Bai tap bien doi cau hay

§1. Both … and …, Not only … but also …, Either … or, Neither … nor …
Revision
Terms
We call both … and, not only … but also …, either… or, neither … nor pair
conjunctions or correlative conjunctions.
Parallel structures
The same grammatical form should follow each part of the paired conjunctions.
Both + noun + and + noun/pronoun
Both my sister and I went to Hoang Van Thu High School.
Not only + adj + but also + adj
Trang is not only intelligent but also generous.
Not only + verb + but also + verb
Minh not only saw the famous writer but also spoke to him.
Either + noun + or + noun
Students can choose either English or French in this semester.
Neither + verb + nor + verb
She had promised to visit me, but she neither came nor telephoned.
Subject and verb agreement
• Two subjects connected by both … and … take a plural verb.
Both Tam and Dan work for an instruction company.
• When two subjects are connected by not only … but also, either … or…, neither…
nor…, the second subject determines the form of the verb.
Not only my parents but also my brother is on a trip to Ha Long.
Either the teacher or the students have to make a plan for the class newspaper.
Neither salt nor sugar is necessary for this dish.
 Notes
• Not only… but also … can be replaced by not only … but … as well.
It is not only rainy but also windy in this season.
It is not only rainy but windy in this season as well.
Exercises

A. In each of the following sentences, there is an error. Identify and correct it.
1. Both my teacher praised my best friend and me.
...........................................................................................................................
2. Ha neither went to my party or told me the reason why.
...........................................................................................................................
3. I enjoy neither swimming nor go fishing.
...........................................................................................................................
4. Hoa not only helps me in my work but as well shares my happiness and sadness
in life.
...........................................................................................................................
5. I prefer living in the country since it is not only quiet but also less traffic.
...........................................................................................................................

6. I love not only watching game shows but talk shows as well.
...........................................................................................................................
7. I love literature, so I will either become a literature teacher or a journalist.
...........................................................................................................................
8. Rice is both grown in the north and in the south of Viet Nam.
...........................................................................................................................
B. Suply the correct form and tense of the verb in the parentheses.
1. Both the fridge and the air conditioner (not work) ………………… today.
2. Both my sister and I (never be) ………………… to Ha noi before.
3. Either my husband or I (have) ………………… to see the estate agent today.
4. Either Thuy or her friends (be going to) ………………… pick you up at the
airport.
5. Neither Mrs. Hoa nor her assistants (be) ………………… at the meeting
yesterday.
6. Not only Trung but also his parents (be expected) ………………… to come to
the ceremony.
C. There is a lack of both, and, not only, but also, either, or, neither or nor in the

following passage. Put a check () where you will find in one of these words and
write the word on the right.
Television is one of the greatest inventions since it helps us
relaxed after a day of work transfers the latest news in the world.
Normally, when we feel tired, we can choose to go out and have a
drink with some friends to sit on the sofa in front of the television
and enjoy the family warm atmosphere. You may say that you like
music programs lengthy soap operas. No problem. There are many
channels for you to choose. Why don’t you try TV news
programs documentaries if you are interested in enlarging your
knowledge? Besides, you can watch live soccer games that are
transferred through satellites listen to lively comments which you
can never hear in the stadium.
However, spending so much time watching television may have
bad effects on parents work and children’s study. Therefore,
parents children should agree on how much time of watching TV
is enough for a day.
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………

………………
………………
D. Combine wo sentences into one, using both … and …, not only … but also,
either… or …, neither … nor…
1. Hoang didn’t come to class today. Nhan didn’t come to class today. (neither…
nor…)
...........................................................................................................................
2. Le will buy a new T-shirt. If there is no style that she likes, she will buy a shirt
instead. (either … or…)
...........................................................................................................................
3. Oxygen is necessary for life. Water is necessary for life too. (both … and…)
...........................................................................................................................
4. Chanh is also absent-minded. He left his book in class. He also left his jacket in
class. (not only … but also)
...........................................................................................................................
5. My father is going to see my teacher this Sunday. If he is busy, my mother is
going to see my teacher. (neither … nor… )
...........................................................................................................................

6. Let’s go to the market to get some spices. We don’t have any salt left and we run
out seasoning too. (neither … nor …)
...........................................................................................................................
7. My aunt lives with me. My cousins live with me too. (not only… but also….)
...........................................................................................................................
8. This shop sells fresh fruits. It also sells canned fruits. (both … and …)
...........................................................................................................................
§2. Cleft sentences
Revision
 Cleft sentences in the active
• Subject focus: We use cleft sentences to emphasize the subject of the action.

