Về hợp đồng thuê tàu chuyến trong hàng hải quốc tế

NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI

V£ HOP D 6 N G THUfi TAU CHUY6< TRONG HANG HAI QU6C1^
r s , NGUYiN VU HOANG *
ThS.

1. Hpp dong thufi tdu chuyen - khdi niem,
phan lo^i, nguon luat dieu chinh
Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin (tilng Latinh
la "charta partita", nghTa Id vdn bdn chia ddi,
mdi bfin gifl mOt mia),'" Id hgp ding 1dm
thanh vdn bdn hodc mgt phin 1dm thdnh vdn
bdn vd mgt phdn dupc in an, giiia chu tdu va
ngudi thue tau, Iheo dd con tdu dupe thue
dfi van chuyen hdng hod theo tuyfin dudng
xdc dinh, hodc trong khoang thdi gian xdc
dinh. Theo "Tir difin ludt hpc" ciia Black:
"Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin Id hgp ddng
theo dd mdt eon tdu hodc phdn chinh cda
con tdu, duac su ddng y cua chu tdu se
dugc thuang nhdn sic dung di chuyen ch&
hdng hod tren mdt tuyen duang da dinh
tru&c t&i mdt hogc mgt vdi dia diim; la hgp
ddng dgc biet giita chu Idu vd nguai thui
tdu de chuyen cha hdng hod... '.

HAVI$THUNG**

- Trong phuong thirc thufi tdu chuyfin
dilu ki^n chuyfin chd, cudc phi, chi phi d&
hang hod Ifin xulng... dugc quy djnh cu thfi

trong hgp ding thufi tdu.
Thj trudng Idu chuyen thudng dupe
ngudi ta chia ra 1dm cdc thj trudng khu vuc
cdn cii vdo phgm vi hogt dgng cua tdu.
- Vdn bdn difiu chinh giflB cdc bfin gIm
cd hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen vd van don
dudng bifin. Trong dd, mdi quan h? giOa
ngudi di thue tau (chii hdng) va ngudi cho
thufi tdu (chii lau) dugc dieu chinh bdng hpp
ddng thufi tdu chuyen. M^c dii da cd hop
ddng nhung khi nhan hang dfi chd, ngudi
chuyfin chd van phat hdnh van don (van don
theo hgp ding thufi tdu chuyfin).

Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyin cd the dupe
phan logi thdnh:
Hgp ddng chuyfin (voyage charter
So vdi cac phuang thiic thufi tdu khdc, parly) la hgp ddng thufi tdu va dgi thuy thii
phuang thirc thufi tau chuyfin cd nhirng d$c cho m$l chuyen hanh trinh giiia cdng boc
difim ddc trung rat khdc bipt sau ddy:
hdng va cdng dd hang. Ngudi thue tau
- Tau chuyen khdng chgy theo hdnh trinh thanh lodn lien cho chu tdu trfin co sd tdn
ho?ic trd ggn. Chii sd hfln tau bifin thanh
hodc lich trinh dinh sdn.
- Tau chuyfin thudng chuyen chd nhthig loan tiln cdng bifin, phf nhifin lieu vd chi
logi hdng cd khdi lugng ldn, tinh chat ciia phf thuy thii. Tiln thanh toan cho vi§c thue
hdng hod chuyfin chd tuang doi thudn nhdt tdu gpi Id cudc phf. Hgp ddng chuyin xac
djnh thdi gian (dugc bilt nhu Id thdi gian
vd thudng chd day tdu.
Tdu van chuyen theo phuong thirc

vign Khoa lu^t T r u i n g DH Kinh te Qu8c din
chuyfin thudng cd cdu tao mdt boong, mifing ***Giing
Giang vifin Khoa phip ]u§t qu6c t^ Tnrimg DH Lu|t
ham Idn dfi thudn lien cho vlfic bdc hdng.
HiN6i
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 3/2012


NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI

1dm hdng) cho vipc do hdng. Nfiu thdi gian
1dm hdng bi vugt qua, ngudi thufi tau phai
trd phi bdc dd cham, cdn nfiu thdi gian 1dm
hdng ngdn han ban dinh, hgp ddng thufi tau
cd thfi yfiu cdu chii sd hflru tdu tra tifin
thudng bdc dd nhanh.'^'
Hgp dong thufi tau dinh han phd
thdng (time charter) Id hgp ddng thue tdu
cho mgt thdi hgn rifing bifit; chii sd hflu lau
bien quan If tdu nhung ngudi thufi tau lya
chpn cdng bifin va hudng di cua lau. Ngudi
thufi tau thanh todn chi phf nhien lieu, phf
cang bifin va lien thufi hdng ngdy cho chu
sd huu tdu bifin.*""
Hgp ddng thufi tdu djnh hgn Iron
(bareboat charter) Id sy ddn xfip dfi thufi
tdu nhung khdng thue trang thiet bj vd
thuyfin bd. Ngudi thufi tdu cd quyfin chifim
hflu vd kifim sodt ddi vdi tau va ehju trdch
nhifim phap Ii, tdi chfnh ddi vdi viec

chiem hflu dd. Ngudi thufi tdu thanh todn
todn bd chi phi van hanh, bao gdm cd
nhifin lieu, thuyfin vifin, chi phi cang bifin,
chi phi bdo hilm trach nhifim ciia chu lau
va bdo hiem thdn tdu.
Khdc vdi phuong thiic chuyfin chd bang
lau chg, ngudn luat difiu chinh hgp ddng
thufi tau Id luat qudc gia, khdng phai cdc difiu
udc qudc tfi dilu chinh van don. Do khdng
cd difiu udc qudc tfi difiu chinh nfin cdc bfin
trong thufi tdu chuyfin cd xu hudng sii dung
cdc hgp ddng mdu. Su dung hgp ddng mau
giiip lilt kifim thdi gian, tgo co sd thudn lgi
cho dam phan vd dugc cac td chiic hdng hdl
qudc gia, qudc tl khuyin cdo sit dyng.
Hgp ddng mau thue tau chuyin rk
phong phu vd da dang nfin ngudi thue lau luy
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2012

theo mdt hdng cy thfi md lya chgn mlu hgp
ding cho phil hgp. Trfin thfi gidi hi?n nay cd
trfin 60 logi mau hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin
va dugc phdn chia thdnh 2 nhdm:
- Mau hpp ding thufi tau chuyen mang
tinh chdt ting hgp: Mau hop dong nay
thudng dugc dimg cho viec thufi tdu chuyen
chuyfin chd cdc loai hdng bdch hod. Phd bien
la cdc Ioai mau hgp ddng sau:
+ Mau GENCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu
chuyen GENCON la hgp ddng mau dp dung

cho nhiing tdu chuyfin chd hang bach hod do
Hgi ddng hdng hai qudc te Baltic (BIMCO)
soan thdo ndm 1922 va da qua nhifiu Idn siia
ddi vao cdc ndm 1974, 1976, 1994.
->- Mau NUVOY: Hgp ddng thufi tau
chuyen NUVOY la hop ddng mau do Hgi
nghi dgi dien cdc ca quan thue tdu vd chu tau
cac nudc Hdi ddng tuong trg kinh tfi phdt
hanh nam 1964.
+ Mdu SCANCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu
chuyin SCANCON la hgp ddng mau cung
do Hifip hgi hdng hdi qudc tfi Baltic phdt
hanh nam 1956...
- Mau hgp ddng thufi lau chuyfin mang
tinh chat chuyfin dyng: Mau hgp ddng ndy
dugc sii dung khi thufi hang hod cd khdi
lugng Idn nhu: than, quang, xi mdng, ngu
cdc, gd trfin ludng hang nhat dinh, vi du:
+ Mau SOVCOAL ciia Lifin Xd (cfl)
phat hdnh ndm 1962, mdu POLCOAL cua
Ba Lan phat hanh nam 1971 dimg dl thufi
tdu chd than vd mau AMWELSH phdt hdnh
ndm 1993 diing de chd than.
+ Mdu SOVORECON ciia Lifin Xd
(cu) phdt hdnh nam 1950 dung dl thue lau
chd qudng.


