Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 7: The skeleton (part a)

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College

CHAPTER

7

The Skeleton:
Part A

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The Axial Skeleton
• Consists of 80 bones
• Three major regions
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic cage

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Skull
Thoracic cage
(ribs and
sternum)
Vertebral
column

Sacrum

Cranium
Facial bones
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula

(a) Anterior view
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Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Figure 7.1a

The Skull
•

Two sets of bones
1. Cranial bones
•

•

Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity
•

Cranial vault (calvaria)

•

Cranial base: anterior, middle, and
posterior cranial fossae

Provide sites of attachment for head and
neck muscles

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The Skull
2. Facial bones
•

Framework of face

•

Cavities for special sense organs for sight,
taste, and smell

•

Openings for air and food passage

•

Sties of attachment for teeth and muscles
of facial expression

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Bones of cranium (cranial vault)

Coronal
suture
Squamous
suture

Lambdoid
suture

Facial
bones

(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
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Figure 7.2a


Anterior cranial
fossa
Middle cranial
fossa

Posterior cranial
fossa
(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
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Figure 7.2b


Cranial Bones
• Frontal bone
• Parietal bones (2)
• Occipital bone
• Temporal bones (2)
• Sphenoid bone
• Ethmoid bone

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Frontal Bone
• Anterior portion of cranium
• Most of anterior cranial fossa
• Superior wall of orbits
• Contains air-filled frontal sinus

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Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Middle nasal
concha
Ethmoid
Perpendicular bone
plate
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer

Parietal bone

Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
(a) Anterior view
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Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4a


Parietal Bones and Major Associated
Sutures
•

Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault

•

Four sutures mark the articulations of parietal

bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:
1. Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal
bone
2. Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones
3. Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and
occipital bone
4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal
and temporal bones on each side of skull

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Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)

Coronal suture
Parietal bone

Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone

Lacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa

Lambdoid
suture
Squamous
suture
Occipital

bone
Zygomatic
process
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process

Nasal bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla

Alveolar
margins
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch

Mandible
Mental foramen

Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle

Coronoid process

(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
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Figure 7.5a


Occipital Bone
• Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior
cranial fossa
• Articulates with 1st vertebra
• Sites of attachment for the ligamentum
nuchae and many neck and back muscles

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Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
Sutural
bone
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External
occipital
protuberance
Occipitomastoid
suture
(b) Posterior view
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External
occipital
crest

Occipital
condyle

Mastoid
process
Inferior
nuchal
line

Figure 7.4b


Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
Palatine bone
palate
(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Vomer
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process

Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Parietal bone
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum

Figure 7.6a


Temporal Bones
• Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of
cranial floor
• Four major regions
• Squamous
• Tympanic
• Mastoid
• Petrous

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External
acoustic
meatus
Mastoid
region

Squamous
region

Zygomatic process
Mastoid
process

Mandibular fossa
Tympanic region

Styloid process
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Figure 7.8


Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
Palatine bone
palate
(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Vomer
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Parietal bone

External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum

Figure 7.6a


Ethmoid

bone

Cribriform plate
Crista galli

Anterior cranial fossa
Sphenoid

Lesser wing
Greater wing

Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Middle cranial
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)

Frontal bone
Olfactory foramina
Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Internal acoustic
meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal

Posterior
cranial fossa

Foramen magnum
View

Parietal bone
Occipital bone
(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Figure 7.7a


Sphenoid Bone
• Complex, bat-shaped bone
• Keystone bone
• Articulates with all other cranial bones

• Three pairs of processes
• Greater wings
• Lesser wings
• Pterygoid processes
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Optic canal
Greater
wing
Hypophyseal

fossa of
sella turcica

Body of sphenoid

Lesser wing
Superior
orbital fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Foramen
ovale
Foramen
spinosum

(a) Superior view
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Figure 7.9a


Body of sphenoid
Greater
wing

Lesser
wing
Superior
orbital
fissure

Pterygoid
process

(b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.9b


Ethmoid Bone
• Deepest skull bone
• Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal
cavities
• Contributes to medial wall of orbits

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Olfactory
foramina

Orbital
plate

Crista galli
Cribriform
plate

Left lateral mass

Ethmoidal
air cells
Perpendicular
plate
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Middle nasal concha
Figure 7.10


Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Middle nasal
concha
Ethmoid
Perpendicular bone
plate
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer

Parietal bone

Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
(a) Anterior view
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Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4a