Những nhân tố quyết định chiến lược sử dụng đất nông nghiệp của các hộ nông dân vùng Đồng bằng sông Hồng

24

Xahpihpc.

so 1(137),

2017

NHUKG NHAN TO QUYET DINH CHIEN LlTOC SU" DUNG DAT
NONG NGHIEP CUA CAC H Q NONG DAN VUNG
DONG BANG SONG HONG
NGUYEN TH] D I S N '

Tdm tdt; Bdi viit phdn tich nhirng nhdn td quyit djnh chiin lutyc sir dung ddt nong
nghiep ciia cdc hp nong ddn vd nhiing hdm y chinh sdch gai ra trong qud trinh tdi co cdu
ndng nghiip o ^'i' Nam hi$n nay. Diin Ilch ddt nho, chi phi sdn xudt cao, thu nhdp nong
nghiep thdp vd co hoi cd viec lam phi ndng nghiip Id nhiing nhdn Id chinh cua viic bo
hoang hope sic di^ng kem hifu qud ddt nong nghiep. Bdi viet ndy di xudt mdt chinh sdch
phdt trien kinh ti ddng bp vd phii hap giua nang nghiip vd phi ndng nghiip trong tdi ca
cdu ndng nghiip, dong thdi gpi ra rdng sif da dang cdc hinh thirc hpp tdc trong viic su
dung ddt to ra hieu qud vd phii hop vdi thuc lien sdn xudt nong nghiip va boi cdnh nong
thon Viet Nam hiin nay
Tit khda: dat ndng ngiiiep, ciiien luge su dung ddt ndng nghi?p, sinh ke, kinh te hg,
tai CO cau ndng nghiep.

1. Gidi thifu
Ddc diem noi bat nhit cda sdn xuat ndng nghiep d Viet Nam hi^n nay l i cd hon 10
tri|u nong hg vdi cdc quy md khdc nhau dang sii dyng quy ddt ndng nghigp ciia ci nude.
Do dd, van de sit dyng ddl ndng nghiep trong cdc ndng hg phai la trgng tim ciia vi?c thyc
hien tai co cdu nganh ndng nghi?p vd id nen ting de thyc hi?n myc tieu ddm bio tinh bin
viing, nang cao ddi sing ndng dan. Viing Ddng bdng sdng Hong (DBSH) cd nhihig ddc

diem chung vdi nhirng viing khdc trong cd nude ve sy biln dli ndng thdn dudi tic dgng
ciia qud trinh hien dai hda dat nude, Kinh tl hd trong nhiing ndm 1990 dugc cho la da
phdt huy het tic dyng vi do do dugc ddy nhanh sang hudng thi trudng vd cdng nghi?p
hda de dat myc tieu tdng trudng kinh tl nhanh hon. Tir nhimg ndm 2000, sy hinh thinh
cic khu cdng nghi?p tap trung va cic cym cdng nghiep tren vimg dong bdng mdu md nay
dan den sy chuyen ddi d ?it dit ndng nghi?p cho cdng nghigp hda. Cugc dilu tra quoc gia
ve dit dai gin day cho thdy, trong mgt thap ky tir ndm 2000 din 2010, dien tich ddt phi
nong nghiep tdng ISn 89 nghin hec-ta trong khi do dat trong liia dd gidm di 34 nghin hecHpc viin Nong nghiip Vifl Nan,


Nguyin Thj Diin

25

gnam
_ n f(Nguyin Nggc Cdng, 2012). Cdng nghigp hda cimg vdi dd thi hda dd cd tac
dgng rat phuc tap den vi^c sii dyng dSt ndng nghigp dugc giao vi kinh tl hg gia dinh Mgt
bd P M lon^ ndng dan rdi bd nghi ndng dl tim vi^c lam d cdc ITnh vyc khdc nhau trone
chuoi hoi tiep ndng thdn - dd thi (Nguyin TTij Diln, 2011). Sy phan phii cdng bing vd
giao dat lau ddi eho cic hg gia dinh bi cho Id nguyen nhin ciia tinh y ^ g dit dai manh
mun vd kem hieu qud trong su dung dit dai (Pham Van Hung vd cgng sy, 2007). HiSn tai
nha nuoc da cd nhihig no lyc rat ldn yong viee din diln dli thua vd tip tmng dit dai dl
tim kiem nen tdng cho vifc gia tdng hieu qua kinh tl trong qui trinh tai co ciu nginh
nong nghiep. Trong boi cdnh dd, vdn dl nong hg sit dung dit dai nhu thi ndo Id mii quan
t ^ rat ldn ciia nha nude vd cac nha hoach dinh chinh saeh. Mdc dii mgt hign tugng mdi
ndi len gan day dugc nhilu ngudi chii y li tinh trgng bd hoang dit dai yen hiu hll cdc
thih d DBSH (Thanh_ Hdng, 2013), thuc tl chiln luge sir dyng ddt cua cic hg ndng dan
cdn phuc tap hon nhidu. Nguyen nhan ciia cic quyll dinh sir dyng dit ciing khdng dl khii
quat hda.
Chien luge sti dyng dit ndng nghi?p dd thu hiit dugc sy chii y cua ca cac nghien cfru

ly thuyet vd nghien ciiu thyc nghiem vi tinh chat phiic tap ciia cdc hinh thiic sit dyng ddt
vd vai trd trung tam ciia nd trong vin dl ddt dai. Cf cdch tilp cdn sinh kl, cd hai quan dilm
CO bin yong vi?c xem xet cdc ndng hg su dyng ddt dai nhu thi ndo dl tgo sinh kl. MJc dCi
ca hai quan diem deu cho rdng chiln luge sii dyng dit dai ciia ndng hg lien quan chdt che
vdi J nghia m i dat dai mang den trong ddi sdng ciia hg, nhung van tdn lgi tranh lufn ve
qui trinh sin xuat hay qud trinh phdn phdi li ylu to quan ygng ttong vi$c nhan di?n tinh
phdc tgp ciia chien luge sir dyng dit dai.
Quan dilm sdn xuit d i tip trung vao khia canh ky thugt cua cic chiln luge sd dyng
ddt dai, trong do gid tri sd dyng cua dit trong vi§c tgo ra hang hda ndng pham din^c nhan
mgnh (Mertz va cgng su, 2005). Co cdu ciia cac hoat dgng kinh tl ma cac ndng hg thyc
hi?n, sy da dang hda va phi dja phuong hda dugc nhdn manh dl chi ra cdc ylu td quylt
djnh den sy chuyen doi sinh ke (Ellis, 2000; Bouahom vi cdng sy, 2004; Rigg, 2006) k^o
theo dd sy bien ddi cdc hinh thiic sir dyng dai cua ngudi ddn ndng thdn (Akram-Lodhi vd
cgng sy, 2006; Alberto vd cgng sy, 2009, Neves vd du Toil, 2013). Hi?u qud ciia vi?e sit
dung dat {Edward Taylor vi Loper-Feldman, 2010) vdi tu cdch Id ket qud ciia vi?c di
chuyen von ducQng nhu logi hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep md ndng hg theo dull (Barrett va cgng sy, 2001;
Brons, 2005). Quan dilm sdn xuat dd nhan mgnh din di cu nhu li mdt trong nhiing ddc
diem quan trgng nhdt cua phi dja phucmg hda sinh ke ttong cdc nude dang phil triln
(Philip, 2011) Di cu mang din mgt khia canh mdi, dd la sinh kl ciia ngudi ddn ndng thdn
ngiy cdng ttd nen khdng gdn liln vdi dat dai vi sdn xudt ndng ngiiigp (Rigg vi cgng sy,
2012). Quan diem san xuit d i qud nhdn manh din qui ttinh sin xuit vd khia cgnh kj>
thuat (Deininger vd cgng sy, 2012), mi bd qua cdc qud trinh phan phoi vd khia canh vdn
hda - xd hgi ciia vigc sd dung dat dai.


