Ebook Localization in clinical neurology (7/E): Part 1

TableofContents
1. LocalizationinClinicalNeurology
1. Cover
2. TitlePage
3. CopyrightInformation
4. Dedication
5. Preface
2. Chapter1:GeneralPrinciplesofNeurologicLocalization
1. Introduction
2. ABriefHistoryofLocalization:AphasiaasanExample
1. Figure1-1
3. ClinicalDiagnosisandLesionLocalization
4. LocalizationofLesionsoftheMotorSystem
1. AnatomyoftheMotorSystem
2. MotorSignsandSymptomsandTheirLocalization
3. Figure1-2
4. Table1-1:MedicalResearchCouncil’sScaleforAssessmentofMusclePower
5. TheLocalizationofSensoryAbnormalities
1. AnatomyoftheSensorySystem
2. SensorySignsandSymptomsandTheirLocalization
3. Figure1-3
4. Figure1-4
5. Table1-2:TheLocalizationofLesionsAffectingtheSomatosensoryPathways
6. LocalizationofPosturalandGaitDisorders
1. NeuralStructuresControllingPostureandGait
1. ExaminationofGaitandBalance
2. SensoryandLowerMotorGaitDisorders
3. SimplerGaitDisordersofCentralOrigin
4. ComplexGaitDisordersofCentralOrigin
5. DisequilibriumwithAutomaticPilotDisorder

7. References
3. Chapter2:PeripheralNerves
1. PrincipalSignsandSymptomsofPeripheralNerveDisease
1. SensoryDisturbances
2. MotorDisturbances
3. DisturbancesofMuscleStretchReflexes
4. Vasomotor,Sudomotor,andTrophicDisturbances
2. MononeuropathyMultiplex
3. Polyneuropathy
4. LesionsofIndividualNerves
1. DorsalScapularNerve(C4–C5)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
2. SubclavianNerve(C5–C6)
3. LongThoracicNerve(C5–C7)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions


4. SuprascapularNerve(C5–C6)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
5. SubscapularNerves(C5–C7)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
6. ThoracodorsalNerve(C6–C8)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
7. AnteriorThoracicNerves(C5–T1)
1. Anatomy

2. NerveLesions
8. AxillaryNerve(C5–C6)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
9. MusculocutaneousNerve(C5–C7)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
10. MedianNerve(C6–T1)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
11. UlnarNerve(C7–T1)
1. Anatomy
12. NerveLesions
13. RadialNerve(C5–C8)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
14. MedialCutaneousNervesoftheArmandForearm(C8–T1)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
15. IntercostobrachialNerve(T2)
16. Iliohypogastric(T12–L1),Ilioinguinal(L1),andGenitofemoral(L1–L2)Nerves
1. AnatomyandNerveLesions
17. FemoralNerve(L2–L4)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
18. ObturatorNerve(L2–L4)
1. Anatomy
2. NerveLesions
19. LateralFemoralCutaneousNerve(L2–L3)
1. Anatomy

2. NerveLesions
20. GlutealNerves(L4–S2)
1. AnatomyandNerveLesions
21. PosteriorFemoralCutaneousNerve(S1–S3)
1. AnatomyandNerveLesions
22. PudendalNerve(S1–S4)
1. AnatomyandNerveLesions
23. SciaticNerve(L4–S3)andItsBranches
1. SciaticNerveProper
2. TibialNerve
3. CommonPeronealNerve


4. NerveLesions
24. Figure2-1
25. Figure2-2
26. Figure2-3
27. Figure2-4
28. Figure2-5
29. Figure2-6
30. Figure2-7
31. Figure2-8
32. Figure2-9
33. Figure2-10
34. Figure2-11
35. Figure2-12
36. Figure2-13
37. Figure2-14
38. Table2-1:MainEntrapmentNeuropathiesoftheUpperLimbs
39. Table2-2:MainEntrapmentNeuropathiesoftheLowerLimbs

5. References
4. Chapter3:Cervical,Brachial,andLumbosacralPlexuses
1. Chapter3Introduction
2. TheCervicalPlexus
1. Anatomy
2. LesionsoftheCervicalPlexus
3. Figure3-1
4. Figure3-2
3. TheBrachialPlexus
1. Anatomy
1. BranchesOriginatingfromtheSpinalRoots
2. BranchOriginatingfromtheTrunkoftheBrachialPlexus
3. BranchOriginatingfromtheDivisionsoftheBrachialPlexus
4. BranchesOriginatingfromtheCordsoftheBrachialPlexus
2. LesionsoftheBrachialPlexus
3. NeuralgicAmyotrophy
4. TotalPlexusParalysis
5. UpperPlexusParalysis(Erb–DuchenneType)
6. MiddlePlexusParalysis
7. LowerPlexusParalysis(Déjerine-KlumpkeType)
8. LesionsoftheCordsoftheBrachialPlexus
1. LesionsoftheLateralCord
2. LesionsoftheMedialCord
3. LesionsofthePosteriorCord
9. BrachialMononeuropathies
10. ThoracicOutletSyndrome(CervicobrachialNeurovascularCompressionSyndrome)
1. VascularSignsandSymptoms
2. NeuropathicSignsandSymptoms
11. Figure3-3
4. TheLumbosacralPlexus

1. Anatomy
2. LesionsoftheLumbosacralPlexus
3. LesionsoftheEntireLumbosacralPlexus
4. LesionsoftheLumbarSegments
5. LesionsoftheSacralPlexus


