Ebook 16 bài học Cách dùng ngữ pháp và viết tiếng Anh: Phần 1

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Ccich dCing
NgCr ph&p aviet

TIENG ANH
'1GUYEN
>C LI$U

NHA XUAT BAN
HONG DLTC

____

A


16 BAI HOC CACH DUNG NGUfPHAP
VA VIET TIENG ANH


TH ANH THAO - THANH HOA

16BAI HOC
CACH DUNG NGUf PHAP
VA VIET TIENG ANH

N H A X U A T B A N H O N G D lfC


ICH NOt M U

De hoc tieng Anh co hieu qua, viec ndm vang
dupe ca ch dung tu, cau true, dqt cau 1a dieu ma
bat ky nguoi hoc tieng Anh nao cung can dat den.
Xuat phat tu nhu cau do, chung toi bien soan cuon
"16 bai hoc ca ch dung ngu phap va viet tieng Anh '.

Noi dung chu yeu cua cuon sach 1a tong ket c a c
van de ngu phap co Pan trong tieng Anh lien quan
den Danh tu, Dong tu, c a c dai tu, c a c tu Po nghla,
gioi tu, lien tu va than tu... danh cho Pan doc co nhu
cau cung co', ren luyen ngu phap va trau doi ky
nang viet tieng Anh.
Sach dupe trinh Pay hop ly, duoc phan chia
theo tung bai, vai tung hien tuong, cau true ngu
phap ro rang, d i hieu, d§ hoc, giup nguoi hoc
nhanh chOng cung co kien thuc ngu phap cua minh.
Sau moi hien tuong, cau true ngu phap 1a phan Pai
tap trdc nghiem dudi dang Hoi Dap giup nguoi hoc
hieu sau hon ve c a c van de ngu phap.
De dung sach that hieu qua, nguoi hoc nen
luyen tap ky tung phan mot, ndm chdc ly thuyet ket
hop voi thuc hanh. C a c Pan co the khOng can phai
tra cuu c a c van de ngu phap theo thu tu tu dau


sach den cuoi sach. Ma co the tap trj^g * ~ eu ky
nhung phan ma minh con chua n a r
sau khi
da thong hieu roi thi co the chuyen q^a o^a"' -

Hoc theo kieu nay. se giup nguoi doc c a ^ *-d'v tu tin
hon va hieu qua hoc tap se ca o hon
Trong qua trinh Pien soan khong trann knoi sai
sot, rat mong quy doc gia gop y kien d o sung, de
Ian tai ban cuon sach duoc hoan thien hon.
Xin chan thanh cam on.


16 ba i hpc cdch d u n g n g iip h a p va viet T ien g An h

7

B ail
Danh tcir
Noi dung
•

X a c djnh danh tu" rieng va gerund (danh
d o n g tu")

•

Suf dung danh tif tap hop de xac djnh c a c
nh o m

•

T im hieu danh tuf so it va so nhieu

•

SOf du ng danh tOf sci hufu de bieu thj quyen
s6 hufu

•

L a m ch o danh tif va d o n g tuf hoa hop


8

16 bai h oc cach d u n g ngtf phcip va viet T ie n g An h

anh tu- la mot tu- loai neu ten ngudi, noi chon
hoac su- vat. Nhieu loai danh tu" khac nhau
duoc dung trong ngon nguf Anh. M ot so danh
tuf de chi ngUdi, noi chon hoac su" kien va mot so
bieu thi cac nhom va cac tap hop. M ot so danh td
tham chi khong phai la danh tu1; chung la cac dong
td hanh dong giong nhu danh td trong cau.

D

Cac danh td co the la so it, de cap den mot su
vat. hoac so nhieu, de cap den nhieu hon mot vat.
Cac danh tu cung co the mang tinh sd hufu: cac
danh tu sd hufu chi ra quyen sd hufu hoac mot moi
quan he gan gui. Bat ke loai nao, danh td luon hoa
hop vdi dong tu cua chung trong cau; suf dung cac
dong td so it vdi danh tu sd it va dong tu sd nhieu

vdi danh td so nhieu. Ban phai biet cach hoat dong
cua mot danh tu de viet mot cau hieu qua.