26

NhOng nhdn td quyjt djnh chiin lupc su dyng ^dt ndng nghiep • -

Quan dilm phdn phoi lai nhan manh dSn cdc khia canh it hiin nhien, it hien hign
hon lien quan den quyln sii dgng vd tiep can vdi cdc ngudn lyc cung nhu nhung ttg giiip
xd hdi ttong vigc sii dyng dit (Cousins vd Scoones, 2010). Trong bdi vilt mdi day cd tiSu
de "Ngudi la lam gi vai ddt dai", Ferguson (2013) da chi ra rdng, sdn xuat ra cac sdn
pham ndng nghiep khdng phai Id cich duy nhal va quan ttgng nhat cua vigc sii dyng ddt
ttong bdi cdnh hign nay ciia nln ndng n^igp cdc nude phia Nam. Theo Ferguson, qud
trinh xa hgi ciing quan trgng tuong ty nhu qua trinh ky thu|t ciia san xuit trong ca ch^
biln ddt dai thdnh sinh kl. Quan dilm phin phdi dd chi ra rdng ngudi ddn ndng thdn ngdy
cdng quan tam ntiilu hon den vi^c sd hiiu dat dai ngay ca khi nd mang dSn ndng suat thap
hon hoic thgm chi ngay cd khi hg di cd cac nguon thu nhgp sinh ldi khdc thay the sin
xuat ndng nghigp (Keith, 2012). Thyc te, nhimg minh dat bj ngudi ngoii coi la "ddt
hoang", "ddl khong sd d^n^', ''''ddt khong hiiu qud" lgi dugc su dyng vdo cdc myc dich
vin hda - xd hgi khie nhau ciia ngudi dja phuong. Sy thu xip vd ttg giiip giiia cic hd gia
dinh dugc tao ra trong cac cgng ddng dd gidi thich mdt co che chia sd rit ddc bi?t ttong
vi§c sir dung dat dai (Turner, 2005),
2. So lifu v i phuong pliip
Nghien ciiu ndy phdn tich sy tuong tic giita vi§c sit dyng dit, vigc Iim vi sinh kl.
Nd tap trung vdo cdc cdch ma ngudi ndng ddn qudn ly sii dyng dat ndng nghigp dugc
giao. Ca hai khia cgnh sdn xuat vd phan phdi ciia chien luge sd dyng dat ciia cac hg gia
dinh deu dugc nhan mgnh. VI the nd dya tten quan diem "dgng" chii khdng "tuih" ve
ndng ddn (Peemans, 2013). Nghien ctiu ndy nhdm tim hilu rd hon ve cdc khudn mau khie
nhau cua thyc tien sii dyng dat ndng nghiep ciia cdc hg gia dinh ndng dan d viing DBSH.
Myc tieu ccr ban ciia nghien ciiu la xdc dinh cdc nhdn to kinh te, xa hgi vd thi che cua cdc
quyet dinh lien quan den vigc su dyng dit dai ciia cdc hg ndng dan, Iam co sd cho vigc de
xuit chinh sdch phat triln ndng nghigp ndi chung vi chlnh sich dit dai ndi rieng ttong
vigc thuc hi?n tdi co cau nginh ndng nghigp hign nay d Viet Nam.
Tmh Hii Duong dugc chgn Id dilm nghien cuu vi tinh ttgng bd hoang dat dai d tinh
ndy dien ra rit mgnh ttong nhiing ndm gan ddy. Theo thdng tin tit Bd Ndng nghigp vi
Phdt ttiln ndng thdn, long so dat ndng nghifp bi bd hoang d Hdi Duong Id 200 He ta ndm
2011, diing dau ttong sd cic tinh, thanh phd cd dign tich dit ndng nghigp bd hoang d

DBSH (Thanh Hing, 2013). Hii Duong ciing dgi dign cho nhiing thay doi ttong ndng
nghigp vd ndng thdn dudi tdc dgng cua cdng nghifp hda ttong tinh. Trong nghifn ciru
niy, bdi cinh dia phuong cua vigc chuyin ddi dat ndng nghigp cho cdng nghifp hda ciing
dugc xem xet de tim liieu cac khudn mau khac nhau ciia vifc su dyng dat ndng nghifp.
Dya tten sd lifu thdng kf cua tinh ve tinh hinh sii dyng dit dai ndm 2012, mgt xd c6
chuyen ddi dat cho cdng nghiep hda vi mgt xd khdng chuyen dli dit duge chgn dl dieu
tra. Tdng cgng 191 hg gia dinh dugc chgn (d xa Cam Hoang li 100 hg va d xd c i m Phiic
la 91 hg), trong do di cu Id tieu chi quan ttgng dl chgn mau. Trong bdi cdnh hign nay, di


,

Nguyen Thj Diin

27

cu khdng chi phin anh co hdi vifc 1dm ngoai ldng xa md cic hg cd thi cd, mi cdn quyll
dinh vigc cdc hd sii dung dat dai nhu the ndo. Cic hg dilu tta do dd dugc chia thinh 3
nhdm chinh dya ttdn sy hign dign ciia ngudi di cu.
Nhdm 1: Hg khdng di cu: Id nhiing hf mi tit cd cdc lao dgng chmh lam vigc tai lang
Nhdm 2: Hd h6n hgp: Id nhitng hd mi cdc lao dgng chinh lam viec tgi ling va/hodc
ngodi ling.
Nhdm 3: Hg di cu: li cdc hd cd tit ci cdc lao dgng chinh Idm vifc ngodi ldng.
Ngodi dieu tta hg gia dinh, nghien ciru nay su dyng cac ky thuat thu thdp thdng tin
khdc nhau nhu thio l u ^ nhdm, phdng van sdu, phdng vin chuyen gia vi cac ky thu^t
PRA khdc dl thu thgp thdng tin so cip. Cic thdng im thii cdp tir cdc nguon sd lieu thdng
ke chinh thuc, cac bdo cao hdng ndm ciia cdc cdp dia phuong va cic xuil bin dugc sir
dimg dl bd sung cdc thdng tin cin thilt cho nghien ciru. Chung tdi diing phuong phdp
dien dich va dinh tinh, mac dii nghien cdu nay sir dyng ci phuang phdp djnh dnh vd dinh
lugng ttong phan tich sd lieu, die bigt Ii sd lifu va thdng tin so cip.

3. Kel qua nghifa cihi
3.1. Dgc diim kinh ti - xa hpi cda cdc hp dieu tra
Die diem ndi bdt cua qud trinh biln ddi xa hgi ndng thdn d tinh Hai Ducmg cimg
nhu cac tinh khac vdng DBSH la sy suy giim dit ndng nghigp vi da dgng hda nghi
nghiep theo hudng gia tdng cic hoat dgng phi ndng nghifp. Trong cic xa nghien cuu,
chuyen ddi dat ndng nghiep cho cdng nghifp hda da dien ra d Cim Phiic tii ndm 1996.
Tinh den ndm 2005, Cam Phiic d i cd tdng sd 6 Ian chuyin ddi vdi difn tich Id 146,30 hec
ta(61,4% tong difn tich dat ndng nghigp), anh hudng den 1081 hg gia dinh d xd niy (Uy
ban nhan dan xa Cam Phiic, 2006). Cam Hodng khdng chuyen ddi ddt cho cdng nghigp
hda nhung dign tich dat ndng nghifp cua xd ciing giam di do vigc xiy dyng ca sd ha tang
va cac cdng trinh khac. Sy khac bift ve difn tich dat ndng nghigp cdn lgi ndy la co sd dl
hifu cac hinh thuc sir dyng dat khdc nhau cua cac hg gia dinh.
Bing 1. Biln ihi difo tfch ait dai cic h$ dieu tra
Lo^i dat

Ddt ndng n ^ i ^ p

Ddtd

Nh6m I:

Nh6m2'

Nh6m3:

Nim

Khong di cii{n=24)

Honh9p{n=116)

Dicii(n=51)

2003

1214,0'

1668,4''

1753/

2012

972,0"

1442,5'

1418,4'

