Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 7: The skeleton (part c)

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College

CHAPTER

7

The Skeleton:
Part C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the limbs and their girdles
• Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the
body trunk
• Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
• Clavicles and the scapulae
• Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
• Provide attachment sites for muscles that
move the upper limbs

PLAY

A&P Flix™: Bones of the pectoral girdle

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Acromioclavicular
joint

Clavicle

Scapula

(a)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Articulated pectoral girdle
Figure 7.24a


Clavicles (Collarbones)
• Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates
with the scapula
• Cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates
with the sternum
• Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms
out laterally

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sternal (medial)
end
Posterior

Anterior

Acromial (lateral)
end
(b)
Right clavicle, superior view
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.24b


Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
• Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage,
between ribs 2 and 7
• Flat and triangular, with three borders and
three angles
• Seven large fossae, named according to
location

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Acromion

Suprascapular notch

Superior border

Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity

Lateral border

Superior
angle

Subscapular
fossa
Medial border

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inferior angle
Figure 7.25a


Suprascapular notch

Coracoid process

Superior
angle

Acromion

Supraspinous
fossa

Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle

Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Medial border

Lateral border

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.25b


Acromion

Supraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid
tubercle

Coracoid

process
Supraspinous
fossa

Infraspinous
fossa
Posterior

Spine

Glenoid
cavity

Infraspinous
fossa

Infraglenoid
tubercle

Subscapular
fossa
Anterior

(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Subscapular
fossa

Inferior angle

Figure 7.25c


The Upper Limb
• 30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper
limb
• Arm
• Humerus
• Forearm
• Radius and ulna
• Hand
• 8 carpal bones in the wrist
• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
• 14 phalanges in the fingers
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Humerus
• Largest, longest bone of upper limb
• Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of
scapula
• Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle

Intertubercular
sulcus

Head of
humerus
Anatomical
neck

Deltoid
tuberosity

Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Radial
fossa
Capitulum
(a) Anterior view
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Figure 7.26a


Bones of the Forearm
• Ulna

• Medial bone in forearm
• Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the
humerus

• Radius
• Lateral bone in forearm
• Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with
radial notch of ulna
• Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna
along their entire length
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Radial
notch of
the ulna
Head
Neck
Radial
tuberosity

Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Proximal
radioulnar
joint

Interosseous
membrane
Ulna

Head of
radius
Neck of
radius

Radius
Ulnar notch
Radius
of the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid
Styloid
process of ulna
process
Distal radioulnar
Styloid process
of radius
joint
of radius
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.27a-b

Olecranon process
Trochlear notch

View

Coronoid process
Radial notch
(c) Proximal portion of ulna,
lateral view
Ulnar notch of radius
Articulation
for lunate
Articulation
for scaphoid
Styloid
process
View

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Styloid
Head
of ulna process
(d) Distal ends of the radius and
ulna at the wrist

Figure 7.27c-d


Humerus

Capitulum

Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle

Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region

Head of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Radius

Humerus
Olecranon
process

Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle

Medial
epicondyle

Head
Ulna
Neck
Radius
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.26c-d


Hand: Carpus
• Eight bones in two rows
• Proximal row
• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
proximally
• Distal row
• Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
distally

• Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with
radius to form wrist joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges
• Metacarpus

• Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the
palm

• Phalanges
• Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three
phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal
• Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the
thumb (pollex)
• Thumb has no middle phalanx
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Phalanges
• Distal
• Middle
• Proximal

Sesamoid
bones
Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
Radius

(a) Anterior view of left hand
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Metacarpals
• Head

• Shaft
• Base
Carpals
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Pisiform
• Triquetrum
• Lunate
Ulna

Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid

Radius

(b) Posterior view of left hand
Figure 7.28a-b


Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
• Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os
coxae)
• Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong
ligaments
• Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
• Support pelvic organs

• Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium,

ischium, and pubis
• Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these
bones form the bony pelvis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Base of sacrum

Iliac fossa

Coxal
bone
llium
(os coxae
or hip
Pubic
bone)
bone

Iliac crest
Sacroiliac
joint
Anterior
superior
iliac spine

Sacral
promontory
Sacrum
Coccyx

Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Pubic symphysis

Ischium
Pubic arch

PLAY

Animation: Rotatable pelvis

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.29


Hip Bone
•

Three regions
1. Ilium
•

Superior region of the coxal bone

•

Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum
(sacroiliac joint)

2. Ischium
•

Posteroinferior part of hip bone

3. Pubis
•

Anterior portion of hip bone

•

Midline pubic symphysis joint

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Anterior gluteal
Ilium
line
Ala
Posterior
Iliac crest
gluteal line
Posterior

Anterior
superior
superior
iIiac spine
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
Inferior
iliac spine
gluteal line
Greater sciatic
Anterior inferior
notch
iliac spine
Ischial body
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Pubic body
Lesser sciatic
notch
Pubis
Ischium
Inferior ramus
Ischial
of pubis
tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.30a


Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Arcuate line
Superior ramus
of pubis
Pubic tubercle
Articular surface
of pubis (at pubic
symphysis)
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body of
the ilium

Iliac fossa
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior

iliac spine
Auricular
surface
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Ischial ramus

(b) Medial view, right hip bone
Figure 7.30b