Danh tcT ricng
Keu mot danh td neu ten mot ngu"di hoac mot
noi chon dac biet, hoac mot sU kien hay nhom dac
biet. thi no diJOc goi la danh td rien g va luon duoc
viet hoa. Mot so \i du la Eleanor Roosevelt. .V: :gara
Falls, Draeula, Cue dieu tra lien bang, the Great
Depression va Desert Storm . Dieu nay duons nhu
du don gian.


16 ba i hpc cach d u n g ngtf p h a p va viet T ien g A n h

9

K hong may la mot so tac gia gan trang thai
danh tCr rieng mot cach Ion xon vdfi cac td khac,
cac mau tu viet hoa nam rai rac trong suot bai viet
cua ho. ChSng han Manhattan Project duoc viet
hoa mot cach phu hop vi no la mot cong trinh lich
sd, ten nay duoc dat cho mot no lUc dac biet vao
thdi chien de thiet ke va xay dung cac vu khi hat
nhan dau tien. N h u n g project khong nen duac viet
hoa khi de cap den du- an cua mot cau lac bo de
don dep ve sinh khuon vien cua trUOng dai hoc.
Tuong tu Great Depression nen duoc viet hoa boi vi
no de cap den mot thdi ky lich su dac biet cua sU
that bai cua nen kinh te von da bat dau vdi su sup

do cua thi trUdng chdng khoan vao nam 1929. Khi
tif depression de cap den cac thdi ky kho khan cua
nen kinh te, tuy nhien no khong phai la danh td
rieng ma la danh td chung va khong duac viet hoa.
Tinh linh hoat trong viec viet hoa cac danh td la
co the chap nhan duoc, chang han ngUdi viet co
the co ly do hop ly de viet hoa mot td dac biet va
mot so” cong ty sd dung cac htfdng dan ve phong
cach nh&m ghi lai cac mau til' in hoa cho cac chdc
vu cong viec chSng han nhu-giam doc. NhiJng thong
thudng sd dung chd viet hoa ngoai quy luat ca ban
la mot no IlTc de cho td mot ve quan trong, va ban
nen tranh dieu do.

Cac dong td dcTtfc dung lam danh
tcjf
M o t trudng hop dac biet la khi dong td diiOc
dung lam danh td. O day dang dong td di/oc thay
doi va no thuc hien chdc nang tuong ty nhu" danh
td trong cau. Loai danh td nay duoc goi la gerund
(danh dpng tu")


10

16 ba i hpc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va viet T ien g An h

The gerund
M ot danh tif difgc tao ra tif dang - i n g cua mot
dong tif thi difoc goi la gerund. Giong nhif cac danh

tCr khac, gerund thifc hien chufc nang la chu td va
tuc tif trong cau.

Sleeping so metim es serves as an e s c a p e from
studying.
Cac gerund sleeping va studying la cac dang in g cua dong tu1sleep va study. Sleeping la danh td
thifc hien chufc nang lam chu tCr trong cau nay, va
study la tuc td (trong trifdng hap nay, tuc tii cua
mot gidri tCr - xem bai 5).

Van dc gerund
Gerund doi khi co the kho suf dung mot cach
thich hop trong cau. Ban se gap phai van de gi vdi
cac gerund?
•

Khi mot danh tu" hoac dai tii dufng truac mot
gerund, sii dung sd hufu cach cua danh tii hoac
dai tu\ (Be biet sd hufu cach cua dai tu, hay
xem bai 3).

Jane's sleeping was sometimes an es c a p e from
studying.

•

Tham chi khi ban nghi rang tif ddng trifdc
gerund trong giong nhif mot tuc td, thi h av sd
dung sd hufu cach.
Jane was annoyed by B i l l ’s studying

NO T

Jane was annoyed by B ill studying.