2012-2003

-242,0

-225,8

-334,8

2003

369,7

413,8

365,5

2012

384,7

425,5

471,4

15,0

11,7

105,8

2012-2003

Ghi chu: "* kiim dmh ANOVA vdi alpha=0.05
Ngudn: Diiu tra ihifc tl 2013


Nhiing nhdn to quyel dinh chien lupc sudyng ddt ndng nghiip •-

So sdnh difn tich ddt cua hg ndm 2003 vd nim 2012 (Bdng 1), trong cdc nhdm
myc tieu, nhdm hf di cu (nhdm 3) cd miic dg thay dli Idn nhit vl difn tich dit, kl ca
dit ndng nghifp vd dit d. Dilu ndy phin dnh sy tdc dgng qua lgi ciia chuyin ddi dit

cho cdng nghifp hda vd di cu lao dgng. BSn cgnh cdng nghigp hda, nguyen nhan cua
viec suy giim ddt ndng nghifp ciia cic hg cdn do dnh hudng ciia qui trinh ddn diln
ddi thua vd chinh saeh chuyin dli co cdu ndng nghifp. Mgt phin dit ndng nghifp, ddc
bift la "ddl mpl lua" dugc khuyin khieh chuyen doi thdnh cac trang trgi. Mgt so hg
tham gia vao cac chuong trinh ndy da thue ddt cdng cua lang x i v i ty chuyen dli dat
ndng nghifp sang dit d.
Cung vdi sy suy giim dat ndng nghifp, co cau lao ddng cd sy thay dli ldn, ttong
dd lao dgng ndng nghifp cung suy gidm nhanh chdng. Ty trgng lao dgng ndng nghigp
cua toin tinh Hii Duong chi li 58% (Pham Minh Thdng, 2013). Trong cac xd myc
tieu, ty If lao dgng ndng nghigp d Cam Hoing li 56% trong tong so lao dgng ciia xd.
d Cam Phuc, khdng cd s i lifu chinh thiic ve ty If lao ddng ndng nghifp, nhung ty lg
nay thip hon d Cim Hoang do d diy dd thyc hif n chuyin ddi dit ndng nghigp cho cic
cdng ty cdng nghigp. Cic hoat dgng sinh kl chinh cua ngudi dan trong cic x i nay Id
cung cap cdc dich vy cho cic cdng nhan di cu. Rat nhilu hd gia dinh ttong xd cung
san xudt cdc sin phdm thii cdng nhu do go vi cic sin pham khdc. Vi the, so lao dfng
tham gia vdo sin xuit ndng nghifp giam di rat nhieu. Bing 2 md td nhihig die diem
nhan khau ca bdn cua cae nhdm hg dilu tra. Nhitng ddc diem ndy ddng vai trd quan
ttgng trong cic quylt djnh Hfn quan din sd dyng dit. Trong si cdc nhdm myc tiSu,
chii hg ttong nhdm 3, nhdm hd dl cu la tre nhit. Nhdm 3 ciing cd quy md gia dinh Idn
hon so vdi cic nhdm khdc. Dilu ndy phii hgp vdi nhung nghien ciiu ve ddc diem
chung ciia ngudi di cu trong cic nude phat triln. Nhdm ngudi trf tuli vd ning dfng
dudng nhu tham gia vdi ty If cao hon ttong di cu.
Bing 2. NhOng d^c dilm cir bdn ciia cic h$ di^u
Chl sd (gii trt tnmg hlnh)

Tuoi cua chu \il)

55,2

54,6

Qui md h^

4,5''

4,9*

Qui md lao dOng

3,3''

3,3'

Lao d^ngnOng nghiip

1,2"

0,5'

Lao d$ng phi nong nghiip

2,1''

2,8'

Ghi chii: ' * ' kiim dmh ANOVA vdi al
Ngudn: Dieu Ira Ihifc li 2011.


Nguyen Thj Diin

29

3.2. Chien tirptc sa d^ng ddlnSng nghiep cda cdc k^ dieu tra
Trong boi canh ciia sy suy gidm dit ndng nghifp vi gia ting da dgng sinh kl, vifc
sii dyng dat ndng nghifp cua cdc hd da thay ddi nhanh chdng. Dl phin tich chiln luge su
dyng ddt ndng nghifp ciia cic hg, chung tdi xem xet cdc hlnh thitc su dyng dat ndng
nghiep ciia cdc hg dilu tra. Nhiing hinh thiic ndy phin anh cich thiic cic hg sii dyng,
quan ly ddt ciia hg hon li cdc co cdu cay ttdng. Cic hinh thdc sir dyng dit ndng nghifp
ciia cdc hg dieu tta dugc trinh bdy ttong Bdng 3. Trong thuc te, cdc hinh thiic su dyng dit
d cap dia phuang cdn phiic tap hon nhilu vi cdc hg thudng cd nhilu minh dit khdc nhau.
Hg cd thf bdn manh ndy nhung Iai mua mdnh khdc. Tuong ty, hg cho thue minh ndy
nhung Iai di Ihue mdnh khac vao cdc mua vy khdc nhau. Hg ciing cd thi bd hoang mdt vii
mdnh ddt khd canh tac ttong mgt vai vy, Nhu vay, cic hinh thirc sd dyng dit dai rit da
dang, phan dnh tinh da dgng cua cdc chien luge sii dyng ddt ciia cac hd gia dmh.
Bdng 3. Cic hlnh thuc sir d^ng dat ciia cdc h$ dilu tra

Chi si

Nhflm 1

Nh6m 2

Nhim 3

Mua dai

0,0

6,9

9,8

T^ng
6,8

Thue ddt

20,8

14,7

13,7

15,2

Su dimg de san xuit nong nghiip

87,5

84,5

62,7

Cho thue lay Igi tiic

0,0

4,3

11,8

5,8

Cho thue khong lgi tdc

8,3

11,2

27,3

15,2

B6 hoang vio vy dong

79,2

64,6

Bihoangcdnam

12,5

9,5

BSn ddt (met phdn hay to^ b5)

4,2

N

24

6,9
116

62,8
23,5
13.7
51

79,1

66 0
13,6
8,4
191

Nguon: Diiu Ira ihpc le. 2013
Cic nhdm hd muc tieu lya chgn cac chien luge sii dyng dit khac nhau. Trong phan
ndy, chung tdi phdn tich cic ca chl khie nhau cua vigc chuyin doi dit dai thdnh sinh ke.
v l CO bdn, chiing tdi phan chia thanh 3 logi chien luge sd dyng dit dya tten xu hudng
chung ciia tit cd cac hinh thiic sii dyng dat hifn lgi d dia phuang, ttong dd hhih thdc sii
dung dit ndng nghiep cho sdn xudt ndng nghiep Id cdn cii quan ttgng. Trong si cdc nhdm
dilu tta, nhdm hg theo duoi chien luge sdn xudt chilm ty lg cao han so vdi cic chien luge
khie. Dilu nay phin inh ring, sdn xuit ndng nghigp van la hinh thirc sii dyng ddt co bdn
dl biln dit dai thdnh sinh kl. Can phai chii y la, chiln luge phi sin xuit cimg cd mft ty lg
dang kl (35,6%) s i hg dilu tra theo dudi. Hon niia, chiln luge ndy cdn thi hifn sy sdp

30

NhQng nhdn td quyel djnh chien lirpe su dyng ddl nong nghijp ...

xfp lien hd ttong vifc biln dit dai thanh sinh ke. Dudng nhu cd m§t sy ket noi rat chdt
che giiia di cu vd chiln luge phi sdn xuit, vi 60,1% hg di cu chgn chiln luge niy. Dilu
niy phd hgp vdi cdc nghien cdu trudc do ve cdc cdng nhdn md di cu d chau Phi
(Ferguson, 2013), D I tim hieu cdc nhan to quylt djnh den chiln luge sii dyng dit, chiing
tdi trinh bay cic dac dilm co ban ciia timg chiln luge su dyng dit ttong Bing 4. Chiing
tdi chia thdnh 3 chiln luge co ban la "chien luge sin xudt", "chiln luge phi sin xuat" vi
chiln luge kit hgp ca hai ggi Id "chiln luge mlm deo". Chiing tdi ciing xem xft cac ddc
dilm vl quy md lao ddng, quy md gia dinh, difn lich dit ndng nghifp, cic ngudn thu
nhgp vd tinh trang an ninh luong thuc cua cic nhdm myc tieu ttong khi phin tich cdc
chiln luge co ban nay.
Bing 4. Q^c difm cor M D ciia cdc chien latfc sa dyng d i t cua cdc h$

Chill 1 lapc sir dimg ddl
CMs6

onv)

