kiến trúc máy tính phạm minh cường chương ter1 computer abstractions and technology [sinhvienzone.com]
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Computer Architecture
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Chapter 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology
Dr. Phạm Quốc Cường
Adapted from Computer Organization the Hardware/Software Interface – 5th
Computer Engineering – CSE – HCMUT
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The Computer Revolution
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• The third revolution along with agriculture and
industry
• Progress in computer technology
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– Underpinned by Moore’s Law
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Computers in automobiles
Cell phones
Human genome project
World Wide Web
Search Engines
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• Makes novel applications feasible
• Computers are pervasive
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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The Moore’s Law
Co-founder of Intel Corp.
The number of transistors integrated in a
chip has doubled every 18-24 months
(1975)
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Intel Processors & Chips
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• World record, in terms of the number of transistors
integrated into a chip:
– Altera FPGA device: 30+ Billions
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• Intel processor
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– Core i 7th generation (Kaby Lake) ==> Coffee Lake
– 14 nm technology
– >1.4B transistors (6th generation – SkyLake)
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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The First “Computer”
Source: Internet
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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The First “Computer” (cont.)
The ENIAC Computer, source: US Army photo
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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30+ tons
1,500+ square feet (140 square meter)
18,000+ vacuum tubes
140+ KW power
5,000+ additions per second
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The ENIAC Computer
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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A Brief History of Computers
The first generation
The second generation
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The third generation
– 1965 – 1980
– Integrated circuits
The current generation
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– Transistors
– 1955 – 1965
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– Vacuum tubes
– 1946 – 1955
– 1980 - …
– Personal computers
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What’s the next?
– Quantum computers?
– Memristor?
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Classes of Computers
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• Personal computers
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– General purpose, variety of software
– Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
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• Server computers
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– Network based
– High capacity, performance, reliability
– Range from small servers to building sized
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Classes of Computers
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• Supercomputers
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– High-end scientific and engineering calculations
– Highest capability but represent a small fraction of
the overall computer market
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• Embedded computers
– Hidden as components of systems
– Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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The PostPC Era
source: BusinessInsider
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Battery operated
Connects to the Internet
Hundreds of dollars
Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses,…
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• Personal Mobile Device (PMD)
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The PostPC Era
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• Clouding computing
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– Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC)
– Software as a Service (SaaS)
– Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in
the Cloud
– Amazon and Google
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Understanding Performance
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• Algorithm
– Determines number of operations executed
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• Programming language, compiler, architecture
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– Determine number of machine instructions executed per
operation
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• Processor and memory system
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– Determine how fast instructions are executed
• I/O system (including OS)
– Determines how fast I/O operations are executed
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Below Your Program
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• Application software
– Written in high-level language
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• System software
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– Compiler: translates HLL code to
machine code
– Operating System: service code
• Handling input/output
• Managing memory and storage
• Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
• Hardware
– Processor, memory, I/O controllers
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Levels of Program Code
• Assembly language
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– Level of abstraction closer
to problem domain
– Provides for productivity
and portability
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• High-level language
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– Textual representation of
instructions
• Hardware representation
– Binary digits (bits)
– Encoded instructions and
data
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Components of a Computer
• Same components for
all kinds of computer
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The BIG Picture
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– Desktop, server,
embedded
• Input/output includes
– User-interface devices
• Display, keyboard, mouse
– Storage devices
• Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash
– Network adapters
• For communicating with
other computers
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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• PostPC device
• Supersedes keyboard
and mouse
• Resistive and Capacitive
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Touchscreen
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– Most tablets, smart
phones use capacitive
– Capacitive allows
multiple touches
simultaneously
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Through the Looking Glass
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• LCD screen: picture elements (pixels)
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– Mirrors content of frame buffer memory
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Opening the Box
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Capacitive multitouch LCD screen
Computer board
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3.8 V, 25 Watt-hour battery
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Inside the Processor (CPU)
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• Datapath: performs operations on data
• Control: sequences datapath, memory, ...
• Cache memory
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– Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to
data
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Inside the Processor
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• Apple A5
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Abstractions
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The BIG Picture
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– Hide lower-level detail
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• Abstraction helps us deal with complexity
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• Instruction set architecture (ISA)
– The hardware/software interface
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• Application binary interface
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– The ISA plus system software interface
• Implementation
– The details underlying and interface
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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A Safe Place for Data
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• Volatile main memory
– Loses instructions and data when power off
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– Magnetic disk
– Flash memory
– Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)
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• Non-volatile secondary memory
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Networks
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• Communication, resource sharing, nonlocal
access
• Local area network (LAN): Ethernet
• Wide area network (WAN): the Internet
• Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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Technology Trends
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– Increased capacity and
performance
– Reduced cost
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• Electronics technology
continues to evolve
Technology
1951
Vacuum tube
1965
Transistor
1975
Integrated circuit (IC)
1995
Very large scale IC (VLSI)
2013
Ultra large scale IC
Relative performance/cost
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DRAM capacity
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900
2,400,000
250,000,000,000
Chapter 1: Computer Technology
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