16 ba i hqc cach d u n g n gQ p h a p va viet T ien g An h

11

Cac danh tti tap hop
M o t ti/ thay the cho mot nhom sU vat thi diigc
goi la danh tif tap hop (collective noun). Trong
thuc te, tir group ban than no la mot danh tu" tap
hcfp. Sau da y la m ot so tif khac: c lu b , team,
committee, furniture, j u r y , Congress, swarm, herd.
Thong thiicfng cac danh tif nay di/Oc xem la so it, vi
st/ nhan manh nam tren mot don vi thay vi tren
cac thanh phan cua no.

The team is going on the bus.
T h e committee wants to find a solution to the
problem.

Nhufng khi ban muon nhan manh cac thanh phan
rien g biet cua mot nhom, ban co the xem danh tii
tap hop la so nhieu.
Th e team have argued about going on the bus.
T h e com m ittee want different solutions to the
problem.

Neu so nhieu nghe co ve ngiiOng nghiu, hay thu
v ie t lai.
T h e team members have argued about going
on the bus.

Committee members disagree about solutions
to the problem.


12

16 ba i hoc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va viet T ie n g An h

Danh tti $6 it va so nhieu
TCr num ber am chi den mot danh tCr la so it
hoac so nhieu. Hau het cac danh tu deu co the la
mot trong hai, phu thuoc vao viec ban dang noi ve
mot vat (dog) hay nhieu hon mot vat (dogs). Ban
biet quy t&c co ban cua viec them -s de thanh lap
so nhieu cua mot danh td, va ban cung biet rang
nhieu danh tif khong tuan theo quy tdc do - vi du,
sheep (so it), sheep (so nhieu); enemy, enemies',
wharf, wharves, hero, heroes, gooes, geese Ban nen
kiem tra td dien neu ban khong chac ve mot so
nhieu. Bdng them - ’s vao dang so it de thanh lap
so nhieu cua no, ngav ca khi danh tu- ma ban dang
sd dung la mot ten gia dinh: the Taylors, khong
phai the Taylor's', donkeys, khong phai donkey’s',
taxis, khong phai ta xi’s.

Cac hinh thufc so it va so nhieu cua mot so danh td
vdi cac duoi La Tinh hoac H y lap co the gay ra r&c
roi. Chang han danh tif data tren thuc te la mot sd
nhieu; datum la so it.
T h e final datum is not consistent with the
pr oceding data, which are positive.

Mac du ngay nay sd nhieu data dutfc xem la sd it,
nhimg hay cd phan biet, dac biet la trong van ban
khoa hoc.
Sau day la mot so vi du khac ve cac tu" so it va
sd nhieu tieng La Tinh va H y Lap: bacterium ,
bacteria, criteria, medium, media', alum nus sd ft
giong due ) alumni (so nhieu giong duo, alumna so
it giong cai 1alumnae (so nhieu giong cai 1. Xeu ban
dang viet ve truyen hinh, hay sd dung m edium.


16 b a i hpc cach d iin g ngtf p h a p va viet T ien g A n h

13

Neu ban dang viet ve radio, truyen hinh va bao,
hay su" dung media.

S if hufu cach cua danh td
Sd hufu cach (possessive case) cua mot danh tu"
dufoc dung de bieu thi quyen sd huTu (A lla n ’s car,
my sister’s house) hoac moi quan he gan gui khac
( the c h a i r m a n ’s friends, the c u p ’s handle, the

university’s p o s itio n ).