6. Figure3-4
5. References
5. Chapter4:SpinalNerveandRoot
1. AnatomyoftheSpinalNervesandRoots
1. Figure4-1
2. PrinciplesofSpinalNerveandRootLocalization
1. SensorySymptoms
2. MotorSigns
3. ReflexSigns
4. Figure4-2
3. EtiologiesofSpinalNerveandRootLesions
1. Table4-1:NeurologicSignsandSymptomswithNerveRootIrritationorDamagefrom
DiscDisease
4. TheLocalizationofNerveRootSyndromes
1. LesionsAffectingtheCervicalRoots
1. LesionsAffectingC1
2. LesionsAffectingC2
3. LesionsAffectingC3
4. LesionsAffectingC4
5. LesionsAffectingC5
6. LesionsAffectingC6
7. LesionsAffectingC7
8. LesionsAffectingC8

2. LesionsAffectingtheThoracicRoots
1. LesionsAffectingT1
2. LesionsAffectingSegmentsT2–T12
3. LesionsoftheLumbarandSacralRoots
1. LesionsAffectingL1
2. LesionsAffectingL2
3. LesionsAffectingL3
4. LesionsAffectingL4
5. LesionsAffectingL5
6. LesionsAffectingS1
7. LesionsAffectingS2–S5
5. TheLocalizationofLumbosacralDiscDisease
1. Figure4-3
2. Table4-2:DifferentialofNeurogenicfromVascularClaudication
6. References
6. Chapter5:SpinalCord
1. AnatomyoftheSpinalCord
1. GrossAnatomyandRelationshiptoVertebralLevels
2. Cross-SectionalAnatomyoftheSpinalCord
1. Lamina
3. MajorAscendingandDescendingTractsoftheSpinalCord
1. AscendingTracts
2. DescendingTracts
4. CorticospinalTract
5. CorticorubrospinalTract
6. LateralReticulospinalTract
7. VestibulospinalTract
8. MedialReticulospinalTract
9. ArterialSupplytotheSpinalCord

1. ExtraspinalSystem(ExtramedullaryArteries)
2. IntraspinalSystem(IntramedullaryArteries)
10. Figure5-1
11. Figure5-2
2. VenousDrainageoftheSpinalCord
3. PhysiologyoftheSpinalCordCirculation
4. LesionsoftheSpinalCord
1. CompleteSpinalCordTransection(TransverseMyelopathy)
1. SensoryDisturbances
2. MotorDisturbances
3. AutonomicDisturbances
4. HemisectionoftheSpinalCord(Brown-SéquardSyndrome)
2. LesionsAffectingtheSpinalCordCentrally
3. PosterolateralColumnDisease
4. PosteriorColumnDisease
5. AnteriorHornCellSyndromes
6. CombinedAnteriorHornCellandPyramidalTractDisease
7. Figure5-3
8. Table5-1:TransverseMyelopathy
9. Table5-2:Brown-SéquardSyndrome
10. Table5-3:CentralSpinalCordSyndrome
11. Table5-4:PosterolateralColumnSyndrome
12. Table5-5:PosteriorColumnSyndrome
13. Table5-6:AnteriorHornCellSyndromes
14. Table5-7:CombinedAnteriorHornCellandPyramidalTractSyndromes
5. VascularDisordersoftheSpinalCordandSpinalCanal
1. ArterialSpinalCordInfarction
2. VenousSpinalCordInfarction
3. VascularMalformationsoftheSpinalCord

4. HemorrhagesAffectingtheSpinalCanal
5. ExtramedullaryCordLesionsandTheirDifferentiationfromIntramedullaryCord
Lesions
1. Pain
2. DisturbancesofMotorFunction
3. SensoryDisturbances
4. DisturbancesofSphincterFunction
5. AutonomicManifestations
6. Table5-8:ClinicalManifestationsofSpinalCordIschemia
7. Table5-9:CausesofArterialSpinalCordInfarction
8. Table5-10:CausesofVenousSpinalCordInfarction
9. Table5-11:ClinicalGuidelinestoDifferentiateIntramedullaryandExtramedullary
Tumors
6. LocalizationofSpinalCordLesionsatDifferentLevels
1. ForamenMagnumSyndromeandLesionsoftheUpperCervicalCord
2. LesionsoftheFifthandSixthCervicalSegments
3. LesionsoftheSeventhCervicalSegment
4. LesionsoftheEighthCervicalandFirstThoracicSegments
5. LesionsoftheThoracicSegments
6. LesionsoftheFirstLumbarSegment
7. LesionsoftheSecondLumbarSegment
8. LesionsoftheThirdLumbarSegment
9. LesionsoftheFourthLumbarSegment


10. LesionsoftheFifthLumbarSegment
11. LesionsoftheFirstandSecondSacralSegments
12. ConusMedullarisLesions
13. CaudaEquinaLesions
14. NeurogenicBladderwithSpinalCordLesions

15. SexualFunction
16. FecalIncontinence
17. Figure5-4
18. Table5-12:Myelopathies
19. Figure5-5
20. Figure5-6
7. References
7. Chapter6:CranialNerveI(TheOlfactoryNerve)
1. AnatomyoftheOlfactoryPathways
1. Figure6-1
2. Figure6-2
2. LocalizationofLesionsAffectingtheOlfactoryNerve
1. LesionsCausingAnosmia
2. TheFoster–KennedySyndrome
3. LesionsCausingParosmiaandCacosmia
4. Table6-1:ConditionsAssociatedwithDisturbanceofOlfaction
3. References
8. Chapter7:VisualPathways
1. AnatomyoftheVisualSystem
1. TheRetina
2. TheOpticNervesandOpticChiasm
3. TheOpticTractsandLateralGeniculateBodies
4. TheOpticRadiations
5. TheVisualCortexandVisualAssociationAreas
6. VascularSupplyoftheVisualPathways
7. Figure7-1
8. Figure7-2
9. Figure7-3
10. Figure7-4
11. Figure7-5