Tkg
san xudt

Phi s e x u a l

Mem dio

Nhiim 1:Kh3ngdicii

%,/ip

23.7

7,4

2,1

12,6

Nhdm 2: Kel bpp

%.hd

60.5

47.1

80.1

60,7

Nh6m 3: Di cu

%.hQ

15.8

45,6

17,1

26,7

Tu6ichilh5
Quy mS gia dhih
T6ng lao d9ng
Lao d|ng noag nghi|p

TB. ndm

55,0

57,7

53.6

55.6

TB, ngudi

4,4

4,5

4,5

4,5

TB,LD

3.1

3,1

3,1

3,1

TB,LD

1,2'

0,7"

1,2'

1.0

Ngudi ph\i thuOc

TB, ngodi

1.4

1.4

Ngu&i dl cu

TB, ngudi

1,3
0,8

1,0

0,9

U
0,9

Di cu quoc te

%.hQ

29.0

36,8

25,5

30,9

Ddtnong nghiip, 2012

TB,m'

1420,4

1284,4

1440,5

1377,0

Mua ddl

%,hp

11.8

2,9

4,3

Thue ddt

%.hd

36.8

1.5

0,0

15.2

Dilngd^SXNN

%,hp

81.6

70,6

87,2

79,1

6,8

Cho mu(m ddl

%.hp

7,9

4,4

Cho thue Idy Ipi nic

%.hp

2,6

36.8

4.3

15.2

B i hoang v^ dong

%h^

57,9

73.5

68.1

66,0

B6 hoang ci nam

5.8

0.0

36,8

0.0
2,3"

19,1
2.6''

2.1
6,4

13.6

%,hd
TB. nguon

2,6'

2,5

Ski xudl dti luong Ihyc

%.hg

79,0

58,8

76,6

71,2

Khona sin xual dii hione Ihuc

%. ho

21.1

41,1

23,4

28,8

Ghi chu:'•''•'kiim dtrAANOVA-vdi
Ngudn: Diiu tra hd, 2013.

alpha-0,05.

Bin dat (1 phan hojc toSn b$)
S6 ngu6n thu nli$p

%hp

4,3

8,4


Nguyin Thj Diin

3!

3.2 1. Chien luoc sdn xudt
Su dyng dii dugc giao de sdn xuit ndng nghifp. chii ylu la dl ttong liia liy luong
thyc la quyet dinh cua da so cdc hd dugc dilu tta (79,1%), d nhdm hd theo duoi chiln
luge sin xuat, ty le ndy Id 81,6 % sd hg. Ly do chd yeu dugc cic hg dua ra Id ttong Ida dl
dam bio lucmg thyc quanh ndm cho hg gia dinh chir khdng phdi Id dl cd Igi nhudn. Ngay
ca nhimg hg cdn ral it ddt ndng nghiep (dudi 1000 m^), viec ciy hai vy lua mgt ndm ciing
van dam bio luong thyc cho hg ttong cd mgt nam ma khdng phai di an dong Dilu nay

cung gidi thich vi sao md ty le hg cd thi sdn xuil dii luong thyc cho lieu diing ciia minh
ttxing chiln luge ndy Id cao nhat ttong ba logi chiln luge sir dyng dit tieu bilu. Chi mgt sd
it hd cho biet Id cd Igi nhugn tir san xudt ndng nghigp. Ly do chii ylu la chi phi sin xuit
rat cao vi hau het cae cdng dogn sdn xudt cac hd phdi thue dich vu hogc lao dgng, ttong
khi dd gid Ilia vd cdc logi ndng pham khdc rit thdp. Cimg vdi dit ndng nghigp dugc giao,
cdc hd theo dudi chien luge san xudt cdn Ihue them hoac mua dit ndng nghigp tu cac hd
khac trong ling, hoac thdu ddt cdng ciia Idng xd de san xuil ndng nghifp. Tiiy thugc vdo
dien tich dat thue hogc mua them vd kha nang tai chinh ciia hg md nhihig hd nay cd thf
hinh thdnh cdc trang ttgi theo md hinh VAC. Nhiing ttang ttgi nay su dung lao dgng gia
dinh Id chinh, hg ciing cd thue them lao ddng nhung rat it, Hg dau tu Idn hon, mua mdy
cay vd cdc ndng cy khac de cung cdp dich vy ndng nghiep cho cic hg trong ling de cd
them thu nhip. Hg cung phdt triln ndng nghifp theo hudng kinh doanh vd cd thf cd dugc
Igi nhugn tu sin xuat ndng nghifp.
Mgt nhdn td quan ttgng khdc ttong vifc lya chgn chien luge san xuat Id ngudn nhan
lyc nhu: dac dilm nhdn khdu, muc dd Idnh nghe va khd ndng ndm bdt ca hgi de tim vigc
1dm ngoai lang xd. Nhin chung, sdn xuit ndng nghiep d diem nghien ciiu dua chii ylu do
lao dgng trung nien vd ngudi gia thyc hifn theo md hinh sdn xudt nhd. Nhiing lao dgng
khdng cd kha ndng tim vifc ben ngodi thudng chgn chif n luge sdn xudt.
3.2 2. Chiin lut^cphi sdn xudt
Ddc dilm noi bat ciia chien luge phi sdn xudt Id sy ton tai nhilu hinh thdi khdc
nhau cua vifc cho thuf ddt (cho mugn, cho ihue liy thdc, cho thuf lay tien, mugn
thfm, thuf them ngdn han hoic dai hgn), sii dyng dit khdng higu qua vd bd hoang dat.
Trong thyc tl, cdc hinh thdi sir dung dit ndy phdn dnh sy sdp xip lien hg trong viec sti
dyng dit ndng nghifp dugc giao. Trong cic nhdm hg myc tieu, cd mgt ty Ig cao hon
cic hd khdng di cu vd hg hSn hgp thue thfm ddl, hd di cu chilm ly Ie cao han ttong
vifc mua hodc bdn dit v i cho thuf ddt. Dilu ndy phdn inh eac tic dgng hit siic khac
bift cua tiln gui va cdc hinh thuc di cu din quylt djnh sir dyng dit cua cdc hg. Cic hg
cho thu€ dii thudng la cdng chuc ve huu, chu hd cao tudi, hg cd ngudi di cu hay mgt
so hg cd dugc cdc vigc lim phi ndng nghifp vdi Igi nhuan cao. Nhiing hg ndy cho
hing xdm, anh em mugn hodc thuf dit cd hogc khdng liy lgi tuc. Trong m^t so

trudng hgp, dd don thuan li sy giiip dd Ian nhau nhung trong mgt sd trudng hgp khie


32

Nhiing nhdn id quyit djnh chiin lupc sir dyng ddl nong nghijp ...

do Igi li sy trao doi xd hgi. Mgt phan Idn cdc hg trong cdc thdn cd con cdi sdng d
thanh phd nhung hg van cd rugng d Idng. Hg khdng sii dyng ddt ma cho anh chj em
hay hang xdm mugn dit nhu li mgt hinh thitc trg giup ngudi than mgt cich tgm Ihdi
nhimg giu dit Id myc tieu lau dii. Nhimg hg nay doi lgi nhdn dugc nhimg trg giiip xd
hdi khdc lit nhihig ngudi md hg cho mugn dit nhu sy dd ddn thdm hdi cha mg gid
hoac trdng nom, dgy do con nhd, hay nhting cdng vifc Idt vit khac ddi khi Id ci nhitng
thii tyc hdnh chinh hay hgp hdnh... khi hg di lim in xa. Cdc hinh thuc khdc nhau ciia
vigc sdp xip lien hd hay qui trinh xa hgi cua vifc su dyng dit phin dnh cac ca che
khdc nhau ciia vifc chuyen ddi ddt thinh sinh ke.
Bd hoang dit vd cdc hinh thirc su dyng dit kfm hifu qud khdc cung tuong ddi
nil bat d cac xd nghien ciiu. Trong s i cic hg dilu tra, 65,97% so hg bd hoang dat
trong vy ddng va 8,90% sd hd bd hoang dit cd nim. Theo bao cdo cua chinh quyen A\a
phuong, trong vy Ida miia nam 2013, difn tich dit liia bd hoang d Cam Phiic Ii 11
hec-ta va d Cim Hoang li 8 h^c-ta'. Difn tfch dit canh tdc qui nhd Ii mft nhan td
quan trgng ciia viec bd hoang khdng gieo trdng. Neu nhu vi chi phi cao nen hau het
cic hg bd hoang dit trong vy ddng thi nhting hg cd difn Itch dat canh tac qud nhd (nhd
han lOOOm^) thucmg bd hoang rudng ca nim. Vifc ndy dien ra d Cim Phiic khi ma dat
ndng nghiep dugc giao cua cic hf di bj chuyin cho cac cdng ty trong khu cdng
nghigp Phuc Diln, Ben canh dd, cac tdc dgng tieu cyc ciia vifc chuyin doi dat cho
cdng nghigp hda cung dan den vifc bd rugng, Cdc hg d xd Cam Phiic cho biet Id ngudn
nude bi d nhiem, hf thing tudi tteu bi phi vd, chugt bg ciing nhilu hon vd khd dift vi
chiing cd cho nap Id cdc cdng ty xung quanh cdc cdnh dong, tit c i nhitog dieu nay Idm
anh hudng den san xuat ndng nghiep, hg lam ma khdng dugc an, do dd khdng cd cich