Did your friend give you these earrings?
No. It was my mother that gave me these these earrings.
Instead of saying My mother gave me these these earrings, the speaker says It was
my mother that gave me these these earrings to emphasize that her mother, not her
friend gave her the earrings.
• Object focus: We use the cleft sentences to emphasize the object of the verb.
You went to the book store yesterday, didn’t you? Did you buy this English
book? It looks new.
No. It was this Math book that I bought yesterday. The English book is a
present from my teacher.
Instead of saying I bought this Math book yesterday, the speaker says It was this
Math book that I bought yesterday to emphasize that he bought the Math book, not
the English book.
• Adverbial focus: We use cleft sentences to emphasize the adverb.
I should be grateful to my sister. It was for me that she quitted school.
Instead of saying she quitted school for me, the speaker says It was for me that she
quitted school to emphasize that his sister sacrificed her study for him.
 Cleft sentences in the passive
• Cleft sentences can also be used in the passive voice.
I heard that dog bit you yesterday.
No. It was the postman that was bitten by the dog.
Exercises
A. Choose the sentences that can best replace the sentences provided.
1. I was born and grew up in this village.
A. It was this village that I was born and grew up.
B. It was in this village I was born and grew up.
C. It was in this village that I was born and grew up.
D. It was in this village where I was born and grew up.
2. Your carelessness cause the accident.
A. It is the accident that your carelessness caused.

B. It was the accident that your carelessness caused.
C. It is your carelessness that caused the accident.
D. It was your carelessness that caused the accident.
3. Hue helped me a lot with my study last semester.
A. It was Hue that helped me a lot with my study last semester.

B. It was Hue that has helped me a lot with my study last semester.
C. It was Hue that had helped me a lot with my study last semester.
D. It was Hue that was helped me a lot with my study last semester.
4. – Did the headmaster give Tham a bicycle as a scholarship.
- The headmaster gave Tam a bicycle as a scholarship.
A. It was the headmaster who gave Tham a bicycle as a scholarship.
B. It was the headmaster who gave Tam a bicycle as a scholarship.
C. It was Tham who was given a bicycle as a scholarship.
D. It was Tam who was given a bicycle as a scholarship.
5. – Who put the photo here on the desk?
- Don’t you remember? You put it there on your birthday.
A. It was you that put it there on your birthday.
B. It was on your birthday that you put it there.
C. It was there that you put it on there birthday.
D. It was the photo that was put there on your birthday.
B. Complete the following sentences with groups of words in the box. There is one
extra group.
it was this school
it was in this school
it was in the summer
that i gave it a fish
that i asked to carry the luggage for me
that broke the window
it was the bicycle

it was in the winter
that stole the fish
1. It was the boy ....................................................................................................
2. It was the cat .....................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................ that I learnt the first letter.
4. .................................................................................. that was rebuilt that year.
5. it was the taxi driver ..........................................................................................
6. ....................................................... that my grandpa used when he was young.
7. ........................................................................... that birds moved to the south.
8. ......................................................... that my family often went to the seaside.
C. Answer the following questions with the word provided, using cleft sentences.
1. Did you first meet your husband at high school.
......................................................................................................... (at university)
2. Who did you give the letter to?
.......................................................................................................... (the landlady)
3. It is said that you were on television last night. Is it right?
....................................................................................................... (my twin sister)
4. I absent-mindedly washed your white T-shirt with the dark blue one. Was your
white T-shirt ruined?
...................................................................................................... (my white shirt)
5. Your cell phone was stolen, wasn’t it? Do you know who stole it?
.............................................................................................................. (a monkey)
6. Long time no see. Do you still major in English now?
.................................................................................................................. (French)
D. Unscramble the words to make complete sentences.
1. was/ that/ this river/ It/ died/ in/ many people.
.................................................................................................................................
2. difficult/ loved/ was/ that/ they/ It/ in/ each other/ the/ more/ time.

.................................................................................................................................