12. Figure7-6
13. Figure7-7
14. Figure7-8
15. Figure7-9
16. Figure7-10
17. Table7-1:ArterialSupplyofVisualPathwayStructures
2. LocalizationofLesionsintheOpticPathways
1. ChangesinVisualPerception
1. VisualAcuity
2. ContrastSensitivity
3. PerceptionofColor
4. VisualFields
2. TypesofVisualFieldDefects
3. LocalizationofVisualFieldDefects
1. OtherChangesinVisualPerception
4. ObjectiveFindingswithLesionsoftheOpticPathways
1. OphthalmoscopicAppearanceoftheRetinaandOpticNerve


2. PupillaryLightReflex
5. OpticNeuropathy
1. OpticNeuritis
2. NeuromyelitisOptica
3. AnteriorIschemicOpticNeuropathy
4. MassLesionsoftheOrbit
6. Figure7-11
7. Table7-2:ClinicalFeaturesandEtiologiesofBilateralSuperiororInferiorAltitudinal
DefectsandBilateralCentralorCecocentralScotomas
8. Figure7-12
9. Figure7-13

10. Table7-3:CompressiveChiasmalSyndromes
11. Table7-4:OtherCausesofChiasmalSyndrome
12. Figure7-14
13. Table7-5:SyndromesCausingIncreasedIntracranialPressure
14. Table7-6:TheClinicalFeaturesofPapilledema
15. Table7-7:TheStagesofPapilledema
16. Table7-8:EtiologiesofaRelativeAfferentPupillaryDefect
17. Table7-9:TheClinicalFeaturesofOpticNeuropathy
18. Table7-10:FeaturesofTypicalOpticNeuritis
19. Table7-11:ClinicalFeaturesofNeuromyelitisOptica
20. Table7-12:TypicalClinicalFeaturesofNonarteriticAnteriorIschemicOptic
Neuropathy
21. Table7-13:SignsandSymptomsinVisualPathwayLesions
3. References
9. Chapter8:TheLocalizationofLesionsAffectingtheOcularMotorSystem
1. Chapter8Introduction
2. OcularMotorMusclesandNerves
1. OrbitalMuscles
2. Diplopia
3. TestingforDiplopia
1. SubjectiveTesting
2. ObjectiveTesting
4. ChildhoodStrabismus
5. DiseaseoftheOcularMuscles
6. RetinalDiseaseCausingDiplopia
7. OcularMotorNervesandLocalizationofLesions
1. OculomotorNerve(CranialNerveIII)
2. TrochlearNerve(CranialNerveIV)
3. AbducensNerve(CranialNerveVI)
4. MultipleOcularMotorNervePalsies

8. ThePupil
1. SympatheticandParasympatheticInnervation
2. PupillaryInequality(Anisocoria)
3. SimpleAnisocoria
4. SympatheticDysfunction(HornerSyndrome)
5. ParasympatheticDysfunction
6. Argyll-RobertsonPupil
7. TheFlynnPhenomenon
8. PeriodicPupillaryPhenomena(EpisodicAnisocoria)
9. Figure8-1
10. Table8-1:OcularCausesofMonocularDiplopia


11. Table8-2:EtiologiesofEsotropia/ExotropiaandAcquiredHorizontalDiplopia
12. Table8-3:EtiologiesofBinocularVerticalDiplopiaandHypertropia/Hyperphoria
13. Figure8-2
14. Table8-4:ClassificationofChildhoodStrabismusSyndromes
15. Table8-5:TypicalFeaturesofGravesOphthalmopathy
16. Table8-6:DifferentialDiagnosisofOrbitalPseudotumor
17. Table8-7:ClinicalDifferentialDiagnosisofOrbitalMyositisandThyroidEyeDisease
18. Figure8-3
19. Figure8-4
20. Figure8-5
21. Table8-8:TheLocalizationofOculomotorNerveLesions
22. Table8-9:EtiologiesofThirdNervePalsies(TNP)byTopographicalLocalization
23. Figure8-6
24. Figure8-7
25. Figure8-8
26. Table8-10:TheLocalizationofTrochlearNerveLesions
27. Table8-11:EtiologiesforaFourthNervePalsyBasedonClinicalTopographical

Localization
28. Figure8-9
29. Table8-12:TheLocalizationofAbducensNerveLesions
30. Table8-13:EtiologyofaSixthNervePalsybyTopographicalLocalization
31. Figure8-10
32. Figure8-11
33. Table8-14:ClinicalFindingsinHornerSyndrome
34. Table8-15:EtiologiesofHornerSyndrome
35. Table8-16:AssociatedSignsandSymptomsofCarotidArteryDissection
36. Table8-17:ClinicalFeaturesofaTonicPupil
37. Table8-18:EtiologiesofaTonicPupil
38. Table8-19:ClinicalCharacteristicsofAbnormalitiesoftheIrisStructure
39. Table8-20:EtiologiesofAbnormalitiesofIrisStructure
40. Table8-21:EnvironmentalAgentsandDrugsAssociatedwithMydriasisorMiosis
41. Table8-22:PupillarySignsintheICU
3. SupranuclearControlofEyeMovements
1. TheVestibularSystem
1. TheVestibuloocularReflex
2. HeadPosition
3. CaloricTesting,Nystagmus,andTestsofVestibularDysfunction
2. Full-FieldOptokineticReflex
3. SmoothPursuitSystem
4. AnatomyofthePursuitSystem
5. LesionsAffectingSmoothPursuit
6. TheSaccadicSystem
7. MechanicalPropertiesofSaccadicEyeMovements
1. AnatomyoftheSaccadicSystem
2. TheNeuralIntegrator
3. CollicularSystem
4. Higher-LevelControloftheSaccades