Cac van dc voi cac danh td stf hdu
Dieu gay ra van de vdi cac danh td sd hufu la
sir khong chac chan: them dau - s hay chi mot dau
phay? H a y tuan theo quy tac sau day: doi vdi cac
danh td sd it, them ’s, tham chi neu danh td tan
cung bang mot chuf s hoac am 2 : dog’s house’s, Wes’s,
Keats’s. Nhi/ng tao ra mot sir ngoai le khi mot chd
- s ditoc them vao se dan den ba chd s n&m chum
lai vdi nhau s hoac am 2 (Jesus’, Ulysses’) hoac
trong cac ten co nhieu hon mot am tiet vdi mot
duoi khong dutfc nhan manh diTgc phat am la -eez
(Empedocles’, Socrates’, Euripides’). Cac ten Hy Lap
thiidng rcfi vao loai nay.
Doi vdi hau het cac danh td sd hdu sd nhieu,
chi them mot dau phay: several months' bills, many
Rumanians’ apartments, the encyclopedia’s diffrences,
the R o llin g stomes’ travel plans. Neu danh td sd
nhieu khong tan cung bang -s , hay them - ’s, giong
nhiJ ban se them vdi mot danh td sd it: women’s
issue, mice's tails.


14

16 ba i hqc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va viet T ie n g A n h

Chuyen sang cau true of
Khi mot danh td sd hufu nghe co ve nguqng

nghiu, thay vi vay hay suf dung cau true of. Day la
mot cach an toan va thudng duoc ifa dung de chi ra
moi quan he: the top o f the page thay vi the pa g e’s
top\ the lawn o f the b uilding on the corner thay vi
the building on the corner’s lawn, the main characters
o f P rid e and Prejudice thay vi P rid e and P reju d ice’s
main characters', the novels o f Dickens thay vi
Dickens’s novels.

Quyen stf htfu chung
M ot ldi sau cung ve cac danh td sd hCfu: khi
ban dang chi ra quyen sd hufu chung, hay cho hinh
thufc sd hufu chi vao ten sau cung, nhu A bb ott and
Costello’s movies; T om and D a w n ’s d in n e r party,
S m ith , Wilson, and Nelson’s.

So' hoa hop cua danh tdr va dong tuf
Su’ hoa hefp la mot khai niem quan trong trong
nguf phap va la nguon go'c cua nhieu loi viet. N o se
xuat hien lai difdi cac dai tti (bai 3) va difdi phan
xay di/ng cau (bai 7).
Cac dong tCr phai hoa hop vdi danh tCr cua chung,
co nghla rang danh tif sd it yeu cau mot dong t is sd
it va danh tu" so nhieu yeu cau mot dong tu so'
nhieu.
The dog jumps up and down, (so it)
The dogs ju m p op and down, (so nhieu j


16 b a i h p c cdch d u n g n g U p h a p va viet T ien g A n h

15

Hay nhd rang mot danh tCf tan cung bang -s
thufcfng la so nhieu, trong khi mot dong tuf tan cung
la —s thufcfng la so It: runs in my pantyhose (danh tuf
so nhieu); he runs (dong tuf so It).
Cac danh tuf vdi cac duoi La Tinh hoac Hy Lap va
cac danh tuf trong co ve nhuf so nhieu nhufng doi
khi nhan cac dong tuf so nhieu co the gay ra cac
van de ve suf hoa hcfp.
The data indicate that the test samples are more
a ffected by heat than the control group
samples.
Vi data la hinh thufc so nhieu cuia datum, hay suf
dung dang so' nhieu cua dong tuf (trong trufcfng hcfp
nay, indicate). Trong vi du sau day, criteria la so'
nhieu. Suf dung dang so' nhieu ciia dong tuf (are)
The criteria for judging an entry are listed in
the brochure.
Rights, von la dang so nhieu, dufcfc xem la so it
trong vl du sau day vi human rights la mot don vi,
mot van de ve suf quan tarn.
Human rights is an issue that affects everyone.
Neu ban muon nhan manh quyen lcfi mang tinh ca
nhan, ban co the suf dung dong tuf so nhieu.
Human rights are ignored in many countries.
Trong vi du ke tiep, miles la dang so nhieu, nhufng
fifty miles dufcfc dung cf day de neu ten mot don vi
khoang cach va do do nhan dong tif so it:

