Lecture Management information systems: Solving business problems with information technology – Chapter 2

Introduction to MIS
Chapter 2
Information Technology Foundations

Copyright © 1998-2002 by Jerry Post

Introduction to MIS

1


Personal Productivity

 

Introduction to MIS

 

2


Outline
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Types of Data
Trends
Hardware Components
Operating Systems
Business Tasks
Application Software
Operating Systems
Cases: Entrepreneurial Business
Appendix: Displaying Data

Introduction to MIS

 

3


Trends
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Hardware

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


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Software and Operating System Trends





 

Size (capacity)
Speed (performance)
Reliability
Data Types
Original:
Early:
Easier:
Current:

Introduction to MIS

User/Programmer
Sequential Questions
Menus
User/Event Driven

 

4

Technology Trends
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Cost of workers increasing
Cost of technology decreasing
Capabilities increasing
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


Processing speed
Storage capacity
Types of data
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






 

text
image
sound
video

Quality and reliability
Communications

Introduction to MIS

 

5


Brief History of Computing
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Forerunners
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
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

Atanasoff Berry Computer
ENIAC electronic digital computer

EDSAC stored program computer

1951
1954

UNIVAC I: U.S. Bureau of Census
IBM 650: popular 1st generation

1960



 

1942
1946
1949

1950




Pascal's mechanical adding machine
Leibnitz' calculator
Industrial Revolution in England
Babbage's analytical engine
Hollerith's punched-card system

1940





1642
1694
1750
1834
1880

1965
1965

Introduction to MIS

IBM System/360: 3rd generation
DEC PDP-8: 1st minicomputer

 

6


Computing History
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1970
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IBM Personal Computer
Apple Macintosh
32 bit microprocessors (I486 & M 68040)
RISC processors, LANs

Rapidly declining cost of small computers
Software integration
The Internet

2000



 

1982
1984
1988
1989

1990




IBM System/370 announced
MITS Altair 8800: micro kit
Cray I shipped supercomputer
TRS-80/I, Apple II introduced

1980




1970
1975
1976
1978

Ubiquitous computing
Speech recognition

Introduction to MIS

 

7

Data Types
Input
Numbers
Text

Process
000001100
000001000
--------------000010100

12 + 8 = 20
This is a test

84 104 73 115 …

Output

20
This is a test

0010000000000000000
0100000000000001001
0110000011000011011
0111111111111001111
1111111111111011111
1111111111100011111

Images
pitch or

volume

Time

Sound
8905…

000001000 000001001 000010100 …

Video

 

Introduction to MIS

 

00101010111
11010101010
01010101010
11110100011
00101011011

00101010111
11010101010
01010101010
11110100011
00101011011

00101010111

11010101010
01010101010
11110100011
00101011011

00101010111
11010101010
01010101010
11110100011
00101011011

00101010111
11010101010
01010101010
11110100011
00101011011

8


Application Objects
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Primary Objects
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Primary Functions

Text
Numbers
Pictures
Sound
Video

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Object

Attributes

All

 

Cut
Copy
Paste
Edit
Save and Retrieve

Align
Functions
Cut, copy, paste, edit, save,
retrieve, align.

Numbers

Precision, scale.

Total, calculate, compare.

Text

Typeface, size, bold, italic, etc.

Search, format, spell­check.

Image

Resolution, number of colors
bit­map or vector.

Color and light changes
rescale, rotate, blend, etc.

Sound

Sample rate, frequency & amplitude,
MIDI or sample.

Record, playback, frequency and
amplitude shifts.

Video

Inherit image and sound attributes
and functions, frames per second.

Record, playback
compress and decompress.

Introduction to MIS

 

9


Application Objects: Numbers
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Numbers


Attributes
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

Precision

Display format
Precision
Value limits

Functions
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Computations
Aggregation
Sorting
Comparisons

5.563
0.354
+ 6.864
12.781

Round off
before add
5.56
0.35
+ 6.86
12.77

Yes
Is the display
precision the same as
the computation
precision?

Internal data formats
Spreadsheet:
=Round(5.563,2)

Introduction to MIS

 

No

decimal places

Integer -32,768 to 32767

0

Float

7

+/- 3.4 x 10 38

Double +/- 1.797 x 10 308

 

Round off
after add
5.56
0.35
+ 6.86
12.78

15

10


Application Objects: Text
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Text



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

Typeface Classification

Attributes
Typeface
Point size
Color
Bold, italic
Underline . . .