5. TheBasalGanglia
6. SummaryoftheSaccadicPathways
7. TheRoleoftheCerebellumonEyeMovements
8. AbnormalSaccades
8. ConvergenceSystem


9. FixationSystem
10. GazePalsies
1. ConjugateGazePalsies
2. HorizontalConjugateGazePalsy
3. VerticalConjugateGazePalsy
4. DisconjugateGazePalsies
11. Figure8-12
12. Figure8-13
13. Figure8-14
14. Figure8-15
15. Figure8-16
16. Figure8-17
17. Table8-23:LocalizationofLesionsImpairingHorizontalPursuitEyeMovements
18. Table8-24:LocalizationofLesionsCausingImpairedHorizontalConjugateSaccadic
EyeMovements
19. Table8-25:OphthalmicFindingswiththeDorsalMidbrainSyndrome
20. Table8-26:EtiologiesofVerticalGazeImpairment
21. Table8-27:ClinicalFindingsNotedwithInternuclearOphthalmoplegia(INO)
4. NystagmusandOtherOcularOscillations
1. Oscillopsia
2. OptokineticDrum
3. JerkNystagmus
4. SystemsClassificationofNystagmus

5. VestibularNystagmus
6. Gaze-HoldingNystagmus
7. VisualStabilizationNystagmus
8. ClinicalClassificationofNystagmus
1. MonocularEyeOscillationsandAsymmetricBinocularEyeOscillations
2. DysconjugateBilateralSymmetricEyeOscillations
3. HorizontalDysconjugateEyeOscillations
4. BinocularSymmetricConjugateEyeOscillations
5. BinocularSymmetricPendularConjugateEyeOscillations
6. BinocularSymmetricJerkNystagmus
7. PredominantlyVerticalJerkNystagmus
8. BinocularSymmetricJerkNystagmusPresentinEccentricGazeorInducedby
VariousManeuvers
9. SaccadicIntrusions
10. LidNystagmus
11. Table8-28:EtiologiesofSee-SawNystagmus
12. Table8-29:EtiologiesofPeriodicAlternatingNystagmus
13. Table8-30:EtiologiesofDownbeatNystagmus
14. Table8-31:EtiologiesofUpbeatNystagmus
5. TheEyelids
1. Ptosis
2. EyelidRetractionandLidLag
3. Table8-32:EtiologiesofPtosis
4. Table8-33:EtiologiesofApraxiaofEyelidOpening
5. Table8-34:ClinicalFeaturesofAponeuroticPtosis
6. Table8-35:EtiologiesofUpperLidRetractionandLidLag
7. Table8-36:LowerEyelidRetraction
6. References
10. Chapter9:CranialNerveV(TheTrigeminalNerve)

1. AnatomyofCranialNerveV(TrigeminalNerve)
1. MotorPortion
2. SensoryPortion
1. MaxillaryDivision
2. MandibularDivision
3. Figure9-1
4. Figure9-2
5. Figure9-3
6. Figure9-4
7. Figure9-5
2. ClinicalEvaluationofCranialNerveVFunction
1. SensoryEvaluation
2. MotorEvaluation
3. ReflexEvaluation
3. LocalizationofLesionsAffectingCranialNerveV
1. SupranuclearLesions
2. NuclearLesions
3. LesionsAffectingthePreganglionicTrigeminalNerveRoots
4. LesionsAffectingtheGasserianGanglion
5. Raeder’sParatrigeminalSyndrome
6. GradenigoSyndrome
7. TheCavernousSinusSyndrome
8. TheSuperiorOrbitalFissureSyndrome
4. LesionsAffectingthePeripheralBranchesoftheTrigeminalNerve
5. JawDrop
6. References
11. Chapter10:CranialNerveVII(TheFacialNerve)
1. AnatomyofCranialNerveVII(FacialNerve)
1. MotorDivision

2. NervusIntermedius(Wrisberg)
3. AnatomyofthePeripheralCourseoftheFacialNerve
1. Meatal(Canal)Segment
2. LabyrinthineSegment
3. Horizontal(Tympanic)Segment
4. Mastoid(Vertical)Segment
4. VascularSupplyoftheFacialNerve
5. Figure10-1
6. Table10-1:FacialNerveAnatomy
7. Table10-2:MusclesofFacialExpression
2. ClinicalEvaluationofCranialNerveVIIFunction
1. MotorFunction
2. SensoryFunction
3. ReflexFunction
4. ParasympatheticFunction
5. Table10-3:House–BrackmannClassificationofFacialFunction
3. LocalizationofLesionsAffectingCranialNerveVII
1. SupranuclearLesions(CentralFacialPalsy)
2. NuclearandFascicularLesions(PontineLesions)
1. Millard–GublerSyndrome
2. FovilleSyndrome
3. Eight-And-A-HalfSyndrome
4. IsolatedPeripheralFacialandAbducensNervePalsy


3. PosteriorFossaLesions(CerebellopontineAngleLesions)
4. LesionsAffectingtheMeatal(Canal)SegmentoftheFacialNerveintheTemporal
Bone
5. LesionsAffectingtheFacialNerveWithintheFacialCanalDistaltotheMeatal
SegmentbutProximaltotheDepartureoftheNervetotheStapediusMuscle