16

16 bd i h oc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va v ie t T ie n g A n h

Fifty miles is not such a long distance.
Statistics trong giong nhir so nhieu, va trong nhieu
tinh huong se duac xem la so nhieu, chang han:
Statistics is the subject I most want to avoid.
Statistics are being gathered to show that
women are better drivers that men.
Trong vl du dau tien, statistics am chi den mot chu
de nghien cufu, vi vay so it la thich hop.
Trong so cac danh tfr thi/crng duoc suf dung khac
co the nhan dong tif so it hoac so nhieu, tuy thuoc
vao si/ nhan manh nSm tren don vi so it hay tren
cac muc rieng biet; la number, majoriy va m inority.
The number of people coming is surprising.
A number of people are coming.
A number like five thousand is what he had in
mind.
Vdi number, h a y suf d u n g quy tac nay. Neu no
duoc d at trUdc bdi the, h a y luon suf d u n g so it. Neu
no duoc dat trUdrc bdi a, h a y suf d u n g so it hoac so
nhieu, phu thuoc vao viec b a n n gh i ve d an vi so it
h ay cac muc rie n g biet.

Vcri majoriy va m inority, dieu quan trong la phai
quyet dinh xem ban muon nhan manh nhufng ngudi,

nhufng vat rieng biet hay ban muon nhan manh len
mot don vi don.


16 b d i h qc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va vie t T ien g A n h

The m ajority is opposed to the measure,
(singular = single unit)
A minority of the younger people refuse to
concede the point.
(plural = individuals)


18

16 bd i hqc cach d u n g n g O p h a p va v ie t T ie n g A n h

B ai tap trdc nghiem

Hoi

& dap

1. Xac djnh ca c danh tCr du’dc gach dudi trong
ca c cau sau day la danh tu* chung hay danh
tu" rieng.
a. Dylan plans to go to college in the fall.
b. Mary Lagan was accepted to Watson College.
2. Xac dinh ca c danh tu1du’dc gach dudi trong
ca c cau sau day la danh tif tap hdp, danh tti

so it hay gerund.
a. The commission plans to review the report.
b. Running is fun.
c. My coach is great.
d. The firm established a strict dress code.
3. Ket hdp ca c danh tuf du’dc gach dufdi vdi dinh
nghla dung cua chung.
a. My dog's bone was lost. — so it


16 b d i h qc cdch d u n g n g U p h d p vd viet T ien g A n h

b. The women meet for lunch.

sd hufu so it

c. My sons’ cars need to be washed.
d. A girl lost her scart on the bus.
nhieu

19

so nhieu
sd hufu so

4. Dien va o ch6 trong vdi dang dung cua dong
tCr de lam cho danh tu" va dong tif hoa hdp
trong ca c cau sau day.
a. Margaret and Tom m y.... .........happy, (look,
looks)

b. Neither Patrick nor A lex............. the answer.
(know, knows)
c. John, as well as Ali and Griffin, ...........;..to
visit Orlando, (plan, plans)
d. Many o f the causes o f global warm ing
.............. unknown to scientists, (are, is)
e. The danger of d ivin g............. not discourage
Lily, (tte, does)

f. While wearing her school uniform, Tessie
..;.v.~.,...for charity, (dance, dances)

Dap an:
1. a. chung b. rieng 2. a. tap hop b. gerund c. so
it d. tap hop 3. a. so hufu so it b. so nhieu c. sd hufu
so nhieu d. so it 4. a. look b. know c. plans d. are e.
does f. dances.