3. secretary/ was/ typed/ It / the/ the/ letter/ that.
.................................................................................................................................
4. this shirt/ by/ It/ actress/ was/ that/ was/ the/ worn.
.................................................................................................................................
5. that/ was/ writer/ by/ signed/ book/ was/ It/ the/ the.
.................................................................................................................................
§3. Conditional Type 1
Revision
Use
We use conditional type 1 to express real or probable conditions.
If Van gets high marks in the exam, her parents will give her a computer.
(Van is a good student, and it is possible for her to get high marks in the exam)
Form
If clause Main clause
Present Simple Future Simple
If clause can come first or later.
Be careful. If you step on the dof’s tail, it will bit you.
You’ll never get success if you don’t try your best.
Notes
• Instead of the Future simple tense in the main clause, we can use can + bare-
infinitive to indicate permission or ability.
You can go out with friends if you promise to come home before 9.
(permission)
If you concentrate, you can do the job well. (ability)
• May/might + bare-infinitive can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility.
The soccer game may be delayed if the weather isn’t better.
• Other modal verbs or any expressions of command can be used according to their
meanings.
If Tuan wants to recover soon, he should stay in bed. (advice)
Please tell Ha to see me in the library if you happen to see him. (request)

• Instead of Present Simple tense in the If clause, we can use the Present Perfect tense.
Hand in your paper if you have finished your writing.
Exercises
A. Make conditional sentences from the following words.
1. weather/ fine/ go on a pinic.
.................................................................................................................................
2. I/ be employed/ invite you/ eat out.
.................................................................................................................................
3. you/ come across/ monolingual dictionary/ take one for me.
.................................................................................................................................
4. mother/ allow/ go to your party.
.................................................................................................................................
5. you/ want/ good English learner/ learn to speak at the very beginning.
.................................................................................................................................
6. not eat breakfast/ not have enough energy.
.................................................................................................................................

7. you/ feed it too regularly/ the fish die.
.................................................................................................................................
8. you/ travel by bus/ save money.
.................................................................................................................................
9. the storm/ attack the village/ everyone/ be moved.
.................................................................................................................................
10. Suong/ finish her assignment/ within two weeks/ have one mark plus.
.................................................................................................................................
B. Complete the following conditional sentences.
1. You will enlarge your knowledge …………… you spend time reading
newspapers and magazines.
2. You …………… cut yourself if you are not careful with the knife.
3. …………… you want to lose weight, you …………… eat more vegetables.

4. If the strike …………… finished, the factory won’t be opened tomorrow.
5. …………… it’s Nhan that’s calling, please …………… him that I’m waiting for
him.
6. If you …………… your homework, you …………… play computer games.
7. You …………… what you want if you try your best.
8. The traffic in the city is very busy. It will be easier for you if you …………… by
bus during rush hour.
9. Don’t forget to take your flashlight with you. You …………… it if it is too dark
outside.
10. Normally the dog doesn’t bite anyone but …………… you enter the house
stealthily, it …………… you.
C. Complete the following conditional sentences with your own ideas.
1. If you want to speak English well, ...................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. If I see an old lady crossing the street, .............................................................
................................................................................................................................
3. If you visit my hometown, ...............................................................................
................................................................................................................................
4. If the weather is nice this weekend, .................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5. If I come first in the exam, ...............................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. If a friend of mine gets a cold and cannot go to class,......................................
................................................................................................................................
7. If I come across an old friend who I haven’t seen for a long time, .................
................................................................................................................................
8. If you want to become a good student, ............................................................
................................................................................................................................
§4. Conditional Typed 2
Revision

Use
We use conditional type 2 to express unreal conditions in the present.
If I were you, I wouldn’t tell Nha that bitter truth.
Form

If clause Main clause
Past Simple /
Past Subjunctive
Would/ could/ might + bare-infinitive
If clause can come first or later
If I had enough money, I would buy a house for my parents.
We would become lazy if we didn’t work.
Note
• We can use both was or were for the subjects I, he, she, it in the if clause.
If I was/were stronger, I could carry the luggage for you
• We can use could in the if clause to express ability.
If I could speak French well, I would apply for a job in a French company.
• Instead of the Past Simple tense in the if clause, we can use the Past Progressing
tense.
I am talking to Ha who is a little boring.
 I would be more interested if I was talking to another one.
Exercises.
A. Complete the following sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
1. There would be less crime if anyone (have) ………………… a job.
2. I will buy a new T-shirt for you if you (like) ………………….
3. If all the factories (be move) ………………… out of the city center, the air
pollution (be) ………………… less serious.
4. If you (fry) ………………… the meat for a long time, it (become)
………………… tough.
5. (The phone ring)