6. LesionsAffectingtheFacialNerveWithintheFacialCanalBetweentheDepartureof
theNervetotheStapediusandtheDepartureoftheChordaTympani
7. LesionsAffectingtheFacialNerveintheFacialCanalDistaltotheDepartureofthe
ChordaTympani
8. LesionsDistaltotheStylomastoidForamen
9. Table10-4:EtiologiesofPeripheralFacialNervePalsies
10. Table10-5:EtiologiesofBilateralFacialNervePalsies
11. Table10-6:PeripheralFacialParalysisRedFlags
4. AbnormalitiesofTearSecretion
5. AbnormalitiesofEyelidClosure
1. InsufficiencyofEyelidClosure
2. ExcessiveEyelidClosureandBlepharospasm
6. AbnormalFacialMovementsandTheirLocalization
1. DyskineticMovements
2. DystonicMovements(BlepharospasmandBlepharospasmwithOromandibular
Dystonia)
3. HemifacialSpasm
4. PostparalyticSpasmandSynkineticMovements
5. MiscellaneousMovements
1. FacialMyokymia
2. FocalCorticalSeizures
3. TicsandHabitSpasms
4. Fasciculations
5. Myoclonus
7. References
12. Chapter11:CranialNerveVIII(TheVestibulocochlearNerve)
1. AnatomyofCranialNerveVIII
1. AuditoryPathways
1. First-OrderNeurons
2. Second-OrderNeurons

3. Third-OrderNeurons
4. Fourth-OrderNeurons
2. TheVestibularSystem
1. MedialLongitudinalFasciculus
2. MedialVestibulospinalTract
3. LateralVestibulospinalTract
4. Cerebellum
5. ReticularFormation
3. Figure11-1
2. ClinicalEvaluationofCranialNerveVIIIFunction
1. SensorineuralDeafness
1. WeberTest
2. RinneTest
3. SchwabachTest
2. VertigoandVestibularFunction
1. DefinitionofCharacteristicsofSymptoms
2. AssociatedAuditorySymptoms


3. AssociatedSymptomsSuggestingCentralNeurologicDysfunction
4. EtiologicSearch
3. LocalizationofLesionsCausingDeafnessandVertigo
1. LocalizationofLesionsCausingSensorineuralDeafness
1. CerebralLesions
2. BrainstemLesions
3. PeripheralNerveLesionsandtheCerebellopontineAngleSyndrome
2. LocalizationofLesionsCausingVertigo
1. PeripheralCausesofVertigo
3. BenignParoxysmalPositioningVertigo
4. PeripheralVestibulopathy

5. MénièreDisease
6. VertigoSecondarytoMiddleEarDisease
7. VertigoSecondarytoViralInfections
8. VertigoSecondarytoTrauma
1. CentralCausesofVertigo
9. VascularCausesoftheCentralVestibularSyndrome
10. MultipleSclerosis
11. WernickeEncephalopathy
12. CerebellopontineAngleTumors
13. VestibularEpilepsy
14. OtherCentralNervousSystemDisorders
15. SystemicCausesofDizzinessandVertigo
16. Figure11-2
4. References
13. Chapter12:CranialNervesIXandX(TheGlossopharyngealandVagusNerves)
1. AnatomyofCranialNerveIX(GlossopharyngealNerve)
1. Figure12-1
2. ClinicalEvaluationofCranialNerveIX
1. MotorFunction
2. SensoryFunction
3. ReflexFunction
4. AutonomicFunction
3. LocalizationofLesionsAffectingtheGlossopharyngealNerve
1. SupranuclearLesions
2. NuclearandIntramedullaryLesions
3. ExtramedullaryLesions
1. CerebellopontineAngleSyndrome
2. JugularForamenSyndrome(VernetSyndrome)
3. LesionswithintheRetropharyngealandRetroparotidSpace
4. Glossopharyngeal(Vagoglossopharyngeal)Neuralgia

4. AnatomyofCranialNerveX(VagusNerve)
5. ClinicalEvaluationofCranialNerveX
1. MotorFunction
2. SensoryFunction
3. ReflexFunction
6. LocalizationofLesionsAffectingtheVagusNerve
1. SupranuclearLesions
2. NuclearLesionsandLesionswithintheBrainstem
3. LesionswithinthePosteriorFossa
4. LesionsAffectingtheVagusNerveProper
5. LesionsoftheSuperiorLaryngealNerve


6. LesionsoftheRecurrentLaryngealNerve
7. SyncopefromGlossopharyngealorVagalMetastasis
8. Arnold’sNerveCoughReflex
9. Table12-1:SyndromesThatOccurduetoLesionswithinthePosteriorFossa
7. References
14. Chapter13:CranialNerveXI(TheSpinalAccessoryNerve)
1. AnatomyofCranialNerveXI(SpinalAccessoryNerve)
1. Figure13-1
2. ClinicalEvaluationofCranialNerveXIFunction
1. SternocleidomastoidMuscle
2. TrapeziusMuscle
3. LocalizationofLesionsAffectingCranialNerveXI
1. SupranuclearLesions
2. NuclearLesions
3. InfranuclearLesions
1. LesionswithintheSkullandForamenMagnum
2. JugularForamenSyndrome(VernetSyndrome)andAssociatedSyndromes