20

16 bd i hqc cdch d u n g n git p h d p vd vie t T ie n g A n h

Bai 2
Dong ttf

Noi dang
•

Dong tuf hanh dong va dong tti lien he

•

Active va passive voice

•

Noi dong tiT va ngoai dong tCr

•

Stf dung sau thi thong thi/dng

•

Khac phuc cac van de thong thifdng cua
dong tuf


16 b d i hpc cdch d u n g n g O p h d p vd vie t T ien g A n h

21

ong ti/ la mot tCf loai dien ta hanh dong hoac
mot trang thai dang ton tai hoac noi ket
mot chu nguf vdri mot bo nguf. Chung cho biet
chu nguT thuc hien hanh dong, duoc goi la active
voice, hay nhan hanh dong, dtfcfc goi la passive
voice. Dong tCr co the la noi dong tif hoac ngoai
dong tif. Thi cua dong tif duoc thanh lap theo ngoi,

so va thi.

D

Dong tii cung co cac cach, do la cac xep loai
chi ra thai do cua ngUcri noi. Cac van de vdri cac
dong tif thiicfng la ket qua cua mot thi khong dung,
hoac sii kho khan ma nhieu ngUcfi viet gap phai
vdi dang qua khuf hoac qua khuf phan tii cua cac
dong tii bat quy tSc. Dong tii dong vai tro quan
trong trong viec xay dung cau.

Cac dong tcjT hanh dong
Dong tii hanh dong lam song dong mot cau, ve
mSt the chat (swim, jum p, drop, whistle) hoac ve
mSt tinh than (think, dream, believe, suppose, love).
Cac dong tii lam cho cau chuyen dong, doi khi day
kich tinh, doi khi em dem.
She leaped high into the air, twirled, landed
on the floor, and ran from the room.
He thought of her beauty, imagined her smile,
yearned for her presence.


22

16 bd i hqc cdch d u n g n g itp h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

Cac dong tti lien he
Mot so dong tCr khong dien ta hanh dong ma

giup cac cau hoan chinh ve chu de bang cdch mo ta
hoac nhan dang no. Cac dong tif nay difoc goi la
cac dong tif lien he.
Diane is happy.
Clement feels hot.
Maria is a doctor.
The music sounds good.
Cac cau khong cho ban biet Diane, Clement,
Maria va am nhac da lam gi ma thay vao do cho
biet chung la gi. Cac dong tif lien he “lien k et” chu
tCr cua chung vdi mot sif phan loai, trang thai ton
tai, hoac chat ltfong. Trong cac cau d tren, happy,
hot, doctor va good difcfc goi la cac b o
cua cac
dong tif lien he (xem bai 3). Bang 2-1 lie t ke cac
dong tif lien he thong thifcfng.
B an g 2-1. Cac dpng tijf lien h^ thvtdng gap
appear

grow

smell

be

look

sound

become

remain

taste

feel

seem


16 b d i hQc cdch d u n g n g U p h d p vd viet T ien g A n h

23

M ot so dong tif nay co the vifa la dong tif lien he
vifa la dong tif hanh dong.
Clement felt hot. (dong til" lien he)
Clement felt along the wall for the light switch.
(dong tuf hanh dong)
The dog smelled bad. (dong tuf lien ket)
The dog smelled the man’s boots, (dong tif
hanh dong)
Mot cach nhanh chong de biet diforc mot dong tif
dang thtfc hien chufc nang la dong tif lien he hay khong
1k xem ban co the thay the no bang mot dang dong tif to
be va vSn co mot cau hcfp ly hay khong. VI du, kiem tra
hai cau ben tren bkng cach thay the smelled bang was.
The dog was bad. (c o )
The dog was the man’s boots, (khong)
C£c dong tif lien he hoat dong khac vdi cac

dong tif hanh dong. Trifdc tien, trong khi cac dong
tif h^nh dong difcfc bo nghia bdi cac trang tif, thi
cAc dong tif lien he difoc theo sau bcfi cac tinh tif.
This cheese smells strong.
NOT

This cheese smells strongly.

Quy tac nay diforc thao luan trong bai 4.
Cung vay, mot dai tif theo sau dong tif lien he
to be se d subjective case thay vi objective case.
It was she.


24

16 bd i h qc cdch d u n g n g Q p h d p vd vie t T ie n g A n h

No

It was her.