- Thao, please answer the phone.
- I (will) ………………… if I (can) …………………. I’m in the bathroom.
6. If there (be) ………………… no sunlight, life (not exist) ………………….
7. Mr. Nhan is a poor worker but if he (have) ………………… enough money, he
(buy) ………………… a motorbike.
8. If I (be) ………………… a bird, I (be) ………………… a white pigeon.
If I (be) ………………… a flower, I (be) ………………… a sunflower.
If I (be) ………………… a cloud, I (be) ………………… a warm cloud.
As a human, I will die for my country.
B. Choose the best answer.
1. – I have never been to a job interview before
- ………………………………………………………
A. If I were you, I will dress formally.
B. If I were you, I could dress formally.
C. If I were you, I would dress formally.
D. If I were you, I can dress formally.
2. There were 2000 workers in that prosperous company. Many people
………………… out of work if that company ………………… down.
A. would be, closed B. are, closed
C. will be, closed D. wouldn’t be, closed
3. I don’t like living in the city, but if I ………………… a job there, I’ll move there.
A. had B. don’t have
C. get D. don’t get
4. …………………………………… if you have a headache.

A. You drink these medicines.
B. Drink these medicines.
C. You take these medicines.
D. Take these medicines.
5. I’m sure Toan ………………… win the scholarship. I ………………… be very

surprised if she couldn’t.
A. will, will B. would, will
C. will, would D. would, would
6. – Are you going to read this novel?
- I ………………… if I ………………… time. I am very busy with my jobs.
A. will, have B. will, had
C. could, have D. would, had
C. Answer the following questions with your own ideas.
1. What would you do if you were of the opposite sex?
................................................................................................................................
2. What would happen if there were no wars in the world?
................................................................................................................................
3. What would you do if you became a member of the city government for a day?
................................................................................................................................
4. If you could meet a famous person, who would you meet?
................................................................................................................................
5. If you had a wish, what would you wish?
................................................................................................................................
6. What would happen if Vietnamese became an international language?
................................................................................................................................
§5. Conditional Type 3
Revision
Use
We use conditional type 3 to express unreal conditions in the past.
Loan failed the exam because she was too lazy. If she had studied hard, she
would have passed the exam.
Form
If clause Main clause
Past perfect Would/ could/ might + have + past participle
If clause can come first or later

If it hadn’t rained, I would have gone fishing.
I would have gone swimming if I had had time.
Note
• Might + have + past participle can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility.
The accident might have been more serious if the driver hadn’t driven slowly.
• Could + have + past participle can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility
or ability.
If Toan had tried more, he could have done better. (ability)
The bridge could have collapsed if it had rained more heavily. (possibility)
• Inversion can be used to replaced if.
If Dan had been out late last night, she might have been punished by her parents.

 Had Dan been out late last night, she might have been punished by her
parents.
Conditionals in reported speech
• Type 1: present  past, will/ can  would/ could
“If I see Lam, I’ll tell him to phone you”, Tran promised.
 Tran promised (that) she would tell Lam to phone me if she met him.
• Type 2 and type 3: no tense changes
“I would travel to Ha Long Bay if I had enough money”, said Hoai.
 Hoai said (that) she would travel Ha Long bay if she had enough money.
“If Japan hadn’t attacked the Pearl Harbor, the U.S. couldn’t have joined World
War II”, our history teacher said.
 Our history teacher said (that) if Japan hadn’t attacked the Pearl Harbor, the
U.S. couldn’t have joined World War II.
Exercises
A. Match each clause in column A to its following in column B to make a
complete conditional sentences. Add a comma where necessary.
A B
1. If It hadn’t been for the storm

2. I would have come back to work in
my hometown after graduation.
3. Had Phuc had a map
4. If Chi hadn’t missed the bus
5. If I hadn’t been so busy
6. Snow White couldn’t have been
revived
7. Cinderella couldn’t have met the
prince
8. If I hadn’t saved money for a long
time
9. If you hadn’t pulled the dog’s tail
10. She wouldn’t have been so exhausted
a. it wouldn’t have bitten you
b. if the prince hadn’t kissed her
c. I would have helped you
d. if she hadn’t worked so much
e. if I had been able to find a job there
f. if It hadn’t been for her godmother’s
help
g. many people wouldn’t have been
badly injured
h. I couldn’t have afforded this
motorbike
i. she wouldn’t have gotten lost
j. she hadn’t been late for school
B. Write conditional sentences from the following pairs of pictures (page 22)
C. Make conditional type 3 from the following situations.
1. Tram stayed up late to watch TV last night, so she got up late and was late for
class this morning.