3. LesionsoftheSpinalAccessoryNervewithintheNeck
4. Table13-1:SyndromesInvolvingCranialNervesIXthroughXII
5. Table13-2:EtiologiesoftheFloppyHeadorDroppedHeadSyndrome
4. References
15. Chapter14:CranialNerveXII(TheHypoglossalNerve)
1. AnatomyofCranialNerveXII(TheHypoglossalNerve)
2. ClinicalEvaluationofCranialNerveXII
3. LocalizationofLesionsAffectingCranialNerveXII
1. SupranuclearLesions
2. NuclearLesionsandIntramedullaryCranialNerveXIILesions
3. PeripheralLesionsofCranialNerveXII
4. AbnormalTongueMovements
4. Dysarthria
1. Table14-1:MotorSpeechDisorders
5. References
16. Chapter15:Brainstem
1. Chapter15Introduction
2. MedullaOblongata
1. AnatomyoftheMedulla
2. VascularSupplyoftheMedulla
1. ParamedianBulbarBranches
2. LateralBulbarBranches
3. MedullarySyndromes
1. MedialMedullarySyndrome(Dejerine’sAnteriorBulbarSyndrome)
2. LateralMedullary(Wallenberg)Syndrome
3. Opalski(Submedullary)Syndrome
4. LateralPontomedullarySyndrome
4. Figure15-1
5. Figure15-2
6. Figure15-3

7. Table15-1:OcularMotorAbnormalitiesinWallenbergLateralMedullarySyndrome
3. ThePons
1. AnatomyofthePons
2. VascularSupplyofthePons
1. ParamedianVessels


2. ShortCircumferentialArteries
3. LongCircumferentialArteries
3. PontineSyndromes
1. VentralPontineSyndromes
2. DorsalPontineSyndromes
3. ParamedianPontineSyndromes
4. LateralPontineSyndromes
4. Figure15-4
4. TheMesencephalon
1. AnatomyoftheMesencephalon
2. VascularSupplyoftheMesencephalon
1. ParamedianVessels
2. CircumferentialArteries
3. MesencephalicSyndromes
1. VentralCranialNerveIIIFascicularSyndrome(WeberSyndrome)
2. DorsalCranialNerveIIIFascicularSyndromes(BenediktSyndrome)
3. DorsalMesencephalicSyndromes
4. TopoftheBasilarSyndrome
4. Figure15-5
5. Figure15-6
5. References
17. Chapter16:TheCerebellum
1. AnatomyoftheCerebellum

1. Figure16-1
2. Figure16-2
2. VascularSupplyoftheCerebellum
1. Figure16-3
3. ClinicalManifestationsofCerebellarDysfunction
1. Hypotonia
2. AtaxiaorDystaxia
3. CerebellarDysarthria
4. Tremor
5. OcularMotorDysfunction
6. NonmotorManifestations
7. Table16-1:CausesofAcuteAtaxia
8. Table16-2:CausesofEpisodic/RecurrentAtaxia
9. Table16-3:CausesofChronicAtaxia
4. CerebellarSyndromes
1. RostralVermisSyndrome
2. CaudalVermisSyndrome
3. HemisphericSyndrome
4. PancerebellarSyndrome
5. SyndromesofCerebellarInfarction
1. InferiorCerebellarInfarct(PosteriorInferiorCerebellarArtery)
2. VentralCerebellarInfarct(AnteriorInferiorCerebellarArtery)
3. DorsalCerebellarInfarct(SuperiorCerebellarArtery)
6. References
18. Chapter17:TheLocalizationofLesionsAffectingtheHypothalamusandPituitaryGland
1. AnatomyoftheRegion
1. MainHypothalamicNuclearGroups
2. ConnectionsoftheHypothalamus
3. Figure17-1

4. Figure17-2
5. Table17-1:ConnectionsoftheHumanHypothalamusa
6. Figure17-3
2. ClinicalManifestationsofHypothalamicorPituitaryDysfunction
1. DisturbancesofTemperatureRegulation
1. PhysiologicRhythms
2. Hypothermia
3. Hyperthermia
4. NeurolepticMalignantSyndrome
5. Poikilothermia
2. DisturbancesofAlertnessandSleep
1. Coma,Hypersomnia,orAkineticMutism
2. Narcolepsy
3. Insomnia
4. CircadianAbnormalities
3. AutonomicDisturbances
1. CardiacManifestations
2. RespiratoryAbnormalities
3. GastrointestinalAbnormalities
4. DiencephalicEpilepsy
5. UnilateralAnhidrosisorHyperhidrosis
4. DisturbancesofWaterBalance
1. DiabetesInsipidus(DecreasedADHReleasebutNormalThirst)
2. EssentialHypernatremia(DecreasedADHReleasewithAbsenceofThirst)
3. InappropriateSecretionofADH(SIADH)(ElevatedADHReleasewithNormal
Thirst)
4. ResetOsmostatHyponatremia
5. PrimaryPolydipsiaorHyperdipsia(ExcessiveWaterDrinkingintheAbsenceof
HypovolemiaorHypernatremia)

5. DisturbancesofCaloricBalanceandFeedingBehavior
1. Obesity
2. Emaciation
6. DisturbancesofReproductiveFunctions
1. HypogonadotropinHypogonadism
2. NonpuerperalGalactorrhea
3. PrecociousPuberty
4. ExcessiveorUncontrollableSexualBehavior
7. OtherEndocrineDisturbances
8. DisturbancesofMemory
9. DisturbancesofEmotionalBehaviorandAffect
1. RageandFear:InappropriatelyDysinhibitedBehavior
2. Apathy:ChronicFatigue
3. Depression
10. GelasticSeizures
11. Headache
1. EpisodicHeadaches
12. ChronicPain
13. ImpairedVisualAcuity,VisualFieldDefects
14. Diplopia:PupillaryChanges
15. Table17-2:ClinicalManifestationsofHypothalamicorPituitaryDysfunction
16. Table17-3:PresentingComplaintsin1,000CasesofPituitaryAdenoma
3. ClinicalFindingsResultingfromLesionsinVariousAreasoftheHypothalamusandinthe