nio tot hon la bd hoang rugng.
Bd rugng hoang Irong mgt vai vy hay cic hinh thiic su dyng ddt kfm hifu qua
khie thyc chat Id cac each khac nhau de giii quyen sd dyng dit lau dii, chii khdng
phdi Id de tim kifm lgi nhugn tir sdn xuat ndng nghifp, Trong boi cdnh ciia che df sd
hiiu ddt dai d Viet Nam hien nay, quyen sir dyng ddt dim bio kha ning liep cdn vdi
cdc ngudn lyc vit chit vd phi vat chat ciia ndng din. Dieu nay phan dnh "logic nong
ddn", trong do su da dang hda thu nhip nhdm myc tifu trudc tien Id dam bao an toan
lucmg ihyc, sau dd Id ndng cao ddi sdng thdng qua vifc tham gia vdo thj trudng (chu
yfu Id thi trudng lao dgng) d nhitng khu vyc khie (cdng nghifp hodc djch vy) vd nd
khdc (thanh phi hay cdc viing ndng thdn khie). Cac nguon sinh ke bgn vdo vdi nhieu
hinh thuc di dgng xd hdi khdc, kit no! mgt cich hifu qud ngudi ndng dan vdi cic
nguon lyc ngodi ndng thdn tag ra mgt tang Idp xd hgi mdi giong nhu Ihl Id "nhiing
ndng ddn lal - hybrid peasant" (Peemans, 2013).

' Trao d6i ci nhin vtra v^ tinh hlnh b6 lupng hoang theo yeu can ciia ihih Hii Dirong.


•

^

Nguyen Thi Diin

33

3-2.3 Chiin lupc mim deo
Chiln luge sd dung dit mlm deo li quylt dinh cda phin ldn cac hg thugc nhdm 2
ttong nghien cuu ndy. Chiln luge ndy thi hifn d chl cac hg kit hgp cdc hinh thuc sir
dung dat kbic nhau. Phin ldn cdc hd cho bilt la hg su dung dit dugc giao ttudc hit li dl

sdn xudt ndng nghiep (87,23% sd hd dugc dilu tta), Hg chpn mgt vii mdnh rugng tdt dl
gieo trong (lija li chii yeu). Vy ddng hg bd rugng hoang va tim vigc lim khie cho thu
nhgp cao hon. Nhung nlu thugn Igi hg ciing ttdng rau mau vu dong vua dl an vua dl bdn
Tity thugc vio mdc dg dn djnh cua thu nhgp phi ndng nghigp md mdt sd hd cd thi lai cho
ngudi khdc thue dit trong mgt sd vu, hodc mgt sd ndm. Hdu hit cac ho cho thue dit liy
lgi ttic Id vdi chyc can thdc mgt vu hoac khdng Idy lgi tire Thdi hgn cho muon hay cho
thue cung khdng ro rdng vi khong cd bit cu mgt bin hgp ding cho thue ndo. Thuc chit
vigc cho thue hay cho muon dat nay la sy thda thuin vi sdp xip giiia cic hg di dugc
quyfn sd dyng dit trong mgl thdi gian ngdn. Su kit hgp cdc hlnh thuc sit dyng dit khie
nhau dam bao an ninh luong thyc cho cdc hg trong khi hg vin cd thi cd dugc thu nhgp
phi ndng nghifp khdc.
3.3. Cdc nhan td quyit dfnh chien luffc sir dtfng ddt nong nghiip
3.3.]. Diin tich canh tdc vd thu nhdp tu nong nghiip
Nhu dd trinh bay d trfn, dien tich ddt canh tic ciia cdc hg dilu tra Id rit nhd vi
manh mun. Trung binh, mgt hd ttong nhdm 1 chi cd chua din 1000 m^ dat, thdm chi mgt
so hg d xa Cam Phuc chi cdn khoang 500 din 600 m^ ddt canh tdc. Ro rang Id ndng dan
khdng the sdng vdi difn tich ddt nhd nhu the nay, Ket qua trong bang 6 cung chi ra rdng
cac hg theo dudi chien luge phi sdn xudt cd it dat hon nhung hg theo dudi chien luge sdn
xudt va chiln luge mlm deo. Trong bdi cinh md sy md rgng dign tich dit canh tac Id rit
khd khdn vi mgi ndng hd deu mudn giir dat vd giu quyen su dyng rugng ddt Idu ddi, Ihi
cdc hd khdng the chi dua vio dit canh tdc hifn cd de ddm bio ddi sdng vd trang ttdi cdc
chi phi ve gido dye cho con cdi, cham soc site khde hay cac chi pht khac.
Ciing vdi difn tich dat canh tac rat nhd, chi phi sdn xuat cao trong khi gii ndng
pham thap dan den thu nhgp tit ndng nghifp eua cdc hd la rat thdp. Nhieu ndng dan cho
bilt nghi ndng thuc chit chi li idy cdng lam ldi vd cd luong thyc ihyc pham phuc vy nhu
cdu gia dinh. Mgt Iy do rat co bdn li cic hd deu sit dyng lao dgng thu cdng (ciia gia dinh
hoic di thue). Vifc nhd ndng dugc cho la n$ng nhgc vd lam Iu dd khdng thu hut dugc lao
dgng tte. Hdu het ttong cic ling xd, chi nhiing ngudi trung nien va ngudi gid Id Idm ndng
nghifp, khien cho tien cdng thue lao dgng ndng nghiep ngdy cang tdng cao, vdo chinh vy
cdn khd thue. Cac chi phi dau vao kiiac ciing rat cao Rui ro trong ndng nghigp Idm ton

thdt rit Idn cho cac ndng hf. Trong khi do gia ndng pham Igi thap vi thj ttudng khdng dn
dinh. Dilu ndy dan den mgt thyc te Id ttong dieu kien hign thdi, cac ndng hg khdng cd
ddng lyc dl tap trung vdo ndng nghifp bdi vi gii tri gia tdng tir sin xudt ndng nghifp Id
qua it din mdc khdng dnh hudng gi din vifc tdng tong thu nhdp cua ndng hg.