.................................................................................................................................
2. Mr. Trong’s head was badly injured in the accident because he didn’t wear a
helmet.
.................................................................................................................................
3. Lan went out yesterday without an umbrella. It suddenly rained, and she got wet.
.................................................................................................................................
4. I was punished because I went out late last night.
.................................................................................................................................
5. I didn’t meet my old friend in the party yesterday because I left so early.
.................................................................................................................................
6. I didn’t know that you arrived in Ho Chi Minh City last Saturday, so I didn’t pick
you at the station.
.................................................................................................................................

7. I didn’t recognize Hang among the crowd, so I didn’t call her.
.................................................................................................................................
8. Tam was fined because he rode the motorbike without a license.
.................................................................................................................................
D. Yesterday was a busy day. You had a lot of homework to do. You didn’t have
enough time to do other things. What would you have done if you had had more
time? Write 5 sentences.
Example:
If I had had more time yesterday, I would help my mother with the housework.
1. ...........................................................................................................................
2. ...........................................................................................................................
3. ...........................................................................................................................
4. ...........................................................................................................................
5. ...........................................................................................................................
E. Complete the following reported speech with your own ideas.
1. Linh told me she would lend me some money if ..............................................

.................................................................................................................................
2. The nurse told Mr. Thuan if he took the medicines regularly, ..........................
.................................................................................................................................
3. My teacher said the air wouldn’t be so polluted if ............................................
.................................................................................................................................
4. Phuong said she would see me the day after if .................................................
.................................................................................................................................
5. A witness said if the victim had been taken to hospital soon, ...........................
.................................................................................................................................
6. Mrs. Le believed if she had fewer children, ......................................................
.................................................................................................................................
7. Hai said he could have performed better in his interview, ................................
.................................................................................................................................
8. A firefighter said the fire wouldn’t have take place ..........................................
.................................................................................................................................
§6. Defining Relative Clauses
Revision
Definition
Defining relative clauses which describe the preceding noun are essential to the
understanding of the noun; so they could not be omitted.
The boy who gave me the letter yesterday ran away without letting me know his
name.
(The clause who gave me the letter yesterday is a defining relative clause. If we omit
that clause, the meaning of the sentence becomes unclear.)
Relative pronouns used defining relative clauses
Subject Object Possessive
Things which/ that (1) which/ that (3) whose/ of which (5)
Person who/ that (2) whom/ who/ that (4) whose (6)
(1) The road which/ that leads to the city center is in bad condition.
(2) He is the student who/ that has taken his disable friend to school for years.

(3) The book which/ that I bought yesterday is an original one.

(4) The secretary whom/ that Mr. Hoa has employed is very talented.
(5) Houses whose walls were made of wood were all destroyed by the storm.
Houses, the walls of which were made of wood, were all destroyed by the storm.
(6) The man whose daughter has just been born is over 50.
Omission of relative pronouns in defining relative clauses
An object relative pronoun in a defining relative clause can be omitted.
“Gone With The Wind” is the novel which/ that I like best.
= “Gone With The Wind” is the novel I like best.
A relative pronoun that is the subject of a clause cannot be omitted.
Exercises
A. In each of the sentences below, there is one error in relative clause structures.
Find and correct the error.
1. The woman whom sent this package absent-mindedly left her wallet at the post
office.
.................................................................................................................................
2. Spending time with people who knows how to make jokes is very interesting.
.................................................................................................................................
3. I did not recognize the man entered the room.
.................................................................................................................................
4. The new motorbike people are advertising on TV, and in newspaper and
magazines.
.................................................................................................................................
5. All the contestants take part in the competition are very intelligent.
.................................................................................................................................
6. The house which Mr. Lam is going to buy it is located in a very quiet area.
.................................................................................................................................
7. The party where I went to last night was held by an old friend.
.................................................................................................................................

