold.
 Shestartedlearning Englishwhenshewas5 yearsold.


IV. Các động từ được theo sau bằng Ving / To V1 nhưng dổi nghóa:
1. FORGET, REGET,
+

: sẽ xảy ra ( Tlai)

Ving

REMEMBER
Ex:

To V1

: đãõ xảy ra ( Qkhứ)

a) Remember
to sent John a present.Todayis his birthday.
b) I remember meeting you somewherebeforebutI’m sorryI forget
your name.

2. TRY +

To V1

: cố gắng làm.

Ving

: thử làm.

Ex: a) Shetries
to pass theentranceexamto thecollege.
b) Try knocking at thebackdoorif nobodyhearsyou at thefrontdoor.
3. STOP

+

To V

: dừng lại để làm việc gì khác.

1

V ing

: dừng lại không làm việc gì (đang

làm) nữa.
Ex: a) Feelingsleepy,thedriverstopped
 to  drink  a coffee
b) Thatold mantriedto stopsmoking becauseof his badcough.
4. NEED

+

To :V cần phải làm ( ý chủ động).
Ving
:
cần phải được làm ( ý bò động).
Ex: a) Tom needs
to work harder.
b) The grassin frontof thehouseneedscutting.
1

V. Một số trường hợp khác:       
                     
1.

ADVISE                                   To V 1
            ALLOW                +             

            PERMIT 
            RECOMMEND

V ing  

Ex: The police allow us to go there

Ex: The policeallow going there.


2.

FEEL
HEAR
SEE
WATCH

3.

4.

HELP
MAKE
LET
NOTICE
BID

V+o /  Ving ( đang)

Ex: We saw David jog

jogging in the

+O

Ex: Please let me go.

+ V1

WOULD RATHER
HAD BETTER ( not )

Ex: I’d rather drink tea than coffee.
You’d better not go out.

+ V1

CLAUSES & PHRASES 
OF CAUSES & EFFECTS

LESSON10 :

(Mệnh Đề Và Cụm Từ Chỉ Nguyên Nhân Và Kết Quả)

S + be / Vord + SO + adj / adv + THAT +
( quá…
Ex:

đến

The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.

He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
S + V + SUCH + (a/ an) + adj + n +

THAT +
(

Ex:

1.

2.

quá…

It is such hot tea that I can’t drink.
He was such a bad driver that he couldn’t pass the driving test.

3.
S

+

be / V

   + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO

ord

( quá..
nên không thể…)

* Bỏ ‘for O’ khi O này = S hoặc chỉ chung chung.
* Bỏ O của ‘to V’ khi O này = S
Ex: The tea is too hot  for    me  to drink.
He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
4/

be +adj
S + ________ + enough + (for +O)
V ord + adv
(đủ…

+

To V 1
để…)

(+


Ex:


The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.
He didn’t drive well enough to pass the driving test.

Sentence Transformation:
S(n)

a/

+

+

He/ She/ They

+

adj

+

be + SUCH + (a/ an) +adj +

The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
It is such hot tea that I can’t drink it.

Ex:

S + Vord    + SO + adv + THAT …
S + be + SUCH + (a/an) + adj +
Ex:

n

+

He drove so badly
that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
He was   such a bad driver that __________________________.

S + V + SO
c/

SO

It /This /That
+

b/

be

+ adj / adv + THAT

S + V + TOO + adj/adv

+

+ S +V +

(for +O) + TO + V1

* Bỏ ‘for O’ khi O này = S hoặc chỉ chung chung.
* Bỏ O của ‘To V’ khi O này = S
Ex: a) The tea is so hot that I can’t drink.
The tea is too hot for me to drink.
b) He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
d/

…TOO +

adj / adv …

… NOT   +
ENOUGH…

adj /adv

+ 

Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.

LESSON 11 :                 

RELATIVE CLAUSES
( Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ)

Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:
           Functions

Subject

Object

Poss.

Adv

Antecedents
Things
People
Place
Time
Reason
             Notes: *Where =

Which

Which

Who

Whom

Whose +
n
(of which)
Whose +
n
Where
When
Why

prep + nplace

*When

= prep + ntime
*Why
= for + the reason
*‘THAT’ thay thế cho “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” trong mệnh đề
có giới
hạn (không đứng sau dấu phẩy, prep).
*Dùng 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy tách mệnh đề quan hệ ra khỏi
mệnh đề chính
khi tiền danh từ là:
- Danh từ riêng
- Danh từ được bổ nghóa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
- Danh từ được bổ nghóa = sở hữu (MY, YOUR, …,TOM’S
HOUSE,…)
- Danh từ được bổ nghóa = 1 nhóm từ ( EX: The man
from Hanoi,…)
Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away.

Relative Clauses:
Re

l. Cl.
Ant.