34

Nhiing nhdn id quyet d/nh chien lupc si

Ciing cin thilt phdi xem x^t din mgt thuc tl khdc Id mdc dii sin xudt ndng
nghiep khdng mang lai lgi nhuan va thu nhap tu ndng nghifp chilm ty trgng it hon
nhilu so vdi thu nhdp tir cac ngudn khdc, nhung ndng nghiep van Id ngudn sinh kf In
dinh va an loan. Hon niia, do ndng nghifp mang den ngudn thu nhap bdng hign vai
chli khdng phai bdng lien, sdn xuit ndng nghifp Igi phu hgp vdi ngudi cao tuoi, ciing
vdi noi Io Idng vl an todn thyc phdm, vifc cic hd ty gieo trdng va sdn xuit ra ndng sdn
dap ling nhu cdu lieu dung cua gia dinh vd lim qua cho con chdu... mang mgt ^ nghia
rat dgc bift. Trong bdi cdnh bit on dinh ciia mdt sd viec lam phi ndng nghifp, sy biln
ddng ciia gia cd thi trudng vd nhiing nguy ca td viec mat an todn ihyc pham,.,, sdn
xuil ndng nghifp mac dii khdng dugc tap trung nhung vln la mgt hogt ddng kinh te
quan trgng cua cac ndng hd, Nhitng nhdn tl dnh hudng den quyel dinh sit dyng dit
ndng nghifp ciia ndng hg theo each li chung anh hudng den an ninh luong thyc, an
toin thyc phdm vd dl tranh nhiing rui ro hg gdp phai. Vi thf, ttong logic cua cic ndng
hg hifn nay, sir dyng dat ndng nghigp cho sin xuit ndng nghiep trudc het Id gdn lien
vdi vin dl an loan cua cugc sdng va mang y nghia phi kinh te ben canh cic tinh toin
ve lgi ich vdt chif truyen thdng.
3.3.2. Da dang nghe nghiep, vijc Idm phi nong nghiip va tgp trung ddt dai
Da dgng thu nhdp la mgt nhan lo quan trgng quyf t djnh chifn luge sir dyng dit ciia
cdc ndng hg. Kit qua nghifn cdu d bang 6 chi ra rdng chien luge sdn xuat gdn vdi cdc hf
cd ngudn thu nhdp it da dang hon, trong khi dd chiln luge phi sdn xuit gdn vdi nhiing hp

c6 muc dg da dgng thu nhip cao han, Dilu niy chirng td ring su da dgng thu nhdp, ddc
bift Id nhung hoat dpng kinh te phi ndng nghifp ddng vai ttd quan trgng trong vifc dim
bio sinh kf ciia cac hd ndng dan Khai thic ddt ndng nghiep cho sdn xuat ndng nghifp
khdng phai li ngudn sinh ke duy nhat.
Su phdt trien ciia cdng nghigp da lay di mgt phan ldn ddt ndng nghifp ciia cdc hg
nhung ddng thdi ciing tao ra nhieu vifc Idra phi ndng nghiep trong ci khu vyc chinh
thitc vd phi chinh thuc. Mdc du khdng phdi Idt ca ndng ddn df u cd co hgi tim dugc cdc
vifc Iam phi ndng nghifp nhung thu nhgp tir cdc hogt ddng phi ndng nghigp chilm ty
trgng Idn Irong ca cdu thu nhap ciia hg (Nguyen Thi Diln vd cgng sy, 2012). Chiing
tdi dd xem cac cdng vifc chinh ciia lao ddng Irong cac hg dilu tra. Kit qud Id chi cdn
Igi 28% so lao dgng ndng nghifp vd thudng d trong dg luoi tu 40-60. Vifc Idm phi
ndng nghiep Id rat da dang nhung chu ylu la lao dgng ty do vd cdng nhin Irong cdc
nhd may xung quanh Idng xd. Chung tdi ciing xem xet vai trd cua cac nguon thu nhdp
khdc nhau trong thu nhap ciia hg. Ket qud nghien ciiu the hifn trong bieu 2 cho bilt
vifc xep hang tdm quan trgng cua cdc nguon thu nhap ciia ba nhdm hg myc lifu. R5
rdng Id thu nhap phi ndng nghigp ddng vai ttd quan trgng hon so vdi thu nhgp Id cic
hogt dgng ndng nghiep truyen thdng.


Nguyin Thi Dien

35

Bieu 1 Vai tro ciia cdc nguon thu nhap trong kinh te h$

DIeuquAct* ^.

'g

'

ChtnnuAl

—Kh4ngdlcu
—MAIHTP

Ngudn. Thdo ludn nhdm. 2013

Cdc hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep khac nhau cd dnh hudng khac nhau din quylt djnh
su dung dat cda cic hg. Di cu Id ngudn thu nhgp phi ndng nghifp cd anh hudng rdt da
dang dfn quyet dinh su dung dit ciia cic hg idy thudc vao hinh thuc di cu va so lugng
tien giri ve. Vi du, di cu qudc tl khac vdi di cu theo miia vy hay di cu con lie d ch5 nd
thudng mang den mgt sd lugng tien gdi Idn ban, nhimg lao ddng di cu khdng kit hgp
dugc vdi nhOng thinh vien d nhi de lim cic cdng vifc dong ang, chi phi cho ngudi di cu
qudc te (tien dat cgc, mua ve may bay vd cdc chi phi khac) thudng cao hon, do dd mpt si
hg da quyet djnh ban dat ndng nghifp dl h i trg ngudi di cu. Trong nhimg dieu kign nhat
djnh, neu thdnh cdng, lao dgng di cu lai cd the giup gia dinh hg mua them dat, cho du
nhieu ngudi mua dat ndng nghifp khdng phdi la df sdn xuit ndng nghifp mi li dl diu tu,
tich trii dat chd gia cao hgn. Nhiing ngudi khdng may mdn cd thi roi vao tinh cinh ng
nan vi nhiing nii ro hg gdp phdi khi di cu quoc te, Trong cac xd nghifn ciru, sd ngudi di
cu qudc tl d c i m Hodng la 250 ngudi, d Cam Phdc la 289 ngudi. Trong si 191 hf dilu
tta cd 67 ngudi di cu qudc tl. Mgt so hg cd 2 hoic 3 thanh vien di cu qudc tl. Nhu da
trinh bdy d tren, chi6n luge phi sdn xudt thuimg la quyel dinh gdn vdi nhimg hd cd ngudi
di cu. "^ nghia ma ddt dai mang lgi ddi vdi nhimg hg ndy khdng chi li gin vdi ndng
nghigp hay hifu qud sin xuat md gdn chit hon vdi cic khia cgnh khdc nhau cua sy giup
da Ian nhau va sy trao ddi xd hgi hon Ii trao ddi kinh if. Dilu nay tgo ra mfl mgng ludi
nhiing thda thuan v i quan hf x i hfi cd chuc ndng giup cac hd bio toan dat ndng nghiep
dugc giao.
Da dang thu nhdp khdng chl quyet djnh cich cac ndng hg sd dyng dat vd sy lya
chgn chiln luge sit dyng ddt, da dgng thu nhgp ciing anh hudng dfn qui ttinh tich tu

36

Nhiing nhdn to quyet djnh chien lupc su dyng ddt ndng nghijp ..

rudng dit d miln Bdc thdng qua quylt dmh ciia nhihig hg giiu va hd nghfo. Nhihig hg
khi gii cd dugc lgi nhu|n td ndng nghifp dd nhin thay ich lgi tir vifc diu tu sang cdc hogt
dfng phi ndng nghifp cd lgi nhuin cao. Tgi dilm nghifn ohi, mdt s6 chii ttang ttgi cd the
chuyen von ciia hg sang eac logi hinh kinh doanh thuong mgi quy md nhd, dau tu vio ehi
biln ndng sdn hay eic djch vy khie d ndng thdn cho lgn nhi^n cao han. NhQng h? nghf o
thi nhd vdo eic hogt d0ng phi ndng nghifp cd thi dim bio dugc ddi sing md khdng phai
bin dat. Kit qui li, qud trinh tich ty dit dai trong ndng thdn da khdng flil dien ra nhanh
hon dugc. Ket qud d bing 5 di chdng td rdng vifc mua bdn dit hay cic hinh thdc thuong
m?u hda dat ndng nghigp khie li khdng pho bien d cic x5 nghien cdu. Thyc tf Ii tit ci
cdc hf ndng ddn df u muon gitt dit ngay cd khi dien tich canh tic cdn 1^ rat nhd.
3.3.3 Cdc nhdn td thi che
Chinh sieh dit dai ttong dd cd chinh sdch giao ddt ndng nghifp Id nhan tl quan
ttgng trong chiln luge sir dyng ddt cCia eic hg ndng dan, Thdi hgn giao dat cho cic hg
theo Lu^t Dit dai nim 1993 nay lgi dugc kfo dii. Chinh sich niy bj phf phin la lam gidm
hifu qui san xuit do dit dai manh mdn, khd dp dyng ky thu$t hifn dgi, ting chi phf van
chuyin va tgo ra nhilu vin dl khdc vl qudn I^. De khdc phyc tinh trgng niy, nhd nude
thuc hifn chuih saeh "din diln doi thda" vdi hy vgng s5 mang 1^1 hieu qui kinh tl cao
hon, khi dat dai khdng cdn manh mdn thi vigc dp dyng ky thu^t se nang cao ning suit vi
sin lugng peininger vi cdng sy, 2012). Trong thyc tl, d xd Cim Hoing, thih ttang manh
mdn rufng dat sau khi chia ru$ng nim 1993 (khi do m5i hg cd 9-10 mdnh ru^ng) dd dugc
khie phuc vdo ndm 2003, cdc thdn trong x i dd din rudng v i chia lai dit, moi hf dugc
chia 4 minh rugng v i sd dyng on dyih cho din hifn nay. M|ic dik miic dg "don difn"
khdng mgnh m5 bdng cic dja phirong khie mdi thyc hign (moi h0 cdn 1-2 mdnh), nhung
thyc chat vifc ddn diln khdng tgo ra mft sy ddt biln nio ve ning suit hay su gia tdng