8. The student who assignment got the highest mark worked very hard.
.................................................................................................................................
9. Have you returned the money that borrowed from the bank?
.................................................................................................................................
10. The families whose house destroyed in the storm are still trying to improve their
lives.
.................................................................................................................................
B. Combine a word or phrase in each box to complete a defining relative clause.
An email
Fax
transmission
A package
A postman
A message
A clerk
a service
an object
a letter
a person
a person
a piece of
information
be wrapped in a box and sent to someone
his job is to serve people at a store
you send to someone when you cannot
speak directly
be sent from one computer to another
help people send documents without
changing their original shapes
his job is to deliver mail to people

1. An email is a letter which/ that is sent from one computer to another.
2. Fax transmission ...............................................................................................
3. A package .........................................................................................................
4. A postman .........................................................................................................

5. A message .........................................................................................................
6. A clerk ..............................................................................................................
C. Read the following passage about different kinds of flooding then fill in the
blanks with who/ whom/ which/ that/ where. There may be more than one correct
word fill in a blank.
Flooding actually occurs from a range of causes and conditions – not always the ones
(1) ……………… first come to mind.
Of course, river flooding is the kind (2) ……………… we think of most
commonly. Heavy rains or rapid snowmelt on upstream watersheds cause rivers to rise.
Coastal flooding is also very common in many places (3) ……………… coastal
land is very close to sea level, and therefore vulnerable. During hurricanes or other large
storms, waves may be much higher than normal, and super-low atmospheric pressure
often forces sea level to rise a dozen feet or more above normal in a “storm surge”.
When violent surf and storm surge coincide with normal high tides, the results can be
catastrophic.
Less often thought of are the flood (4) ……………… can result from the failure of
dams, impoundments, or other regulatory systems. The Johnstown flood is an example.
A flash flood is really any sudden, severe flood event (5) ……………… can have a
variety of causes – although large sudden downpours are the main ones. The effects of a
downpour are worsened when terrain will not absorb water. Reasons vary: soil type (e.g.
clay), lack of vegetation, steepness, extensive pavement (urban areas), frozen or ice-
covered soil, or the saturation of soil by previous rains.
Flood typically get the most headlines when waters are about to crest. But there are
important post-flood stories (6) ……………… need telling as well. For example, failure
of normal sewage and drinking water systems means people need advice about how to

find safe drinking water. They need to understand and address the problems of mold and
mildew in waterlogged buildings. And of course they need advice on how to connect
with disaster-aid agencies.
(Source: Environment Health Center)
D. Complete the following definitions about different kinds of flooding, using
relative clauses.
1. River flooding is a kind of flood that is caused by heavy rains or rapid snowmelt.
2. Coastal flooding is a kind of flood ....................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. Johnstown flood is an example of flood ...........................................................
.................................................................................................................................
4. A flash flood is a kind of flood .........................................................................
.................................................................................................................................

§7. Non-defining Relative Clauses
Revision
Definition
Non-defining relative clauses are replaced after definite nouns; so they are not
essential to the understanding of the noun. They only give some more information
about the noun.
Non-defining relative clauses are separated from the noun by commas.
Long’s father, who works for a construction company, is often away from home.
(The clause who works for a construction company is a non-defining relative clause.
If we omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence is still clear.)

Relative pronouns used in non-defining relative clauses
Subject Object Possessive
Things which (1) which (3) whose/ of which (5)
Persons who (2) whom/ who (4) whose (6)
(1) Nhu’s cat, which just caught a mouse, didn’t eat the dead mouse.

(2) That man, who has just lent me his umbrella, is a kind man.
(3) Those classrooms, which were built last year, have not been in use yet.
(4) Tuan, whom I hate a lot, is a talkative man.
(5) My jacket, the sleeves of which are too long, was bought in this shop.
My jacket, whose sleeves are too long, was bought in this shop.
(6) Hoang, whose father is an English teacher, cannot speak English.
Use
We use non-defining relative clauses in the following situations:
• When the preceding noun is a proper noun
Tien, who has just moved to my neighborhood, is a very sensitive boy.
• When the preceding noun has a possessive case
I’ve lost my book, which I lent you last week.
• When the preceding noun has this, that, these, those
That man, whom Iyou met last Christmas, is going to be my brother-in-law.
Note
• That cannot be used to replace who, whom, which in non-defining relative clauses.
• Relative pronouns used as objects cannot be omitted.
• Notice the difference:
Contestants, who got good results, are all very intelligent.
(All the contestants got good results.)
Contestants who got good results are all very intelligent.
(Only some of the contestants got good results.)
Exercises
A. Defining or non-defining? Add commas if necessary.
1. Professor Kim who teaches psychology is a strict teacher.
2. Japan which consists of four main islands suffers from a lot natural disasters
every year.
3. Only students whose English does not meet the requirement should attend the
course.
4. Minh who couldn’t stand the smell of durian went out of the room when she saw