NGHIEN CUU - TRAO OOI

+ Mau RUSSWOOD cua Lifin Xd (cu)
phdt hanh ndm 1933 diing dl thufi tdu chd gS
tir Lifin Xd di cdc nudc.
+ Mau EXONVOY. MOBIVOY 96,
SHELLVOY do My phdt hdnh diing dl thufi
tdu chd ddu.
- Mau CEMENCO ciia My phdt hdnh
nam 1922 dfi thufi tau chd xi mdng.
+ Mau NOGRAIN 89 ciia Hipp hgi mdi
gidi vd dgi li My dung thufi chd ngu coc.
+ Mau CUBASUGAR cua Cuba phdt
hdnh diing dfi chd dudng.
2. Chii the cua hgp ding thuc tdu chuyen
Xdc dinh dugc chii the ciia hgp ddng
thufi tdu chuyfin cd vai trd ddc bifit quan
trpng dli vdi khd ndng thyc hifin hop ddng
thufi lau chuyfin. Hgp ddng dugc thyc hipfi
hay khdng phu thudc rat nhieu vao cdc chii
thfi tham gia ki kfit.
Trudc khi ki kfit hgp ddng thufi lau,
ngudi thufi lau can phdi tim hifiu cgn ke ve
ddi lac kfi cd dia chi, sd dien thoai, sd fax...
vi nhifiu khi dau hieu ciia sy lira ddo bdt ddu
tir nhiing chi tifit nhd nh^t nay. Ngudi thufi
tdu cung cdn cd dugc nhung chi tifit ddng ki
rd rdng va vj tri thyc sy cua cdng ti, linh
trang tdi chfnh ciia ddi tac...
Cac ngudn sau cd thfi sir dyng de kifim
tra thdng tin ve ddi Idc:'^'
- Cdc bdn chi dan cua Lloyd;

- Cac chi ddn cua Hgi bdo hiem P&l;
Nhung tham khao thuang mgi dupc
cung cap bdi cac nha khai thdc, cac Id chiic
thuang mgi;
- Phdng thuong mai, dai If lin dung;
- Cdc hifip hpi hang hai;
- Cdc td chiic, ca nhan cd tham gia trong
30

ITnh vyc thuong mgi hdng hdi...
Chu thi ciia hgp ddng gdm ngudi chuyen
chd vd ngudi thue chuyen chd.
Thugt ngfl' "ngudi chuyfin chd" trong ludt
hdng hdi ciia cdc nudc cung khdng gilng
nhau vl djnh nghTa hay cd the ndi Id chua co
sy phdn djnh rS rdng. Theo muc a Difiu I
Cfing udc Brussels ndm 1924: "Ngudi
chuyen ch& cd the Id chu tdu hay Id ngudi
thui tdu djnh hgn, hg Id mgt ben ki hgp dSng
vgn tdi v&i chu hdng ".
Khdi nipm trfin cd vfi don gidn nhung
thyc tfi iai ndy sinh nhifiu van de phuc tgp.
vi du: Tdu chd hang tir Ba I^n theo difiu
kipn ciia hgp ddng Nuvoy, Khi dd hdng,
mpt so hdng bj mdt. Cdng ti bdo hifim sau
khi bdi thudng thifit hai cho ngudi nhan
hdng dd g^p khd khan trong vipc xac dinh
ddi lugng khifiu nai, kifin tyng (kipn ai)
trudc tod dn. Difiu 2 ciia hpp ddng quy dinh
ngudi ki hgp ddng la chii tau - cdng li WB

(cdng ly mdi gidi C la dai difin). Sau thdi
gian difiu tra, cdng ti bdo hifim Balan dS
tim thay trong "LLoyd's Register of Ships"
ngudi chii lau chfnh thiic ciia tau ndi trfin
la dng A.L.H vd da kifin dng ndy ra toa.
A.L.H nggc nhifin vi dng ta dung Id chu tau
nhung khdng khai thdc nd. Tod dn Balan
da di dfin ket lu^n: Chu tdu - dng A.L.H
khdng ehju trdch nhifim vl viec mat hang
hod, yfiu cau ben nguyfin kifin nguoi
chuyen chd. Da hon mdl nam kfi tir ngay
dd hdng, thai hieu Id tyng da hit vd khilu
nai khdng dugc xet xir nfl-a.'*'
Quyfit djnh ciia tod an trong Irudng hpp
nay Id hoan todn phii hgp, bdi le diing ra
cdng ti bdo hifim phai kien ngudi diing ten
TAP CHi LUAT HQC s 6 3/2012


NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO OOI

ki hgp ddng thue tdu. Difiu nay phii hgp vdi
quy djnh cua Cdng udc Brussels ndm 1924,
theo dd ngudi chuyen chd cd thi la chii lau
hay la ngudi thue tdu dinh hgn, hp Id mpt
bfin ki hgp ddng van ldi vdi chii hdng. Vfi
phia ngudi thufi, mac dii da hinh thanh
nhieu loai hgp ddng mdu nhung do nhifiu
mdu hop ddng eiia cac hang tau khdng quy
djnh rd ngudi chu thyc tfi ciia tdu md chi

nfiu tfin ngudi dai dien nen ngudi thufi tau
cdn yeu cdu ghi ro chii thyc le cung nhu
ngudi dai dien.
Nhin chung, theo phdp luat cdc nudc,
ngudi chuyfin chd cd quyfin dugc thu tifin
cudc; quyfin tir chdi xep Ifin tdu nhung hang
hod khdng du lieu chudn an loan vdn
chuyfin. Bfin cgnh dd, ngudi chuyfin chd
cflng phdi thyc hifin nhifiu nghia vu. Mdt
trong nhu-ng nghia vu quan trpng nhat ciia
ngudi chuyen chd la cung cap tau cd kha
nang di bifin: Trudc hodc vdo liic bat dau
hanh trinh, ngudi chuyen chd phdi "can
man hpp If" dl cung cap con lau cd dii khd
ndng di bifin. Cdc nghTa vu khac cung cdn
kfi dfin nhu cung cdp con tdu diing theo hgp
ddng quy djnh. Nfiu con tdu theo hgp ddng
bi sy cd, ngudi chuyfin chd yeu cau difiu
mdl lau tuong duong vdi difiu kipn ngudi
thufi ddng y; difiu lau dfin cang bdc hdng
diing thdi gian va dja difim; bdc hang d
cdng di, san xip hang, dd hang d cdng din
khi hgp ddng cd quy djnh; chi huy, hudng
ddn vd gidm sat viec bdc hdng va san xip
hdng trong hdm tdu; chdm sdc, bdo qudn
cho hang hod trong suit hdnh trinh vd xir li
hdng sap cho cd lgi nhdt cho chii hang; sau
khi hdng dugc bdc Ifin tdu, ngudi chuyen
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 3/2012

chd phai cdp bd van dan cho ngudi giri
hdng; vgn chuyen hang theo tuyen dudng
thudng lp tu cang bdc hang dfin cdng dd
hdng vd trong thdi gian hpp li; tra hdng cho
ngudi nhdn hdng hgp phdp tgi cdng dich.
Ngudi chuyfin chd cung phdi gdnh ehju
nhflng trdch nhifim nhdt djnh nhu phdi bdi
thudng nhung thifit hgi phdt sinh nfiu khdng
cung cdp tdu, cung cdp tdu khdng dii trpng
ldi hodc cung cdp chdm vd phdi bdi thudng
thifit hai ddi vdi thilu hut, dd vo, hu hdng
ciia hang hod nfiu cd ldi.
Ddi vdi ngudi thufi tdu, cdc quyen quan
trpng can ke dfin la quyfin huy hgp ddng vd
ddi bdi thudng thifit hgi tuy timg trudng hgp
nfiu ngudi chuyen chd vi pham hgp ddng md
dd Id do Idi cua ngudi chuyfin chd. Ngudi
thufi tau phai tuan thii nghTa vu cung cap
diing chiing logi hang hoa nhu hgp ddng quy
djnh; dua hdng dfin cdng xep hang diing thdi
gian, dia difim, dii sd lugng, trpng lupng;
nghTa vu xfip dd, san xfip hang nfiu hgp ddng
quy djnh; nghTa vu trd tifin cudc day du va
diing theo quy djnh ciia hgp ddng va trd cac
khodn tifin phat do Idi ciia ngudi thufi tdu.'
3. Cac dilu khoan quan trong va tieu
chuan cua hpp dong thufi tau chuyen
Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen gdm nhieu
logi. Id hgp ddng phiic tap cd nhifiu difiu
khodn khdc nhau dfi xdc djnh rd trdch nhiem

vd quyen lgi cac bfin. Hifin nay. nhin chung
cdc hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin lieu chuan
thudng chiia dyng cdc difiu khodn sau:
- Difiu khodn xac djnh chti thfi, con tdu,
vd tuyen dudng van chuyfin;
- Difiu khodn hang hoa;
- Dieu khodn cuc«; phi;
31


NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI

- Dilu khodn 1dm hdng xdc djnh thdi
gian de hoc dd hdng hod;
- Difiu khodn vfi chi phf bdc dd;
- Difiu khodn thdi gian den dy kiln vd
difiu khodn thdng bdo sdn sdng xfip dd;
- Dieu khoan vl trdch nhipm vd mien
trdch Clia ngudi chuyfin chd;
- Difiu khodn lugt dp dyng va trpng tdi.
* Chu thi ctia hgp ddng
Chil the ciia hgp dong thufi tdu chuyin
bao gdm: Chii tdu (ho$c ngudi chuyen chd)
vd ngudi thufi tdu (ngudi xuat khau ho^c
ngudi nhdp khdu). Trong hgp ddng thufi tau
can ghi rd ten, dja chi ciia cdc ben. NhQng
dai If hodc ngudi mdi gidi Id ngudi duge uy
thae dfi kf hgp ddng thufi tdu thi phdi ghi ro d
cudi hgp ddng chfl "chi Id dai If" myc dfch
de xdc djnh tu cdch ciia ngudi kf hpp ddng.*^'

* Diiu khodn vi tdu
Ddy la dffiu khodn hfit siic quan trpng.
Khi thod thugn de thue vd cho thufi mpt
ehific tdu, ngudi ta phdi chi djnh con tdu cu
the. iGii do, ngudi la phai ghi cy thfi vao hpp
ddng: Tfin con tdu, hd hipu (call sign),*'^
qudc tjch tdu, ten co quan ddng kiem, hgng
tau, nam ddng, noi ddng, mdy chinh (tfin,
cdng sudt), mdy phdt difin (sd mdy, tfin may,
cdng suat), cd tau, trpng tdi todn phdn, trgng
tdi tjnh, dung tich loan phan, dung tich tjnh,
dung tfch chiia hdng rdi, bao kifin, mdn
nudc, cac sd do dai, rgng tdu, van tdc hdnh
trinh, cdu tnic boong, sd lupng cdn cdu, sire
nang, vj trf con lau liic kf hgp ddng.''°'
Thyc Ifi hdng hai da phdt sinh nhifiu
tranh chdp tir hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin
lien quan den difiu khodn ve tdu vd chii yfiu
Id tranh chap kha ndng di bifin cua lau. Vl

m^t phdp If, ngudi ta coi khd ndng di bifin
Id mgt trong nhflng dilu ki$n ciia hpp
ddng, nlu chit tdu vi pham ngudi thufi eo
quyln huy hgp ding.
Theo Dilu 3 Cdng udc Brussels nSm
1924 vd Dieu 75 Bp ludt hdng hdi Viet Nam
ndm 2005 thi trudc vd liic bdt ddu chuyfin di,
ngudi chuyfin chd phdi min cdn dl:
- Ldm cho con tdu cd dd khd ndng di bifin;
Trang bj vd cung cap nhan lyc, nhifin

Ii$u, thyc pham cho tdu mpt each thfch dang
vd day du;
- Chuan bj tit vd thfch hgp cdc hdm,
phdng Ignh va tat ca cdc bg phgn khac cua
tdu diing vdo vi$c chira hdng dl tifip nhgn
chuyfin chd va bao quan hang hod an toan.
Cd ba muc trfin tao thdnh difiu khoan ve
khd ndng di bien cua con lau.
Khi xdy ra ldn that ddi vdi hang hoa,
nfiu dung Id tdu khong dii khd ndng di bien
thi ngudi di kifin phai chiing minh rang lau
khdng du kha ndng di bifin va khdng dii kha
ndng di bifin la nguyen nhdn gdy ra tdn that.
Nfiu nguyfin dan quy kit nguyen nhan
khdng diing vd chiing tir khdng thuyfit phuc
se khdng bu§c dugc chu tau ehju trach
nhipm ddi vdi tdn thdt, vf dy: Tau Vortigem
khdi hanh lii Philippines di Liverpool
(Anh). Hgp ddng thufi tau quy djnh mien
trdch nhipm cho chii lau ddi vdi so sudt ciia
thuyfin trudng vd cdc sT quan may. Hdnh
h-inh dugc chia lam nhifiu chgng. Trong
hanh trinh, tdu ghfi vdo Colombo nhung
khdng ldy them than cho chdng tifip theo
dfin kenh Suez. Khi din gdn bin ldy than,
thuyin trudng cung khdng cho tdu ldy thfim
nhifin lieu vi khdng dugc sT quan mdy bao

TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 6 3/2012

NGHIEN CLJU-TRAO OOI

nhien lieu sdp hit. Do dd dfi ddm bao cho
hdnh trinh dugc tilp tuc din Suez, thuyfin
trudng da cho ddt mgt sd hang tren tdu. 6
cang dfin, ngudi thufi tdu ddi hdi chii tdu bdi
thudng thifit hai ddi vdi hdng hod bi tdu ddt
thay nhien Iifiu. Chii tdu tir chii bdi thudng
vi li do dd Id thifiu sdt ciia thuyfin trudng vd
cdc sT quan mdy trong viec difiu khifin vd
quan tri tdu. Chii tau vifin dan mien trdch vi
hgp ddng dan chifiu tdi Visby. Sau khi xem
xet sy viec, loa xii rang chii tau khdng thfi
vifin dan dieu khodn mien trir, vi hg da
khdng ldm cho con tdu cd dii kha nang di
bifin vdo luc bat ddu cua mdi chang hdnh
trinh do ro rang chii lau Vortigem da khdng
can mdn mdt cdch hgp li dfi lam cho tau dii
khd ndng di biin. Hon nfla vipc dot hang
thay nhifin lieu chgy tdu khdng thfi lap luan
la "viec lam so suat" ciia thuyfin trudng hay
ngudl lam cdng ciia chit tau dugc khi ma hp
bill rd rdng dd Id hdng hod chuyfin chd trfin
tdu. Toa da xu chii tdu phdi bdi thudng cho
ngudi thufi tdu nhirng thifit hgi do hang hod
dd bi su dung lam nhien lieu chgy tdu.'"*
* Diiu khodn ve hdng hod
Khi thufi tdu chuyfin chd khdi lugng
hang hod nhdl dinh, hai bfin phdi quy djnh rd

tfin hdng, logi bao bi, cac dac difim cua hang
hod. Vfi sd lugng hdng hoa, cd thfi thufi chd
theo trgng lugng hogc theo thfi tfch, luy ddc
dilm cua mat hang. Nhin chung, cdc ben
thudng ghi kem theo li le hon kfim (dung sai).
* Diiu khodn vi cu&cphi thui tdu
Cudc phi thufi lau chuyin do chii lau vd
ngudi thufi tdu ihuong lupng va quy dinh rd
trong hgp ddng thufi tdu. Day la difiu khodn
quan trpng cua hpp ddng thufi tau chuyin.
TAP CHl LUAT Hpc S6 3/2012

Cac ben cd thi thod thuan ve miic cudc, don
vj tinh cudc, ai chiu chi phi xep do, sd lugng
hdng hod tinh tifin cudc, thdi gian thanh todn
tifin cudc, dja dilm thanh todn, ti gid hdi
doai Clia ding tiln thanh lodn, phuang thirc
thanh todn, cudc phf ung trudc...
* Diiu khodn vi ehi phi bdc da
Chi phf bic dd chifim li trpng khd ldn
trong gia cudc chuyfin chd hang hod. Trong
hpp ddng thufi tau chuyfin bao gid cung cd
difiu khodn ve phan chia chi phf bdc dd giua
chil tdu vd ngudi di thue tau, trong thyc tien
di thufi tdu, thudng dp dyng nhifiu cdng thirc
mdu vfi phdn chia chi phi bdc dd, tuy nhifin
cdc dieu kifin phd bifin nhdt Id theo "difiu
kifin mien chi phi bdc dd hang" (Free in =
FI); "difiu kipn mien chi phf dd hdng" (Free
out = FO); "dieu kien mifin cd chi phi xfip dd

hdng" (Free in and out - FIO\
* Dieu khodn vi trdch nhiem vd mien
trdch nhiem eua nguai chuye a cha
Trong hgp ddng thufi *au dfiu quy dinh
ngudi chuyfin chd cd tra^h nhi^m ddi vdi
nhiing hu hdng, mat mdt cua hdng hod trong
cac trudng hgp sau:
- Do thifiu sy can man hgp li ldm cho tau
khdng dil khd ndng di bien;
- Do xip d$t hdng hoa khdng tot, do bdo
qudn hdng hod khdng chu ddo.
Ngudi chuyfin chd dugc mifin trdch nhipm
do cdc nguyfin nhdn vd trudng hpp sau:
- Do thifin lai, tai ngn bat ngd ngodi bifin,
cudp bifin;
- Do dn li ciia tdu vd may mdc;
- Do bdn chat cua hdng hod;
- Do chdy nhung khdng do loi ciia st quan
thuy thu trfin tdu;