Ex:

a/
b/
c/
d/
e/

Relative clause
Relative pronoun / adverb
The other parts

Things

+

which / that

People

+
+

People/ things

+

whose

Place
Time
Reason

+
+
+

where
when
why

who / that
whom /that

+
+
+
+

V ( + O)
S+V
V( + O)
S+V
V ( + O)
+n+
S+V
+

S

+ V

(+ O)

Could you iron the trousers? They’re hanging up behind the door.
Could you iron the trousers which/that are hanging up behind the door?
She showed me the radio. She had bought it

She showed me the radio which/ that She had bought.
I don’t like the people. People lose their temper easily.
I don’t like the people who /that lose their temper easily.
The man works here. I saw him yesterday.
The man whom/ that I saw yesterday works here.
The house is very large. Its door is green.


The house whose door is green is very large.
Have you seen the girl? I’m keeping her bicycle.
Have you seen the girl whose bicycle I’m keeping?
Vietnam is beautiful. We live in vietnam.
Vietnam, where we live, is beautiful.

f/
g/

REPORTED SPEECH

  LESSON 12:

(Câu Tường Thuật)

1. Phát biểu:

S

TOLD + O

+

V (chia rồi) …

Ex1: They said to us, “These are
(THAT) + S +V snakes.”
They told us (that) those were
snakes.
Ex2 : “I came at 8 o’clock,” he said.
He said (that) he had come at 8
o’clock.

S+
(lùi thì)
SAID

2. Câu hỏi:
WH_ /  How_ Questions: “WH + V   +    S…     ?”
YES _ NO Questions: “ V   +    S …    ?”

a/
b/

S +
know

asked + (O)
+ WH
wanted to
S +
+ IF /  WHETHER thì)

wondered

Ex1:
Ex2:

V (lùi 

The stranger said, “ Where is Tra Vinh town school?”
The stranger asked where Tra Vinh town school was.
“ Did you see him?” she said to me.
She asked me if / whether I had seen him.

3.Mệnh Lệnh  &ø Yêu Cầu:

To+V

1

… ( KĐ)

Not + To + V1 ( PĐ)
TOLD

To + V1 (MLKĐ)

S

+
ASKED
Not to + 1V(MLPĐ)

Ex: He said to us, “ Keep silent here,
please.”
He told us to keep silentthere.
Ex: “Don’t laugh at me” said Mary.
Mary asked menot to laugh at her.

              Notes: 
    

1. Change of Adverbs of Time & Place:


Direct speech

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Reported  
speech

here
this
these
now
today

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

there
that
those
then
thatday

Direct speech

Reported speech

6. tonight
7. yesterday
8. ago
9. tomorrow
10. next(week….)

6. thatnight
7. thepreviousday,thedaybefore
8. before
9. thefollowingday,thenextday
10. thefollowing(week…)

                       2. Change of Pronoun & Poss. Adj:
Per.

1
2
3
3

S + V

Subj.
I
We
You
They
He
She
It

Obj.
Me
Us
You
Them
Him
Her
It

Poss. Adj.
My
Our
Your
Their

His
Her
Its

Poss. Pro.
Mine
Ours
Yours
Theirs
His
Hers
its

I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

+ O, “ person1…………………… person2”
(chúng)tôi
(các)bạn

3. Changes of Tenses:
Direct Speech
V1
am

is
+V
areing

/

Reported Speech
V2ed

Vs/es

has/ have+V 3ed
V 2ed
was/ were+V ing

was
+V ing
were
had + V3ed
hadbeen+V ing

Notes:
1/ Khi từ ‘WH’ làm  S hoặc bổ nghóa cho S  O đổi 
thể.
Ex: “Who has broken this vase?” said my
My father asked who had broken that
2/ Khi câu trực tiếp diễn tả 1 chân lí, sự thật hiển 
nhiên   O đổi thì.
Ex:
Our teacher said, “The sun rises in the

will
shall
can
may
must

would
should
could
might
hadto

+V1

+V1

Our teachersaidthatthesunrisesin theeast.
3/ Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì Htại or Tlai  O 
đổi thì, 
không đổi thời gian & nơi chốn, chỉ đổi ngôi.
Ex: He says,“I’m hurrynow.”
He saysthatheis hungrynow.
4/
S + should / had better + (not) V 1
S + advised  + O + (not) To V 1
Ex:
You should eat a lot of fresh fruit.
 He advised me to eat a lot of fresh fruit.

Tất cả các hình thức khi đổi sang câu tường thuật  
phải đổi ngôi : Ngôi 1  đổi theongười nói
Ngôi 2  đổi theongười nghe(O)
Ngôi 3  giữ nguyên

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

LESSON 13 :

(Mệnh Đề Chỉ Mục Đích)
S + V +

SO THAT
can/could
_______________ + S +
will/ would 1
+
IN ORDER THAT
shall/ should
…để mà…
may/

Ex: a) We study hard. We want to pass the exam.
We studyhard
so that we canpasstheexam.
b) I helpedNam.I wantedhimto finishthework on time.
I helpedNamin order that hecouldfinishthework on time.
           Notes:

Phrase of Purpose

to
S +V +

Ex:

in order to
+V
1
so as to
in orderfor
+ O +TO
                      … đ…
We studyhardto passtheexam.
I helpedNamin orderfor himto finishthework on time.

V