me with some durians.
5. Corn which is mainly grown in the highland can be exported.
6. Hue bought a bar of chocolate which looked very delicious.
7. My ao dai which is too short now was my favorite at high school.
8. These glasses which were made by a famous craftsman were sold out quickly.
. B. Combine two sentences to make a defining relative clause or a non-defining
relative clause.
1. Does the T-shirt fit you? I gave it to you yesterday.
.................................................................................................................................
2. Our teacher assigned us the homework. We had to finish it within a week.
.................................................................................................................................
3. Those students got very high marks in the final exams. They had studied
enthusiastically for months. ..............................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
4. The Prime Minister praised Nguyen Huu At. He was the first blind student to
take the university entrance exams alongside peers in Viet Nam.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
5. Ngoc has just moved to a new school. It was built two years ago.
.................................................................................................................................
6. The man is selling lottery tickets. He used to be very rich.
.................................................................................................................................
7. Hai’s friend is a very interesting boy. He came from Da Nang.
.................................................................................................................................
8. Mekong Delta is located in the South of Viet Nam. It provides most of the rice
for exporting.
.................................................................................................................................
C. Choose the correct explanation of the meaning of each sentence.
1. Bread, which was very precious in the difficult time, is very cheap nowadays.

A. Bread, in general, was all precious in the difficult time.
B. Just some kinds of bread were precious in the difficult time.
2. The bread which I ate yesterday was very cheap.
A. All the bread was cheap.
B. Only the bread I ate yesterday was cheap.
3. Tham tried to reach the bottle which was on the top shelf.
A. There was only one bottle on the shelf.
B. There was more than one bottle on the shelf.
4. Tham tried to reach the bottle, which was on the top shelf.
A. There was only one bottle on the shelf.
B. There was more than one bottle on the shelf.
5. The players who want to take part in the coming game are practicing very
enthusiastically.
A. All the players of the team want to take part in the coming game.
B. Only some of the players want to take part in the coming game.
6. The players, who want to take part in the coming game, are practicing very
enthusiastically.
A. All the players of the team want to take part in the coming game.
B. Only some of the players want to take part in the coming game.
§8. Gerund and Present Participle
Revision
Form
V + ing
Use
A gerund plays the role of a noun, so it can be used in the following situations:
• As a subject of a sentence
Going out late at night is very dangerous in this city.
• As a compliment of a verb
What I like most is gathering and chatting with my friends.
• After a preposition

Nga is afraid of staying alone.

• In a noun compound
Mrs. Ly is my dancing teacher.
• After some verbs (avoid, delay, enjoy, finish, forgive, miss, etc.)
She had just finished dressing the children when the phone rang.
A present participle is used in the following situations:
• As an adjective
I heard some surprising news from him.
• After catch, find, leave + O
I find my new job satisfying.
• After verbs of sensation (the action may be complete or incomplete.)
There must be someone outside. I hear someone knocking at the door.
• After go, come, spend, waste, be busy
Maybe I will go fishing this weekend.
Ms Nga can spend 5 hours doing the shopping.
Sorry I can’t help you right now. I am busy preparing dinner.
Perfect gerund and perfect participle
The suspect finally admitted having broken into the house.
The action of breaking into the house happened before the action of admitting, so it
is in perfect gerund having + past participle.
Exercises
A. Decide whether each –ing form below is gerund or present participle. Write G
for gerund and P for participle.
1. I introduced Mai to Hang and then I left her talking to Hang.
2. The police caught him breaking into a house.
3. You should avoid eating too much fat since it is not good for you health.
4. Having a cold bath in the morning has become my habit for years.
5. Hoai wasted a lot of time riding her bike around without any purpose.
6. He got up late because of staying up late last night.

7. My hobby is playing soccer.
8. Taking risks is his distinguishing characteristic.
B. Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the word(s) provides in
parentheses.
1. There is something in the kitchen. It is burning. (SMELL)
.................................................................................................................................
2. Hue reminded me to turn off the lights, then she went to bed. (BEFORE)
.................................................................................................................................
3. The tap in the bathroom is dripping. Please have a plumber repair it. (DRIPPING
TAP)
.................................................................................................................................
4. The job really interests me. (FIND)
.................................................................................................................................
5. It took me 2 hours to tidy my room. (SPEND)
.................................................................................................................................
6. I gave my little brother some English exercises, then I let him do them and went
out. (LEAVE)
.................................................................................................................................
C. There is an error in each sentence. Identify and correct it.