PituitaryGland
1. Table17-4:ClinicalFindingswithLesionsinVariousRegionsoftheHypothalamusor
inthePituitaryGland
4. References
19. Chapter18:TheAnatomicLocalizationofLesionsintheThalamus

1. FunctionalAnatomyoftheThalamus
1. Table18-1:SourceandDestinationofThalamicConnectionsa
2. Figure18-1
2. VascularSupplyoftheThalamus
1. Table18-2:VascularSupplyoftheThalamus
2. Figure18-2
3. LocalizationofIschemicThalamicLesions
1. ParamedianTerritory
2. Thalamogeniculate(LateralThalamicorInferolateralThalamic)Territory
3. Tuberothalamic(AnterolateralThalamic)Territory
4. TerritoryofthePosteriorChoroidalArteries
4. ClinicalManifestationsofLesionsintheThalamus
1. DisturbancesofAlertness
2. AutonomicDisturbances
3. DisturbancesofMoodandAffect
4. MemoryDisturbances
1. ImpairedTimePerception
5. SensoryDisturbances
1. ParesthesiasandPain
2. LossofSensoryModalities
6. MotorDisturbances
1. PosturalDisturbances
2. DisturbancesofOcularMotility
7. DisturbancesofComplexSensori-MotorFunctions
8. DisturbancesofExecutiveFunction
5. TopographicLocalizationofThalamicLesions
1. AnteriorThalamicRegion
2. MedialThalamicRegion
3. VentrolateralThalamicRegion
4. PosteriorRegion

6. References
20. Chapter19:BasalGanglia
1. AnatomyoftheBasalGanglia
1. InputsintotheStriatum(CaudateandPutamen)
1. CorticalProjectionstotheNeostriatum
2. ThalamostriatalProjections
3. NigrostriatalProjections
4. RapheNuclei-StriatalProjections
2. StriatalEfferents
3. PallidalAfferentsandEfferents
4. NigralAfferentsandEfferents
5. Figure19-1
6. Figure19-2
2. LesionsoftheBasalGanglia
3. Dyskinesias
1. Chorea
2. TardiveDyskinesiaandOtherTardiveSyndromes


3. OrofacialDyskinesia
4. AbdominalDyskinesias
5. Ballismus
6. Akathisia
7. Athetosis
8. Dystonia
9. Torticollis
1. Writer’sCramp,Musician’sDystonia,theYips,andOtherFocalDystonias
2. Blepharospasm
3. SpasmodicDysphonia
10. ParoxysmalDyskinesias

11. Myoclonus
12. PainfulLegsandMovingToes
13. RestlessLegsSyndromeandPeriodicLimbMovementsofSleep
14. Tics
15. Tremor
16. Table19-1:CausesofChorea
17. Table19-2:DifferentialDiagnosisofOrofacialDyskinesia
18. Table19-3:ClassificationofDystonias
19. Table19-4:ClassificationofDystonia
20. Table19-5:ClassificationofMyoclonus
4. HypokineticandBradykineticDisorders
1. Parkinsonism
2. Stiff-Man(Stiff-Person)Syndrome
3. Cortical-BasalGanglionic(Corticobasal)Degeneration
4. ProgressiveSupranuclearPalsy(Steele–Richardson–OlszewskiSyndrome)
5. LewyBodyDementia
6. MultipleSystemsAtrophy
7. ParaneoplasticMovementDisorders
5. References
21. Chapter20:TheLocalizationofLesionsAffectingtheCerebralHemispheres
1. Chapter20Introduction
2. AnatomyoftheCerebralHemispheres
1. Figure20-1
2. Figure20-2
3. Figure20-3
4. Figure20-4
5. Table20-1:CerebralHemisphericConnections
6. Figure20-5
7. Figure20-6
3. SymptomsandSignsCausedbyCerebralHemisphericLesions

1. VegetativeDisturbances
2. DisturbancesofAttention
1. UnilateralInattention
2. NonspatialInattention
3. EmotionalDisturbances
4. MemoryDisturbances
5. SensoryDisturbances
1. SmellandTaste
2. Vision
3. DisturbancesintheProcessingofAuditoryInformation
4. DisturbancesofSomatosensoryPerception


6. DisturbancesofSensorimotorIntegrationandofMovementExecution(Parietal,
Frontal)
1. Apraxias
2. OtherMotorDisturbancesoftheExtremitiesorFace
7. OtherMotorDisturbances
1. MotorDisturbancesofLanguage
2. DisturbancesofGoal-OrientedBehavior(ExecutiveFunctionLoss)
3. DisturbancesRelatedtoInterhemisphericDisconnection(CallosalSyndrome)
4. GaitDisorders
5. Dementia
8. Table20-2:ClinicalManifestationsofCerebralHemisphericLesions
9. Figure20-7
10. Figure20-8
11. Figure20-9
12. Figure20-10
13. Figure20-11
14. Figure20-12