Quy t&c nay dugc thao luan trong b&i 3.

fictive vd passive voice
TCr voice am chi den hinh thiifc cua mot dong tif,
cho biet chu nguf thuc hien mot hanh dong (active
voice) hay nhan hanh dong (passive voice).
Mary smashed the ball over the net. (active
voice)

The ball was smashed over the net by Mary,
(passive voice)
Suf dung active voice bat cuf khi nao ban co the;
no chuyen tai nhieu nang li/Ong han so vdi passive
voice va cung tao ra van ban sue tich hon. (Xem bai
13).
Tuy nhien, hay suf dung passive voice khi ban
khong biet ngifcfi hanh dong, hoSc khi ban khong
muon neu ten ngifcri hanh dong, hoSc khi ban muon
nhan manh ngi/cfi hoac vat hanh dong thay vi nhan
manh vao ngifcfi hanh dong. Passive voice thiicfng
thich hap trong van ban khoa hoc.
When we returned, the car had been towed.
I regret that a mistake was made.
Gold was discovered there early in the last
century.
His mother was rushed to the hospital by the
police.


16 b d i hpc cdch d u n g n g Q p h d p vd viet T ii'n g A n h

25

A ch a n ge in structure was found in the
experimental group.

N goai vd noi dong ttf
Ngoai dong tif, dirge dung vgi tuc tilr gian tiep, truyen
h&nh dong den mot vat va cung co the co mot tuc

tif gi&n tiep, cho biet hanh dong dugc thifc hien
cho ai ho&c den ai. Ngirgc lai, noi dong tir khong
bao gior nhan tuc tuf.

Ngoai dong td
N g o a i d p n g tuf nhan tuc tuf trtfc tiep; nghia la
dong tif truyen hanh dong den tuc tif.
He sent the letter, (letter = tuc ttTtrifc tiep cua
sent)
She gave the lecture. ( lecture = tuc tuf trifc
tiep cua gave)
Trong c&c cau n&y, dieu gi do dang dugc thifc hien
den mot vat.
Ngoai dong tif cung co the la mot tuc tuf gian
tiep dufng trUdc tuc tif true tiep. Tuc tif gi&n tiep
cho biet hanh dong dang dirge thifc hien cho ai
ho^c den ai, mac du cac tif to va for khong dirge suf
dung. Trong cac vl du sau day, lifu y sir khac biet
giufa cac tuc tCr true tiep va gian tiep.
Tuc tCr true tiep (letter) nhan hanh dong (sent). Tuc
tif gian tiep (R o b e rt) la ngUcfi ma bufc thif difgc gdi
den.
He sent R obert the letter.


26

16 b d i hqc cdch d u n g ng& p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

Tuc tCr gian tiep (lecture) nhan hanh dong {gave).

Tuc ti/ gian tiep (class) la nhom ma b&i dien thuyet
dirge gdi den.
She gave her class the lecture
Hay hoc c&ch nhan biet c£c tif la tuc tCr gi&n
tiep hoac true tiep cua c&c dong tir. Khi cac tir n&y
la dai tCr, chung phai d dang objective case. Xem
bai 3 de co dirge su giai thlch ve cac triTcmg hop
cua dai tir.

Noi dong td
N oi dong tif khong nhan tuc tif.
She sleeps too much.
He complains frequently.
Trong cac cau sau day, khong co thiJ gi nhan hanh
dong cua dong tCr sleep va complain.
Nhieu dong tir co the ho&e ngoai dong tir hoac 1&
noi dong tir.
She sings every day. (khong co tuc tCf = noi
dong tu”)
She sings spirituals, (nhan hanh dong cua =
ngoai dong tu")

C a c d o n j td: geru n d , d o n g td
nguycn mau vd cac phan td
Theo mot y nghia, ba dong tir - gerund. dpng
tu" nguyen m au va p han tuf -se khong dirge trinh