1. Travel by bus in the city is one of the ways to avoid getting tired when there are
traffic jams.
2. Phuong has spent 2 million dong doing shopping since she luckily won the
lottery.
3. Thao went to school in the afternoon last year, so she isn’t used to get up early
this year.
4. I had a date with my friends yesterday, but the heavy rain prevented me going
out.
5. I find it interest to take part in social activities held by the school.
6. I have 2 tickets to the cinema tonight. Would you like to go with me?

I’d love to, but I’m busy to do my homework.
D. Gerund, present participle, perfect gerund or perfect participle? Supply the
correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. In my company, the employees have bonuses for (not miss) ……………… a
day.
2. (Do) ……………… all the housework, Dung went to bed.
3. The businessman kept (deny) ……………… (sponsor) ……………… the
scholarship. He wanted to keep it secret.
4. Would you mind (turn) ……………… the CD player down? I’m studying.
5. Despite (never meet) ……………… Le before, I could realize her thanks to her
distinguishing height.
6. I have to go now. It was nice (talk) ……………… to you, you know.
7. Nam is always keen on (pursue) ……………… his study despite the poverty of
his family.
8. (Do) ……………… the morning exercise, Mr. Minh enjoyed his breakfast.
E. Ask and answer the following questions in full sentences.
1. Have you ever wasted your time doing something useless?
.................................................................................................................................
2. When did you last spend a big sum of money buying something? What did you
buy?
.................................................................................................................................
3. Are you afraid of doing anything?
.................................................................................................................................
4. What do you like doing most?
.................................................................................................................................
5. What do you think about living alone?
.................................................................................................................................
§9. Infinitive and Gerund
Revision
Infinitive

There are 2 kinds of infinitive: infinitive with to (to-infinitive) and infinitive without
to.
Infinitive with to (to-infinitive)
• Certain verbs, adjectives and expressions can be followed by infinitive with to.
The manager asked his secretary to type the letter for him.
I’m glad to hear that you are recovering.
There’s nothing left to eat.

• Some common verbs and adjectives followed by to-infinitive.
Verbs Adjectives Expressions
allow/ ask/ invite + O
hope
try
want
would like/ love
delighted
eager
glad
happy
hesitant
kind
likely
lucky
pleased
reluctant
willing
There is something to-infinitive
There is nothing to-infinitive
S + have something to-infinitive
enough to-infinitive

too + adj/ adv + to-infinitive
Infinitive without to
• Some common verbs and expressions followed by infinitive without to.
Let/ have/ suggest + O + infinitive without to
See/ hear + O + infinitive without to
I suggest you travel by bike to avoid traffic jams.
I heard Xuan chat with her friend on the phone yesterday.
Gerund
• Some common verbs followed by gerund.
admit
avoid
can’t bear
can’t help
continue
delay
deny
enjoy
finish
keep
mind
miss
postpone
practice
quit
recommend
risk
suggest
Nguyet delayed studying at the university to open a shop.
Mrs. Huong risked investing all her money on her new company.
Exercises

A. Infinitive or gerund? Use the infinitive of gerund form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. A: Hang’s grandmother has just passed away.
B: I’m sorry (hear) ………………… about that.
2. Hai wants (travel) ………………… to Hai Phong but he doesn’t have enough
money (go) …………………
3. I don’t mind (share) ………………… my book in case you doesn’t have one.
4. Toan admitted (break) ………………… the flower case.
5. Thuy is really interested in (do) ………………… the research. I saw her (work)
………………… alone in the lab yesterday.
6. A: Why is the door open? I remember (lock) ………………… it.
B: You are absent-minded. You told me (leave) ………………… it open since
you just went out for a minute. Remember?
7. A: It’s late. Why don’t you go home?
B: I can’t help (wait) ………………… a little more. I’m eager (know)
………………… the test result.
8. On the way to the company, Mr. Tuan felt someone (following)
………………… him.
9. Don’t reluctant (help) ………………… the victims of the hurricane.
10. Trang invited me (eat) ………………… out, but my parents didn’t let me (go)
………………… out so late.
B. Underline the most appropriate words or phrases.
1. Trang failed ………………… the essay into Vietnamese because there are too
many unfamiliar expressions.