ndng suit trong ndng nghifp, khdng theo kjp dugc vdi vifc gia tdng cac chi phi diu vdo
va gia tdng thu nhip ttr cic hogt dfng phi ndng nghifp. Dilu niy rd ring Id din tdn mdt sy
hodi nghi vl khd ndng tich ty rugng dit se giii quyet dugc van dl hifu qui kinh te thip tir
sin xuit ndng nghifp vd tinh trgng bd ru$ng hoang vin sg diln ra. Ly do chinh Id ndng
dan cho du cd thyc hifn ddn diln doi thua thl vln khdng muln rdi bd dat dai cua hg, hg
muon giii dit ndng nghigp dugc giao. Do dd, thay vi cd nhilu mdnh rudng thi sau khi din
£en ddi thda hg cdn lgi 1-2 mdnh nhimg ting difn tich vio thl. Nhilu ngudi ttong s6 hg
Ididng quan tim din sin xuit ndng nghigp v i loi nhuin ttr sin xuit ndng nghifp vi hg dd
cd vifc lam phi ndng nghigp khie. Nhu d i phin tt'ch d tr6n, khdng phii li hifu qud kinh te
tii vigc sir dyng dit ndng nghifp quylt dinh chiln luge sir dyng dit cua cic hf. Th§m cU
mgt s6 hf cd tiln mua thfm dit ndng nghifp nhung cOng bd hoang rugng trong bii cdnh
hifn nay. L^ do in giiu ding sau cdc quylt djnh bd hoang dit niy li d ch5 lgi ich md hp
mong dgi khi mua dit ndng nghifp hoin toin khdng phii Ii tii vifc sii dyng dit ndng
nghigp dl sin xuit md 6 ch5 gii tti cfla minh dat dd s5 tdng Ifn trong ttiong lai.


Nguyin Thj Diin

37

Bdn cgnh chinh sich giao dit, quy djnh myc dich su dyng dit ndng nghiep, trong
dd nghiem cdm chuyin ddi dit ndng nghifp sang dat phi ndng nghifp khac hay quy
di^nh timg loai dat cho timg logi cay trdng cung anh hudng den cdc each thitc su dyng
dat ndng nghigp cua cdc hg. Nhiing mdnh rudng bi d nhiem hay ngap iing thi diu da bi
bd hoang^chii khdng dugc sd dung vao myc dich khac, Ndng dan cung khdng dugc
chuyen doi dit Ida thdnh dit nudi trong thuy sin hay cay hoa miu khdo cho gia tri cao
hon, bdi vi nhd nude da diu lu vdo he thing ludi li^u dung chung cho cd cdnh ddng vd
vi lgi ich cua ngudi nay cd thl anh hudng din ngudi ben canh nlu cdc loai cay trdng
Id khac nhau (Markussen va cgng sy, 2011), Tuong ty nhu vin dl ddt ra dli vdi tinh
trgng manh mun dit dai, chinh sdch quy dinh myc dich sii dung dit cd ttil anh hudng

it nhieu den lgi nhugn td sdn xuit ndng nghigp, nhung trong boi cinh hign tai nd
khdng thay ddi ban chdt cic chien luge sd dyng dit cua ndng dan. Dudng nhu gdc rl
cua van df ndm d chd nhting loi ich kinh tl tu san xuit ndng nghifp chua thl vugt qua
dugc tdm quan trgng cua van de an toan ddl sdng vd khd ndng thich dng linh hogt
trong logic cua ndng dan.
Chinh sich chuyen ddi dat cho cdng nghifp hda dnh hudng din nhirng lya chgn ciia
ndng hd Irong vigc sd dyng ddt. Phdn tren da phan tich nhiing kha ning tilp can vdi vifc
Idm phi ndng nghigp, sy suy giim dien tich canh tac vd nh&ng tin thil vl vgt nudi vd edy
trdng la nhiing tae dgng chu ylu ciia viec chuyin ddi ddt cho cdng nghiep hda din tmh da
dang cua cac hinh thiic su dyng dat dai cua cac hg ndng dan Ciing cin thilt phdi nhdn
manh rang tinh ttang d nhiem mdi trudng dat vd nude gay ra bdi qud trinh chuyen ddi dat
cho cdng nghigp hda da Idm cho nhiing hg cd rugng bj anh hudng co tinh bd hoang dit dl
tim kiem sy ddng tinh td phia chinh quyen dja phuong nhdm chuyen ddi difn tich dat kem
hifu qui dd sang cac hinh thdc su dung khdc nhu nudi ttdng thuy san, chdn nudi va Iam
trang trgi kit hgp, hay thgm chi la md cua hang riia xe, kinh doanh budn bdn hay lam nhd
trg cho thue (Nguyen Thi Diln, 2011). Tgi dilm nghien ciiu, nhilu dign tich ddl ndng
nghigp d c i m Hodng da dugc chuyin ddi thdnh ao ca va ttang ttai (dat d) hay tir dat ndng
nghigp thdnh nha ttg nhu d Cim Phiic da chi rd xu hudng ndy.
Cdc ylu td thl chl khac cung dnh hudng dfn vigc sit dyng dat ciia cac hg ndng dan
Id cic quy djnh dia phuong va mgng ludi xd hdi ciia cac hg. Quan hg ddng tgc vd tinh
ldng nghia xdm ddng vai trd quan trgng ttong cdc khudn mau sir dyng ddt ciia cic hd.
Thdng qua sy thda thudn vd sdp xip giiia cdc hg, dit dai mang din mdt y nghia vin hda
vd xd hdi d^c bift, gin vdi sy ttg giiip xa hgi thdng qua qui trinh phan phdi ben cgnh
chuc ndng kinh te ttong qud trinh sdn xuit.
4. Ket lu^D v i ham ^ chinh saeh
Nhdng phdn tich ttfn day vl chiln luge sir dyng dit ndng nghigp va nhung nhin to
quylt djnh chiln luge sd dyng dat ciia cdc hg ndng din cho phep chiing tdi dua ra mgt vai
ket luan vd ggi ^ chinh sich ttong khudn khd mgt nghifn cim Uirdng hgp nhu sau.

38

Nhiing nhdn id quyit djnh chiin lupc sudyng ddt ndng nghijp ...