Sans serif

Courier 18 (monospace)
Serif

Functions
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Arial 20

Garamond 24

New Century Schoolbook 16

Times 22

Spelling
Grammar
Searching
Sorting

Ornamental

Braggadocio 18

Brush Script 20
leading

72 points,
1 inch

 

Introduction to MIS

 

A

11


300 dpi scan

 

Introduction to MIS

Sample Bitmap: Bryce Canyon

 

Bitmap file: 2,245,008 bytes
PNG bitmap: 435,575 bytes

12


Sample Vector Image

Stored internally as mathematical objects:
Lines
Points
Rectangles
Circles

 

Introduction to MIS

 

WMF: Windows Meta File
12,430 bytes

13


Bitmap Images: Adobe Photoshop

Emboss

(1) Set a light source.
(2) Twirl.

Hundreds of tools and options.
You can add and delete items from photographs.
Professional editing is hard to detect.
You need a really good monitor to edit photos.

 

Introduction to MIS

 

14


Audio: Cakewalk MIDI
MIDI editors
provide
complex editing
tools for music.
You can assign
instruments,
set musical
features, even
edit individual
notes.

Entire piece (1:39): 17,441 bytes

 

Introduction to MIS

 

15


Audio capture: Cakewalk
When you capture
audio, you can edit it.
Detailed options exist
to match conventional
audio studio facilities.
Or you can edit
individual samples.

CD quality audio (44.1 KHz, stereo): 150 KB/sec or 9 MB/min
(6 MB/min compressed)

 

Introduction to MIS

 

16


Video: Adobe Premiere
Video capture
or animation
Transition
Video overlay
Superimpose text
Superimpose text
Audio (2 channels)
with volume fade.

NTSC Video, full screen, 30 fps: 3 MB/sec (compressed)

 

Introduction to MIS

 

17


Application Objects
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Pictures & Video
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Attributes
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Sound


Size & resolution
Colors

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Functions
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Attributes

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Display/Play
Edit



Functions
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Image Pac
Base/16
Base/4
Base
Base*4
Base*16
Base*64

 

Introduction to MIS

Photo-CD Resolutions
Name
Resolution (v x h)
Thumbnail
128 x 192
Thumbnail
256 x 384
TV
512 x 768
HDTV
1024 x 1536
Digital Print
2048 x 3072
Pro

4096 x 6144

 

Amplitude/volume
Frequency/pitch
MIDI v samples
Record
Play

dpi at 3 x 5
40
80
160
300
600
1200x

18


Size Complications

Video presents the most problems:
Full screen (640 x 480), 24-bit color.
Requires hardware compression/decompression (codec).
Capturing full-screen video requires ultra-fast computer.
Older drive systems cannot transfer data fast enough.
Full-screen video with compression fills up 2 GB in 10 minutes.

 

Introduction to MIS

 

19


Virtual Reality
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Hardware
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Output
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Input
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

 

VR Glove
Pressure suits

Software


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3-D video
Goggles
3-D sound

Limited resolution/speed
Limited business applications

Potential

Introduction to MIS

 

20


Virtual Reality Photo

Workers at LISITT (Laboratorio Integrado de Sistemas Inteligentes y Tecnologias
de la informacion en Trafico) have developed a virtual reality driving simulator

(SIRCA) to evaluate driver learning and road safety.

 

Introduction to MIS

 

21


Computer Components
Input

Process

Output

seconds - milliseconds
nanoseconds
• Processor
• RAM
• Device controllers

seconds - milliseconds
• Video monitor
• Printer
• Plotter
• Process control
• Voice output

Secondary
• Music synthesizers
storage
milliseconds • Other computers
• Magnetic Disk
• Floppy Disk
• Optical Disk
• Tape Drive

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Optical scanner
• Voice input
• Bar code
• Touch screen
• Light pen
• MICR
• Magnetic strips
• Card reader
• Other computers

 

Introduction to MIS

 

22

0

 
Introduction to MIS

 
P/III-550

P/III-450

P/II-400

P/II-333

P/II-266

P/Pro-200

P/MMX-233

P/MMX-200

P/MMX-166

P-166

P-133

P-100

P-75

P-60

486DX-50

486DX-33

486DX-25

486SX-20

386SX-25

Intel Microprocessor Speeds
Intel iCom p2 Rating

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

23


Intel Processor Speeds by Year
Intel Processor Performance
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1989

1990

1991

1992

386DX- 486DX- 486DX- 486
33
25
33
DX2-66

 

Introduction to MIS

 

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

P-60

P-100

P-166 P/MMX- P/II-300 P/II-450 P/III-550 P/III-1G P/4/2.0

200

24


Speed and Cost

Floating Point Operations Per Second
Approximate Cost per MegaFLOPS

70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
Super
Midrange
Micro

10000
0
1990

1995

1998

1998
Conclusion:

By 1998, processing time
was free.

 

Introduction to MIS

 

Computer
$/MFLOPS
Micro/PII-300D
$17
Midrange/Alpha
67
Super/SGI
8

Cost MFLOPS
$3,000
170
10,000
150
500,000
60,000

25