NGHIEN ciru - TRAO OOI

- Do chiln tranh vd cdc hogt d^ng bj bdt,
tjch thu Clia chinh phii."^'
Dudi ddy Id trach nhipm cua chii tdu
dupc ghi nhan trong cdc mau hgp dong thdng
dyng la mdu GENCON vd m§u AMWELSK.
Hgp ddng mSu GENCON 94
2. Trach nhi?m cua chu tdu:

Chii tdu phdi ehju trdch nhi§m dli vdi
nhiing tdn that hodc thi^t hgi cua hdng hod
hay sy c h ^ giao hdng neu ton IhAt, hu hai
cua hdng hod hay sy c h ^ tre dd Id do sy
thilu man cdn hgp If tir phfa chii tdu ho^c
ngudi qudn li cita chii tau trong vipc duy tri
khd nang di bifin ciia tdu tren mpi phuang
dien, thifiu man can trong van dfi ddm bdo
djnh bifin, trang bj, cung iing phii hpp cho
tdu hogc bdt ngudn lir hdnh vi, sai sdt cd
nhdn ciia chii tau ho^c ngudi qudn li ciia hp.
Cha tau se dugc mifin trdch nhifim ddi
vdi nhung tdn thdt, thiet hgi hay sy cham tre
phdt sinh lir bdl ki li do ndo khdc (ngodi
nguyfin nhdn nfiu trfin), kfi ca tir nguyen nhan
bat can hay sai sdt cua thuyfin trudng, thuyfin
vifin hodc nhflng ngudi lam thue cho chit tau
trfin lau hogc trfin bd ma chu tdu ddng ra phdi
gdnh trdch nhifim vfi nhiing hanh vi ciia ngudi
Iam thufi nfiu nhu khdng cd difiu khodn ndy,
ddng thdi cung mien trdch nhipm khi nguyen
nhan bdt nguln lir viec tdu thifiu khd ndng di
bifin vdo thai difim xfip hang hay vao liic bdt
ddu hai trinh hay vdo bdt ki thdi difim ndo
khdc trong chuyfin di.
Hgp ddng mau AMWELSK
8. Cdc ngogi Ifi:
"Ngudi chuyfin chd bu^c phdi trudc vd
vdo liic bdt ddu hdnh trinh, lam cho con tdu
cd du khd ndng di bien, trang thifit bj, bifin

chl, cung ling diy dii nhifin li^u cho tdu...",'^
* Diiu khodn trgng tdi vd lu$t dp diing' '
Trong cdc hgp ding thufi tdu chuyin
diu cd dieu khodn quy djnh rdng nlu eo
nhiing tranh ch4p phdl sinh Ihl sfi tham
chilu din ludt hdng hdi cda nudc ndo d6 vh
gidi quylt lai h0i dong trgng tdi ndo d6.
Thudng cdc hgp dong thue tdu chuyfin dan
chifiu din lugt hdng hdi Anh hodc My, tdt
nhifin ciing cd Irudng hgp ngogi Ifi, vi du
hgp dong dudi ddy Igi lya chgn lugt dp dung
Id ludt Italia:
Cdc dilu kien hgp d6ng thufi tdu chung
cua Italia
12. Ludt difiu chinh vd quy tdc: Mdi quan
h | giiia cdc bfin d day chi lifin quan din hpp
ddng thufi tdu vd ddi vdi bat ki vdn de nao
khdng dugc xdc djnh mgt each rd rang trong
hgp ddng thufi lau hifin tai mdi quan he d3
nfiu dugc difiu chinh bdi cdc quy djnh ciia B6
luat ddn sy Italia va Bg lugt djnh vj lifin quan
din vipc thufi dgng sdn.
14. Gidi quylt tranh chdp: Bdt ki tranh
chap nao phdl sinh tir hgp ddng thufi lau hifin
tai se dugc gidi quylt bdi toa an (tribunal)
cua Cagliari.
Trong thyc tifin, cdc bfin cd ihl thoa
thudn difiu khodn trgng tdi theo nhifiu each
khdc nhau:

Vi du, hgp d6ng GENCON nfiu ra ba
phuang an dl cac bfin thod thuan:
- Ap dyng lugt Anh vd trpng tai hang
hai London.
- Ap dung luat My va trgng tdi New York.
- Ap dung Iuat va trpng tai do hai bfin
thod thudn.
Nfiu cac ben khdng quy dinh Ihi hpp
TAP CHl L U A T H O C S 6 3/2012