Thii nhit, chiln luge sdn xuit trong dd dit ndng nghifp dugc si^ dyng dl sin xuit
ndng nghifp nhim ddm bio an ninh luong thyc hd Id quylt dyih eda phin Idn cic h$ ndng
din vimg Dong bdng sdng Ring. Vifc gtii dit ndng nghifp dugc giao gdn vdi vin dl an
toin vi trdnh rii ro khi chuyin dli sinh kl phy thufc nhilu vio khi ning thich dng ciia
cic nhdm hg khdc nhau. Theo duoi chien luge sin xuat, mgt sS hd khi gii ed khi ning
thue thfm dit dl hinh thinh cic ttang tt:gi, gia trgi kit hgp gitta ttSng trgt, chdn nudi, nudi
trIng thdy sin mang lgi lgi ich kinh te cao hon. E)a phan nhihig ngirdi chii trang tr^ niy
Ii dgi difn diln hlnh cua nhihig ndng din sdn xuit gidi bfn cgnh nhiing ngudi Iim thuin
ndng vdi quy md nhd. Chien luge pin san xuat vdi cdc hinh thdc su dyng dat kfm hifu
qui hay bd ru§ng hoang thyc chit phin anh sy sip xip v i thda thu$n gifla cdc hg trong
boi canh cd nhilu sy biln dli trong ca ciu nghi nghifp giite cic ngdnh (ndng nghifp vd
phi ndng nghifp) v i giQa cic d)a phucmg (tgi d)a phuang vd noi khdc). Hf qui li, trong
ndng thdn hhih thinh mdt ting ldp ndng ddn mdi, ^'tiong ddn lai - hybrid peasant' nhOng ngudi cd rufng nhung Idm nghi khdc khdng lien quan din rugng dit ho$c Iim
ciit^ luc ca nghe ndng va eac i ^ e phi ndng khie. Do sy biln dli nghi nghifp vd cic
Wnh thdc sd dyng dit khie nhau md ngudi Idm ndng nghifp ttong ndng thdn dugc phin
hda thanh ba logj co bin nhu trin. Nghifn cdu ndy dl xuit ring trong qui trinh tii ca ciu
nginh ndng nghifp nhi nude, hhOog ngudi hogch d}nh chinh saeh cin nhdn difn s\f tin
tgi ciing Idc nhiing ngudi chd tiang trgi, gia trai; nhimg ngudi ndng ddn kieu mdi vi
ngum 1dm thuin ndng ttong ndng thdn. Nhu v^y, doi tugng sd dyng dit ndng nghifp cung
Id nen ting co bin cda tii co cau ndng nghifp v i nhi nude cung can thilt phii thay dli
quan nigm vl sy thudn ndng vd ve ban chit ngudi ndng dan.
Thu hai, nhiing nhan to lien quan den vifc suy giim thu nh|p td ndng nghifp nhu
difn tich dit canh tdc nhd, chi phi sin xuit cao, d nhiem, dichbfnh..., ding thdi nhihig
C0 hgi tilp edn vigc lim phi ndng nghigp li nhiing nhdn t l kinh te - x i hgi quylt # i h
chiln luge sd dyng dit cda cic hg ndng din. Da dgng sinh kl theo hudng gia tSng cdc
hoat dfng phi ndng nghifp inh hudng din quylt t^nh sd dyng dit v i eieh dng xit ihi vdi

sdn xuit ndng nghifp ciia cd hd giau vd hf ngheo. Theo dd, hg giiu tim duge noi dau tu
khie sinh lgi cao hon, hg nghfo ed thl dim bio dUgc cufc sing m i khdng ein phai bin
dit. Trong bii cdnh cda chl d§ sd hihi dat dai hifn hdnh d Vift Nam, chinh cdc hogt df ng
phi ndng nghifp v i sy da dang smh kl d i quylt djnh khdng chi cic chiln luge sd dyng
dit cua cdc hd mi cdn 1dm cho qua trinh tich ty dit dai trong ndng thdn khdng thl dien ra
nhanh chdng. Dilu niy ggi ra ring, ben cgnh vifc quan tdm din d6i tugng sii dyng dit
ndng nghigp, ttong qui trinh tdi co cau ndng nghifp, nhi nude ciing cin pha quan tim
den sy tuong quan ngdnh nghi giiia ndng nghifp vi phi ndng vi dilu nay inh hudng din
lya chgn cda ndng ddn. Bdn chit cda ndng din li muon giit dit cho du c6 lim nghe khie
nfn ttong qud ttinh tii co ciu ndng nghigp, nhi nude cin khuyin khfch v i tao hdnh lang


Nguyen m Diin

39

phap ly cho cac hinh thuc hgp tdc trong sd dyng ddt giiia cac hd, Su kit hgp mlm deo
gida lugt phap va cac thl chl dia phuong la cin thilt dl thdc diy nhiing hd khdng cd nhu
ciu sd dyng dit hay su dyng ddt kfm hifu qua (ttong mgt khoang thdi gian nhit djnh),
nhuimg quyen sd dung dit cua minh cho nhirng hg cd khd ndng kmh doanh tit hon ttong
khi van giii dugc quyln sd dyng ciia ho dli vdi dit ndng nghigp da duge giao,
Thd ba, cdc chinh sdch Hen quan din dit dai ciia nhd nude nhu chinh sdch giao dit
lau ddi cho cac hg gia dinh, chinh saeh chuyin ddi dii cho cong nghigp hda, chinh sich
quy djnh myc dich sd dyng dit... nhu la nhihig nhdn Id thl chl thyc chit Id dd cd dnh
hudng den sin xuit ndng nghigp ciia cic hg nong dan nhilu hon Id dnh hudng din chiln
luge sd dyng dat cua cic hg xet mdt cdch tdng thl, Cho din khi ndo Igi ich td san xuil
ndng nghifp Idn hon hay it nhit ciing ngang bdng vdi Igi ich td cdc vifc Idm phi ndng
nghiep khac, thi ndng dan mdi cd dgng lyc dl Idm ndng nghifp. Dieu nay chi cd ihl thyc
hign dugc khi quy md sdn xuit du ldn dl ap dyng mdy mdc ky thudt hifn dgi vd chiln
luge kinh doanh higu qua. Viec tdi co ciu ngdnh ndng nghigp can chu f din ddc dilm nay

nhu la mdt nhan to ca bdn de huy dgng tilm ndng cda cic hg ndng ddn. Sy thda thudn vd
sdp xep lifn hg dya tren nhung ttao ddi xd hpi tmyln thdng vdi cac quy dinh mang tinh
dja phucmg vd tinh ling nghia xdm hon Id nhiing trao doi kinh tl phdn dnh tim quan trgng
cua qui ttinh phan phdi va khia cgnh phi vat chit ttong logic cua ndng dan vl vifc sd
dyng ddt dai. Dieu niy ggi y rdng, ttong qui trinh tdi co ciu ndng nghigp, nhi nude can
tao dieu kign cho sy da dgng hda cac hinh thuc hgp tdc sd dyng dit dua ttfn sy ty nguyfn
eua cac hg la hifu qua hem ttong vifc khdc phyc tinh ttang sin xudt ndng nghifp quy md
nhd vi kem hifu qui hifn nay, fJhu vdy, ve mdt phuong phdp thyc hign, sy hgp tdc ttong
sir dyng dit ndng nghifp, tinh ling nghia xdm vi quan he thin thudc eua ndng hp phdi Ii
trgng tim cua cdc hinh thdc hgp tic.
Bii viet ndy phan tich dgng thai cda cdc chifn luge thich dng ciia cac hg ndng dan
ttong vifc sic dyng dat ndng nghiep dugc giao, ddng thdi nhin manh den su hinh thdnh
mgt ting ldp ndng ddn mdi "nong ddn lai - hybrid peasant" (Peemans, 2013) ttong tinh
da dgng cua ndng ddn Vift Nam hign nay. Trong boi cdnh ciia qud trinh tdi ca ciu ngdnh
ndng nghigp, bdi vilt ddc bift chu y den -j nghTa d^c bift cd tinh vin hda - xd hpi md dit
dai mang din bfn cgnh y nghia kinh te ttong logic cda ndng dan. Bai viet ciing ggi -^ mft
chfnh sdch kinh te dong bd vd phu hgp giiia ndng nghifp va phi ndng nghigp ttong tii ca
ciu ndng nghifp, ddng thdi ggi ra ring sy da dang cic hinh thuc hgp tac tren ca sd ty
nguyfn vi cdc quan hf thin thudc cda ndng hg trong vifc su dung dat td ra higu qua vd
phu hgp vdi thyc tien san xuit ndng nghifp vd bdi cdnh ndng thdn Viet Nam hifn nay.
Tdm lgi, tir bing chdng nghien ciiu d hai xd, nghien cuu budc diu phac hga mpl sd ggi
md cho chinh sdch tai co cdu ndng nghifp d Ddng bdng sdng Hong. De cd the dua ra


40

Nhiing nhdn Id quyel dinh chien lupc sirdung ddl ndng nghijp ..

nhimg nhin dinh va quan diem xay dyng chinh sich tdi co ciu ndng nghiep cd tinh bao
quit cho cdc vung miln tten cd nude trong bii cdnh chuyin ddi vd hdi nhap, can quan

tam triln khai nghien cim tilp theo vdi dung lugng mau Idn, cd tinh dgi difn nhdm, dja
phuang, vCmg miln tten ca nude. Ddy dugc xem Ii khodng trdng van cdn df ngd cho cdc
nghien cim tiep theo.
Tai lifu tham kbao
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