15. Figure20-13
16. Figure20-14
17. Figure20-15
18. Table20-3:ClassificationoftheAphasias
19. Figure20-16
20. Figure20-17
21. Figure20-18
22. Figure20-19
23. Table20-4:Clinical,Anatomic,Molecular,andGeneticFindingsinDementing
Disorders
24. Table20-5:ClinicalFeaturesDifferentiatingPseudo-DementiafromDementia
25. Table20-6:ConsequencesofLocalizedCerebralHemisphericLesions
4. References
22. Chapter21:LocalizationofLesionsintheAutonomicNervousSystem
1. OrganizationoftheAutonomicNervousSystem
1. SympatheticNervousSystem
2. ParasympatheticNervousSystem
3. EntericNervousSystem
1. CentralAutonomicNetwork
2. MedialPrefrontalCortex
3. InsularCortex
4. CentralNucleusoftheAmygdala
5. Hypothalamus
6. PeriaqueductalGrayRegion
7. ParabrachialNuclearComplex
8. NucleusAmbiguus
9. NucleusTractusSolitarius
10. LocalizationPrinciples
4. Figure21-1
5. Table21-1:BasicCharacteristicsofSympatheticandParasympatheticSystems

6. Table21-2:MainEffectsofDiffuseSympatheticStimulation
7. Table21-3:MainEffectsofCholinergicStimulation
8. Table21-4:CardinalSignsofAutonomicDysfunction
9. Table21-5:ClinicalPresentationofAutonomicDisorders
2. References


23. Chapter22:VascularSyndromesoftheForebrain,Brainstem,andCerebellum
1. ArterialBloodSupply
1. TheInternalCarotidArtery
2. TheAnteriorChoroidalArtery
3. TheAnteriorCerebralArtery
4. TheMiddleCerebralArtery
5. ThePosteriorCerebralArtery
6. CollateralCirculation
7. Figure22-1
8. Figure22-2
9. Figure22-3
2. SyndromesoftheCerebralArteries
1. TransientIschemicAttacks
2. TheCarotidArterySyndrome
3. TheAnteriorChoroidalArterySyndrome
4. TheAnteriorCerebralArterySyndrome
5. TheMiddleCerebralArterySyndrome
1. VertebrobasilarArterySyndromesoftheBrainstemandCerebellum
2. ThePosteriorCerebralArterySyndrome
3. SyndromesofThalamicInfarction
4. BorderZoneIschemia
6. Table22-1:SymptomsofTransientIschemicAttacks
7. Table22-2:MicroemboliinCarotidArterySyndrome

8. Figure22-4
3. LacunarInfarcts
4. CerebralHemorrhageSyndromes
1. GeneralFeaturesoftheClinicalSyndrome
2. SpecificSignsbyLocation
1. PutaminalHemorrhage
2. LobarHemorrhage
3. ThalamicHemorrhage
4. CerebellarHemorrhage
5. PontineHemorrhage
6. CaudateHemorrhage
7. MesencephalicHemorrhage
8. LateralTegmentalBrainstemHemorrhage
9. MedullaryHemorrhage
10. InternalCapsularHemorrhage
11. IntraventricularHemorrhages
3. Table22-3:EtiologiesofSpontaneousIntracerebralHemorrhage
5. SyndromesRelatedtoCerebralAneurysms
1. CavernousInternalCarotidArteryAneurysms
1. UnrupturedCavernousInternalCarotidArteryAneurysm
2. PosteriorCommunicatingArteryAneurysms
3. MiddleCerebralArteryAneurysms
4. VertebrobasilarTerritoryAneurysms
6. SubarachnoidHemorrhage
7. References
24. Chapter23:TheLocalizationofLesionsCausingComa
1. Chapter23Introduction
2. TheUnresponsivePatient
1. Exhibit343

3. AnatomicSubstrateofAlertness
1. Figure23-1
4. SignswithLocalizingValueinComa
1. RespiratoryPatterns
1. PosthyperventilationApnea
2. Cheyne–StokesRespiration
3. HyperventilationwithBrainstemInjury
4. ApneusticBreathing
5. ClusterBreathing
6. AtaxicBreathing
7. “Ondine’sCurse”
2. TemperatureChanges
3. ThePupils
4. EyeMovements
1. AbnormalitiesofLateralGaze
2. AbnormalitiesofVerticalGaze
5. MotorActivityoftheBodyandLimbs
6. Figure23-2
7. Figure23-3
8. Figure23-4
9. Table23-1:SpontaneousEyeMovementsinComatosePatients
10. Figure23-5
5. ClinicalPresentationsofComa-InducingLesionsDependingonTheirLocation
1. MetabolicEncephalopathy(DiffuseBrainDysfunction)
2. SupratentorialStructuralLesions
1. LateralHerniation
2. CentralHerniation
3. SubtentorialStructuralLesions
4. PsychogenicUnresponsiveness

5. Figure23-6
6. Figure23-7
7. Figure23-8
8. Figure23-9
6. DiagnosisofDeathCausedbyBrainDestruction
1. Figure23-10
2. Table23-2:DeterminationofIrreversibleCessationofBrainFunctioninInfantsand
Children
7. References
25. Appendix
1. Remarks
2. Glossary



LocalizationinClinicalNeurology
SEVENTHEDITION
PaulW.Brazis,MD
ProfessorofNeurology
ConsultantinNeurologyandNeuro-ophthalmology
MayoClinic,Jacksonville
Jacksonville,Florida

JosephC.Masdeu,MD,PhD,FANA,FAAN
GrahamDistinguishedEndowedChair
HoustonMethodistInstituteforAcademicMedicine
Director
NantzNationalAlzheimerCenter,StanleyH.AppelNeurological
Institute
Houston,Texas

ProfessorofNeurology,
WeillCornellMedicine,CornellUniversity
NewYork,NewYork

JoséBiller,MD,FACP,FAAN,FANA,FAHA
ProfessorandChairman
DepartmentofNeurology
StritchSchoolofMedicine
LoyolaUniversityChicago
Maywood,Illinois



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