NGHIEN ciru-TRAOOOI

ddng GENCON mac nhifin dp dung lugt
Anh va trpng tai London. Cac trpng ldi phdi
la nhung nha kinh doanh nhilu kinh
nghifim, hifiu bilt vfi ludt phdp qufic gia vd
qudc tfi, ngudi hifiu bilt sdu vfi tau bfi. Cd
hgp ddng cdn quy dinh trgng lai vifin phdi
la ngudi di bifin.
Trong hgp ddng NORGRAIN 89 va mau
AMWELSH 93 chd than dua ra 2 cdch:
"Tat ca mgi tranh chap phdt sinh lir hgp
ddng se dugc giai quyfit bdng trpng tdi tgi
London vd theo ludt ciia Anh, trir phi cdc bfin
thod thugn ngay lap tiic sii dyng trgng tai
duy nhat vd se dugc gidi quyfit theo phan
quyfit cudi cimg cua 2 trpng tdi trong khu
vuc kinh doanh tai London la thdnh vifin ciia
sd giao dich thufi tau va chuyen chd Baltic".

Dieu khodn trpng tdi rdt quan trpng
nhung lgi fl dugc cdc bfin dfi y ngay lir Iiic
soan thdo, quy dinh qua loa dan den hgu
qua la bfi tac khdng cd phuong thiic ciiu
chua khi cd tranh chap xay ra, vi du: "Nfiu
cd tranh chdp bang trgng lai se tifin hdnh d
Singapore vd dp dung ludt Anh" "trpng
tdi d London, lual Anh dp dung", ' hay
"difiu khodn trpng lai phii hgp",*'^* "trpng
lai, nfiu cd vd bdi quy tac td tyng ICC lgi
London,''^' hodc "bdt ki tranh chap ndo phdt
sinh tir vifie xac lap, thyc hien hogc cham
diit hgp ddng thue lau chuyfin ndy se dugc
gidi quyfit tai New York"...''^'
Tdm lai, hop ddng thue tdu chuyen Id
dang thiic hgp ddng phd bien trong thuang
mgi va hang hdi qudc tfi nhung cflng Id hgp
ddng phiic lgp, lifin quan dfin nhifiu khfa
canh khdc nhau cua quan he thuang mai vd
hang hdi qudc tfi. Hilu bifit va ndm bdt
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 3/2012

dugc cdc dac diem ciia logi hgp ddng nay
se gdp phdn ddng kfi vdo viec ndng cao
hifiu bilt Clia ca nhan, td chiic vfi lugt hdng
hdi qudc te, lir dd Idm gidm thifiu cdc tranh
chap hdng hdi./.
(1). Ngu^n; />Charterparty.htm
(2). Ngu6n: Maritime laiowhow website: Voyage charter.
(3). Ngu6n: Maritime knowhow website: Time charter.

(4). Ngu^n: Maritime Itnowhow; Bareboat charter.
(5). Ngu6n: />(6). Ngu6n: />t=400: "Tranh chap vh chii t h i ciia hgp d6ng thufi
tiu chuyen".
(7). Nguon: />t=399: "Quyfin Igi, trich nhiem v i nghTa vy ciia cic ben
trong thue tiu chuydn".
(8).Xem: Dinh Nggc Vifin (chu bien), Giao nhgn van Idi
hdng hod quoc ti, Nxb. Giao th6ng v^n tii, Hi Ngi, 2002.
(9). Ki hieu djnh danh dSc trimf rieng ciia moi tau
bien diing khi lien l£ic hing hii.
(10). Ngu6n: ?
t=9755: "Cic lo^i hgp dong m^.u thudng g$p trong
nghifip vu thufi tau chuyin".
(11). Nguon: />t=401; "Tranh chap vk tiu chuyfin chd tiu chuyin".
(12). Ngu6n: ht^y/vnexim.com.vn/forum/bai-viet/l0555Phuong-thuc-thue-tau-chuyen
(13). Ngu6n: />(I4).Xem: Swiss Bank Corporation v Novrissiysk Shipping
[1995] 1 Lloyd's Rep 202.
(15). Hobbs Padgett & Co v J C Kirkland (1969) 113
SJ 832.
(16).Xem: Mangistaumunaigaz Oil Production v United
Kingdom World Trade [1995] 1 Lloyd's Rep 617.
(17).Xem; Louis Dreyfus Negoce S.A., v BIystad Shipping
& Trading Inc., United States Court of Appeals for second
circuit. August Term, 2000. Decided: June 07,2001.